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Routing protocols and concepts CCNA 2
1Introduction to routing and packet forwarding1.0.1 Chapter introduction
 Today's networks have a significant impact on our lives - changing the way welive, work, and play. Computer networks - and in a larger context the Internet -allow people to communicate, collaborate, and interact in ways they never didbefore. We use the network in a variety of ways, including web applications, IPtelephony, video conferencing, interactive gaming, electronic commerce,education, and more.At the center of the network is the router. Stated simply, a router connects onenetwork to another network. Therefore, the router is responsible for the deliveryof packets across different networks. The destination of the IP packet might be aweb server in another country or an e-mail server on the local area network. It isthe responsibility of the routers to deliver those packets in a timely manner. Theeffectiveness of internetwork communications depends, to a large degree, on theability of routers to forward packets in the most efficient way possible.Routers are now being added to satellites in space. These routers will have theability to route IP traffic between satellites in space in much the same way thatpackets are moved on Earth, thereby reducing delays and offering greaternetworking flexibility. In addition to packet forwarding, a router provides otherservices as well. To meet the demands on today's networks, routers are also usedto:Ensure 24x7 (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) availability. To help guaranteenetwork reachability, routers use alternate paths in case the primary path fails.Provide integrated services of data, video, and voice over wired and wirelessnetworks. Routers use Quality of service (QoS) prioritization of IP packets toensure that real-time traffic, such as voice, video and critical data are notdropped or delayed.Mitigate the impact of worms, viruses, and other attacks on the network bypermitting or denying the forwarding of packets.All of these services are built around the router and its primary responsibility of forwarding packets from one network to the next. It is only because of therouter's ability to route packets between networks that devices on differentnetworks can communicate. This chapter will introduce you to the router, its rolein the networks, its main hardware and software components, and the routingprocess itself.
 
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1.1.1Routers and computers
Routers are ComputersA router is a computer, just like any other computer including a PC. The very firstrouter, used for the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), wasthe Interface Message Processor (IMP). The IMP was a Honeywell 316minicomputer; this computer brought the ARPANET to life on August 30, 1969.Note: The ARPANET was developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense. The ARPANET was theworld's first operational packet switching network and the predecessor of today'sInternet.Routers have many of the same hardware and software components that arefound in other computers including:CPURAMROMOperating System
Routers are at the network center
 
3 Typical users may be unaware of the presence of numerous routers in their ownnetwork or in the Internet. Users expect to be able to access web pages, send e-mails, and download music - whether the server they are accessing is on theirown network or on another network half-way around the world. However,networking professionals know it is the router that is responsible for forwardingpackets from network-to-network, from the original source to the finaldestination.A router connects multiple networks. This means that it has multiple interfacesthat each belong to a different IP network. When a router receives an IP packeton one interface, it determines which interface to use to forward the packet ontoits destination. The interface that the router uses to forward the packet may bethe network of the final destination of the packet (the network with thedestination IP address of this packet), or it may be a network connected toanother router that is used to reach the destination network.Each network that a router connects to typically requires a separate interface. These interfaces are used to connect a combination of both Local Area Networks(LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs). LANs are commonly Ethernet networksthat contain devices such as PCs, printers, and servers. WANs are used toconnect networks over a large geographical area. For example, a WANconnection is commonly used to connect a LAN to the Internet Service Provider(ISP) network.In the figure, we see that routers R1 and R2 are responsible for receiving thepacket on one network and forwarding the packet out another network towardthe destination network.
Routers determine the best path
 The primary responsibility of a router is to direct packets destined for local andremote networks by:–Determining the best path to send packets
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