Unit 3

Thermal Energy
 Energy
neither
creates or
destroys
just
transforms
.
THERMAL ENERGY
T h e rm a l e n e rg y re p re se n ts th e to ta l
in te rn a l e n e rg y o f a n o b je ct: the
su m o f its m o le cu la r kin e tic a n d
p o te n tia le n e rg ie s.
 What is temperature?

nThe average kinetic

energy of the molecules
in an object or system.
What is heat?

nHeat is defined as
the transfer of
thermal energy that
is due to a
difference of
temperature.
 Thermal Equilibrium
Two objects are said to be in
thermal equilibrium if and only if
they are at the same temperature.
 What is a thermometer?
A thermometer is a divice
that, through marked scales,
can give an indication of its
own temperature.
 SCALES
Celsius Scale.- developed by Anders
Celsius. He assigned the number 0 to
the ice point and the number 100 to the
steam point of water. Each division or
unit on the scale is called a degree (°)

Fahrenheit Scale.- developed by Gabriel

Daniel Fehrenheit. The ice point is 32°F
and the steam point is 212°F.
 The absolute temperature scale
Volume

Absolute zero.

Absolute
Zero Temperature
-273°C 0°C 100°C
0K (ice point) (steam point)
273 K 373 K
Kelvin Scale Rankine Scale

Specific TK = tC+273 TR = tF + 460

temperatures

1 K = 1 C° 1 R° = 1 F°
 Conversions

K = C + 273.15
0

0
C=
5 0
9
(
F − 32)
K=
9
(
5 0
F + 459.67 )
9o
o
F = C + 32
5
 Problems
1) Body temperature is normal at 98.6°F. What is the
corresponding temperature on the Celsius scale? (37.0°C)

2) A steel rail cools from 70 to 30°C in 1 h. What is

the change in temperature in Fahrenheit scale? (72°F)

3) At what temperature will the Celsius scale and the

Fahrenheit scale have the same numerical reading?

4) The boiling point of oxygen is -297.35°F. Express this temérature

in kelvins and in degrees Celsius. (90.0K, -183°C)
 The quantity of heat
Is the thermal energy necessary to elevate the temperature of a given
mass. Units in SI: Joules (J)
There are three older units that remain in use today:
•The calorie (cal), is the quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 Celsius degree. 1cal=4.186J
•The kilocalorie (kcal), is the quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of 1 kilogram of water through 1 Celsius degree. (1 kcal =
1000 cal).
•The british thermal unit (Btu), is the quantity of heat required to change
the tempreature of 1 standard pound (lb) through 1 Fahrenheit degree.
1Btu=252 cal
 Specific heat capacity
The heat capacity of a body is the ratio of heat supplied to
the corresponding rise in temperature of the body

Q  J  J   Btu 
heat capacity =  K   °C   F ° 
∆T

The specific heat of a material is the quantity of heat required

to raise the temperature of a unit mass through one degree.

Q
c=  J   cal   Btu 
m∆T  Kg ⋅C ° 
 
 g ⋅C ° 
 
 lb ⋅ F ° 
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITIES
 Problems
1) How much heat is required to raise the temperature
of 200 g of mercury from 20 to 100°C?
3) Hot coffee with specific heat of 4186 J/kgC° is
poured into a 0.5 kg ceramic cup.How much heat is
absorbed by the cup if its temperature increases from
20 to 80 °C? 126 kJ

4) A 4-kg chunk of metal (c=320 J/kg C°) is initially

at 300°C. What will its final temperature be if it
loses 50 kJ of heat energy? 261 °C
 The measurement of heat
The principle of thermal equilibrium tells us that whenever
objects are placed together in an insulated encolure, theuy will
eventually reach the same temperature.

The transfer of thermal energy is given from the warmer bodies

to the cooler bodies.
 Conservation of thermal energy
If energy is to be conserved, we say that the heat lost by the
warm bodies must equal the heat gained by the cool bodies.

Heat lost = Heat gained

Σ Qtotal=0
Conservation of energy

Where the heat lost or gained is calculated by Q = mcΔt

5) A handful of copper shot is heated to 98°C and
thendropped into 160 g of water at 20°C. The final
temperature of the mixture is 25°C. What was the
mass of the shot? 118 g
6) A 400-g copper pipe initially at 200°C is dropped into
a container filled with 3 kg of water at 20°C. Ignoring
other heat exchanges, what is the equilibrium temperature
of the mixture?
22.2 °C
7) A 450-g chunk of metal is heated to 100°C and then dropped
into a 50-g aluminum calorimeter cup containing 100 g of water.
The initial temperature of the cup and water is 10°C, and the
equilibrium temperature is 21.1°C. Find the specific heat of
the metal. 0.0347 cal/gC°

8) A 1.3-kg copper block is heated to 200°C and then

dropped into an insulated container partially filled
with 2 kg of water at 20°C. What is the equilibrium
temperature? 30.3°C
 Change of phase
The states of matter are 4:

Solid Liquid Gas

When a substance
changes from one
state to another we
say that it has
Plasma undergone a change
of phase.
The change of phase from a solid to a liquid is called fusion, and
the temperature at which this change of phase occurs is called
melting point.
The latent heat of fusion Lf of a
substance is the heat per unit mass
required to change the substance
from the solid to the liquid phase at
its melting temperature

Q
Hf =
m
The change of phase from a liquid to a vapor is called vaporization, and the
temperature associated with this change is called the boiling point of a
substance..

The latent heat of vaporization Lv of a

substance is the heat per unit mass
required to change the substance from a
liquid to a vapor at its boiling
temperature.

Q
Hv =
m
 Change of phase
Temperature (°C) 0.48cal/g°C
540
cal/g°C
100°C

1 cal/g°C

0.5
cal/g°C 80 cal/g
0°C Water Water and steam Steam
only only
Ice and
water
Ice
-20°C
Quantity of heat,
Q
Heats of fusion and heats of vaporization for
various substances.
 Problems
1) What quantity of heat is required to change 100 g of ice at -15°C
to water at 0°C?
Two processes

T1=-15 0 C Hf=80 cal/gr Qf = 750+8000

T2=0 Q = mHf =(100)(80) =8750cal
Δt=0-(-15)=15 =8000cal
m=100gr
C= 0.50 cal/g°C
Q=c m Δt=(.5)(100)
(15)
=750 cal
 2) What quantity of heat is required to change 100 g of ice at -10°C
to steam at 130°C.

Five processes.

T1=-10 0 C T1=0 0 C
T2=0 Lf=80 cal/gr T2=100 0 C
Δt=0-(-10)=10 Q2 = mHf =(100)(80) Δt=100-(0)=100
m=100gr =8000cal m=100gr
C= 0.50 cal/g°C C= 1 cal/g°C
Q1=c m Δt=(.5) Q3=c m Δt=(1)(100)
(100)(10) (100)
=500 cal =10000 cal
 T1=100 0 C
m=100 gr T2=130 0 C
Hf=540 cal/gr Δt=130-(100)=30
m=100gr
Q4 = mHv =(100) C= .46 cal/g°C
(540) Q5=c m Δt=(.46)
=54000cal (100)(30)
=1380 cal

QT = Q1+ Q2+ Q3+ Q4+ Q5

QT = 500 cal + 8000 cal + 10000 cal + 54000 cal + 1380
cal = 73880 cal .
3) What quantity of heat is needed to convert 2 kg of ice at -25°C to
steam at 100°C? 6.13x10 6 J

4) A foundry has an electric furnance that can completely melt 540

kg of copper. If the temperature of the copper was initially 20°C,
what total heat is needed to melt the copper? 2.96 x10 8 J

5) How much heat is needed to completely melt 20 g of silver at its

melting temperature?
 THERMAL EXPANSION
The most common effect produced by temperature changes is a change in
size

In a solid, liquid or gas, as the temperature increases, the atoms

oscillate with greater amplitudes; as a result, the separation
between them increases.

Example: opening a jar with the aid of warm water.

LINEAR EXPANSION

A change in any one dimension of a solid is called linear

expansion. In which we need data such as the initial length,
change of temperature, and the average coefficient of linear
expansion.
i.e. A steel rod.

L0

∆L = αLi ∆t t0 ∆L
∆t
t

L f − Li = αLi (t f − ti ) L
Exercise: A 300 m. iron tube at 20°C will be used to transfer hot
vapor. What will be the total length of the tube once it is
operating?  =1.2 x 10-5 / °C

∆L = αLi ∆t

(1.2 x10 −5 / °C )(300m)(100°C − 20°C )

∆L = 0.288m
L f = 300.29m
 AREA EXPANSION
Every linear dimension increases by the same percentage with a change
in temperature, including holes.
Thermal Expansion of an area can be calculated from the linear
expansion coefficient.

∆A = γAi ∆t
γ = 2α
A brass disk has a hole 80 mm in diameter punched in
its center . Later , the disk at 23˚C is placed into boiling
water for a few minutes. What will be the new area of the hole?

∆A = γAi ∆t
A = 5040.9 mm2
γ = 2α
 VOLUME EXPANSION
Over small temperature ranges, the thermal expansion is described
by the coefficient of linear expression. If the linear expansion is put
in the form

 L f = Li (1+ α∆t )


the expanded volume is

∆V = βV0∆t
∆∆ VV V
V0
A pyrex glass bulb is filled with 50 cm3 of mercury at 20˚C. What
volume will overflow if the system is heated uniformly to a temperature of
60˚C?

L f = Li (1+ α∆t ) βHg = 1.8 x 10-4 /˚C

pyrex = 0.3 x 10-5 /˚C
∆V = βV0∆t

V = 0.342
cm3
 The Unusual Expansion of
Water
The density, and therefore the volume, of water expand with changes in
temperature, both above and below 4°C.
An iron pipe is 60 m long at room temperature (20°C). If
this pipe is to be used as a steam pipe, how much
allowance must be made for expansion, and what will be
the new length of pipe after steam has been flowing for
a while?