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Muscles of facial


expressions
Contents

 Muscle.
 Muscle classification.
 Structure of a muscle.
 Face.
 Skin fascia.
 various expressions of the face.
 Muscles involved in facial expression.
 Nerve supply.
 Lymphatic drainage.
 Blood supply.
 Applied anatomy.
 Conclusion
Muscle

- Muscle- latin word musculus.
Muscle tissue has two important properties:
- contractility.
- conductivity.
CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES


 DEPENDING UPON STRIATION:

a)striated b)nonstriated

 DEPENDING UPON CONTROL:


a)voluntary
b)involuntary
CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES
depending upon function


FACE

 The face or countenance, extents superiorly from
the adolescent position of hairline, inferiorly to
the chin and base of the mandible, and on each
side to the auricle
 The forehead is therefore common to scalp and
face.


 The face is covered by
- Skin.
- Fascia.
- Muscle.
SKIN

 Rich vascularity makes the face blush and
blanch.
 Rich in sebaceous and sweat glands. Sweat
glands regulate the body temperature.
 Facial skin is very elastic and thick because
facial muscles are inserted into it.
FASCIA

Superficial fascia:
- facial muscles.
- vessels and nerves.
- variable amount of fat.
Deep fascia:
- parotid fascia.
- buccopharyngeal fascia.

FACIAL MUSCLES

 Embryology:
- mesoderm of the
second branchial arch
and therefore supplied
by the facial nerve.
CLASSIFICATION

Muscles of the scalp:
- Occiptofrontalis
Muscles of the auricle:


- Auricularis anterior.
- Auricularis superior.
- Auricularis posterior.
Muscles of the eyelids:
- Orbicularis oculi.
- Corrugator supercilii.
- levator palpebrae superioris.
 muscles of the nose:
- Procerus.
- Nasalis.
- depressor septi.
 Muscles around the mouth:
- Oribicularis oris.

- Levator labii superioris alequae nasi.
- Zygomaticus major.
- Levator labii superioris.
- Zygomaticus minor.
- Depressor anguli oris.
- Depressor labii inferioris.
- Risorius.
- Buccinator.
Muscles of the neck:
- platysma.
FUNCTIONS

 Most of these muscles may be regarded primarily
as regulators of the three openings situated on
the face, namely
- palpebral fissure.
- nostrils.
- oral fissure.
 Each opening has a single sphinter and variable
number of dilators.

 Sphincters are naturally circular.
 Dilators are radial in their arrangments.
 The better developed around the eyes and mouth
than around nose.
FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS

 Smiling
 Laughing
 Sadness

 Grief
 Anger
 Frowning
 Horror, terror and fright
 Doubt
 Grinning
 Contempt
 Closing the mouth
 whistling


MUSCLES OF SCALP
OCCIPITOFRONTALIS

 Two bellies – occipitalis.
- frontalis.
ORIGIN: occipitalis: Arises from lateral 2/3
rds of the superior nuchal lines.
frontalis: araises from the skin of
the forehead, mingling orbicularis oculi and
corrugator supercilli.
INSERTION: both are inserted into the
epineurosis.
OCCIPITO FRONTALIS

 Nerves supply:
Occipitalis: Posterior auricular branch of
facial nerve.
Frontalis: Temporal branch of facial nerve
ACTION:
Raises the eyebrows and causes horizontal
wrinkles in the skin of forehead.

Muscles of the
auricle

 Auricularis anterior muscle:
Streches between the
epicranial aponeurosis and
helix.

 Auricularis superior:
Arises from epicranial
aponeurosis and is attached to
the upper part of internal
surface of the auricle.
 Auricularis posterior:
Streches between the
mastoid process and posterior
aspect of the internal surface
of the pinna.

Muscles around the
eyelids

Orbicularis oculi

 Orbicularis oculi: It is a broad, flat elliptical muscle which
surrounds circumference of orbit & spreads in to eye lids,
anterior temporal region, infraorbital, cheek & superciliary
region.
It has orbital, lacrimal & palpebral part.
Orbicularis oculi
 Orbital part: Orbital part arises
from nasal part of frontal bone,
frontal process of maxilla &
medial palpebral ligament.
Insertion: Concentric rings return
to the point of origin.
Action: Closes lid tightly;
wrinkling; protects eye from
bright light.
Orbicularis oculi
 Palpebral Part: This part is
thinner & paler than orbital
part. It arises from medial
palpebral ligament, chiefly
from superficial part but also
from deeper surface. It also
arises from the bone
immediately above & below
the ligament.
Insertion: It gets inserted in to
lateral palpebral raphe.
Action: closes lid gently,
blinking.
Orbicularis oculi

 Lacrimal Part: It is present lateral & deep to lacrimal sac.
Origin: Arises from lacrimal fascia & lacrimal bone.
Insertion: Upper & lower eye lids.
Action: Dilates lacrimal sac; directs lacrimal puncta in to
lacus lacrimalis; supports the lower lid.
Orbicularis occuli

 Nerve Supply: Orbicularis occuli is supplied by temporal
& zygomatic branches of facial nerve.
Corrugator Supercilii

 It is a small pyramidal muscle located at medial end of
each eyebrow, deep to frontal part of Occipitofrontalis &
orbicularis occuli with which is partly blended.
Origin: Medial end of superciliary arch.
Insertion: Skin of mid-eyebrow
Corrugator Supercilii

Corrugator Supercilii
Action: Vertical lines
on forehead:
frowning.
Nerve Supply: It is
supplied by temporal
branches of facial
nerve.
Levator Palpebral
Superioris
 Origin: Arises from under
surface of lesser wing of
sphenoid at the apex of roof
of orbit.
 Insertion: Anterior end of
muscle forms a ribbon like
tendon projected on each
side in to a pair of
crescentric horn. This broad
tendon is inserted in to
superior tarsal plate. In front
a flange penetrates the
orbital septum & palpebral
muscle to become attached
to skin of upper lid, while
behind a weaker flange is
attached to the superior
fornix of the conjunctiva.
Levator Palpebral
Superioris
Nerve Supply: By the
superior division of
occulomotar nerve.
 Action: Muscle
opens eye by
elevating upper lid.
Muscles of nose

Nasalis

Consists of transverse & alar part. Transverse part
arises from maxilla just lateral to nasal notch. Alar
part arises from maxilla below & medial to
transverse part with which it partly merges.
Action: Transverse part of Nasalis
compresses the nasal aperture at the junction of
vestibule with the nasal cavity, alar part assists in
widening of anterior nasal aperture.
Nasal Muscles

DEPRESSOR SEPTI

 Part of dilator naris.
 Arises from maxilla above central incisor tooth &
ascends to attach at mobile part of nasal septum.
Action: Co-operates with alar part of nasalis to
widen the nasal aperture
Nasal Muscles

Procerus

It is a small pyramidal slip close to & often
partially blended with the medial side of the
frontal part of the Occipitofrontalis. It arises from
facial aponeurosis covering lower part of nasal
bone & upper part of nasal cartilage.
Insertion: It is inserted into skin over the lower
part of forehead between eyebrows.
Nasal Muscles

Procerus

Action: It draws down


the medial angle of the
eyebrow &
incidentally produces
the transverse
wrinkles over the
bridge of the nose. It
is active in frowning
& concentration.
Nerve Supply Of Nasal
Muscles

 All the muscles of this group are supplied by the superior
buccal branch of the facial nerve.
Muscles around the
mouth

LEVATOR LABII
SUPERIORIS:
It starts from the
inferior orbital
margin, where it arises
from the maxilla &
zygomatic bone above
the infra orbital
foramen.
Action: it raises & everts
upper lip.
LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS
ALAEQUE NASI:
 Arises from upper part of
frontal process of maxilla &
passing obliquely downwards
& laterally divides into medial
& lateral slips.
Action: Lateral slip
raises & everts upper lip &
raises, deepens & increases
curvature of top of nasolabial
furrow. Medial slip dilates
nostrils, displaces circummalar
furrow laterally & modifies its
curvature.
ZYGOMATICUS MINOR:
 Arises from lateral surface of
the zygomatic bone
immediately behind
zygomaticomaxillary suture &
passes downwards & medially
in to the muscular substance of
lip.
Action: Elevates upper lip
exposing the maxillary teeth.
LEVATOR ANGULLI
ORIS:
Arises from canine
fossa, just below
infraorbital foramen &
inserts in to modiolus,
lateral to angle of
mouth.
Action: Raises angle of
mouth, incidentally
displaying teeth in
smiling & contributes
to depth & contour of
naso labial furrow.
ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR

 Zygomatic bone in front of


Zygomaticotemporal
suture, to modiolus, blends
with fibers of Levator
Anguli Oris, Orbicularis
Oris & more deeply placed
muscular bands.
Actions: Draws the angle
of the mouth upwards
& laterally as in
laughing.
Depressor Labii inferioris:
 Arises from oblique line of
mandible, between symphysis
menti & mental foramen. It
passes upwards & medially in
to the skin & mucosa of lower
lip, blending with the paired
muscle from the opposite side
& with orbicularis oris. Below
& laterally it is continuous with
platysma.
Depressor Labii inferioris:

 Action: It draws the lower lip downwards & a little
laterally in masticatory activity, & may assist in its
eversion. It contributes to the expression of Irony, sorrow,
melancholy & doubt.
Depressor Anguli Oris
 : It is a long, linear origin from the
mental tubercle of the mandible &
its continuation, the oblique line,
below & lateral to depressor labii
inferioris. It converges in to a
narrow fasciculum that blends at
the modiolus with orbicularis oris.
It is continuous below with
platysma & cervical fascia. Some
of its fibres may pass below the
mental tubercle & cross the
midline to interlace with their
contra lateral fellows, these
constitute the transversus menti
muscle.
Depressor Anguli Oris

 Action: It draws the angle of mouth downwards &
laterally in opening the mouth & in expressing sadness.
Mentalis:
It is a conical
fasciculus lying at the
side of the frenulum of
the lower lip. The
fibres arise from the
incisive fossa of the
mandible & descends
to attach to the skin of
chin.
Mentalis:

 Action: It raises the lower lip, mental tissues &
mentolabial sulcus, wrinkling of the skin of chin, since it
raises the base of the lower lip, it helps in protruding &
everting it in drinking & also in expressing doubt or
disdain.
Orbicularis oris:
 Superior incisivus, arises
from maxilla; inferior
incisivus arises from
mandible & gets inserted
in to angle of mouth.
Thick middle stratum
derived from buccinator
& it gets inserted in to lips
& angle of mouth.
Orbicularis oris:
Actions: Closes &
purses the mouth
Buccinator:
 Upper fibres arise from
the maxilla opposite
molar teeth.
upper fibres insert
straight in to the upper lip.
 Lower fibres arise from
the mandible, opposite
molar teeth
lower fibres insert
straight in to the lower lip.
Buccinator:
 The middle fibres arise
from pterygomandibular
raphe.
Middle fibres decussate
before passing in to the
lips
 Action: Flattens cheek
against gums & teeth;
prevents accumulation of
food in the vestibule. This
is a whistling muscle.
Muscles of the neck

Platysma:

 Broad sheet of muscle originates from the upper parts of
pectoralis major & deltoid. Anterior fibre interlace across
the midline with fibres of contralateral muscle, below &
behind the symphysis menti.
Platysma:

Intermediate fibres attach to lower border of
mandibular body or pass upwards & medially,
deep to depressor anguli oris, to attachments in
the lateral half of lower lip.
Posterior fibres cross the mandible &
anteriolateral part of masseter to attach to skin &
subcutaneous tissue of lower face.
Platysma:
 Nerve supply: Cervical branch
of facial nerve which descends
on the deep surface of the
muscle close to mandibular
angle.
 Action: Its anterior portion
assists in depressing the
mandible. Through its labial &
modiolar attachments it can
draw down the lower lip &
corners of mouth in
expressions of horror &
surprise.
Arterial Supply Of Face
 Face is supplied by facial artery,
which is a branch of external
carotid artery.
 It enters face by winding around
the base of the mandible, & by
piercing the deep cervical fascia, at
the anterioinferior angle of
masseter muscle.
 It runs upwards & forwards to a
point 1.25 cm lateral angle of
mouth. Then it ascends by side of
nose up to the medial angle, where
it terminates by supplying the
lacrimal sac & by anastomosing
with dorsal nasal branch of
opthalmic artery.
Venous Drainage
 Veins of face accompany facial
artery & drain in to common
facial vein & retromandibular
vein. They communicate with
the cavernous sinus.
 It begins as angular vein,
formed by union of
supratrochlear & supraorbital
veins. It joins the anterior
division of retromandibular
vein below the angle of
mandible to form common
facial vein & latter it drains in
to internal jugular vein
Lymphatic Drainage
 Face has 3 lymphatic territories:
1. Upper territory, including greater part
of fore head, lateral halves of eyelids,
conjunctiva, lateral part of cheek &
parotid area, drains in preauricular
parotid nodes.
2. Middle territory, including a strip over
median part of fore head, external nose,
upper lip, lateral part of lower lip,
median part of cheek,& greater part of
the lower jaw, drains in to
submandibular nodes.
3. The lower territory, including the
central part of lower lip & chin, drains
in to submental lymph nodes.
Lymphatic Drainage

Nerve Supply Of Face:
Facial Nerve
 It is the motor nerve of the face.
 Its five terminal branches
emerge from the parotid gland
& diverge to supply the various
facial muscles:
1. Temporal: Frontalis, auricularis
muscles, orbicularos oculi.
2. Zygomatic: Orbicularis oculi
3. Buccal: muscles of cheek &
upper lip.
4. Marginal mandibular: muscles
of lower lip
5. Cervical: Platysma.
Nerve Supply Of Face

Sensory nerve supply


of face is by the
branches of trigeminal
nerve
APPLIED ANATOMY

DANGEROUS AREA OF
THE FACE
 Facial vein communicates with
pterygoid plexus through the
deep facial vein, facial vein
communicates cavernous sinus
through these connections, so
infections from face can spread
in retrograde directions &
cause thrombosis of cavernous
sinus. Specially occurs in
presence of infection in upper
lip & lower part of nose.

 Wounds of the face bleed profusely but heal rapidly. The
results of the plastic surgery on the face are excellent for
the same reason.
 Laxity greater part of the skin facilitates rapid spread of
spread of oedema. Renal oedema appears first in the
eyelids and face before spreading to the other parts of the
body.

 Boils in the nose and ear are acutely painfull due to the
fixity of the skin to the underlying cartilage.
Bell’s palsy

 INFRANUCLEAR LESIONS:
Infranuclear lesion of the facial nerve known as bell’s
palsy, the whole of the face of the same side get paralysed.
- asymmentrical
- drawn up to the normal side.
- affected side is motionless.
- wrinkles in the forehead disappears.
- eye cannot be closed
- smile draws the corners of the normal side.
Supranuclear lesion

 Supranuclear lesions of the facial nerve only the lower
part of the opposite side of the face is paralysed. The
upper part of which is the frontalis and orbicularis oculi
escapes due to the bilateral representation in the cerebral
cortex.

 The sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve explains
why headache is a uniformly common symptoms in
involvements of the nose, the paranasal air sinuses,
refractive error in the eyes, glucoma and infections of the
meningitis as in meningitis.

Trigeminal neuralgia

 They may involve one or more of the divisions of the trigeminal
nerve.
 It causes very severe burning and scalding pain along the
distribution of the affected nerve.
 Pain is relieved by
a) injection 90% alcohol in the affected division of the
trigeminal ganglion.
b) by sectioning the affected nerve, the main sensory root, or
the spinal trait of the trigeminal nerve which is situated superfically
in the medulla. This procedure is called medullary tractotomy.
Aging in the face


Conclusion

 The study of facial expressions is not only fascinating, but it has practical
uses as well.
 A good understanding of the information could allow people to understand
the feelings of others better, and help them in communicating their own.
 A more detailed knowledge of the actual expressions themselves, and the
signs of facial deceit could be useful for therapists who need to know how
a patient is really feel.
 Actors could use the information to help them match the emotions of their
character.
 In conclusion, facial expressions remain windows to the emotions that are
universal across cultures, and have a great deal more relevance in every
day life than most people give them credit.
references

 Henry Gray, Susan Standring. Gray's Anatomy: The
Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 2005.
 Chaurasia. Textbook of Human Anatomy. 2008.
 Guyton & Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology . 11th
edn.
 Ekman, P. & Friesen, W.V. (1975) Unmasking the Face.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

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