Bacteria

Structure and Function

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|rokaryote &
Eukaryote
Evolution


÷ellular Evolution
÷urrent evidence
indicates that eukaryotes
evolved from prokaryotes
between 1 and 1.5 billion
years ago
Two theories:
1. Infolding theory
2. Endosymbiotic theoryà
Infolding Theory
The infolding of the
prokaryotic plasma
membrane gave rise to
eukaryotic organelles.

infolding organelle !
Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiosis refers to one
species living within another(the
another(the
host)
Movement of smaller
photosynthetic & heterotrophic
prokaryotes into larger
prokaryotic host cells
Formed cell organelles chloroplast

á
mitochondria
 |rokaryotic &
Eukaryotic ÷ells

°
 Earliest
|rokaryotes
Most numerous
organisms on
Earth
Include all
bacteria
Earliest fossils
date 2.5 billion
years old
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÷lassification
of Life


Three Domains of
Life
Archaea ²
prokaryotes living in
extreme habitats
Bacteria-
÷yanobacteria and
eubacteria
Eukarya ²
|rotozoans, fungi,
plants, & animals ¢
(ingdoms of Bacteria
Archaebacteria:
º Found in harsh
environments
º Undersea volcanic vents,
vents,
acidic hot springs,
springs, salty
water

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Archaebacteria

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(ingdoms of Bacteria
Eubacteria:
º ÷alled the true
bacteria
º Most bacteria are in
this group
º Include photosynthetic
÷yanobacteria
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Eubacteria

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÷haracteristics
of Bacteria

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Bacterial Structure
Microscopic prokaryotes
No nucleus or membrane-
membrane-
bound organelles
÷ontain ribosomes
Single, circular
chromosome in nucleoid
region
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 |rotection
÷ell Wall made of
|eptidoglycan
May have a sticky
coating called the
÷apsule for
attachment to host or
other bacteria
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Sticky Bacterial
÷apsule

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Bacterial
Structure
|LASMIDS

Have small rings of

DNA called |lasmids
Unicellular
Small in size (0.5 to
2Ăm)
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Bacterial Structure
Infoldings of cell
membrane carry on
photosynthesis &
cellular respiration
Infoldings called
Mesosomes
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Mesosomes
MESOSOME


Bacterial Structure
Most grow best at
pH of 6.5 to 7.0
Many act as
decomposers recycling
nutrients
Some cause disease
à
Staphylococcus
Bacterial

!
 Useful Bacteria
Some
bacteria
can
degrade oil
Used to
clean up oil
spills
á
Useful Bacteria
Other uses
for bacteria
include
making
yogurt,
cheese, and
buttermilk.
°
 Flagella
Bacteria that
are motile have
appendages
called flagella
Attached by
Basal Body
A bacteria can
have one or
many flagella
ï

 Flagella
Made of Flagellin
Used for ÷lassification
Monotrichous: 1 flagella
Lophotrichous: tuft at
one end
Amphitrichous: tuft at
both ends
|eritrichous: all around
bacteria ¢

 





 
 à

 -uestion:
What is this type of
bacteria ?

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 |ili
Short protein appendages
Smaller than flagella
Adhere bacteria to
surfaces
Used in conjugation for
Exchange of genetic
information
Aid Flotation by
increasing buoyancy
à
|ili in ÷onjugation

àà
Bacterial
Shapes

à!
Shapes Are Used to
÷lassify
Bacillus: Rod shaped
÷occus: Spherical (round)
Vibrio: ÷omma shaped with
flagella
Spirillum: Spiral shape
Spirochete: wormlike
spiral shape àá
à°
 rouping of Bacteria

Diplo-  roups of
Diplo-
two
Strepto-
Strepto - chains
Staphylo-
Staphylo -  rapelike
clusters
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à
à¢
Diplococcus

!

Streptococcus ÷auses
Strep Throat

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Staphylococcus

!
Bacillus - E. coli

!à
Streptobacilli

!!
Spirillum

!á
Spirochetes

!°
Leptospira

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!
Bacterial
(ingdoms

!¢
Archaebacteria
Lack peptidoglycan in cell
walls
Have different lipids in
their cell membrane
Different types of
ribosomes
Very different gene
sequences
á

Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria can live in
extremely harsh
environments
They do not require oxygen
and can live in extremely
salty environments as well as
extremely hot environments
÷alled the Ancient bacteria
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Archaebacteria
Subdivided into 3
groups:

ºMethanogens
ºThermoacidophiles
ºExtreme Halophiles

á
 Methanogens
Live in anaerobic
environments (no oxygen)
 et energy by changing H2
& ÷O2 into methane gas
Found in swamps
swamps,, sewage
treatment plants, digestive
tracts of animals
áà
 Methanogens
Break down
cellulose in a
cow·s
stomach
|roduce
marsh
(methane)
gas
á!
Extreme Halophiles
Live in very
salty water
Use salt to
generate
AT| (energy)
Dead Sea,
 reat Salt
Lake
inhabitants
áá
Thermoacidophiles or
Thermophiles
Live in
extremely hot
environments
Found in
volcanic vents,
hot springs,
cracks on ocean
floor that leak
acid
á°
 (ingdom
Eubacteria
True Bacteria

áï
 ÷haracteristics
3 basic shapes (coccus,
bacillus, spirilla)
Most are heterotrophic
(can·t make their own food)
May be aerobic or
anaerobic
Identified by  ram staining
á
  ram Staining
Developed in 1884 by
Hans  ram
Bacteria treated with
purple ÷rystal Violet & red
Safranin stains
÷ell walls either stain
purple or reddish pink
á¢
  ram |ositive
Have thick layer
of peptidoglycan
(protein-
(protein -sugar
complex)
Single lipid
layer
Stain purple
÷an be treated
with antibiotics
°

  ram |ositive
Bacteria
º Lactobacilli (makes yogurt &
buttermilk)
º Actinomycetes (make
(make
antibiotics)
º ÷lostridium (lockjaw bacteria)
º Streptococcus (strep throat)
º Staphylococcus (staph
(staph
infections)
°m
  ram Negative
Bacteria
Thin layer of peptidoglycan in
cell wall
Extra thick layer of lipids
Stain pink or reddish
Hard to treat with antibiotics
Some photosynthetic but
make sulfur not oxygen
Some fix nitrogen for plants
°
  ram Negative
Rhizobacteria
grow in root
nodules of
legumes
(soybeans,
peanuts)
Fix N2 from air
into usable
ammonia
°à
 ram Negative
Rickettsiae are
parasitic
bacteria
carried by ticks
÷ause Lyme
disease & Rocky
Mountain
Spotted Fever
°!
 ÷yanobacteria
 ram negative
|hotosynthetic
÷alled blue
blue--green bacteria
÷ontain phycocyanin (red
(red-
-
blue) pigments &
chlorophyll
°á
 ÷yanobacteria
May be red, yellow, brown, black,
or blue-
blue-green
May grow in chains (Oscillatoria
Oscillatoria))
Have Heterocysts to help fix N2
First to re-
re-enter devastated
areas
Some cause Eutrophication (use up
O2 when die & decompose in
water)
°°
÷yanobacteria

°ï
 Spirochetes
 ram positive
Flagella at each end
Move in corkscrew
motion
Some aerobic
aerobic;;
others anaerobic
May be free living,
parasitic, or
symbiotic
°
Enteric Bacteria
 ram negative
÷an live in aerobic &
anaerobic habitats
Includes E. coli in
intestines
Salmonella ² causes food
poisoning
°¢
÷hemoautotrophs
 ram negative
Obtain energy from
minerals like iron
Found in freshwater
ponds

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 Nutrition,
Respiration,
and
Reproduction

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Modes of Nutrition
Saprobes ² feed on dead
organic matter
|arasites ² feed on a host
cell
|hotoautotroph ² use
sunlight to make food
÷hemoautotroph ² oxidize
inorganic matter such as
iron or sulfur to make food
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Methods of Respiration
Obligate Aerobes ² require
O2 (tuberculosis bacteria)
Obligate Anaerobes ² die if
O2 is present (tetanus)
Facultative Anaerobes ² don·t
need O2, but aren·t killed by
it (E.
(E. coli
coli))

ïà
Bacterial Respiration
Anaerobes
carry on
fermentation
Aerobes
carry on
cellular
respiration

ï!
 Reproduction
Bacteria reproduce
asexually by binary fission
Single chromosome
replicates & then cell
divides
Rapid
All new cells identical
(clones) ïá
÷ellular organism copies it·s genetic information
then splits into two identical daughter cells
ï°
Binary Fission E. coli

ïï
 Reproduction
Bacteria reproduce
sexually by ÷onjugation
Form a tube between 2
bacteria to exchange
genetic material
Held together by pili
New cells NOT identical
ï
÷onjugation

ï¢
Spore Formation
Form endospore
whenever when
habitat conditions
become harsh
(little food)
Able to survive for
long periods of
time as endosperm
Difficult to
destroy (heat
resistant)


 Transduction &
Transformation
 enetically change bacteria
May become antibiotic resistant
Transformed bacteria pick up
pieces of DNA from dead
bacterial cells
Transduction ² viruses carry
foreign DNA to bacteria; used
to make insulin

m
|athenogenic
Bacteria


 |athogens
÷alled germs or microbes
÷ause disease
May produce poisons or
toxins
Endotoxins released after
bacteria die (E.
(E. coli)
coli)
Exotoxins released by  ram
+ bacteria (÷.
(÷. tetani)
tetani)
à
!