Overview of Nursing Research Arif

SC433-Nursing Research
Post RN B.ScN Year II

Spring Semester
Syed Arif Ali M.Sc (Statistics)

Lecturer of Biostatistics
Research Department
Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS)
Acknowledgement : Aga Khan University (AKU)
SC 433-Nursing Research 1
Student Assessment Criteria
Milestones Marks
Quizzes (6) 40%
Quantitative Critique 20%
Qualitative Critique 20%
Process of Proposal Writing 20%(Total)
Introduction 5%
Literature Review 5%
Methodology 10%
Overview of Nursing Research
Objectives
After the completion of the unit-I student will be able to
• Define research and nursing research.
• Discuss the importance of research in nursing.
• Describe general historical trends in the evolution of nursing
research.
• Identify areas of high priority for nurse researchers.
• Describe alternative paths to acquiring knowledge.
Questions for Researcher
• Systematic, diligent inquiry is necessary
for researchers to address the following
questions.
– What needs to be known?
– What research methods are needed to
validate, refine and generate this knowledge?
– What meaning can be extracted from the
studies in a discipline to build a sound
knowledge base?
Research and Nursing
Research
• Research may be defined as the use of
systematic methods to acquire knowledge.
• Nursing research is research that is

directed at acquiring knowledge and
resolving questions that have particular
relevance for nursing
What does research do?
Research enable nurses to

– Describe the characteristics of a particular nursing
situation about which little is known.
– Explain phenomenon that must be considered in
planning nursing care.
– Predict the probable outcome of certain nursing
decisions made in relation to client care.
– Control the occurrence of undesired client outcomes.
– Initiate with a fair degree of confidence, activities that
will achieve desired client behavior.
Why do we need research?
– For the continuous growth of nursing

profession.
– Helps nursing to achieve its own professional
identity
– Helps to identify the boundaries of nursing
Importance of research in
nursing
• Knowledge generated through research is
essential to provide a scientific basis for:-
• Description
Nothing as such being search and you introduces a
new knowledge
• Explanation
Explain the existing knowledge in relation to the
effect and the outcome, like bed sore occur in the
old people due to lack of mobility
nursing
• Prediction
A nurse could predict the outcome on the bases of
Interventions.
• Control
Ability to write a prescription to produce the desire
result.
nursing
Most baccalaureate nursing programs
require a course in research methods
because:
• Nurses who have some research skills are in a
better position to make a contribution to the
nursing profession.
• An ability to exploit research can improve the
depth and breadth of every nurse’s professional
practice.
nursing
– Nurses ask questions aimed at gaining new knowledge to
improve pt. care
– Research-based (evidence based) practice = integrating

research findings into clinical decision making
– Accountability for care-related decisions; research expands
nursing practice
– Reinforce identity of nursing as a profession – knowing/
understanding pts. health care experience
Historical Trends In The
Evolution Of Nursing
Research
• Began with Florence Nightingale over 180 years
ago (1850)
• In (1859) describes her initial research activities

which looked at the importance of leading
environment in promoting physical and mental
well being
– Ventilation
– Cleanliness
– Purity of water
– Diet
historical trends in the
evolution of nursing
research
• In addition collected the data of morbidity from
Crimean war this made the military provide
– Enough food
– Clear quarters for the sick
– Appropriate medical treatment
• These intervention made impact on public health

(military help)
– Drastically reduces mortality from 43% up-to 2% in the Crimean
War
– Testing public water
– Improve sanitation
– Preventing starvation
research
• 1900 – 20’s
– First journal published “ American journal of nursing
(1900).
• Case study appeared (1920 – 1930).
– In-depth analysis and systematic description of one
patient or group to promote understanding of nursing
research.
– Little research done except for a few important
educational studies recommending establishing
School of nursing in a university. (Gold mark report,
1923).
– First doctoral program for nurses was at teachers
college in Columbia in 1923.
research
• 1950’s
– American Nurse Association (ANA) initiated a five
year study on nursing functions and activities
– Clinical research began
– Research took on new importance due to vision of
Virginian Henderson & Faye Abdullah
• One could see more nurses with master’s degree and School
of Nursing began introducing research as a separate course
research
• 1952
– First journal of Nursing Research published
– Research conducted at baccalaureate and master
level
• 1953
– The institute of research and services in nursing
education established at teacher collage Columbia
University, New York
• Provided learning experience in research for doctoral studies
• Late 60’s saw more research begin done that imported
clinical and quality of care
research
• 1970’s
– Saw nursing process as focus for many studies
– Saw increase in number of nursing theories and
models
– Image: Journal of nursing scholarly, first published in
1967 and advance in nursing science in 1978
(Including Nursing Theories) by Sigma Theta Tau.
– To tackle the issue of communication / dissemination
of information
– Council of nursing research establish
research
• 1980’s
– Clinical research became the important design in
research
– Saw many new journals begin published e.g. Cancer
nursing, pediatric nursing, Dimension of critical care
nursing etc…., Applied nursing research.
– Clinical research written priority of the 80’s
• Increase funding for nursing research
• The ANA achieved a victory by establishing the National
Center for Nursing Research in 1985
research
• Priorities of National Center for Nursing
Research 1999 includes
– Community based nursing models
– Effectiveness of nursing intervention in HIV / AIDS
– Living with chronic illness
Areas of high priority for
nurse researchers
To improve:
• Nursing as a Profession
• Nursing Practice
• Patient Outcomes
Areas of high priority for
nurse researchers
• 1) Nursing Practice
Study issues such as social, political, environmental
factors etc. that affect health
For example:
a) look at vulnerable populations
b) develop health promotion strategies
• 2) Outcomes
Development good measurement processes
Associate with clinical practice
• 3) Connect Research to Clinical Practice
Develop nursing knowledge
Acquiring Knowledge in
Nursing
Knowledge
- Essential information that is acquired in a
variety of ways, is expected to be
accurate and used to direct a person’s
action (kaplan, 1964)
Alternative paths to
acquiring knowledge in
Nursing
• Traditions
• Authority
• Borrowing
• Trial & Error
• Personal Experience
• Role Modeling
• Intuition
• Reasoning
• Research
Tradition
Truth and beliefs that are based on
customs and past trends. (e.g hospital
nursing units)
-Basin bath for cardiac patient.
Development with past experience,
however, units are set according to
traditional rules might not be effective and
efficient. Need research for quality of life
instructions.
Authority
A person with expertise and power who is
able to influence opinion and behavior.
But may have the information that may not

validate from research
Borrowing
Borrowing is nursing involves the
appropriation and use of knowledge from
other fields or discipline to guide nursing
practice.
But difficulties to set boundaries
Trial & error
Trial & error is an approach with unknown
outcome that is used in a situation of
uncertainty in witch other sources of
knowledge are unavailable.
But the time and patients health are in risk
Role modeling
Is learning by imitating the behaviors of an
expert mentorship
Personal experience
Personal involves gaining knowledge by being personally
involved in an event, a situation or a circumstances.
1.Novice: No experience
2.Advance beginner: Experience at some extent
3.Competent: Able to generate and achieve long
range goals
4.Proficient: well experienced and could tackle
the patient as a whole, family and community
5.Expert: well exposed and faster in his/her
approach
Intuition
Intuition is an insight or understanding of a
situation or event as a whole that usually
can not be explained logically.
Gut feeling, this does not mean a lack of

knowledge rather a deep knowledge.
Reasoning
Reasoning is the process and organizing
of ideas in order to reach conclusion
a) inductive: specific to general
b) deductive: general to specific
Knowledge Development
– Knowledge is needed to develop clinical
practice
– Nursing knowledge is continually expanding
– Major source of knowledge is research
– Nursing decisions are based on research
– Scientific knowledge is discovered, tested and
enhanced using nursing research
Examples of Nursing
Research
Nursing staffing and patient death
• Baccalaureate or higher nurse education related to
fewer surgical patient deaths
See some examples from CNA website
http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/issues/research_summaries/nurse_staffing/default_e.aspx
Summary
• Research and nursing research.

• Value of nursing research.
• Historical development.
• Priorities for Nursing Research.
• Ways of acquiring knowledge
What is your response
to research?

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SC433-Nursing Research

Post RN B.ScN Year II

Syed Arif Ali M.Sc (Statistics)

• Nursing research is research that is

Research enable nurses to

– For the continuous growth of nursing

– Research-based (evidence based) practice = integrating

• In (1859) describes her initial research activities

• These intervention made impact on public health

– Community based nursing models

– Effectiveness of nursing intervention in HIV / AIDS

– Living with chronic illness

But may have the information that may not

But difficulties to set boundaries

But the time and patients health are in risk

Gut feeling, this does not mean a lack of

See some examples from CNA website

• Research and nursing research.

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