Dr.N.G.

P Institute of technology, Coimbatore

Subject: Communication Theory

UNIT-1 Two Mark Questions

- R.S.Kiruthika, L/ECE

1. What are the needs of modulation?

2. Define amplitude modulation [AM]
3. Draw frequency spectrum of AM Wave.
4. Define bandwidth. Write its equation for AM.
5. What is a side band in AM wave? How many side bands are in AMW? Compare
USB with LSB.
6. What is modulation index [ma]? Define percentage modulation [Ma],Write
equations for modulation index [ma] & percentage modulation [Ma].
7. What are the degrees of modulation?
8. What is over modulation in AM? What are its effects? How could u avoid it?
9. Write equation of modulation index [ma] from power relation of AM Wave.
10.What is amplitude sensitivity [Ka] of AM modulator?
11.Compare linear to non linear AM Modulator.
12.What is a square law modulator?
13.What is a product modulator?
14.What is a balance modulator?
15.What is a square law demodulator [detector] used with AM?
16.What is a switching demodulator used in AM?
17.What is a rectifier detector used in AM?
18.What is an envelope/enclave detector used in AM?
19.What is DSB-SC modulation?
20.Compare DSB-FC and DSB-SC.
21.What is the frequency spectrum of DSB-SC?
22.Classify the DSB-SC generation methods.
23.How could you generate DSB-SC using balance modulator?
24.How could you generate DSB-SC using ring modulator?
25.What is coherent method of demodulating DSB-SC?
26.What is squaring synchronizer method of demodulating DSB-SC?
27.What is COSTAS method of demodulating DSB-SC?
28.Discuss advantages and disadvantages of SSB technique.
29.What is the power equation of SSB wave?
30.Compare DSB-FC and SSB &Compare DSB-SC and SSB
31.What is the frequency spectrum of SSB?What is the band width of SSB?
32.How could you generate SSB using filter method?
33.How could you generate SSB using phase shift method?
34.How could you demodulate SSB using product detector?
35.How could you demodulate SSB using balance modulator?
36.How could you demodulate SSB using envelope detector?
37.Compare DSB-FC, DSB-SC and SSB-AM techniques
38.What are the advantages of VSB technique?
39.Compare VSB with SSB and DSB-SC.
40.Draw frequency spectrum of VSB signal.
41.Define frequency translation.
42.What is meant by up conversion and down conversion?
43.How can we perform frequency translation?
44.What is multiplexing? Give its advantages.
45.Define frequency division multiplexing. Give the applications.
UNIT-2 Two Mark Questions

1. What is angle modulation?

2. List out advantageous and disadvantages of is angle modulation?
3. What are the two types of angle modulation? Give the reason for
classifications.
4. Define phase modulation.
5. Define modulation index for phase modulation.
6. What is peak phase deviation & phase sensitivity?
7. Define frequency modulation.
8. Define modulation index for frequency modulation.
9. What is peak frequency deviation & frequency sensitivity?
10.Compare phase modulation with frequency modulation.
11.Classify the frequency modulation based on its modulation index.
12.What is narrow band frequency modulation?
13.What is wide band frequency modulation?
14.Compare narrow band frequency modulation with wide band frequency
modulation.
15.What are the spectral characteristics of frequency modulation?
16.Why do you use Bessel’s function on frequency modulation?
17.What is the power content of frequency modulation?
18.Define Carson rule [rule of thumb].
19.How can you calculate transmission band width using Bessel Table or
significant pair of side bands?
20.What is a universal curve and how it can be used for calculating transmission
band width.
21.Define deviation ration. Tell its use.
22.How can you generate PM to FM.?
23.How can you generate FM .to PM?
24.What is a direct FM generation?
25.What are the advantages & disadvantages of direct Fm generation method?
26.How can you use varactor diode for generating FM?
27.What is the concept behind reactance tube modulator for generating FM?
28.What is an indirect FM generation?
29.What is the concept behind indirect FM generating?
30.Compare AM with FM.
31.Compare PM with AM.
32.Compare Am with Narrow band FM.
33.What is a slope detector?
34.What are the advantages & disadvantages of slope detectors?
35.What is a balanced slope detector?
36.What are the advantages & disadvantages of balanced slope detectors?
37.What is a Foster seely detector?
38.What are the advantages & disadvantages of Foster seely detectors?
39.What is a ratio detector?
40.What are the advantages & disadvantages of ratio detectors?

UNIT-3 Two Mark Questions

1. Define probability.
2. What is joint & conditional probability?
3. What is a random process?
4. What is a random variable?
5. What is probability distribution function? Define JPDF.
6. What is Cumulative probability distribution function? Define JCPDF.
7. Define mean, moments, and variance.
8. What is std deviation?
9. What is a Gaussian process? List its properties.
10.Define. Stationary & non stationary process.
11.Define strict sense stationary & wide sense stationary.
12.What is stochastic and ergotic process?
13.Define noise.
14.Classify the noise. What are the parameters used for classification?
15.What is white, Johnson, thermal noise? Give its voltage equation?
16.What is noise equivalent resistance?
17.What is shot noise? Give its equation?
18.What is partition noise? Give its voltage equation?
19.What is low frequency noise / flicker/ modulation?
20.Define resistor noise.
21.Define mixer noise, burst noise and avalanche noise.
22.What is transit time noise?
23.Give power spectral density of thermal noise.
24.Give power spectral density of shot noise.
25.What is SNR. What is its application in noise analysis?
26.Define noise figure. Why did not we use SNR for noise analysis always?
27.Write equation for noise figure.
28.Express noise figure in Frii’s formula.
29.Write noise figure using Ra and Rt.
30.Give noise figure equation in terms of R’eqv.
31.Define narrow band noise.
32.Write the properties of narrow band noise.
33.Define noise temperature.
34.Write equation for noise temperature.
35.Express noise temperature using in Frii’s formula.
36.Define space noise.
37.What is atmospheric noise?
38.What is internal noise?
39.What is industrial noise?
40.Write equation for equivalent noise resistor connected in parallel & series.
 UNIT-4

PERFORMANCE OF CW MODULATION SYSTEMS

2 MARKS

1. Define figure of merit.

2. List the advantages of super heterodyne receiver.

3. How to achieve threshold reduction in FM receiver?

4. What is the (S/N)/(S/N) for AM with envelope detection with small noise case?

5. What is threshold effect in FM?

6. What is the use of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM systems?

7. Define SNR.

8. Define channel SNR

9. Discuss the factors that influence the choice of intermediate frequency in a

radio receiver.

10.What is capture effect in FM?

11.Draw the Phasor representation of FM noise.

12.What is fidelity?

13.What is extended threshold demodulator?

14.Define selectivity range for IF Amplifiers.

15.Draw the pre-emphasis characteristic curve.

16.List the various characteristics of super heterodyne receiver.

17.Define image frequency.

18.When a super heterodyne receiver is tuned to 555 kHz, its local oscillation
provides the mixer with an input at 1010 kHz. What is the image frequency?

19.Define heterodyne reception.

20.State the need of figure of merit of a receiver.

21.Explain the concept of double spotting.

22.Define the word “ganged tuning “used in super heterodyne receiver.

23.What are the advantages of FM over AM

24.Explain how the use of RF amplifier improves the signal-to-noise ratio of a

super heterodyne receiver.

25.What is Automatic Gain Control (AGC)? What are its functions?

26.Define the term sensitivity.

27.What are the disadvantages of FM over AM

28.Draw the de-emphasis curve.

29.Why HPF is used for pre-emphasis circuit?

30.Compare the performance of AM and FM.

31.Why LPF is used for De-emphasis circuit?

32.Define improvement factor.

33.Explain the following terms i)intermediate frequency ii)mixer

34.What are the functions fulfilled by the intermediate frequency amplifier in a

radio

receiver?

35.Discuss the factors that influence the choice of intermediate frequency in a

radio receiver.

36.What is the value of noise power of DSB-SC?

37.Draw the phasor diagram of AM wave with noise.

38.Why the noise performance of AM receiver is poor compared with DSB & SSB

39.Define the term amplitude limiter.

40.What happen to a FM receiver if the carrier to noise ratio decreases?

UNIT-5

INFORMATION THEORY
1. What is entropy?
2. What is prefix code?
3. Define information rate.
4. What is channel capacity of binary synchronous channel with error probability of
0.2?
5. State channel coding theorem.
6. Define entropy for a discrete memory less source.
7. What is channel redundancy?
8. Write down the formula for the mutual information.
9. When is the average information delivered by a source of alphabet size 2,
maximum?
10. Name the source coding techniques.
11. Write down the formula for mutual information.
12. Write the expression for code efficiency in terms of entropy.
13. Is the information of a continuous system non negative? If so, why?
14. Explain the significance of the entropy H(X/Y) of a communication system where
X is the
transmitter and Y is the receiver.
15. An event has six possible outcomes with probabilities ½.1/4,1/8,1/16,1/32,1/32.
Find the
entropy of the system.
16. State channel coding theorem.
17. A source is emitting symbols X1, X2, X3 with probabilities respectively 0.6, 0.3,
0.1. What is the entropy of the source?
18. When is the average information delivered by a source of alphabet size 2,
maximum?
19. Define discrete entropy.
20. State the properties of entropy.
21. Define source coding.
22. Define average length per code.
23. How the code efficiency is calculated?
24. State the procedure followed by Shannon fano coding?
25. Define the bit of information.
26. Why Huffman coding is said to be optimum?
27. Give relation between average mutual information and average information per
pair for noise free channel.
28. Give the mathematical expression for joint entropy of independent events.
29. What is the need for data compression?
30. Define rate distortion theory.
31. What are the drawbacks of data compression.
32. Define differential entropy.
33. List the steps involved in Lempel ziv coding.
34. What are advantages of coding?
35. Define code variance.
36. When the code is said to be uniquely decodable.
37. Why the channels are called discrete memory less.
38. Write short notes on binary erase channel.
39. Define symmetric channel.
40. List out the properties of mutual information.