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To PSTN Gi
AUC
GMSC H Gc GGSN To IP Network
C
Core D
HLR Gr
Gn
Network
Gp
VLR F EIR Gf
SGSN
Other PLMN
MSC Gs
Iu-CS Iu-PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS Iur RNS
UTRAN RNC RNC
Iub Iub
Node Node
B B
Node Node
B B
AUC: Authentication Center GGSN: Gat eway GPRS Sup port Node PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network SGSN: S ervice GP RS Su ppo rt Node
EIR: E quipment I dentity Register HLR: Home Location Register RNC: Radio Network Controller UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
MSC: Mobile Switching Cen ter RNS: Radio Network S ubsystem VLR: Visited Loca tion Register
Carrier 1 Carrier 2
0
-10
Normalized Power, dB
-20
-30
-40
2150 2155 (MHz)
Hot Hot
Spot Spot
ical locations. The threshold also depends on whether possible to have any type of service between the voice
the service has to be extended inside vehicles and build- calls and 2 Mbps data traffic in the WCDMA base station.
ings in different areas. The planning threshold is defined This means that the base station coverage area is differ-
in GSM by starting from the mobile station sensitivity (for ent for different users. (See Figure 5.) Basically, the ques-
the forward link) and by adding the required clutter plan- tion is about the spreading factor, SPF, which varies sig-
ning margins to the sensitivity value in each particular nificantly when comparing the 12.2 kbps voice call
planning terrain bin. (SPF = 25 dB) and 2 Mbps data transmission (PG = 2.8 dB)
connections.
Capacity Planning In the uplink direction, the main objective in capacity
WCDMA capacity planning is directly related to the link planning is to limit interference from the other cells to an
budget and, thus, to the base station coverage area. In acceptable level. Network planning can increase the
the link budget in Table 3, only one type of service uplink load by reducing other cell interference. This can
(64/144 kbps data transmission) was introduced, and be achieved by using buildings, hills, etc., as obstacles to
the base station coverage was fixed for this service. It is block the interfering cells. Also, down-tilting is a very use-
T
takes care of most of the code allocation. The main task he WCDMA system, like the GSM system, needs con-
for network planning is the allocation of scrambling tinuous optimization and monitoring because the
codes for the downlink (Ref. 4). There are 512 sets of mobile users' locations and traffic behavior vary con-
scrambling codes available, so the code reuse for down- stantly. This monitoring requirement is emphasized in
link is 512. This means that code allocation is a relative- WCDMA, as in all CDMA systems, because the traffic
ly simple task, even though code capacity does differ for demand can vary widely and this variation directly influ-
every user demand type. With more bandwidth user ences the radio network quality. The better and more
requests, a higher-level scrambling code is needed from accurately the traffic amount and locations can be mod-
the hierarchy of codes, and more code resources are eled, the better and more efficiently (cost, quality, etc.)
drawn on. the radio network can be designed and implemented.
It is recommended that the allocation be done with the The indicators that should be optimized and moni-
help of a planning system to avoid the possibility for an tored are, for example:
error in the manual allocation. The number of codes used
in the early stages should be limited to allow for easier • Traffic
expansion of the network. • Traffic deviation
Frequency planning has minor importance compared • Traffic mixture
with GSM. At most, UMTS operators have two or three • Soft handover percentage
carriers, so there is not much to plan. However, the oper- • Average TX power
ators have to make a few decisions: • Average RX power
• Drop calls
100
90
Relative Cell Range/Area (percent)
80
70
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Bit Rate [Kbps]
Figure 5. Relative Cell Range and Cell Area versus User Bit Rate Using WCDMA
(Cell ranges calculated by using Okumura-Hata propagation formula [Ref. 3] and antenna height of 25 meters)
Sector A Sector A
Sector C
Sector B
Sector B
Figure 6. Balancing Traffic Load and Boosting Capacity Using Smart Antenna
Subject Finding
WCDMA radio propagation channel • Channel delay spread is larger than chip duration; therefore,
channel is wideband (frequency selective fading).
• Rake receiver takes into account multipath.
WCDMA coverage and • Coverage and capacity planning are related.
capacity planning process
• Code planning is unique to WCDMA systems, while channel
planning is unique to GSM.
• Traffic information and forecasting are necessary in coverage planning.
WCDMA link budget • Planning covers the same basics as GSM, but uses different parameters.
The WCDMA link budget depends on changes in bit rate and
spreading factor.
Capacity planning • Service depends on the distance from base station.
Frequency planning • A simple process: The same frequency can be used for all the cells.
Code planning • Allocation of scrambling codes is required for downlink.
Optimization and monitoring • These factors are of greater importance than with GSM.
CONCLUSIONS BIOGRAPHY