BIS TERM PAPER
HYBRID VEHICLES
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE
SUBMITTED TO:- DR. PRITHWIS MUKERJEE BY Anindita Choudhury B10002
ABSTRACT
Hybrid vehicles are those which use two sources of energy to power the running of the vehicle. Thesource of power may be rechargeable energy storage system, petrol, hydrogen, compressed air,liquid nitrogen, wind, electricity, solar power, etc. Hybrid vehicles reduce our dependence onconventional sources of energy like petrol. Though the adoption rate of hybrid vehicles is low it hasgot tremendous untapped potential. In this paper I will look at the all types of hybrid vehicles theirmarket potential their current status, their economic standing, current standing in the market and thebiggest challenges that they face and how they can overcome them.
INTRODUCTION
Hybrid vehicles use two distinct sources of energy. Hybrid vehicles will become a force to reckon within near future as the conventional sources of energy like petrol are depleting fast and we need analternative source to meet the needs of fuel that iswhere hybrid vehicles come into picture. These vehicles are not only providing us the opportunity touse an alternative source of energy but also most of the energy it uses is also environment friendly.Environment has become a growing concern for the entire world and will be more so in the years tocome .Burning of fuels like petrol lead to emission of carbon dioxide which is one of the majorgreenhouse gases which cause global warming. Therefore the need of the hour is to substitute fuelwith alternative sources of energy to minimise the risk to our survival. The recent Copenhagen summitshows that the world has finally woken up to the global warming problem and is ready to makeamends for its thoughtlessness over the years which has lead to the culmination of the environmentalproblems. In such a situation an alternative source of fuel is a welcome change. Almost 10% of theglobal carbon dioxide emission is due to automobiles. Therefore Hybrid vehicles will gain muchpopularity and has a huge market potential in the current scenario.
CURRENT SCENARIO
A hybrid vehicle normally refers to hybrid electric vehicles. This kind of vehicles moves with the helpof age-old internal combustion engine and electricity. Since it moves with the help of electricity itensures better fuel usage and is both environment and pocket friendly.
Technology required
The various types of hybrid vehicles and the technology they use is listed below
Hybrid cars
Hybrid cars require a internal combustion engine and a rechargeable energy storage system(RESS).They have a electric motor engine. In addition to this there is a battery pack which givesenergy to the motor which gets recharged when the car decelerates. The gas engine helps the batteryto get charged. This helps the car to do away with the need to use an external source of energy
According to Wikipedia” Modern HEVs make use of efficiency
-improving technologies such as regenerative braking, whichconverts the vehicle's kinetic energy into battery-replenishing electric energy, rather than wasting it as heat energy asconventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning anelectrical generator (this combination is known as a motor-generator), to either recharge their batteries or to directly power theelectric drive motors. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed; this isknown as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces less emissions from its ICE than a comparably-sized gasoline car, asan HEV's gasoline engine is usually smaller than a comparably-sized pure gasoline-burning vehicle (natural gas and propanefuels produce lower emissions) and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further
improving fuel economy.”
Hybrid cars are of two types:-1. The first one is called Mild Hybrid in which there is the conventional gas engine and there isthe electric motor which assists the gas engine. The electric motor cannot operate the vehicleall by itself. The main source of power is the gasoline engine. Example of such a car would be
Honda’s Civic and Insight.
2. The second type of hybrid cars is called Full Hybrid. Here the gasoline engine and motorengine operate separately and the motor engine is capable of running the vehicle at lowspeeds when high speed is needed one has to switch on to the gasoline engine. Example ofsuch cars would be Toyota Prius and Ford escape. Toyota Prius plans to use solar panels inthe roof of the cars to support air-conditioning of the car. The solar panels will have coolingfans running on the roof even when the car is off and locked such that when one steps inside
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