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TERM PAPEROF
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE ANDORGANIZATION
 
TOPIC – CRAY FAMILY
 
 
 Submitted by:
 
 Submitted to :Lect. Ruchika Dhall  Avinash Manhas Roll.no- RE2801B46  Reg.no- 10809450Course- B Tech-M.Tech( IT)
 
CRAY FAMILY
INTRODUCTION
The first Cray-1 system was installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1976 for $8.8 million. It boasted a world-record speed of 160 million floating-point operations per second (160 megaflops) and an 8 megabyte (1 million word) main memory. No wire inthe system was more than four feet long. To handle the intense heat generated by thecomputer, Cray developed an innovative refrigeration system using Freon.In 1988, Cray Research introduced the Cray Y-MP, the world's first supercomputer tosustain over 1 gigaflop on many applications. Multiple 333 MFLOPS processors poweredthe system to a record sustained speed of 2.3 gigaflops.The 1990s brought a number of transforming events to Cray Research. The companycontinued its leadership in providing the most powerful supercomputers for productionapplications. The Cray C90 featured a new central processor with industry-leadingsustained performance of 1 gigaflop. Using 16 of these powerful processors and 256million words of central memory, the system boasted unrivaled total performance. Thecompany also produced its first "minisupercomputer," the Cray XMS system, followed by the Cray Y-MP EL series and the subsequent Cray J90.In 1993, Cray Research offered its first massively parallel processing (MPP) system, theCray T3D supercomputer, and quickly captured MPP market leadership from early MPPcompanies such as Thinking Machines and MasPar. The Cray T3D proved to beexceptionally robust, reliable, sharable and easy-to-administer, compared with competingMPP systems.
 
In another technological landmark, the Cray T90 became the world's first wirelesssupercomputer when it was unveiled in 1994. Also introduced that year, the Cray J90series has since become the world's most popular supercomputer, with over 400 systemssold.Cray Research merged with SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc.) in February 1996. In August1999, SGI created a separate Cray Research business unit to focus exclusively on theunique requirements of high-end supercomputing customers. Assets of this business unitwere sold to Tera Computer Company in March 2000.Cray provides two types of dedicated nodes — compute nodes and service nodes.Compute nodes are optimized to run parallel MPI and/or OpenMP tasks withmaximum efficiency. Service nodes provide scalable system and I/O connectivity andcan serve as login nodes from which applications are compiled and launched. Cray provides fully integrated networking, using an efficient, low-contention three-dimensional (3D) torus architecture, designed for superior application performancefor large-scale, massively parallel applications.
Contents:
* Cray supercomputer families* Assessing a supercomputer * Cray1a. Address Componentb. Scalar Componentc. Vector Componentd. I/O Component* PVP Generations, XMP, YMP, C90, T90a. Parallel Vector Processors, the core product line of Cray Research.b. Inside a Vector CPU
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