Professional Documents
Culture Documents
H o l o e n z i m a / Apoenzima
ENZIMAS
ENZIMAS
ENZIMAS
ENZIMAS
h) Las enzimas se clasifican según la reacción catalizada:
Nomenclatura:
- Número clasificatorio de 4 dígitos (E.C. –Códigos de la Comisión
enzimática)
- Nombre sistemático
- Nombre trivial (particular)
HIDROLASAS
Catalizan las reacciones de hidrólisis:
A-B + H2O AH + B-OH
LIASAS
Catalizan reacciones de ruptura o soldadura de
sustratos:
A-B A+B
Un ejemplo es la acetacetato descarboxilasa, que
cataliza la reacción:
ácido acetacético CO2 + acetona
ENZIMAS
ISOMERASAS
Catalizan la interconversión de isómeros:
A B
Son ejemplos la fosfotriosa isomerasa y la fosfoglucosa isomerasa,
que catalizan las reacciones representadas en la tabla inferior:
gliceraldehído-3- dihidroxiacetona-
glucosa-6-fosfato fructosa-6-fosfato
fosfato fosfato
ENZIMAS
Densitometric patterns of the LDH isozymes in serum of patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction or acute
hepatitis. Isozymes, differing slightly in charge, are separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, visualized using a
chromogenic substrate, and quantified by densitometry. Total serum LDH activity is also increased in these patients. Since
hemolysis releases LDH from red blood cells and affects diagnosis, blood samples should be treated with care. The LDH
measurements for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction have now been superseded by plasma troponin levels.
ENZIMAS
ISOZYMES
Isozyme profiles are often performed in the clinical laboratory for
diagnostic purposes. The definition of isozymes is often operational,
i.e. based on simple and reproducible assay methods that sometimes
do not require precise analysis of enzyme structure.
The term isozyme is commonly used to refer to:
(1) Genetic variants of an enzyme;
(2) Genetically independent proteins with little homology;
(3) Heteropolymers of two or more noncovalently bound polypeptide
chains;
(4) Unrelated enzymes that catalyze similar reactions, e.g. enzymes
conjugated with different prosthetic groups or requiring different
coenzymes or cofactors;
(5) Different forms of a single polypeptide chain, e.g. varying in
carbohydrate composition, deamination of amino acids, or proteolytic
modification.
ENZIMAS
LIGASAS
Catalizan la unión de dos sustratos con hidrólisis
simultánea de un nucleótido trifosfato (ATP, GTP,
etc.):
A + B + XTP A-B + XDP + Pi
Characteristics of the substrate-binding sites in the serine proteases chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase . In
chymotrypsin a hydrophobic pocket binds aromatic amino acid residues such as phenylalanine (Phe). In trypsin, the negative
charge of the aspartate residue in the substrate binding site promotes cleavage to the carboxyl side of positively charged
lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg) residues. In elastase, side chains of valine and threonine block the substrate binding site and
permit binding of amino acids with small or no side chains, such as glycine (Gly).
E
N
ZI
M
A
S
.
Reaction profile for enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions The basic principles of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are
the same as any chemical reaction. When a chemical reaction proceeds, the substrate must gain activation energy to
reach a point called the transition state of the reaction, at which the energy level is maximum. Since the transition
state of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a lower energy than that of the uncatalyzed reaction, the reaction can
proceed faster. ES complex, enzyme-substrate complex; EP complex, enzyme-product complex.
La doble cruz indica el ENZIMAS
estado de transición,
siendo una
estructura molecular
transitoria que ya no
es el sustrato pero
que todavía no es el
producto.
Aquí se presenta la
mayor proporción de
energía libre.
La diferencia en la
energía libre entre
el estado de
transición y el
sustrato se
denomina: ENERGIA
LIBRE DE GIBBS, o
ENERGIA DE
ACTIVACION.
ENZIMAS
Las interacciones débiles entre enzima y sustrato son óptimas en el
estado de transición.
ENZIMAS
Las enzimas alteran las velocidades de reacción pero no los
equilibrios
(A) S P
(B) E + S ES EP E+P
(A) (B)
ENZIMAS
ASSAYS OF ENZYME-CATALYZED
REACTIONS TYPICALLY MEASURE THE
INITIAL VELOCITY