INTERNETWORKING

CHAPTER 1

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 OBJECTIVE

 Describe the benefits of a layered model

 Describe the main benefit of the OSI

reference model
 Understand each of the seven layers of the

OSI reference model and what they

provide application developers
 Describe flow control and how it is used

within an internetwork

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OBJECTIVE

 Understand how the Transport layer

flow control mechanism works
 Describe how the OSI's Network layer

provides routing in an internetwork

environment
 List the five conversion steps of data

encapsulation

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 Internetworking Models
 The OSI model is the primary architectural
model for networks

 The Layered approach

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Advantages of Reference
Models
 Dividing the complex network operation
into more manageable layers
 Changing one layer without having to

change all layers.

 Defining the standard interface for the

"plug-and-play" multivendor integration

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 OSI LAYER
• File,print, message,database &
application service

UPPER • Data Encryption, compression

LAYER & translation service
• Dialog Control

• End to End Connection

LOWER • Routing
LAYER
• Framing
• Physical Topology
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 THE APPLICATION LAYER
 The Application layer of the OSI model is where
users communicate to the computer

 The Application layer is responsible for identifying

and establishing the availability of the intended
communication partner and determining if
sufficient resources for the intended
communication exist.

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 THE PRESENTATION LAYER
 It presents data to the application layer.
 Translator and provides code formating and

conversion functions.
 The presentation layer ensures that data

transferred from the application layer of one

system can be read by the application layer of
another host.
 Compression, decompression, encryption and

decryption are associated with this layer.

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 THE SESSION LAYER
 Responsible for setting up, managing and then
tearing down sessions between presentation
layer entities.

 Provides dialog control between devices or

nodes.

 Coordinates communication between system and

serves to organize their communication.

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 FLOW CONTROL
 Data integrity is ensured at the transport layer by
maintaining flow control and allowing users the
option of requesting reliable data transport
between systems.

 Flow control prevents a sending host on one side

of the connection from overflowing the buffers in
the receiving host-an event that can result in lost
data.

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CONNECTION ORIENTED
COMMUNICATION
 The segments delivered are acknowledged back
to the sender upon their reception.
 Any segments not acknowledged are

retransmitted.
 Segments are sequenced back into their proper

order upon arrival at their destination.

 A manageable data flow is maintained in order to

avoid congestion, overloading and data loss

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ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION-
ORIENTED SESSION

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TRANSMITTING SEGMENTS WITH
FLOW CONTROL

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WINDOWING

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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 TYPE of PACKETS
 Data Packets

Used to transport user data through the
internetwork

 Route Update Packets


Used to update neighbor routers about networks
connected to routers in the internetwork.

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 ROUTING TABLE
 Network addresses, protocol specific network
addresses.

 Interface, the exit interface a packet will take

when destined for a specific network

 Metric, the distance to the remote network.

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 THE DATA LINK LAYER
 The Data Link layer ensures that messages are
delivered to the proper device and translates
messages from the Network layer into bits for the
physical layer to transmit.

 The data link layer formats the message into data

frames and adds a customized header containing
the hardware destination and source address.

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 DATA LINK SUBLAYERs
 Media Access Control (MAC)

Defines how packets are placed on the media.

Physical addressing is defined here, as well as
logical topologies.

 Logical Link Control (LLC)


For identifying network layer protocols and then
encapsulating them.

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 Logical Link Control (LLC)

 Enable upper layers to gain independence over

LAN media access

 Allow service access points (SAPs) from interface

sublayers to upper layer functions

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 THE PHYSICAL LAYER
 Sends bits & Receives bits

 Specifications specify the electrical, mechanical,

procedural and functional requirements for
activating, maintaining and deactivating a
physical link between end systems.

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PEER TO PEER COMMUNICATION

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DATA ENCAPSULATION

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THE CISCO HIERACHICAL MODEL

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