54 Refleion, reration, polarzain cont 20.11 Optical Activity Another phenomenon ate to the transverse character of electromagnetic waves js the rotation ofthe plane of polarization, «property which iscalled optical aciisy ‘when it is observed inthe visible and nearby regions of the elestromagnetie pec frum. 1s boam of leary polarized light pases through an optinaly active ub stance (Fig. 20-85), the eansmitted waves also Kneary polarized, but in another plane, making an angle 6 with tho incident plane. ‘The value of @ is proportional to the length I which the beam traverses dhrough the substanen, and depends ako fom the nature of the substance. From the point of view of an observer receiving the transmitted light, the substances ar called destrnsatory and leorttory, de= pending on whether the rotation of the plane of polarization i clockwise or counter Clockwise a seen by the observer (dex: ight; la: Tet), il {r= ty a SUNY, Fig. 29-95, Rotation of the plane of polran thon By am opialysotive sbatanon Optica activity is exhibited by certain eubstances only in the solid state. Many Inorganic eryatls expecially quarts, nd some organi erystals, such as bensily ace ‘of this type. Upon fusion, solution, or vaporization, these eubetancas lee their ‘optical activity. ‘This demonstrates the fact shat the optical activity of these sub stanoes depeads on the special arrangements of atoms or molecules in the erystal, frrangementa which dissppear ohen the molecles are oriented st random in the Tiquid or the gaseous states, Other substance, such aa turpentine, sugar, camphor, and tartaric acid remain optieslly active in all physical states a wel a in olution, In this latter type of substance the optical setvity is sxsoeinted with the iiidaal ‘molecules and not with ther relative arrngezsent Optica activity is a result of a certain twisting of the orbit of the eletrons in ‘the molecules or erystals under the sation of an exteral osrllatory eestromagnetic field. When me were discussing the polatization of matter (Secton 165), we as sumed that the leetroas esillated in a stright line, parallel to the electric fed in isotropic substances snd at an angle with it in anisotropic substances (Section 20.8); Tn certain molecules and crystals however, the electron motion is lang toisted path, which for simplicity we may assume isa helix (Pig 20-98). Suppose {hat the molecule (or crystal) isso oriented tht the helical electzon paths areas thown in Fig. 20-36, Sc, with the helix ati perpendiculat to the direction of propagation and parallel either tothe elciie or the magneti fe a the incoming ma Optical aity 605 Fig, 29-86, Eleczi and magnetic dipole momentsindeed by andes tromagnetis wave In hell inolecue Let us onsite the fist case, or oFioutation (a). The oxillating electic field of the wave produces an osillatary motion of the electrons up and down slong the Delis that results in an efferive oscillating electric dipole moment p parallel to the helix xs. So far the situation is similar to that of ordinary polarization. But be. ‘cause ofthe twisting of tho dstronio path, the ehstrnie current along each tara of the helix is equivalent to x magoetie dipole, and the molecule aequites at fective osillating magnetic dipole moment m sleo oriented along the helt asx For orientation (b), tho oailating magnetic eld of the wave proces a vane flux through euch turn of the heli that, by the Faraday. Henry law, result in a owillating electronic current along the helix. This current sgain produces an omillating magnetic moment mi along the helix axis. But the elortron's back-al- forth motion produces, at the ends of the molecule, alternate poitive and negative charges, resulting in an effective exillatory elostredipole moment p along tl hax ais. "Therefor, for both orientations of the molecule, both an osclting electric dipole moment p and an oseillating magnetic dipole moment mn, parallel to the moleoular axis, are produced. ‘These dipoles radiate seated electeomage ete waves, in the same fashion as tha diseseed in Section 1.9, where oly oe tac dipole seatuering was taken into account bacauss the clot ron's assumed to bein a straight line. A detailed mathematical analysis of the seatteed wave, which we shall omit here, shows that along the direction of propagation of Ue incident wave, the fields 6 and of the scattered wave are in phase with those ofthe incident wave Dut they oscillate ina diferent direction berause of the dering relative odente: ion of the & and @ fies of an cleric and a magnetic dipale (Figy 19-8 and 18-12). An observer slong the diretion of propagation receives the incident and the scattered waves which, because they are in phase, intorfer,reaulting in linear polsrization (remember Section 12.9), but ia a direction making an angle # with306 Reflection, refraction, parison Fig. 20-37. Raita dlectic and msgnetie fields due ta the superposition of incident sl seater neve 4 ig. 20-88. Right symmetry. (a) The mierorinage ofa right-handed heli or sre Teivhanded. () The mirror intage of the right bands alt bend (Fg. 29-97). Thus a rotation ofthe plane Ch orginal plane of he etic vetor (Fig 20-87). T of polarization of the wave rout For rantomlyorentad molecules it ean be ‘oved thatthe ti layein tho sun ene lthough te maga depends Se the molar wa. Tee mi a eye ay physical etate on solution. Ia some ryt, however, the effect depends on the ‘laclar rrangerent; but the individ! moles oot havea tocol ym Incr, nd therefore the flee appease the mole are darranged son Optica actinty 007 f : # * Fig. 20-99. Mirwrimage forms of late aid ‘Ths etudent may realize that there are two kinds of felix, right-handed and lef Pande (Fig. 20-38). One is the mirror image ofthe other, a the left hand i the rrr image of the right hand. This kind of symmetry is called exontiomorphisn Some molecules act ike right-handed helixs and others act like left-handed ee {In on ease the rotation ofthe plane of polarization i in one dzeetion and in the other case it is in the opposite direction. This explains the existenco of dontre anil levo-otatory eubutances Some sutstances contain both clases of mirrorimage molecules, « property calle sreosomeriam, For example, etc-aid molecules (CHs- COs. COs) tay oxist in either one of two mirror-image forms, as ilustraed in Tig, 20°90, ‘A sample of Inti acid which eostaine equal amounte of both Kinds of tolecales is optically inaetive, but if there is more of one kind than of the other, « net In the cate of quarts (SiO), the malocules areal identieal, but their space ar ngenent in the crystal has either s left-handed or « sightchunded symmetry, 48 & apparent from the exteral apprarance of the bwo kinds of quests mesa ww i Fig. 20-40, one being levo and the other dest. When the esyoel is ‘melted the molecular arrangement is destroyed and the optical activity diseproare "hey tablance hes ae a aay cee semen too devo a ares ne ae ote pos aera L thewoaieaion Ths ait aa ese dktemine quantitatively te snout of Low ae inthe solution, ch a the consntralinn iby Zon ete hx otal av ey, | by mene tone mete eal a on, is inteaducwd. "One method of doing this ito apply 2 strong statie magnetic field along. the Airecten of propagation. This known ms the Pasay 7 Fig. 26-40. Mitrovimage forms of Gunter