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    Experiments on allowed beta transitions do not have any bearing on a possible contribution from the Pseudoscalar Interaction. An examination has been made of the fJ longitudinal polarization and the shape factor in the 0 ---> 0 (yes) beta transitions.

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    PhysRev.120

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    Experiments on allowed beta transitions do not have any bearing on a possible contribution from the Pseudoscalar Interaction. An examination has been made of the fJ longitudinal polarization and the shape factor in the 0 ---> 0 (yes) beta transitions.

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    46 views10 pages

    PhysRev 120

    Uploaded by

    Jakub Sikorowski
    Experiments on allowed beta transitions do not have any bearing on a possible contribution from the Pseudoscalar Interaction. An examination has been made of the fJ longitudinal polarization and the shape factor in the 0 ---> 0 (yes) beta transitions.

    Copyright:

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    VOLUME 120, NUMRER 4 NOVEMBER 15, 1960 Pseudoscalar Interaction in Nuclear Beta Decay* cP, Buauzat University of Tennessee, Knosile, Tennessee ME, Rost (Oak Ridge Notional Laburator (Ooh Ridge, Tennessee (Received July 5, 1960) ‘The experiments on the allowed beta transitions which lead almost uniquely to the '—124 interaction, do not have any treating on possible contribution from the pseudoscalar iter Action. To determine whether or not any contebution from the Psouloscalar interaction i really needed an examination has been ‘nade ofthe 8 longitudinal polarization and the 8 shape factor in the 0-0 (yes) beta transitions, The theoretical polarization for the mistureof the pseudoscalar and the aial vector Interactions has been developed. In this work, the formulation of the pseudo séalar interaction as given by Rose and Osborn has been used. The unerical results othe 6 longitudinal polarzation and the shape factor depend on two parameter, namely, the coupling constant rallo,Cr/MCa, and 9, the eatio of the two relevant nuclear mats ements, ta the nucleon mass in unite of the electron mass, The 1. INTRODUCTION ‘HE experiments on the allowed beta transitions, during the past three years, lead almost uniquely to the V—1.24 interaction.-* The experiments” give the longitudinal polarization in the allowed transitions as ~2/c for the electron, and as 2/c for the positron, ‘within an experimental error of about 2%, Here o/¢ is the ratio of the é-particle velocity to the vacuum velocity of light. To explain these polarization data, the vector and the axial vector interactions require’ the neutrino to be “left-handed”; whereas the scalar and the tensor interactions demand the neutrino to be a “right-handed” particle. The experimental determina- tion of the neutrino helicity was made by Goldhaber, Grodzins, and Sunyar* and the neutrino helicity was Taso in part on a disertation submited by C. P- Bhalla In al aioe fie regrets or the dere of Dar af ilsophy at the University of Tennesse. "Present addres: Westinghouse Beccie Corporation, Atomic Power Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. "Many recent review aril appear In the Hterature, eg. ce ME. Rose, Handbook of Pysies (SleGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1989), pp. 9-0, Sap. Ronopinseh, Anal Review of Nuclear Science (Annual Reviews, Ine Palo Alto, Callota, 1889), Val. 2.99, SME Dec and. Rofo ashen, Exprinnal Nucer ated by F, Sear (John Wiley & Sons, Ine, New York, 1980), al. IL, pp, 827-038. TY! Smorodishi, Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk 67, 43 (1959) [trata ‘lon: Soviet Phys Uapethi 67 @2), 1 0989) “MDs Pursey, Proc. Koy. Soe. (London) A246, 444 (1958). ‘Invied papers atthe Conference'on Weck Indeactions, Gaiaburg, owessee[Revs. Modern Phys 3, 182 1989)) TCS Ws, Procentinge Relooth Conference OB ulear Structure (Nortiviolland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1988), . 39, For a recent summary of the g longitudinal measuremeat,. ‘ArT Galonsky, AR Bros, Be Ketelle, and HB. Willd, Nucene Pig Uo be puihed). ME Goldhaber, k, Grodzns, and A. W. Sunyat, Phys. Rey. 105, i013 (1988), his rel’ haa also been eunirmed by ‘Maiklund and L.A. Page, Nuclear Phys. 9,85 (1958). lectronic functions occuring in the theoretical formulas for these fffects ate tabulated for Pe (> 0") and Hot (0-0). All, the electronic radial functions were computed considering the nucleus a a sphere of a uniform charge distribution with a muceae fadius as 1240%10- cm, and taking into account the finite dlebeogie wavelength effet. The results of extensive numerical analysis ate presented. We conclude that the absence of the ecudoscalar interaction is consistent with the existing exper ental data, The value af Cr/MCa, which also givesasatisactory| ft to the experimental data depen on 2. The upper limit ofthe ‘ale of [Cr/AFCal fs found toe 005 for [3] ~200 In this work, time reversal invarance Is assumed vald for the weak as well ab the strong interactions, and the two-component theory of the ‘attri has been used found to be negative. The relative sign and the strength of the vector and the axial vector interactions are de- termined by the nuclear beta transitions where these interactions interfere. Burgy ef al? measured the ani- sotropy of the electron with respect to the spin direction of the polarized neutron. The result of this experiment is that the relative sign of the coupling constants of the vector and the axial vector interactions is negative. The comparison of the “ft values” (comparative half-lives) of a neutron and O% give 1.21-40.03 as the ratio of the absolute magnitudes of the coupling constants of the axial vector and the vector interactions. The V—1.24 interaction is also consistent with electron-neutrino correlation experiments.” Following different approaches, Marshak and Sudar- shan," Feynman and Gell-Mann," also Sakura(? pro- posed the V—A theory. However, these experiments on the allowed beta transitions do not have any bearing on a possible exist- ‘ence of the pseudoscalar interaction, This can be readily understood because the operator for the pseudoscalar interaction is an irreducible tensor of rank zero and its parity is odd. Thus, for any contribution from the pseudoscalar interaction there has to bea change in the parity of the final nuclear state with respect to the ‘MT. Burgy ef al, Phy. Rev. 10,1214 (1988), alo see Phys Rey batiers 1324 C988, TWH Hermannaeit oo, Phys, Rew, Leters 161 (1958). ‘so sce f. 8 Alen, Reva. Modera Phys 3, 991, (1989), snd Plasontg oo, Hull Am, Phy Soe, fs (1989); ae J.B Geshart Ply. Hew 108, 657 (1988), and'W. B. Hermannafeat aly Pigs. Rev. 107, 641 (087). ‘ea aaa, C78 Saran Py, Rev 18180 (tak PFovanan and M. Gob Mann, Phy, Rev. 108, 198 f 1988), } F. Sakurai, Nuovo cimento 7, 649 (1958). 141s 1416 ©. PR. BHALLA tial nuclear state in contrast to the allowed transitions with which all previous studies were concerned. To de- termine whether or not any contribution from the pseudoscalar interaction is really needed, we analyze the ‘experimental data on the 00 (es) beta transitions, ‘The 00 (yes) beta transition is best for this purpose, because the vector interaction rigorously does not make any contribution. Therefore, we consider only the mix- ture ofthe axial vector interaction and the pseudoscalar interaction in the beta interaction Hamiltonian for the 0—+0 (yes) transitions ‘The relevant experimental data for the purpose of determining a possible contribution from the pseudo- scalar interaction are (1) the # longitudinal polarization and (2) the d shape factor. The pseudoscalar interaction and the axial vector interaction, taken separately, give ‘opposite signs of the beta polarization. This is true provided we take the neutrino helicity as negative. The ‘8 shape factor for the pure pseudoscalar interaction and the pure axial vector interaction give different energy dependence. However, the 8 shape factor, considered alone, is not very sensitive to a small contribution from the pseudoscalar interaction ‘We wish to point out that in any investigation of the pseudoscalar interaction a formulation diferent than the so-called “conventional” one must be used. In 1954, Rose and Osbom'* suggested that the proper operator for the pseudoscalar interaction is —0-pL(Sy«)/2M in the nucleon space. Here £(3ys) is the pseudoscalar lepton covariant and is equal to (YetByelCe+C "ra ¥») for e~ emission. Also pis the momentum operator. This pseudoscalar operator was obtained by the application of the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation to the total Hamiltonian of the system comprised of the decaying nucleon, the lepton (e—») field, and the leptons. In this formulation of the pseudoscalar interaction, the gradient (p=—7¥) appears acting only on the lepton covariant. JE we assume the lepton covariant to be a constant (independent of the nucleon coordinates), as is done in the conventional theory, then there is’ no contribu tion from the pseudoscelar interaction. ‘The Foldy- Wouthuysen transformation, though, also gives addi- tional recoil terms for the axial vector and the vector interactions, but these terms are much smaller than the leading terms and we can neglect them. Then, apart from renaming the nuclear matrix elements, explii calculations show that we get the same formulas as given by the conventional theory. Thus, the conven- tional formulation of the A and the V interactions is essentially correct. But the conventional treatment of the pseudoscalar interaction is weong,’* Hence, the proper operator for the pseudoscalar interaction, ~e-pl-(Sy.)/2M, must be employed. ‘The 8 shape factor for the 0+ 0 (yes) transition with MLE Rose and BK, Onbrg, Pye, Rey. 93, 11S (1954) 3 For example, see M. Deutsch and O, Kofoed-Hansen, refer- ‘ence 3p 816. Also ste MB: Rose and R, K-Osnora, rerence 14, foe's dieusion of this pot AND M. F ROSE, 4 mixture of the axial vector and the pseudoscalar interaction has been given by Rose and Osborn.* But the longitudinal polarzation of the B particles in the 0-0 (ges) transition, with a mixture of the axial vector interaction and the proper formulation of the pseudo- scalar interaction, does not exist in the literature. To derive such an expression, using the relativistic clee- tronic functions for a finite mucleus, is part of the motivation of this work Several attempts to investigate the existence of the pseudoscalar interaction in nuclear 8 decay appear re- cently in the literature. Tadic analyzed the less aceu- rate (~22%) measurement of the longitudinal polarization in Prt (0-—» 0*) due to Geiger ef al. Cohen and Wienet* analyzed their measurement of the {longitudinal polarization in Pe Also Mehlhop etal estimated the upper limit on the pseudoscalar conteibu- ‘Gon by comparing his measurements withthe formulas derived by Lee-Whiting.® Again using these formulas of ‘Lee-Whiting, Bibring! setan upper limit on the ‘pseudoscalar contribution with his 8 polarization meas- ‘urement in Ho! In all theseattempts, the conventional pseudoscalar interaction was used. Moreover, the effects due to the finite nuclear size were completely ignored. 11s wel known that these effects are important for the 0-0 (yes) transitions. {In addition, several attempts? have been reported in the literature wherein the possible existence of the pseudoscalar interaction was examined by comparing the theoretical shape factor as given by Rose and Osbora™ with the experimental shape factor of the 0-10" transition of Pe. The general conclusion is that the 8 shape factor is nat very sensitive to the con- tribution from the pseudoscalar interaction, However, fora consistent investigation forthe pseudo scalar contribution, one must consider all the experi rental data, namely, the longitudinal polarization as well as the shape factor. Thus, until now such a con- sistent treatment for the search of the pseudoscalar interaction did not exist ‘The problem considered in this paper, then, isto in- vestigate the existence of the pseudoscalar interaction in the interaction Hamiltonian density for the processes of nuclear beta decay by (i) formulation ofthe theoreti- cal expressions forthe beta longitudinal polarization and =D Fa pre nmin. SPE eee ae cop TES Ce ta hoe ie PA cn, p cnr cation inte tet a re te i pe swine WA? Ga waits sence a er SUSE Pe 9 cos Sy babe ea Sra SERGE GBS te Oe pe a cas gSeaPGE LE ss Bey Rast eld a fe TCT ATRL DS oratory nee a tC RRA ae Mca Lop! Report ORNL 2950 (onpublibed. PSEUDOSCALER INTERACTION IN NUCLEAR 6 DECAY the 8 shape factor* in the 0— 0 (yes) transitions with the correct form of the pseudoscalar interaction and the axial vector interaction; (ii) making an extensive nu- merical analysis of the presently available experimental data, using the derived formulas, with the calculated electronicfunctions which include accurately the nuclear finite size® and the finite deBroglie wavelength’ effects. In Sec. II, we give the details of the calculation of the 8 longitudinal polarization in the 0—+0 (yes) beta transitions. The results are specialized by assuming the validity of time-reversal invariance in strong as well as weak interactions, and the two-component theory of the neutrino is used. In Sec. IIT, the electronic functions ‘occurring in the theoretical expressions for the 8 longi- tudinal polarization and the 8 shape factor are tabulated for Pr (0-—+ 0") and Hol (0-— 0"). These elec- tronic functions were computed considering the nucleus as a sphere of a uniform charge distribution with a nuclear radius of 1.243X10- cm, Also we give graphi- cally the results of large-scale computations for the analysis of the experimental data on Pr and Ho! Finally, the discussion and conclusions appear in See. IV. Il, FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM ‘Throughout, we use the relativistic units: A=m=e 1. We use the representation* of the Dirac equation corresponding to the free-particle Hamiltonian Hom -e-p-8. ‘We represent by y,* the solution of the Dirac equation for an electron with a central potential V(r), where vo: for r>R, AR), for r 0 (yes) transition, we obtain for the matrix element rl Helv) 1 (Yan (Caden S.C gos {0 é, a x{Calenycdusonmayasnieetera xfe ram e6dif | a Sa XE cbel for}. © In Eq, (8) we have also introduced the following C. P, BHALLA AND M. BE. ROSE notation fey Se-¥ and Syare the reduced nuclear matrix elements (independent of the magnetic quantum numbers). S, the sign of «. C(I; 00) is a Clebsch-Gordon coefficient and W(jH; I) i a Racah coeficient Beuy is the Kronecker delta Tm our notation, the energy spectrum is given by 4 NW)=—1"(Wabe)) o Substituting Yo, a6 given in Eq. (7), in Ea. (6), we obtain, after some simplification, E expL ib. 8 JAI+I (6 x) 5 (64) Py + (10) E QI+DI G5 le) where 5 (66) = (Cabo s.C4'bu-u)|EOOL+)P XCM SOM Gcteed f oF coi fn} 1 $—(iC rhea S.C rb 2M +h ) a Xb) fok, (0) andthe radial une mR Now we assume the validity of time-seversl i= variance the weak aa wel asin the strong interactions. ‘This implies that all"the coupling constants are real andthe combination of clear matix lements iS ye (SorF)* is real, ring out the calslation fn Eq. (10), we find chat the main conebution comes fom term for c= nd c= 1, We neglect terms of telative order PR? (ot higher odes). ‘hen we obtain forthe 2 longitudinal 5 are, of course, evaluated at sw ons Pa ins emer’ Ga Wi Eo inc New Vent sh Gee wie "nia a cain inthis pape ae given by CP wigace "SFR Sign of he oma othe clltion ofthe polar Mu ihe Coton deca tags Seggeee Ebcker and. hae Nato cae . etten db U0 an abe See bee aad 8 Vang Histon aoe! Ebro Rep AL CE) 198 ‘gatisea) “Per the elt onion on he Spins of the ndclear matrix clerents sey for erammplc, La Longmie 4d AMT. Masia, Phys: Rev. 88, dot (981) and ale LC Higdenharn snd Ni. Rose, Revs. Matern Phys 23, 720 (158). "fo check thee formals for Z=0, tema which vanish Tor sewtl live to be considered for the pletdoseslr ntcraction PSEUDOSCALER INTERACTION IN NUCLEAR 8 DECAY polarization in the 0—0 (yes) transition, _aebant tad ant (artad)e = cat) PONENT Oe FON)E ‘The @ shape factor is given by Coa bob bNTOME EF EINE (1) We have introduced the following definitions in Eqs. (11) rsifn/ for, ece/Mcs y= Bet dgDe-$GAn a ase b{ (U1) Bot $oL8UB. +4ytL16B)—4(UDy+-C.)—(U*=1) Aol}, a4 Bot 4q(UC+D))+4g"(2Ce— An), (OC D+ 4q(2Cv— A), Aa, a= Di Fate, (12) (P41)D.-2UC} (12) a2") fo BqNottgLo, bim Lo, be —2(No—§qLo). (13) r= MUL) Mo— 2000 FUL MoO 4(C-DMHE [U4 1)Lo— 2U Pot 16M 0+ 8(UNo— Ro) ]}, (13°) bam Mo UQe=4q(No+-200) F4g(— Prt LoAR0), d= URN ol —UP et La SR ER(U OMY] HPR(UR.—Ny=4Q9)}. 13") In Eqs. (12), we have used the following combinations" of the electron radial functions (PPR fag. asin(bs—B.1), = (PRY RL ge sin(Ge-80), (PRIOR ff wb gee») sin(de—3-2), Derm (PPAR fof gigs) sin(3e-8-2), ‘and the following combinations, which appear in the Titerature as) Op PIIRNgG A+ fie), OR) RM LS), Naam (OPP) RAL ag a= Ses), Pram (2p) RG Bf), Ons= OPP R RL), Ris OPP RM Lag act fags) "Sen, for example, C. P. Bhalla and M. E. Rose, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report ORNIL2984 (enpnbibed). These {ables give and foram (the nucear fine sie eflects and the finite derogie wavelength effects have been taken into Count) Tn adltnn, ad sin (3-4) are sleo calla, 3 See, or example, Rave and Osborn, telerence 1 (as) 1419 In Eqs. (12) and Egs, (13), we have v=W-Vm9. Fore and et, Ve=—aZ/Rand V.= Here, Fy is the Fermi function, ‘This completes the first part of the problem con- sidered in this paper. R, respectively, UI, NUMERICAL RESULTS Out of the five 0 0 (yes) beta transitions reported in the literature, namely, Pr, Ho!™, Ce, Eu, and ‘Te*, only Pr (0-—+0") has been studied in detail, Several measurements ofthe shape factor of the 0-—>- 0 branch appear in the literature* We analyze the 3 shape factor as given by Porter and Day. This shape factor can be fitted by the following cubic in p: Cy=945932-375.752p+89.94p'—84994p", (16) ‘The mean sum of the squared residuals" of this fit from the experimental data is 1.217. ‘The most accurate ‘measurement of the 8~ longitudinal polarization in Pris due to Mehlhop et al.® and they give (Pu/(e/))=—0.9860.03, averaged over an interval of kinetic energy from 1 Mev to an energy near end point (~3 Mev). ‘An accurate measurement of the ~ longitudinal polarization in Hol has been reported by Bubring* and in this measurement, (Pu/(o/0)= 0.994002, for 8 kinetic energy from 0.18 Mev to near the beta end-point energy (~18 Mev). There are no accurate ‘measurements on the shape factorin Ho!™ (0-0). We give the tabulated functions for the longitudinal polarization and the shape factor, as given in Eas. (11), in Table I and Table Il for Pr (0-—0"), and Holt (0-—+ 64). The details ofthe actual computation of the electronic radial functions are given elsewhere In the theoretical expressions for the 8 longitudinal polarization and the 8 shape factor, as given in Eqs. (11), wehave two parameters, namely, fand Tis not possible, as yet, to calculate d with much confidence. Several attempts have been made to evaluate b by using son Selo rapt D, Stoning oa, Revs Moder Phys. 3, $85 1085) Te (0° °) fn Hee nepotey LeN.Zacanoves Invest, Akad, Nak SS.8R- Ser Fis.20 199 (1956) (aration Balad. Sees USS 20,80 (0) Ths samen acc oT Porterand B,P. Day, Phys Re 314, 1286 (1980), and Nt Freeman, Proc. Pips $0 3,40 (989) Graham eal Icotaote 2, gverieences (othe previo works, “Te meab umf the aguared radu Stn to be equal to Zit Eingke mtg dee Gu ap mare the compte ‘ales at he experimental value of the Supe factor Tepe: {ively Thece were 46 experimental polats ia the shape factor af Pope and Day. “ENG tring 2. Posi 185, 566 (1980) SbeRt 1420 C. P. BHALLA AND M. E. ROSE ‘Tanca I Pet (O° 0%), Numerical eneicients for beta Jngitudinal polarization and shape factor formlas.* a ee ee ee eee a & To 1123 06100 1697 14200 ose Td 906 2358 m07E DST 1S 1313 OTM? 198517 Ta 105 1839 Ogee 2880 21as) 768 LE 2 © WOT Orme Bhat 3280 ITT 138 O01? 2543 Das HST 25 US Osa 218 32390 1383 136 Ossss 283224490 BT “gg 2iss les 08810 2208 2382087 ISS Ossie 282525300 los 30” 13 OSM 19 2st rs 131 Ona? ©2818 25010 1080 87.00, 33 US Gas 8s 263m 1008 1325 O70 280s Jrasd) was The 400 M83 osu Bar HO 182 isis Oss! 2292 29490 sd TOSS 45 ted ass 235 Sst LSS ILI Oss? 2276 © 31400 Hes tse $0 8? 083s 2229 Sia 182 TsHO 1803 ORSI2 Baz 33480 Gas S88 33 Mi? Oss 2220 35000 0s «=a HOS ose Daas 33670 Gar SSO 6b ats Oaat «2209 4 Loos oss st 7990 S20 SOF 6S 10 Ost tor 3900 «USS 895 FS 08s. © 215 OAD S26 8D Sta UPd 2 Ree one ae ek simple nuclear models. Rose and Osborn, Ahrens and Feenberg,* and Pursey** give 30 to —37, an for Prt and Hol, Pearson‘ estimates, 5108, by using two different types of assumptions. The Coulomb contribution provides the dominant term, for the value of \ and this circumstance favors a value of Nas given in Eq, (17). However, in our analysis we consider a wide range of the values of \. ‘A. Analysis of Pr (0~ 0+) Data First_we investigate whether or not the pure axial vector interaction can explain the data on the @ longi tudinal polarization of Mehlhop et al, and the 8 shape factor of Porter and Day.” In Fig. 1, we plot the calculated 8- longitudinal polarization divided by —1/c versus the beta momentum for X=10, 30, 110, ~30, =50, and —150, In this figure, the region of the beta momentum which corresponds to the data of Mehlhop lal. is indicated. Clearly, the upper limit of the “= Equations (11) and (1), The coefciests have begn calculate coosdering (2) the amclea rus to be O4280AH(/m2), (2) the corections dae to be easily explained by the pure axial vector interaction, ‘We define a reasonable fit to the beta shape factor as follows. We normalize the shape factor as given by the ic fit, Eq, (16), and the calculated shape factor to at p=5.0, For p=1.0 to p=65, in steps of 0.5, we compute 1 ree (e nEla): where AX is the difference of the calculated shape factor from the corresponding value X, given by the cubic ft. We take the calculated shape factor as a satisfactory fit, i A< 0.008. ‘This, generally, corresponds to the value of |AX./Xs| as being less than 4%, We find that the pure axial vector interaction gives a satisfactory fit to the experimental shape factor for A>, and for =A>50. However, there is no satisiactory fit for polarization datum of Mehlhop a al, namely, 1.016, can =500, the values of —Pilofeyare’> 1.00 for low. cergy Veta particles in contrast toa age when the values of —Pu/a/e) are <100, for \

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