PART-A

Que1: Explain why a pair of modems is required to transmit a digital signal

over a PSTN. With the aid of Diagram, show the location of the two modems
when two digital devices communicate over a PSTN and the types of signal
analog or digital- that are used over each part of the access circuit?

Ans1: The term Modem is a composite word that refers to the two functional
entities that make up the device.: a signal modulator and a signal
demodulator.

A modulator converts a digital signal into an analog signal using

ASK,FSK,PSK, or QAM. A demodulator converts an analog signal into a digital
signal. While a demodulator resembles an analog to digital convertor, it is
not in fact a convertor of any kind. It merely reverses the process of
modulation.

Modems are required to transmit a digital signal over a Public Switched

Telephone Network(PSTN) lines because data travels in the form of electric
signals over the PSTN lines whereas in computer digital signals are being
transferred . so there is a need to convert this digital signal into its analog
counterpart before it travels through the PSTN network. This is what modem
does.

The figure shows that how two systems communicate over the network of
PSTN lines. It shows two systems , System A and System B. Both the
systems are communicating with each other through PSTN network. The use
of modems is clearly shown in the figure. They are modulating the data at
the sender end and again demodulating at the receiver side.

MODULATO
R
SWITCHING
STATION
DEMODULA
TOR
System A
 MODEM

TELEPHONE NETWORK

System B
MODULATO
R
SWITCHING
STATION
DEMODULA
TOR

Que2: With the aid of the diagram, describe how the following gain access to the
internet:

a) a user at home or in small business.

b) a distributed community of users around a single site or campus.

c) a distributed set of users all attached to the same enterprise-wide private

network. Why is the latter sometimes called an intranet.

Ans 2: (a) A user at home or in small business:-

GLOBAL INTERNET
BACKBONE NETWORK

GATEW
AY
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
(ISP)
HOME USER

ACCESS VIA THE PSTNS WITH MODEMS

OR ISDN

SMALL BUSINESS

(b) A distributed community of users around a single site or campus:-

DESKTOP PC / WORKSTATION

GLOBAL INTERNET
BACKBONE NETWORK

GATEWAY SITE / CAMPUS LAN

 SERVER

c) A distributed set of users all attached to the same enterprise-wide

private network. Why is the latter sometimes called an intranet:-

ENTERPRISE-WIDE PRIVATE NETWORK/ INTRANET

SITE LAN SITE LAN

INTER-SITE BACKBONE NETWORK

SITE LAN
SITE LAN
 GATEWA
Y
DESKTOP PC

SERVER

GLOBAL NETWORK BACKBONE NETWORK

Que3: Explain why most data networks operate in a packet mode. Hence explain
why services involving audio and video are supported?

Ans 3: In packet switched network, data are transmitted in discrete units of

potentially variable length blocks called packets. The maximum length of the packet
is established by the network. Longer transmissions are broken up into multiple
packets. Each packet contains not only the data but header with some control
information (such as priority code and source destination address.) the packet are
sent over the network node to node. At each node the packet is stored briefly and
then routed according to the information in its header.

There are two popular approach to packet switching: datagram or connectionless

packet switching and connection oriented packet switching or virtual circuit.

In datagram switching each packet includes complete addressing or routing

information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different
paths and out-of-order delivery. In virtual circuit a connection is defined and pre-
allocated in each involved node before any packet is transferred. The packets
include a connection identifier rather than address information, and are delivered in
order.

For audio and video services are mainly supported by circuit switching. In a
telephone conversation for example, once a circuit is established it remains
connected for the duration of the session. Circuit switched creates temporary
(dialed) or permanent(leased) dedicated links that are well suited for this
type of communication. But when circuit switched is used for data
transmission the line is often idle and the facilities are wasted. Circuit
switched network is less well suited for data services as non voice data are
bursty in nature, mean that data comes in spurts with idle gap between
them.

PART -B

Que4: Define the meaning of the term “channel bandwidth” in relation to a

transmission channel. Hence with the aid of diagram, explain the meaning of
the term “band limiting channel”.

Ans 4: In communications, a "channel" is the "path" or "route" which a

message follows, as it is transmitted between a communication source and a
receiver.

The word bandwidth is used to mean the amount of data that can be
transferred through a digital connection in a given time period (i.e., the
connection's bit rate). In such cases, bandwidth is usually measured in bits or
bytes per second. Therefore channel bandwidth is the amount of data that
can be sent through the path between the sender and the receiver.

In the physical world, a digital signal must be represented in an analog form

for actual transmission. This can be a complex process. First the bit pattern
must undergo a suitable form of channel coding, appropriate to the expected
noise level of the analog channel. Then it must be transformed into an
analog waveform using line coding, and modulated onto a carrier signal. The
latter two processes depend upon the actual nature of the transmission
medium, whether it be electrical, optical or electromagnetic.

Mathematically, the maximum digital bit rate for a given analog bandwidth
and noise level is determined by the Shannon-Hartley theorem. How closely
this is approximated depends to a great extent upon the choice of channel
coding, which must introduce just enough redundancy to match the noise
level. Too little redundancy, and expensive retransmissions will reduce the
useful bit rate. Too much, and the error-correction overhead will reduce the
bit rate left over for the signal. The Shannon-Hartley limit is approached
closely by Reed-Solomon codes used on optical media, and even more
closely by Turbo codes used in satellite communication.

Traditional telephone lines can carry between 300Hz to 3300Hz,giving them

a bandwidth of 3000Hz. In general we say that the signal bandwidth must be
smaller than the cable bandwidth. The effective bandwidth of a telephone
line used for data transmission is 2400 Hz, covering the range from 600 Hz
to 3000Hz.

TELEPHONE LINE BANDWIDTH

USED FOR VOICE

USED FOR DATA
 300 600 3000
3300

2400Hz FOR DATA

3000Hz FOR VOICE

Que5: Define the aspect ratio of a display screen. Give two examples for
current widely used screen sizes?

Ans: The ratio of width to height of an object. Stating the relationship of one
side to the other, it is widely used to describe the shape of a TV or computer
screen. For example, the aspect ratio of a standard screen is 4:3, which is a
relatively square rectangle. The 4:3 means "4 to 3," or four units wide to
three units high. High-definition TV (HDTV) has a 16:9 ratio, which is a wide
rectangle closer in width, but still not as wide, as most cinema screens.
Another way of expressing the 4:3 and 16:9 ratios is 1.33:1 and 1.78:1, but
these latter designations are used mostly for cinema formats.
The common measurement of a computer monitor or TV is the screen's
diagonal measurement in inches. However, a 20" screen does not disclose
whether its layout is 4:3 (square) or 16:9 (wide).

An aspect ratio is the width by height dimensions (the ratio) of a display

screen. It's often used in terms of a movie screen, TV, or computer monitor.
The standard aspect ratio for television is 4:3 (aka Academy Standard or
1.33:1). In other words, if the width of the screen is four inches, the height
would be three inches. If the width is eight inches, the height would be six
inches. If the width is 16 inches, the height would be 12.Wide-screen
television broadcasts and DVDs are 16:9 (aka 1.78:1).

Modern movies are either 1.85:1 (aka Widescreen, Academy Flat or Academy
for short) or 2.35:1 (aka Panavision, Cinemascope or just Scope). Technically,
Panavision is 2.39:1, but is still commonly referred to as 2.35:1.
Que6: Derive the bit rate that results from the digitization of a 525-line and a 625-
line system using the 4:2:0 digitization format and interlaced scanning. Hence
derive the amount of memory required to store a 2-hour movie/video.

Ans 6: In 525 system

Resolution of luminance and two chrominance are

Y=720 x 480

Cb =Cr=360 x 240

Line sampling rate is fixed at

13.5 Mhz for Y

3.375 for both Cb & Cr all with 8 bits per sample

Bit rate =13.5 x 106 x 8 + 2(3.375 x 106 x 8)=162Mbps

Memory required per line=720 x 8+ 2(360 x 8)= 11520 bits or 1440 bytes

Hence, memory per frame each of 240 lines= 240 x 11520

=2.7648 Mbits or 345.6 Kbytes

Memory to store 2 hours assuming 60 frames per second= 345.6 x 60 x 2 x

3600 Kbytes

=149.2992 Gbytes

In 625 system

Resolution of luminance and two chrominance are

Y=720 x 480

Cb =Cr=360 x 288

Line sampling rate is fixed at

13.5 Mhz for Y

3.375 for both Cb & Cr all with 8 bits per sample

Bit rate =13.5 x 106 x 8 + 2(3.375 x 106 x 8)=162Mbps

memory per frame each of 288 lines= 288 x 11520

=3.317775 Mbits or 414.72 Kbytes

Memory to store 2 hours assuming 50 frames per second= 414.72 x 50 x 2

x 3600 Kbytes

=149.2992 Gbytes

Que7: the following character string is to be transmitted using Huffman coding:

ABACADABACADABACABAB

1) Derive the Huffman code tree.

2) Determine the savings in transmission bandwidth over normal ASCII and binary
coding.

Ans 7: (1)
The given series is: ABACADABACADABACABAB

According to the priority of the letters the huffmann tree is as shown below:

20

0 1

A 0 1

10 10

5 5
B
0 1

3 2
C D
SYMBOL FREQUENCY CODE CODE TOTAL
LENGTH LENGTH

A 10 0 1 10

B 5 10 2 10

C 3 110 3 9

D 2 111 3 6

THIS TREE WOULD TAKE

10 x 1 + 5 x 2 + 3 x 3 + 2 x 3= 35 bits

(2) ASCII code uses 7 bits per code word. This makes the total bits
to be

FREQUENCY CODE LENGTH TOTAL LENGTH

10 7 70

5 7 35

3 7 21

2 7 14

Then the same data will take 140 bits. That means 105 bits more than the
huffmann tree coding.

Therefore, huffmann tree saves the transmission bandwidth.