EC1303 – Microprocessor & its applications Unit III

Intel 8086:

Features:
1. 16-bit Data bus
2. Computes 16 bit / 32 bit data.
3. 20-bit address bus.
4. More memory addressing capability (220 = 1MB)
5. 16 bit Flag register with 9 Flags
6. Can be operated in Minimum mode and Maximum mode
7. Has two stage pipelined architecture
8. No internal clock generation
9. 40 pin DIP IC - HMOS technology
10. Operates on +5V supply voltage
11. Has more powerful instruction set

8086 PIN CONFIGURATION:

• The 16-bit 8086 microprocessor has 40 pins.

• It is available in 5 MH, 8MHz and 10 MHz.
• It can operate in two modes, i.e. single processor (minimum mode) or multiprocessor
(maximum mode) configuration.
• The signals are categorized in three groups as follows
(i) Common signal, which are used in minimum as well as maximum mode
(ii) Signal for minimum mode
(iii) Signals for maximum mode.
• The pin diagram for 8086 processor is shown in fig.

Fig.1 – Pin diagram of 8086.

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MINIMUM MODE CONFIGURATION OF 8086 SYSTEM:

When MN/MX (low) pin is in logic 1, the 8086 microprocessor operates in minimum mode
system. In this mode, the microprocessor chip itself gives out all the control signals.

• This is a single processor mode.

• The remaining components in the system are latches, transceivers, clock generator,
memory or I/O devices.
• The latches are used for separating the valid address from the multiplexed address/data
signals and the controlled by the ALE signal generated by 8086.
• Transceivers are the bi-directional buffers. They are required to separate the valid data
from the time multiplexed address/data signal. This is controlled by two signals, DEN
& DT/R (low).
• DT/R (low) indicates that the direction of data, i.e. from or to the indicator.
• DEN signal indicates the valid data is available on the data bus.
• The clock generator in the system is used to generate the clock and to synchronize
some external signals with the system clock.

The minimum mode system organization is,

Fig. 2-Minimum mode of 8086

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MAXIMUM MODE CONFIGURATION OF 8086 SYSTEM:

If the MN/MX (low) pin is low i.e. zero, then the 8086 can operate in maximum mode. In this
mode, the Bus controller (8288) chip used to generate control signals I/O W, I/O R, RD, WR
(Active low) etc., by receiving the active low status signals (S2, S1 & S0) from the
microprocessor.
• MRDC (low) : Memory read command – It instructs the memory to put the contents of
the addressed location to the data bus.
• MWTC (low) : Memory write command – It instructs the memory to accept the data
on the data bus and load that data into the address memory location.
• IORC (low) : I/O read command – It instructs an I/O device to put the data contained
in the addressed port on the data bus.
• IOWC (low) : I/O write command – It instructs an I/O device to accept the data on the
data bus and load the data into the addressed port.
• AIOWC (low) / AMWC (low) : Advance IO write command / Advance memory write
command – These are similar to IOWC and MWTC except that they are activated one
clock pulse earlier. This gives slow interfaces an extra clock cycle to prepare to input
the data.
• This system also consists of latches, tristate buffer, memory input-output device, etc.
• The DEN, DT/R, ALE, etc is derived by the bus controller from the information
available on the active low status signals (S2, S1 & S0).
• In this mode, Request/Grant pin (RQ/GT) is checked at each rising pulse of clock I/P
when the request is detected and if Hold request are satisfied, the processor issues a
grant pulse over RQ/GT pin immediately during T4 or next T1 state to accept the
control of the bus. Therefore, the requesting controller uses the bus till it requires.
• When it is ready to relinquish the bus, it sends a release pulse to the processor using the
RQ/GT pin.
The figure below shows 8086 processor in maximum mode.

Fig. 3-Maximum mode of 8086

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8086 – ARCHITECTURE:
The 8086 processor is divided into two independent functional units. They are,
• The bus interface unit (BIU).
• The Execution Unit (EU).
These two units are linked using an internal data bus.

Fig.4 - 8086 Architecture

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Bus Interface Unit:

The Bus interface unit (BIU) fetches instruction, reads data from memory and peripherals and
writes data into memory and peripherals.

It contains the following blocks to provide functions such as fetching & queuing of
instructions and bus control.
1. Segment registers
2. Instruction pointer
3. Instruction queue
4. Address generation
5. Bus control circuit

1. Segment Registers:
8086 processor has capability to address memory of size 1 MB and the memory is divided
into 16 segments of up to 64 Kbytes each. Each 64KB segment can be used to store the
code, data, stack, etc., separately and the segment address of the same is stored in
corresponding segment registers.

The four 16-bit segment registers in BIU are

Code Segment (CS) registers

Data Segment (DS) registers

Stack Segment (SS) registers

Extra Segment (ES) registers

Code segment (CS)

All program instructions must be stored in main memory and its location is pointed by
segment address in 16-bit CS register and 16-bit offset in the code segment contained in the
16 bit Instruction pointer (IP).

The 20-bit physical address of program instruction is computes as [CSx10]+[IP].

Eg : If [CS] = 456AH and [IP] = 1620H ;
then 20 bit Physical Address (PA) = 456A0H + 1620H = 46CC0H

Stack segment (SS)

A segment (64KB) of memory is allocated for stack operations in 8086 and its current
location of the stack is pointed by Stack Segment (SS) register and Stack pointer (SP).

The 20-bit physical stack address is calculated as [SSx10] + [SP].

Data segment (DS)

The Data segment (DS) register points the segment allocated in memory to store data, i.e.
operands for most instructions are fetched from this segment.

The 16-bit offset address in the data segment can be stored in

1. Base Pointer (BP) 2. Source Index (SI) 3. Destination Index (DI)
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Extra segment (ES)

This register points to the Extra segment in which the excess data is stored.
The DI is used as offset for calculating the 20-bit physical address. String instruction
always uses ES and DI to calculate the 20-bit address for the destination.

2. Instruction Queue:
The BIU’s instruction queue is a First In First Out (FIFO) group of registers in which up to
six bytes of instruction code are projected from memory.
This is done to speed up program execution by overlapping instruction fetch with
execution. This mechanism is referred to as pipe lining.
• If queue is full, the BIU does not perform any bus cycle i.e., BIU does not prefetch any
instructions. Therefore, BIU may prefetch the instructions from memory until queue is
full.
• While fetching the instruction from memory, if the Execution Unit (EU) interrupts the
BIU for memory access, the BIU first complete fetching and then services the EU.
• If a subroutine call or Jump instructions are encountered, the BIU will reset the queue
and begin refilling after passing the new instruction to the EU.

3. Address Generation:
BIU contains an adder, which is used to produce the 20-bit physical address of memory by
addressing the contents of segment address and offset address.

4. Bus Control Logic:

The bus control logic of the BIU generates all the bus control signals such as read and write
signals for memory and I/O.

Execution Unit:
The Execution unit (EU) takes instruction from instruction queue, decodes and executes
instructions one after another.

It contains the following blocks to provide functions such as decoding and execution of
instructions.
1. 16-bit ALU
2. 8x16-bit Registers (AX, BX, CX, DX, SP, BP, SI & DI).
3. 16-bit Flag Register

1. ALU
The ALU has the capacity to handle 16-bit data and it performs several arithmetic and
logical operations on 16-bit / 32-bit data.

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2. General Registers

There are eight 16-bit general registers in EU of 8086 to store 16 bit/8 bit data. They are
AX, BX, CX, DX, SP, BP, SI & DI

The four 16-bit registers, AX, BX, CX and DX are combination of two 8-bit registers ie.,
H-higher byte and L-lower byte. These registers can be used to store a 16-bit data when
used as a whole 16-bit register or store 8-bit data when used separately.

AX - 16-bit accumulator used in the Arithmetic & Logical operations.

AL is the 8-bit accumulator.

BX - the only general-purpose 16-bit register & also used for addressing memory.

CX register is the 16-bit counter register used along with LOOP instructions.

DX is the data register is used to hold excess 16-bit result while performing multiplication,
division, etc.
SP & BP are point registers, which are used to access data in stack segment and other
segments.

3. Flag Register:

The EU also contains a 16-bit flag register which holds the status flags typically after an
ALU operation. The flag register of 8086 micro processor is,

O – Overflow flag
D – Direction flag
I – Interrupt flag
S – Sign flag
Z – Zero flag
AC– Auxiliary carry flag
P – Parity flag
CY– Carry flag
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The flags are divided into two classifications. They are,

A- CONDITION CODE FLAGS

These flags reflect the result of Operations Performed by ALU. They are,

Over flow flag (O): This flag is set, if an overflow occurs during the arithmetic
operation of two signed numbers.

Sign flag (S): This flag is set, if an MSB of the accumulator is set after any
computation.

Zero flag (Z): This flag is set, if the result of any computation is zero.

Auxiliary carry flag (AC): This flag is set, if there is a carry from the third bit, during
addition or borrow.

Parity flag (P): The flag is set, if the lower byte result contains even number of 1’s.

Carry flag (CY): This flag is set, if any computation result contains a carry.

B- MACHINE CONTROL FLAGS

Direction Flag: This flag is set, if the string is processed from higher address towards
lower address. Otherwise, the flag is reset. This is used only in string manipulation
instructions.

Interrupt flag: This flag is set, only when maskable interrupts are recognized.

Trap flag: When a trap interrupt is received by the processor, this flag is set, which
indicates, the processor to execute the current instruction and to transfer the control to
trap service routine. In Other words, When 8086 enters in single step mode, this flag is
set.

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ADDRESSING MODES:

1. Addressing modes for accessing Immediate and Register data.

2. Addressing modes for accessing data in Memory.
3. Addressing modes for accessing I/O ports.
4. Relative Addressing mode.
5. Implied Addressing mode.

(1). Addressing modes for accessing immediate and register data:

(i) Register addressing mode:

The registers, which is having the data to be operated is specified in the instruction.

MOV BX, CX : [CX] [BX]

MOV CL, BL : [BL] [CL]

(ii) Immediate addressing mode:

A signed 8 bit or an unsigned 16 bit immediate data is specified in the instruction.

MOV BL, 26H : 26H [BL]

MOV CX, 4567H : 4567H [CX]

(2). Addressing modes for accessing data in memory:

(i) Direct addressing mode:

• An Effective Address (EA), which is the offset (an unsigned 16 bit data or signed
8 bit data) from the data segment register, is directly specified in the instruction.
Eg. : MOV CX, [9823H]
• The effective address is, EA = 9823H.
• The base address is, BA = [DS] x 1610
• The memory address, which is having the data, is, MA = [EA] + [BA].
• The MA content will be copied into the register CX.

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(ii) Register indirect addressing mode:

• An Effective Address (EA), which is the offset (an unsigned 16 bit data or signed
8 bit data) from the data segment register, is indirectly specified in the instruction.
• The registers used to hold the effective address are BX, SI and DI.
Eg. : MOV CX, [BX]
• The effective address is, EA = [BX].
• The base address is, BA = [DS] x 1610
• The memory address, which is having the data, is, MA = [EA] + [BA].
• The MA content will be copied into the register CX.

(iii) Based Addressing Mode:

• In this addressing mode the BX or BP register is used to hold the base value for
EA and an unsigned 16 bit data or signed 8 bit displacement will be specified in
the instruction.
Eg. : MOV AX, [BX + 08H] (ie., 08H  0008H)
• The effective address is, EA = [BX] + [0008H]
• The base address is, BA = [DS] x 1610
• The memory address, which is having the data, is, MA = [EA] + [BA].
• The MA content will be copied into the register AX.

(iv) Indexed Addressing Mode:

• In this addressing mode the SI or DI register is used to hold the index value for
EA and an unsigned 16 bit data or signed 8 bit displacement will be specified in
the instruction.
Eg. : MOV AX, [DI + 08H]
08H 0008H
• The effective address is, EA = [DI] + [0008H]
• The base address is, BA = [DS] x 1610
• The memory address, which is having the data, is, MA = [EA] + [BA].
• The MA content will be copied into the register AX.

(v) Based Indexed Addressing Mode:

• In this addressing mode the SI or DI register is used to hold the index value for
EA and BX or BP register is used to hold the base value for EA an unsigned 16
bit data or signed 8 bit displacement will be specified in the instruction.
Eg. : MOV AX, [BX +DI + 08H]
08H 0008H
• The effective address is, EA = [DI] + [BX] + [0008H]
• The base address is, BA = [DS] x 1610
• The memory address, which is having the data, is, MA = [EA] + [BA].
• The MA content will be copied into the register AX.

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(vi) String Addressing Mode:

• In this addressing mode the EA for source is stored in Si register and EA for
destination is stored in DI register.
Eg. : MOVS BYTE
• The effective address for source is, EA = [SI]
• The base address for source is, BA = [DS] x 1610
• The memory address, which is having the data, is, MA = [EA] + [BA].
• The effective address for destination is, EAD = [SI]
• The base address for destination is, BAD = [ES] x 1610
• The memory address in where the data to move is, MAD = [EA] D + [BA] D.
• The MA content will be copied into MAD.
• After moving the byte,
If DF = 1, SI and DI will be decremented by 1.
If DF = 0, SI and DI will be incremented by 1.

(3). Addressing modes for I/O ports:

(i) Direct I/O port Addressing Mode:

• The address of port is directly given in instruction itself.
Eg. : IN AL, [09H]
PortAddr = 09H
[Port] [AL]

(ii) Indirect I/O port Addressing Mode:

• The address of port is indirectly given in instruction itself.
Eg. : IN AL, [CL]
PortAddr = [CL]
[Port] [AL]

(4). Relative Addressing:

• The effective address of a program instruction is specified relative to IP by an 8 bit
signed displacement.
Eg. : JZ 0AH
• The signed 8 bit will be extended to 16 bit data as 000AH.
• The IP content is, [IP]new = [IP]old + 000AH.
• The effective address is, [EA] = [IP]new + 000AH.
• The base address is, BA = [CS] x 1610
• The memory address is, MA = [EA] + [BA].
• Program control jump into the new MA.

(5). Implied Addressing:

• The instruction itself specifies the data to be operated.
• Eg. : CLC – It clears the carry flag.

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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMME:

The general format of an assembler instruction is,
Label: Mnemonics Opcode, Operand; comment.

The 8086 instruction set is classified as follows.

1. Data Transfer Instructions
2. Arithmetic Instructions
3. Bit manipulation instruction.
4. String instruction.
5. Program execution transfer instruction.
6. Processor control instruction.

I. DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS:

 The instructions that transfer data between registers, memory locations or segment
registers.
 It is again classified into four types. They are,
1. General purpose byte or word transfer instructions
2. Special address transfer instructions
3. Flag transfer instructions
4. Simple input and output Port transfer instructions

A. General purpose byte or word transfer instructions

MOV: It copies the content of source to the destination.

Eg. : MOV BX, 5978H ; Load the immediate number 5978H to BX.
MOV CL, [453AH] ; Copies the content of memory location which is at a
distant of 453AH from the data segment into CL
register.
MOV DS, CX ; Copies the word from CX to data segment.

PUSH
• It decrements the stack pointer by 2.
• It stores the 16 bit data from the source to the address in the stack pointer.
Eg. : SP = 80983H
CX = 49A3H
PUSH CX
[CX]  SP
SP = 80981H

POP
• It stores the 16 bit data from the destination to the stack pointer.
• It increments the stack pointer by 2.
Eg. : SP = 80983H
CX = 49A3H
POP CX
[CX]  SP
SP = 80985H
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XCHG: It exchanges the contents of source with the destination.

Eg. : XCHG BX, CX ; Exchange word in CX with word in BX.
XCHG BL, CL ; Exchange byte in CL with byte in BL.
XLAT :
• IT replaces byte in AL register.
• BX is having the offset value of memory location.
• It copies byte from address pointed by [BX + AL ] into AL register.

B. Special address transfer instructions:

LEA:
• Load effective address.
• The mnemonics is LEA register, source.
• Source is having the offset of the memory location and this instruction load this
address into 16 bit register.

LDS:
• The mnemonics is LDS register, memory address of first word.
• It copies a word from two memory locations into the register.
• It then copies a word from next two memory locations into the DS register.
Eg. : LDS CX, [391AH]
LES:
• The mnemonics is LES register, memory address of first word.
• It copies a word from two memory locations into the register.
• It then copies a word from next two memory locations into the ES register.
Eg. : LES CX, [391AH]

C. Flag Transfer Instructions:

LAHF:
This instruction copies the contents of lower byte of 8086 flag register to AH register.

SAHF:
The contents of the AH register are copied into the lower byte of the 8086 flag register.

PUSHF:
This instruction decrements the stack pointer by 2 and copies the word in the flag
register to the memory locations pointed by the stack pointer.

POPF: This instruction copies a word the two memory locations at the top of the stack
to the flag register and increments the stack pointer by 2.

D. Simple Input and Output Port Transfer Instructions:

IN:
• This instruction will copy data from a port to the accumulator.
• If an 8 bit port is read the data will go to AL and if an 16 bit port is read the data
will go to AX.
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OUT:
• This instruction will copy data from a port to the accumulator.
• The OUT instruction copies a byte from AL or a word from AX to the specified port.

II. ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS:

A. Addition Instructions:

ADD – Add the destination and source contents.

Eg.: ADD AL, 0FH – Add immediate number 0FH to the contents of AL.

ADC – Add the destination and source contents with carry.

Eg.: ADC DL, CL – Add the content of DL with CL content with carry and
stores the results in DL.
ie., [DL] + [CL] + CY [DL]

ADC DX , CX - Add the content of DX with CX content with carry and

stores the results in DX.
ie., [DX] + [CX] + CY  [DX]

INC – increment the destination value by one

Eg. : INC AL – Add 1 to contents of AL
INC BX - Add 1 to contents of AX

AAA – ASCII adjust for addition

• The numbers from 0-9 are represented as 30H-39H in ASCII code.
• After addition of two decimal digits, which are represented in ASCII code,
AAA is used to store the result in ASCII.

DAA – Decimal Adjust Accumulator

• After addition of two decimal digits, which are represented in BCD code, DAA
is used to store the result in BCD.
• It add 0110(6H) with the nibbles which is greater than 1001(9H) to give the
result in BCD.
Eg. – AL = 0011 1001 = 39 BCD
CL = 0001 0010 = 12 BCD
ADD AL, CL ; AL = 0100 1011 = 4BH
DAA ; add 06H = 0000 0110 to 4B; because 1011 >9
; AL = 0101 0001 = 51 BCD

B. Subtraction Instructions:

SUB – Subtracts the source from the destination.

SBB – Subtracts the source and carry from the destination
DEC – Decrement the destination by 1
NEG – Negate instruction forms 2’s complement of the destination.
CMP – Compares the source and destination.
AAS – ASCII adjust after subtraction.
DAS – Decimal adjust after subtraction.
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C. Multiplication Instruction:

MUL:
• It is used to multiply an unsigned byte from the source and unsigned byte in AL
register and stores the result in AX.
• It is used to multiply an unsigned word from the source and unsigned word in
AX register and stores the high word of result stored in DX and low word in
AX.
Eg. : MUL BL - AL x BL, result stored in AX.
MUL BX – AX x BX, High word of result stored in DX and low word in AX.

IMUL – It multiplies the word or byte with sign.

AAM – BCD adjust after multiply.

D. Division Instruction:

DIV - It is used to divide an unsigned word (16 bit) by a byte (8 bit) or to divide an
unsigned double word (32 bit) by a word (16 bit).

Eg. : DIV CL
Word in AX / Byte in CL, Quotient stored in AL and remainder in AH.

DIV CX - Double word in AX and DX / Word in CX, Quotient stored in

AX and remainder in DX.

IDIV - It is used to divide a signed word (16 bit) by a byte (8 bit) or to divide a signed
double word (32 bit) by a word (16 bit).

AAD - Binary adjust before division.

E. Sign Extension Instruction:

CBW – It copies the D7 bit of AL into all the bits in AH.

Eg.: AX = 0000 000 1001 1000

D7 bit is 1.
Now, AX = 1111 1111 1001 1000

CWD - It copies the D15 bit of AX into all the bits in DX.

Eg.: DX = 0000 0000 0000 0000

AX = 1111 0000 1100 0001
D15 of AX is 1.
Now, DX = 1111 1111 1111 1111
AX = 1111 0000 1100 0001

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III. BIT MANIPULATION INSTRUCTIONS (Logical Instructions):

NOT: The NOT instruction inverts each bit of a byte or a word.
The destination can be register or a memory location.

Eg.: if AL = 0110 1100

NOT AL ; AL = 1001 0011

if CX = 1010 1111 0010 0010

NOT CX ; CX = 0101 0000 1101 1001

AND: This instruction logically ANDs each bit of the source byte or word with the
corresponding bit in the destination and stores result in the destination.

Eg. : AL = 1001 0011 = 93H

BL = 0111 0101 = 75H

AND BL, AL ; AND Byte in AL with byte in BL

; BL = 0001 0001 = 11H

OR : This instruction logically ORs each bit of the source byte or word with the
corresponding bit in the destination and stores result in the destination.

Eg. : AL =1001 0011 = 93H

BL =0111 0101 = 75H

OR BL, AL ; OR byte in AL with byte in BL

; BL =1111 0111 = F7H

XOR : This instruction logically XORs each bit of the source byte or word with the
corresponding bit in the destination and stores result in the destination.

TEST: This instruction logically ANDs each bit of the source byte or word with the
corresponding bit in the destination and updates the flags but not stores results
in anywhere.

Eg.: AL = 1001 0011 = 93H

BL = 0111 0101 = 75H

AND BL, AL ; AND Byte in AL with byte in BL

; Result = 0001 0001 = 11H (not stored)
; Z = 0, P = 1 (flag affected))

AND BX, AX ; AND word in AX with word in BX

; updates the flag and result is not stored.

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IV. SHIFT INSTRUCTIONS

SAL / SHL:
• The mnemonics is SAL / SHL destination, count.
• It shift each bit in the destination to the left and 0 is stored in LSB position.
• The MSB is shifted to the carry flag.

Eg. : 1. SAL / SHL CX, 1

2. MOV CL, 05H

SAL / SHL AX, CL

SHR :
• The mnemonics is SHR destination, count.
• It shift each bit in the destination to the right and 0 is stored in MSB position.
• The LSB is shifted to the carry flag.

Eg. : 1. SHR CX, 1

2. MOV CL, 05H

SHR AX, CL

SAR:
• The mnemonics is SAR destination, count.
• It shift each bit in the destination to the right and the old MSB is stored in MSB
position.
• The LSB is shifted to the carry flag.

Eg. : 1. SAR CX, 1

2. MOV CL, 02H

SAR AX, CL
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V. RORATE INSTRUCTIONS

ROL:
• The mnemonics is ROL destination, count.
• It rotates each bit in the destination to the left.
• The MSB is shifted to the carry flag and to the LSB position.

Eg. : 1. ROL CX, 1

2. MOV CL, 02H

ROL BL, CL

ROR :
• The mnemonics is ROR destination, count.
• It rotates each bit in the destination to the right.
• The LSB is shifted to the carry flag and to the MSB position.

Eg. : 1. ROR CX, 1

2. MOV CL, 03H

ROR BL, CL
RCL:
• The mnemonics is RCL destination, count.
• It rotates each bit in the destination to the left along with carry.
• The MSB is shifted to the carry flag and the carry to the LSB position.

Eg. : 1. RCL CX, 1

2. MOV CL, 03H
RCL BL, CL

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RCR:
• The mnemonics is RCR destination, count.
• It rotates each bit in the destination to the right along with carry.
• The LSB is shifted to the carry flag and carry to the MSB position.

Eg. : 1. RCR CX, 1

2. MOV CL, 03H

RCR AL, CL

VI. PROGRAM EXECUTION TRANSFER INSTRUCTION

(a) Unconditional transfer instruction:

CALL: It is used to transfer the instruction to a sub program or to a procedure.
RET : It is used to transfer the execution from a sub program or from a
procedure to the instruction in the main program which is after the
CALL instruction.
JMP : This instruction will always cause the 8086 to fetch its instruction from
the location specified in the instruction.

(b) Conditional transfer instruction:

J <condition>: This instruction will always cause the 8086 to fetch its
instruction from the location specified in the instruction if the
condition given is true. Otherwise it executes the instruction
followed by the jump instruction.

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VII. ITERATION CONTROL INSTRUCTION

• These instructions are used to execute a group of instructions some number of time.
• The instructions are,

S.No Instruction Code Description Condition for Exit

Loop through a
1 LOOP CX = 0
sequence of instructions
Loop through a
2 LOOPE / LOOPZ CX = 0 or ZF = 0
sequence of instructions
Loop through a
3 LOOPNE / LOOPNZ CX = 0 or ZF = 1
sequence of instructions

VIII. PROCESSOR CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS

STC: It sets the carry flag to one; STC does not affect any other flag.
CLC: It resets the carry flag to zero; CLC does not affect any other flag.
CMC: It complements the carry flag; CMC does not affect any other flag.
STD: It sets the direction flag to one so that SI and / or DI can be automatically
decremented after execution of string instructions. STD does not affect any
other flag.
CLD: It resets the direction flag to zero so that SI and / or DI can be automatically
incremented after execution of string instructions. CLD does not affect any
other flag.
STI: It sets the interrupt flag to one; this enables INTR interrupt of the 8086. STI
does not affect any other flag.
CLI: It resets the interrupt flag to zero. Due to this 8086 will not respond to an INTR
interrupt input. CLI does not affect any other flag.

IX. EXTERNAL HARDWARE SYNCHRONIZATION INSTRUCTIONS

HLT: This causes the 8086 to stop fetching and execution of instructions.
WAIT: This cause the 8086 enter into idle condition up to TEST (low) pin low.
ESC: This is used to pass the instruction to a coprocessor.
LOCK:
• Each microprocessor is having its own system bus and memory.
• In multiprocessor system, they will communicate with each other through the bus.
• After LOCK instruction, they cannot communicate with each other.
NOP: At the time of execution of NOP instruction, no operation is performed except
fetching and decoding.

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X. INTERRUPT INSTRUCTIONS

INT:
• The mnemonics is INT Type.
• It is used to call a far procedure.
• Type is referred as a number between 0 and 255, which identifies the interrupt.
• The address of the procedure is calculated by multiplying the type number by 4.

INTO: If the overflow flag is set, this instruction will cause the 8086 to call a far
procedure.

IRET: It is used to end of the ISR to return execution to the main program/.

XI. STRING INSTRUCTIONS

• REP / REPE / REPZ / REPNE / REPNZ

• MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW
• CMPS / CMPSB / CMPSW
• SCAS / SCASB / SCASW
• LODS / LODSB / LODSW
• STOS / STOSB / STOSW

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INTERRUPT SYSTEM:
INTERRUPT is a signal applied / instruction given to the microprocessor to stop the current
process done by it and carry out a specific task requested by the interrupted device.

In response to an interrupt, the processor completes the execution of the current instruction and
transfers the program control to execute a procedure called ISR (Interrupt Service Routine).
After the complete execution of ISR, the processor returns the program control back to the
original suspended process.

Interrupt in 8086 are initiated in three ways. They are,

1. Hardware interrupt
2. Software interrupt
3. Exceptional conditions interrupts

A.HARDWARE INTERRUPTS:

There are two hardware interrupts in 8086 processor.

1. NMI – Non maskable interrupt
2. INTR – Interrupt

• NMI interrupt has highest priority out of the two hardware interrupts.
• When two or more interrupts are received from different I/O devices, Intel 8259 -
Programmable Interrupt Controller is used to handle multiple interrupts.

B.SOFTWARE INTERRUPTS:
• There are 256 software interrupts with mnemonic INT followed by the interrupt
number.
• Each software interrupt is two bytes long and it has a format as shown below.

Opcode for Interrupt

INT no. in HEX
• It is represented as INT 00H … INT FFH.

C. EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS INTERRUPTS:

An error condition created by the 8086 processor during the execution of an instruction leads
to exceptional interrupts.

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PREDEFINED INTERRUPTS:

The first five interrupts are reserved by INTEL for specific functions.

TYPE 0 : INT 0 - Divide by zero

TYPE 1 : INT 1 - Single step
TYPE 2 : INT 2 - Non maskable interrupt
TYPE 3 : INT 3 - Break point
TYPE 4 : INT 4 - Interrupt on Overflow

TYPE 0 Interrupt – Divide by Zero:

Division operation is performed in 8086 using DIV or IDIV instructions. Division is performed
either on 16-bit dividend by 8-bit divisor or 32-bit dividend by 16-bit divisor.

In either case, if the quotient is too large to fit in the destination registers (AL/AX) or if a
16/32-bit number is attempted to be divided by zero, then TYPE 0 – interrupt is initiated.

TYPE 1 Interrupt – Single step Interrupt:

If the TRAP flag is SET, 8086 automatically generates the TYPE 1 – Interrupt after execution
of each instruction. Single step interrupt (TYPE 1) is a non-maskable interrupt.

The user can write an ISR at the interrupt address to display the memory locations and/or the
register content to debug the program.

TYPE 2 Interrupt – Non-maskable Interrupt:

The TYPE 2 interrupt is initiated in response to the interrupt received at NMI pin of 8086
processor. The TYPE 2 interrupt is normally used to save the program data in case of power
failure.

TYPE 3 Interrupt – Break point Interrupt:

TYPE 3 interrupt is initiated using INT03 instruction, to create break point in program
execution for debugging purpose.

TYPE 4 Interrupt – Overflow Interrupt:

TYPE 4 interrupt is initiated either when OF(Overflow flag) is SET or when INT00 is
executed.

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INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE:

The first 1KB of the EPROM memory (i.e., memory address from 00000H to 003FFH) is
allocated to store the interrupt vector table (IVT). This table contains the memory address
(segment & offset address) of the ISR associated with each interrupt in 8086.

Each interrupt is allocated 4 Bytes in IVT-Interrupt Vector Table, with 2 Bytes for Segment
address and next 2 Bytes for Offset address.

In response to an interrupt, the processor loads segment and offset address into CS and IP
registers respectively to execute the corresponding ISR of the interrupt.

Address Interrupt Description

00000H INT 00 Divide by Zero Error
00004H INT 01 Single Step
00008H INT 02 Non maskable
0000CH INT 03 Break point interrupt
00010H INT 04 Overflow
Reserved by manufacturer
00014H INT 05 – INT 1F for future expansion of
interrupts

00080H INT 20 – INT FF User defined Interrupts

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Part A:
1. What are the segments registers in 8086?*
2. List the merits of Memory segmentation.*
3. Name the external hardware synchronization instruction 8086 processor.*
4. What is segment override prefix? Give an example.*
5. What is the function of TEST pin in 8086 processor?*
6. How does the 8086 processor access a word at on odd address?*
7. What are the differences between 8085 and 8086?*
8. Briefly explain the interrupts in 8086.
9. Draw the Flag register and label the flags with its bit positions.
10. What is minimum and maximum mode configuration?*
11. What is meant by pipelined architecture?
12. What is the significance of Trace flag in flag register of 8086?
13. What is the significance of Interrupt flag in flag register of 8086?
14. What is the significance of Direction flag in flag register of 8086?

Part B:

1. With neat diagram, explain the architecture of 8086 processor.*

2. Explain the instruction set of 8086 with examples.*
3. Explain the addressing modes of 8086 with examples.*
4. Explain the Interrupt structure of 8086 processor.*
5. Explain the memory segmentation in 8086.
6. Explain the minimum and maximum mode configuration of 8086 with neat diagrams.
(or)
Explain the working of 8086 in maximum mode.
Explain the working of 8086 in minimum mode.
7. Design an 8086 based system in minimum modes to interface 64 KB EPROM and
64KB RAM with starting address 00000H and 80000H respectively.*

* - AU questions

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