BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

(CE1303):
WINDOW
LECTURER : MADAM FATIN

PREPARED BY :
FAROUQ RASSANY
MOHD RIZAL ISKANDAR RAMLI
INTRODUCTION
 The word window originates from the Old
Norse ’vindauga’ means winds eye.
 Window is first recorded in the early 13th century
 A window is a transparent opening in a wall or door
that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or
sealed, air and sound.
 Windows are usually glazed or covered in some other
transparent or translucent material like a float glass.
 Windows are held in place by frames, which prevent
them from collapsing in.
TYPESOF WINDOWS
The "eyes" of the home, windows bring
in light, create spaciousness, provide
ventilation, and give access to a view of
the outdoors.

The most famous types of window is

double hung sash , side hung, top hung,
bottom hung, vertical pivot, horizontal
pivot, horizontal sliding sash and
louvered, single hung, fixed, bay,
thermal, oriel, skylight.
1.FIXED WINDOWS
 A window that cannot be
opened, whose function is
limited to allowing light to
enter (Unlike an unfixed
window, which can open and
close).

 Clerestory windows are often

fixed. Transom windows may be
fixed or operable
2.Sky Light Window
A flat or slope window
used for daylighting, built
into a roof structure that is
out of reach.

It will give more light to

the inner of building that
use this type of window.
 3.Oriel Window
A window with many panels.
It is most often seen in
Tudor-style houses and
monasteries.
An oriel window projects
from the wall and does not
extend to the ground.
Oriel windows originated as a
form of porch. They are often
supported by brackets or
corbels.
Buildings in the Gothic
Revival style often have oriel
windows.
4.Louvre Window
 Louvre are made of glass slats set in
metal clips that can be opened and
closed in unison.

 Also called a jalousie window, a jalousie

is made like a glass shutter

 This type of window is can be opened by

degrees to control how much air or light
passes through.

 Louvre windows are best suited for areas

with year-round comfortable climates.
They help cool a home, but are
impossible to seal, making it difficult to
keep heat and A/C air inside and extreme
weather out.
 5.Bay Window
 Bay windows create an open, peaceful
feel indoors. Their multiple views allow
light to stream in from different angles.

 Plus, the sides of the window can be

opened for air circulation. Bay windows
dress up any home with uniqueness and
style.

 Replacing a flat window with a bay can

completely change the amount of light
that room receives. They're primarily
used for kitchens, but can also add
character to family rooms and master
bedrooms.
6.Thermal Windows
Thermal, or Diocletian,
windows are large semicircular
windows (or niches) which are
usually divided into three lights
(window compartments) by two
vertical mullions.
The central compartment is
often wider than the two side
lights on either side of it.
7.Clerestory Window
A window set in
a roof structure or high in a
wall, used for daylighting.

The purpose of the

clerestory is to give light to
the inner space of a large
building.

Usually use in large

building such as church.
8.Single-Hung Sash Window
The window panels
open by sliding up and
down in vertical grooves,
possibly aided by a
system of cords and
balanced weights.
One sash is movable
(usually the bottom one)
and the other fixed. This
is the earlier form of
sliding sash window, and
is also cheaper.
9.HOPPER WINDOW
 These popular windows are most often
installed in basements. The hopper
window is basically a casement window
flipped on its side.

 The entire pane tilts inward to open,

allowing for maximum ventilation.
Hopper windows can make privacy and
home decor an issue. Because they tilt
into the room, blinds, shades and other
window dressings are difficult to use in
conjunction with hopper windows.

 Their tilt designs also makes them a

poor choice for ventilation on a rainy
day; water will drip right into the room.
The other types of window is :
i- Double-hung sash window
This window have two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly and slide up and down
inside the frame
ii- Horizontal sliding sash window
Has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame
iii- Awning window
A window consisting of a number of top-hinged horizontal sashes one above
the other, the bottom edges of which swing outward; operated by one control
device.
iv- Casement window
A window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a
side-hung, top-hung or bottom hung or combination of of these types.
v - Stained glass window
A window composed of pieces of colored glass, transparent or opaque, frequently
portraying persons or scenes
Awning Window Casement window Stained glass
window

Horizontal sliding Double-hung

sash window sash window
Glazing Windows
Are used for insulation, which means the window consists
of two or more panes of glass sealed along the edges with a
space between them to resist heat flow. The space between
panes can contain air or gas.

Finally, the solar heat gain coefficient, or SHGC, is the

amount of solar radiation transmitted through the window
and released into the home. A low (SHGC) provides more
shading, while a high SHGC allows more heat to pass
through.
HOW TO MEASURE
WINDOWS HEIGHT
Width: Measure at the Height: Measure at the
top, middle, and bottom left, middle, and right
and use the smallest and use the smallest
dimension. dimension.
 Quality Standard For Window
By Construction Industry Standard (CIS 7 :2006)
WINDOW
Element Standard Tolerance Assessment Tools
Joint & Gap • Consistent gap between window leaf and frame = 5mm Caliper
• No visible gap between window frame and wall Visual
• Neat joint between window frame and wall Visual
internally and externally
Alignment & • Parallel with wall opening Visual
Evenness • Window frame to be plumb and square Spirit level and L-square
or alignment laser
• Window leaf and frame corner =4 mm per L-square and
maintained at right angle 300 mm steel rule
Material & Damages • No stain mark & visible damage / defect Visual
• Louvered window with glass panels of correct Visual
length.
• Glazing clean and evenly sealed with putty or Visual
gasket for aluminum windows
• No sign of corrosion Visual
• Good paintwork Visual
Functionality • Ease of opening and closing Physical
•No squeaky sound during opening and closing Tested 5 times Physical
continuously
Accessories Defect • Lock sets with good fit and aligned Visual
• No sign of corrosion Visual
• No missing or defective accessories Visual
 SUMMARY
Normally, window is chosen by client or depend on
building. For example, louvered window did not suitable
for a sky high building or modern building such as KLCC.
Windows not only made a building look more attractive
but it also important for ventilation and daylighting in a
building.
However, windows also represent a major source of
unwanted heat loss, discomfort, and condensation
problems but thanks to the latest technology, window now
have lower heat loss, less air leakage, and warmer window
surfaces that improve comfort and minimize condensation.
Reference
http://www.doorandwindow.com/windows/installati
on/measuring-windows.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window#Window_cons
truction
Construction Industry Standards (CIS 7 : 2006)
http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php