BUREAUCRACY
BY
LUDWIG
VON
MISES
NEW
HAVEN
Y
ALE
UNIVERSITYPRESS
1946
COPYRIGHT,
194-4-,BY
YALE
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
PrintedintheUnitedStates
of
America
First
published,September,
194-4
Secondprinting,October,
194-4
Third
printing,
January,
194-6
All
rightsreserved.
This
bookmaynot
be
reproduced,inwhole
or
in
part,
inanyform(exceptbyreviewersforthepublicpress),withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers.
PREFACE
THE
mainissueinpresent-daysocialandpoliticalconflicts
is
whetherornotmanshouldgiveawayfreedom,privateinitiative,andindividualresponsibilityandsurrendertotheguardianshipofagiganticapparatusofcompulsionand
co-
ercion,thesocialiststate.Shouldauthoritariantotalitarianism
be
substitutedforindividualismanddemocracy?Shouldthecitizen
be
transformedintoa
subject,
asubordinateinanallembracingarmyofconscriptedlabor,boundtoobeyunconditionallytheordersof
his
superiors?Shouldhe
be
deprivedofhismostpreciousprivilegeto
choose
meansandendsandtoshapehisownlife?
Our
agehaswitnessedatriumphaladvanceofthesocialistcause.
As
much
as
halfacenturyagoaneminentBritishstatesman,SirWilliamHarcourt,asserted:
"Weare
allsocialistsnow."
1
Atthattimethisstatement
was
premature
as
far
as
GreatBritain
was
concerned,buttodayit
is
almostliterallytrueforthatcountry,
once
thecradleofmodernliberty.
It
is
nolesstruewithregardtocontinentalEurope.Americaalone
is
stillfreetochoose.AndthedecisionoftheAmericanpeoplewilldeterminetheoutcomeforthewholeofmankind.
The
problemsinvolvedintheantagonismbetweensocialismandcapitalism
can
be
attackedfromvariousviewpoints.Atpresentitseems
as
ifaninvestigationoftheexpansionofbureaucraticagencies
is
themostexpedientavenueof
ap-
proach.Ananalysisofbureaucratismoffersanexcellentopportunitytorecognizethefundamentalproblemsofthecontroversy.Althoughtheevolutionofbureaucratismhasbeenvery
I.
Cf.
G.
M.Trevelyan,
AShortenedHistory
of
England
(London,
1942.),
p.
5
10
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