‘this sete ida) the vere componcat B-ofthe ‘ins rapnei elds (ersten magnete Hild Ba Foon "haute 3-6 shows dhe station Weve From dt ven aor @ Be= Botany ~ 26 writ 599 244 eT 04 pve, = o ov VE 1 S81 xT 051 gros Note that the mgt declination 3 Teton plays norte in ‘Magnetism as we know icin our daily experience isan imporane but special branch ofthe subject called ferromagnetism, we digas this a Section 376, Here we discuss 8 weaker form of magnetism called Paramagnetsm. Tor most atoms and jon the magnetic effects ofthe elections, in cluding both their spins snd erbital motions, exactly cancel so tha the Stom or i 16 not magnetic This s tue for the rare pases such a3, ‘eon and for font such a8 Cx", hich males op ordinary copper ® For fother atoms or ions the magnetic effets ofthe electrons do ot cancel, So that the atom asa whole basa magnetic dipole moment. Examples fre found among the transition clement, such as Mn", therarecarths, Sich as Cd's and dhe actnide cements such as Uo" Ii we place sample of N atom, eacls of which has smagneticdipale smoinent min magnetic el, the elementay'atomie dipoes tend to line up with the fld, The tendency to align is called peremernetism, For petiect alignment, the sample as a whole would have a magnetic dipole moment of Ny: However, ce aligning proces is seriously inte fered with by thermal agitation effects. The importance of thermal a tation may be measured by comparing two enerpies: one = 447] 6 the ‘ean kinete energy oftransacon of gas arom a temperstue 7, the ther (2,8) isthe diference in energy between an atom lined up With the magnetic field and one pointing in the opposite direction. AS Exam ple 4 ahows, the effet of the collisions a ordinary temperatoes nd fields 1s very grt ‘The sample acquires s magnetic moment when placed in an external magnetic field, but this moment is usually ery ‘uch smaller than she maximum possible moment Nix ie et maze {le 1.01 = 1° aan At oon termpertee (= 40 Reale ad oe ae Ur the mean inci ene of wanslaton (= #47) and Un. the mage ‘ey 2a yee BAT ~ KL 38 10° KOO KI = 6 104} wates ano Aimatoni=2%10-") : oe a ny etic i se aparece i seca pecimen ofa pantpagetesubuanc in nomi : a Teh hat mea tbe pole of strong magnet wil Be ld ie owe le We ; so ht gy eeepc k en teach sen f Ui The netelecine force points to che righ igen eect fi nds Pe= ala + BE] ~ QE. AE a2 ss Es wins ron l4tnae=e 28) = (HE) 4 the induced ests ile moment of he sphere la sates at very small sphere (28/2) approaches ree ten fd lee ied atthe camer othe spe 37-4 PARAMAGNETISM 2 figure 37. ‘Rsdecae sphere #nonuifom Aeeticti the cece indent ‘hones eve rprcetel by the poi changes 24 anda brs} mecering the mane oe chat at on smal ie or meetin cen «nome magnet ld Se srw kno, we can fear Ss agai ae ie pricaton Mol te acc dled ml moment ye vo aa oF mt ele mament ofthe specime, i 8 vector. Tn i895 Piere Curie 1859-10) iseoveredexperisentally that the Potion ofa paramagiti specimen i diecty proportional: $$3B. the effective value of magnetic field in which the specimen is placed, and inverely proportional to the temperature, or 2 mack, ray { which C iss constant, This equation is known as Curie’ law. The law is physically reasonable in that increasing tend align the ele mentary dipoles in the specimen, tht 5 1 inrease M, wheteas in ‘tesing 7 tends co interfere with tis alignment, that Cunt’ law is well veed experimentally, provi [ByT does noc become too lage IM cannot increase without Limit, as Care's law implics, but must approach "value Mga, f= aN/V|conesponding to the complete align ‘ent of the A dipales contained in the volume V of the specimen, Figure 37 shows this saturation elie forasample of CrK/SO 12110. ‘The ehtomivm tone are responsible forall the paramagnetism otis sal all the other elements being paramagnetically incr. To achieve 99:59 saturation, i is necessary to use applied magnetic fields os high 25 50,000 gauss (= 5,0°T} and temperatures ss low a 1.3. Note thet for ‘ore readily achievable conditions, such as B= 10,000 gause [= 1.0 and = 10 K, che abecissa in Fg. 37-8 i only 1.0 30 that Cutie’ law ‘would appear to be well obeyed for this and foal lower valve of [MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MaTTER oe CT | 7 Tre ave thet pss hp he xpetinenal pins thi gre ‘Ses fo hay band olan gan gay Sale aeonet wih Spree 1 1846 Michae! anday dacovered that specimen fst bought ‘sear the pole of serong magne ieripelod Hecale esc ssotanecs dena a Sina wh pmapete wines wh Se ‘tracted, Damage, preset inal sobtanss, eich fete ‘set tha it reaene masked in abtances tnd cata thats f aet supe dipole moment, hat an attgoetis frm fete substances gute 3-96 and show an clecon circulating ina damage som a angus fopeney oyna tetned ear x feds fewest pearagnetic lt hvomin fern sa sa ‘pet etn toe temperate. The cure hh ‘perimental oie then ave clealted frm mater ‘sant py om, Imetsiements by WE Henry) 375 DIAMAGNETISM dean is moving under the action of» centietalfre Fe oh 2 nn whew, fm Newton's send I, mu jora0) ecto une icete cme! sien ances Remar py sateen intone snigr zn png innit Bs 7a Se ees ns we eon meee Sa (Se fvcin shown oceman cena henge a Sinaia nes sc a i tart aprecmayanaeneris sig a 87-10 an 37-1 0 this eatin ids ‘igure 37-9 {ethedccten culating in mi An lecton creaking 9 ‘int sc (A ‘apt el ino ‘Tavera te ica apd he ‘tea tha mug eld ves te ea oped ofthe etren th hac inte > nee ole 18 fo ice yea jetpeest Out extent ‘Stmrmeten thous mesic Sofie severe pele ‘len sone erent with figure 37-10 {Fecrngnvc moment of he 040 Tone entlsting deren ‘Sinom ese when the 0 ‘aca omgnete el Soo nr cancel when eld ppl sf eta he Sein morment i on (Ganqrecety wih a. 379.ste td = 09 oS = (Bueno ny We could solve thin quads egaon for whe nem aes scr Re th da i ie rm of ei Sate! wate pons Beles Tht eter ooy ie a ‘Sc'eve fa the stonget extemal mapaetc lds Thur "+, ars) hee Su << om Subteting this etion into Ba 3712 yds la +g ete aaa? =, ‘hs i tecveset abrviton or ein: The te ae cate the ine alt seal compe the ie od may bem et Seo oth only smal or leads, as an exelent apeenmnaton, to ™ rad Pe lay tree meager mcs eae Secor aoe a evigeaimuntaneirae rt amar hiesaeecega pena teen, Seecee nae reees Baoan ie Seco vn ought neo te ees ong nen ihe pk son sonora Comer accor penance teem Gia he ang in mance wont fr # cictng datos, ‘sctibed i Example 2, if magnetic field ® of 2.0°T |= 20,000 gauss) act a ight ‘eis to the plane of the orbit. aa = = NA = Mee = etter aH, aenster( ig mambers yes 6410-9 CHO. x 10 mi cape 4010 Amt the moment pia 82 10-" Amt so sha the chang ince el gong cxvemal tage eld isthe smal, the ato Se Den, ‘vee elements [Fe, Co, and Ni) and for a variety of alloys of aed oher elements spel elfect oceus which penmits spe achieve a bigh degree of magnetic alignment inspite of the ag tendency ofthe theamal motions ofthe atoms. In sich jal, desenbed ae feromapnecic. special form of interacton ‘xchange coupling aceure between adacent atoms, coupling thet omentstoethern rigid parallelism" I the cemeratre is ‘Shove a cortain ential value, called the Curie temperature the owpling, suddenly ssappears and the materials become i utamagnetic. Yor iam the Curie temperate ss L013 K Feo pein in evidently properey not only ofthe individval atom oF that lw of the interaction of each tam oF kon with is neighbors in jet Lttce (see Pig 215) of the solid en Figure 37-11 shows a magnetization euve fora specimen of ion. To such a carve, we form the specimen, assumed initally wn inca ring and wind a toroidal coil around is 8 Fig ff, to form a socalled Rovrland vng-} When a current fie et up in The cil ifthe tron core fs noe proset & magnete field is setup within ori ven by (see Eq 347) open (srs) re mi the numberof ts pr unit length forthe toroid. Aldhouth ormola wa derived fr ong salenod, we an aply ite 2 toroid 376 FERROMAGNETISM