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EKONOMI MIKRO
Pertemuan ke-1
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Ek nomi Mikro
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Perkembangan Ilmu Ekonomi
• Secara tidak formal, ilmu
ekonomi muncul seiring
dengan diturunkannya
manusia di Bumi
seiring dengan adanya
kebutuhan-kebutuhan
manusia (kebutuhan akan
makanan, pakaian,
tempat tinggal, dsb.)
berkaitan dengan
masalah ekonomi
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Perkembangan Ilmu Ekonomi
Tahap-tahap kehidupan ekonomi manusia (George Frederich List,
1789-1846)
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
A Definition of Economics
Economics is the
science of choice — the
science that explains the
choices that we make
and how those choices
change as we cope with
scarcity.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Definisi Ilmu Ekonomi
Dalam hal ini Profesor Paul Anthony Samuelson, seorang ahli ekonomi dari
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), telah mengumpulkan
sekurang-kttrangnya enam buah definisi dari berbagai ahli lain. Keenam
definisi itu masing-masing adalah sebagai berikut.
3. Ilmu ekonomi, atau ekonomi politik (politicale conomy)a, dalah suatu studi
tentang kegiatan-kegiatan yang dengan atau tanpa menggunakan uang,
mencakup atau melibatkan transaksi-transaksip ertukaran antarmanusia'
4. Ilmu ekonomi adalah suatu studi mengenai bagaimana orang menjatuhkan
pilihan yang tepat untuk memanfaatkan sumber-sumber produktif (tanah,
tenaga kerja, barang-barang modal semisal mesin, dan pengetahuan
teknik) yanS langka dan terbatas jumlahnya, untuk menghasilkan berbagai-
bagai barang (misalnya gandum daging, mantel, perahu layar, konser
musik, jalan raya, pesawat pembom) serta mendistribusikan
(membagikan)nya kepada pelbagai anggota masyarakat untuk mereka
pakai/konsumsi.
5. Ilmu ekonomi adalah studi tentang manusia dalam kegiatan hidup mereka
seharihari, (untuk) mendapat dan menikmati kehidupan.
6. Ilmu ekonomi adalah studi tentang bagaimana manusia bertingkah pekerti
untuk mengorganisasi kegiatan-kegiatan konsumsi dan produksinya.
7. Ilmu ekonomi adalah suatu studi tentang kekayaan.
8. Ilmu ekonomi adalah suatu studi tentang cara-cara memperbaiki
masyarakat.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Pembagian Ilmu Ekonomi
(Alferd W. Stonier dan Douglas C. Hague)
Descriptive Economics (ilmu ekonomi deskriptif). Di sini dikumpulkan
semua kenyataan yang penting tentang pokok pembicaraan (topik)
yang tertentu, misalnya: sistem pertanian di Bali, atau industri katun
di India.
Economic Theory (ilmu ekonomi teori atau teori ekonomi atau analisise
konomi). Di sini kita memberikan penjelasan yang disederhanakan
tentang caranya suatu sistem ekonomi bekerja dan ciri-ciri yang
penting dari sistem seperti itu.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
The Method of Economics
• Positive economics studies
economic behavior without
making judgments. It
describes what exists and how
it works.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
The Method of Economics
• Normative
economics, also
called policy
economics, analyzes
outcomes of
economic behavior,
evaluates them as
good or bad, and
may prescribe
courses of action.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
The Method of Economics
• Positive economics includes:
– Descriptive economics, which
involves the compilation of data that
describe phenomena and facts.
– Economic theory, which involves
building models of behavior.
• An economic theory is a general
statement of cause and effect, action and
reaction.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
What Economists Do
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics is the study of individual
people and businesses and the interaction of
those decisions in markets.
Studies:
• Prices and Quantities
• Effects of government regulation and taxes
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
What Economists Do
Microeconomics and
Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics is the
study of the national
economy and the global
economy as a whole.
Studies:
• Average prices and total
employment, income, and
production
• Effects of taxes, government
spending, a budget deficits
on total jobs and incomes
• Effects of money and interest
rates
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
The Scope of Economics
Examples of microeconomic and macroeconomic concerns
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Five Big Economic Questions
What?
How?
When?
Where?
Who?
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Resources and Wants
We have limited resources.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Wants and Needs
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Perkembangan Ilmu Ekonomi
Entah pada zaman apa, masa pemerintahan raja siapa serta
oleh siapakah istilah ekonomi itu untuk pertama kalinya
dilontarkan tidak ada orang yang dengan pasti
mengetahuinya. Hal yang jelas hanyalah bahwa istilah
ekonomi itu lahir di Yunani (Greek), dan dengansendirinya
istitah ekonomi itu punberasal dan kata-kata bahasa Yunani
pula. Asal katanya adalah Oikos nomos. langkah sulitnya
mencari terjemah yang tepat untuk kata-kata itu, tetapi orang-
orang Barat menerjemahkannya dengan management of
Household or estate ( tata laksana rumah tangga atau
pemilikan)'
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity
• Scarcity
– Occurs when the ingredients (resources) for
producing things that people desire
are insufficient to satisfy all wants
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity
• Recall
– Scarcity occurs when the ingredients
(resources) for producing things
that people desire are insufficient
to satisfy all wants.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity, Choice,
and Opportunity Cost
Scarcity
Choices
Opportunity Cost
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity, Choice,
and Opportunity Cost
• Opportunity Cost
– The highest-valued, next-best alternative that
must be sacrificed to attain something or
satisfy a want
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity, Choice,
and Opportunity Cost
• Questions
– What is the opportunity cost
of attending this economics class?
– What is the opportunity cost
of attending a Rolling Stones concert?
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity, Choice,
and Opportunity Cost
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity
• Production
– Any activity that results in the conversion of
resources into products that can be used in
consumption
• Resources or Factors of Production
– Inputs that are used to produce things
that people want
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Scarcity
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Production Possibilities Frontier
Tapes Soda
(millions (millions of bottles
Possibility per month) per month)
a 0 and 15
b 1 and 14
c 2 and 12
d 3 and 9
e 4 and 5
f 5 and 0
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Production Possibility Frontier
a
Soda (millions of bottles per month)
15 b
Unattainable
c
10 d
Attainable
5 e
z
f
0 1 2 3 4 5
Tapes (millions per month)
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
The Production Possibility
Frontier
• Points inside of the
curve are inefficient.
• At point H, resources
are either unemployed,
or are used inefficiently.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
The Production Possibility
Frontier
• Point F is desirable
because it yields
more of both goods,
but it is not
attainable given the
amount of
resources available
in the economy.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
The Production Possibility
Frontier
• Point C is one of the
possible
combinations of
goods produced
when resources are
fully and efficiently
employed.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
The Production Possibility
Frontier
• A move along the curve
illustrates the concept of
opportunity cost.
• From point D, an increase
the production of capital
goods requires a decrease
in the amount of consumer
goods.
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Opportunity Cost and Marginal Cost
Soda (millions of bottles per month) Increasing
a opportunity
15 b cost of tapes...
10 d
5 e
f
0 1 2 3 4 5
Tapes (millions per month)
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Economic Growth
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Economic Growth
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Economic Growth
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Countries by
nominal GDP (2004)
using both lists
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, based on the
2004 IMF data
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
Economic Growth in the
United States and Hong Kong
United States
and Hong Kong
Capital goods (per person)
Hong Kong
in 1960
c
a
a
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)
The Circular Flow of
Income and Expenditure
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan)