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its early da~$, ho'wev~r~ 't,o aduallty UiSit th!!! '~,a1lu'~ ~h!!! two PaHm Y!'jl-~~S, h!!l!d m be s@ dQ~i~ 'ibhef 'oould ~ a~' ,eQ!Si·

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Pa,yPa~~'s SU'OOi!:!iiS: Ut!5, itt~!1 tn@' ~d: ~ha!t it' ,dOO5n~t try te ~Invent ,ewW)itthinle~ It, r't!COBWlI:tes, whart ru:edls te, De ~~'~Iii!~' vented a.lI'1d doos; ,thart ,q,uiclliJly" The' ~s1 P'ayP,ari leaves 3~one_" 'F!ayPaI I~tti.s beenl p~rtic;uhJrly ,:iJttJrndive W, 'small Imerehrall'1!t~; wMcll ean be ~ha'~J-ed as fflYcli as ,5, p~~,celi1t Iby CR!dit caM comlPimies" IP\a~lP~1 eh i!i'~~~S, 'O!l1II¥ 2.9' per(~J1It. plus; :30 (:el'll~ Iper trans',!i.diollfl..,

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Ipro-duc=uon of pp\och:'!Ic.:~ o:f I~ts most importanr :n.."SO~-05. The reta~t!!l~ ~~ ])a VIe' it 'Kthen 'IDe c~t'

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. ~~- . rerials m~e Un, ::), c;:);te~ru' of te$!;,'liUl'ces kno,wn ~: 1i]:ventonJ!', which serves,

ptOf.e55 ~nRn~OirY! j'rld '. ~;,~" 'I~.F . r: ~] "'t ~ ~ ~ _ -~ ~ ~~ l:~~ _. ~_ ~f ~'~:f "'d .~" nd 1 ., ,

fi"i~!h~ l-O<ld~ ~~V~""hH)1:;. m!ln')'h-' cn~'Hi~l~l:~~fiCf!Ofi~ .. _t 'l~j~e~(l!ne o~f;d;'-'~ een~~I'.(o~ =.i:rec( ~L~el pe .1.' e~cy.on

:~tIi1ot . ~iI:'.~, h: 3:. ' OWS, custemers to :00 ,stildmtli; ,:im.rru:~·di~!t¢~lt It e~~~~'.~ 'rembets to,

oiJe.r their customers many choices" It is, fill asset on m~' balanee sheer, but it is wid~ly -n;~~ogn~, by ma-nag:ttN as a liabHi[~l' as w.c~~,. [)csp:i~e j]IU (jf i~, b.ene6ts, ~lIr.p]us ~nv'~1!ltory has, ihl~(i!j b;liJ'm~ fl.)f mfi'nr business fa.il~.uB, A resource that, when. in ,eidu~rr' short tjIJPP:].y or f:1X()~! can dGstroy' a business musr ~ malulled, wilh, extreme care,

L ~04" -,-,ol'1J"!CS

ii' .......:.:,at~ .. ;co .... ~d~~. ~- ... (, 1'i;"i.~~I"':!II~'i'n'iJ' the ;Iii .'uu and ·'~i';-''''' u '~, ,.p.~ "--'~:;~i!' "~'~·11 ,;0. , •.. .- i .. ·::: a, IIii'

,~00l' .• _ ~"'~I.'il'L';) vI' H,liQI;iL.'\t:II~.,~ ~ .11"" 1lL!o:<'!ff 'li;iIiU ., ~1!.""'L~e ..... 1, go!J!Q.:. .... UQ i:I~r'!(~~, ,Ii""

~clcll5.0 V-iYdl~~e by ensufi.n~ iIi:'b.at ~;he pn~~~t:s :iln_d.~IVic::~ :~rn 'ttW d~.ey need to~.

~,t- "'oi"lil'j'lo"r·lb·~ I:t'~ ...... "'['nl",'I"I'n";:;l=! because 'Ii'h;o;, :1lI;'Ii.i:"'1~"'I'j'I!Io""'I-l'~' ..... ~ '~.I''ru'~,:I~ ~:i!' efeen iR~"~~ lirj;~",., ,~ _.~~ II!., . ~Ui'or'il' "'Iv.~, , 1_. !~,I""""" Ut;;l .UI!.Le . !!,-: , ... Il~L'!;J.''''·''''.~,~L~_, u uli' I~" ~;;o 'Un.,., , iLll"~"'Ii.; '~L~,I'~

Ci.lmUn)~rn;s' rhan the!lf prod~lCti(Jn. Ir ils int~rtwined 'W!tffi1, :in.veDtoty :~,; :m)ent beea IIJI~: effe(.l~.v,~ ;~t:i:yet:J!IDl"l mmage1~l~Ut. extends be:yo:fid swm,p~¥'

'~l!rmtglng ~:nliie!iI1i.(]ry wi.thbl the blS!~~- The, iru;re~lin,g d~ndency. on OU/I!" S(lul'dpg :roQ.i~r~ c«ec,t.~\~C ~oo.,g;cmcnt of';~r.JIvel,1i.t:o~' ,betlt'Cen lmsinesses as wen, ~istiC5 is .a critfC011 (;01illp!_netlt ,~f ~opp'ry~ ch~in man~gem,ent: because >of

~~el'L~-d oompctition· glo:h:d i:mt;lO'l!\, :1nd. t:echno !~h:a] advancement8- and ti~

i~c~~~t~~;,~fl-i~~~~, ro c~~~.;:, .~i,~e bg,~:~,·~ana_g~m~~~t.~~duce~

C-il$ts ,3nd ItLLi['('_~l~'";S 'V.ahl:~.

logi~,tlc~

iFiI.. .. ,o,;oo;,uJ' §'~d "-~''!'I;", ...... f ~' ~'~1Iiii ~~Yn '~!!ll" . ~~ ~1Ci'''!r. Iy ,

.£(IoCid 5, RJN~cei~ and

re'l ilted :i;nfornmathon '&om

O"i ..... dl-,-:"'t"""n II .... , po "'!;II U .. .1 ... __ '1;01

.corn

., I . .. ,

.... ' .

VE

VE

VE

Copyr 'gh ted m a1.cri a

h[ttp······//www e····· bee . .g .. ,Gft¥ ',:' .er48 , ._'.1 ·r.ve::_-,·········am·········· .'.

. . •• 1. • -I. [;_'"'; J:' • -: . J' " -. . .: • _'

. , I .'. ... •. • -..... . -.. .... ". - ~ -, > ~ '. .." .

,capacity

11u! level >of prooil,u:ti:ve·

it~t to . : wrum demaad ~t·~. driv~"Yp servtce ;~$ ,d~~nnin~d by Lhe t1,Mml~r

>u.fdd.vel~up ba~, and. tJeU~Il!I •. A 'Ia'q;:~t :5.ture.'S 'ab~ht'f' tal keep pace wi.dTh e.llSl'nme_fS ~f; their pLJ~ ~ determined by the 'number of cash 'reg is re rs and ~wr$.

[One s . ,[ . s'h_tiuiM s~and. ~JUt. in each n1 the ~'bO\i\~' [~x~:m__f;)I.~~. C~adty :1.5 allntJst .!llwa~ el~pt~cd

h[""'&:i~ ~~.~~.!It#!.. D·.' ~&I['I£!. lli'a"'dJl~ to

......... ,.,.._.mel's I ,. [c.rus:esr. '" 'emplov·ee: or' ~ulpmc,Hl,t wri.~ in, its, . , 'to com .. ·

plere the ~ui~red. ta~~, One ~[th:i!lmlar acooUl'iU]i;nt fs 'f~ster tn d:le' nlfl:rmi'ng and! ~;low~r in dl~ h~.t~

~t;.,7'm- --,· .... tiin. U~:t'I- ·'m:-~r..,.~['I.1' the m- ;fIn-:·'!'I,rn;.m-, ''''''"'it' 0-£ ,...;fI;Tim[ .... ~~ ,'1';::0. i'i'.Il"'I, match ,ol"'I~·It<I'!II·~;j.· loTi; ,d.t!i'"r--,.ll_ 'f;:,. .... .iIIoi:l!:l [ .... ~!~f"·lrn

~_,~. ' , .v.~ ... [. . ~ - 1 • _ ,Q"';~ 1~ '!r._, i • _ j ~ .~~,":'r. ,"r..1 fIo"-, .. l~ ,....!I}I:r~'lr.fIo ... ~J ,~ 11i1,;~ ,1~_LGl.._~ . ~"'''-;F'''''''!-tV'! ... i1lllW-Wr. ~~'!1ii._~ ~,F''''''_ '''''1'

'~ld,'~ i_fi ~ financial reUn:,1l, on du;JoSe resources th~t i;s; lower than ~b.il~ de'~l'-ed,!, 1\, i5.h~rtag.e of [ca!p~.c:i:t:y

remIts: ttl an in~bi~ity to meet demand, ~

G •. ~ ~ ~lellagaksDDQWBloa:rI Dem 0 V E

1!:WOO, €l~ . '., :_~rnetu:~ as [~Il the ease [(iJf whe.re U)P~ace ;8j We'b ~~"etj ot' iii: canlle:'1a~

the, most '.rtml~ dedai~ ;a5 ~ a retill[f:!' is dctenn~ng' ~tooo. ]()C3If,Q~ ln T1e' buildlngs ·~u,d 3ddi,ti.Cfi itO mci~i!ty'l0C3tknli facUity, diocisi.on" ,also ind~~ how dl~ taci.Hty shuuld 5t~i:lcWre5 thn house

'L . .,._ ... ~I "'1_ - The- - L~-:~· 1'- ~"" d " ~'L ~ L. .~. '- b- "~[

W. «i.~,tM-~~ OJ us .ULyout, ,,[ . litY;;;mlit:y- Layout onen ' etermmes tne ~mes:s:,"ji a: ,I~~' 'v,arKnJ5 a5.pe~~ or:~

h" ! · ttllDtlet,'DIll~r~,; t3°on:;i.ICS stICh ~ ~3S ~e~iIl,'. -0 r . r IC.· ". 0.·· •• ". m" ..

, ,', .•. ' .' _ .1 [ . " . "., L • _ _ ~".' 'I. ; . - '., '_ [.,~.' ~'''i!L!'1 ' " .... _ .• ". '"" ., .. llk' _ . I 'I'.. .... .. .'

. . n. .. L .. _ ' •• ' •••• ~ TIil [ . .-: .. _ _ .•. _ il:a~.. . .. IG" . ""_ 1JIi]

'!BSe wid)! 'which ~ioycm, tan, int,cract. Yi.ith each other and wkh (;usto-mers.· E.ve;ry business fm:s to '~. som~wh,@~~ .. The location declston makes tbat det'¢r:miMtion. W:lihil,\ [I,lSIt 'fac,i U,Wi e;v~ry t'hi'ng: and e;~'e(J -pt;~n also has to 00 somewhere, Where th,~¥' .a.l\~ m9itt~ws. The '~8yalllllt die rares :pos;sl)bl~ ~sw_s

G.rrdw~b~~~OOliD6wrnoa,d Demo VE

.... . ': 'm.t -- -- '.- . em will c·~ ·~at~·~~ro~! 1S tlu~ir hushtes.s:s; m.o:5tcri[~C:ill . wol(ree' ". /

~}'!""1"""""'. l··o.'U""'I'1'[h'w'ou' · ... ""'D. be . 1I')'I!~·,;,,;fi!,.·"'''e-;l- .... ;:>~r'I·'~v ""'cn ~-' .. -~ n ~n:'il,._--~..J _ ·L.-'i~l; it'I~""" ..... '~ The· 'e~ri I'~ ~'.ill!rtd

~~!'''L.,~_ • 1 ·!'!'!·~.!II"~.!'I.' J 'IIIo!G_, _ lUC:: ~-"""Ii:._Jl11lll_~ :II;I,,,_ ~r,-!l~ '''''1.~'' l~ ~!I.'I . ~~l~l~ l!if~.lIlJjl.!l_ ... -~ ~II.II f!' '¥.'/'~-r." !j'~

be ~~, 'b:.!t: ,.; '.' ... ' [, wen.ted~, ~id]~d, em;plO,'@@!1 are: not eBSY to rome by; ·to produce iii, 'prod'udtt or'

The:y are: devel - .... 't over ;8, ~ong period of time and a,I grea'l: ex,-pemse, 'The~" 8.'fC:: 5etvlce·.

'il:OO the: anly rese ueee thu [Can leave, the bujnes.s :for a better olet elsewhere ..

Emp:loreH.~' s'ld[h, tBI1.Hl.ts, c~pefieliLc~s~ :attittud.(!j5:r. and bac:k~unw; tBn:~ tremendoud.y. The div@r:si.ty add! ~o the 'pot~intiBI] capa'bi~~tie:!l of tine (i'rm and al\"o adds. to 'lIEu: !il:i.n~ :n;ece~'~~l1Y at: rr:;'be: man.ag,ttl~Ql levd .. ,

:G-~Ii\D"""" 1I"J;/l...",....· .. ·I;'>,l ~,~.,?~. L~_~ -lb-- oi, ·dl·t·'Il,A[II'·lhr [ ..... f~ ,j:de--,;"i> '~he' "''''e-';;4C'iV"lihr' ,;; .... d ,."t...", '''''b-~~l;iru' "' .... ~ ..... h1i'ii;i ..... eerennal

__ I!I. ..... Q'. It- _.,'~,IJ~," ~L ~!lJ!I. I~. 1Kt:.. , II ~ ': ,',_'" 1'iJi -~JI' ~ I III "'~' .. _ 'I I, ~l ..... ~l '![!i',II,'~' ~llr.'f:t i(II~ll. 'url.I!iP. I~, .\Ii~lli"'::r· I~_~ ~,i"'~'Iir.-Y~,b..!"! _1!-1Ir ~'_ '''!P~~ .- ~_

·v.al.lI~ 'can 'Gome G!n~y :from. th~ w.'i.d:est pos:t.i.!blc ~et of exper.ieTtC!e~. The :1'e$1;111:: uf this di.v~r.s:iltr b tni'ly .an,y 'busi'nr~'~ most wh;l3bl~ 'mSOIjooe:, 'but: ~t IS also on.e: of the must ,(Ijffioult to mnn.l1tp:.

Environmental· F[Drees

,A bt.~in.e~. is au, open sys'te,ill .• N,) business that has an hnpac::t o;n extenllal·eil,t'~tte!i (customers, dem aoo~ '~uld se [on) can 'tuI1LCil:lurn. withOlH i't~elf 'be~n,g lnflnenced by extemal forc:es. lbe~ forces ~ha!t e:xi5t 'W1I~hl'n ii, l~aiitt~:cu.bu" bY'5·ines._~.''$. ellv:~ronment aflen depend on [c(~mpet;i,tiV'e 3ind :regtl~!lJt()fy f:Qr>Qe~ 'W ith~1l [':he industry, but there are (!IJ]so mttny envlronmenrel inm!cfS that eross :iirudusuy oo~n~1_n'cs.

Glo-'b' a' 11"- a-t-" ---

I_! ••. _.···.·.Jz'I.~on 'ti'

Th- oI!! . ..: . ....,~. '1OI1,c:i1 'p: L~b.~!LI, th -. "'i·1tt)j'rl;~. -_~ -~, :""'n,"~ii~m" - mal ~'F""':. -. '[1"'''[.: n~-:,-cl •• i"'r~ ;'~~ ;~l .~ ... ~~;..._;o;. rt·rl-·~I'liI,,-:--·~l '~rli''';<'' 1.1-lU"'t

.., 1I.1."~, ,~u,~~ 1 NJIIjI_ 1.1 .. ~ ~Iili o<l~ ••. ~~I"b'~~' ~. ~·,~~'L!'.II, G~.u.n lL!,J,G~ ,1;<10" t"1lJU,u...,~ ~ r,~I. ~ "- .... '1. , .... ~ lOiaJ. III ,[n"" _'iI

cope w~th I!· th,e 'incoo~sGd ·compe.titi.an und C'm.erging markets; ·rosr~lt.mg. fro(ro the rgruobilimti.o.:n of most

VI

Copy" 'gh ted m a1.eria

VE

'~n'l,l'h'ODrne;f;II~'~ im,pi1il:;~ 'fro.m ~~Ht~!M2l i~ ~rob[lhl~ Implt'iii5Hbl~ 'm d~mhuu_e Cl1'!Rlipl!atel.y, :D!lI[ !P'ft~l\l~ 'ILISW~, '1'iIa""'c~gum to joe;l!OO_e dteir p[!,teun;t;~~ ~ im~~ mld i!tS ~~ i 11 their d«~~R ·!ll~.\t~fi~.

Copyr h! m 'erial

G

,

,

VE

VE

E~"V!H 'i B" ~ :i'T' 'I ,", ~u ~, ," " ,-.r'~u"'" .. , ... .:1, co' __ I" c t'hdn"..t' "D" 3lII:.,.......,;, ,

. "'"" ~i!I,. ",.,4- ~~~mma.f)! g;J J"'~~ IIIo!Io ''''''iJ\iI ~~~ee -''''TI!!!I''- "III~C:ft

I

Produ(;U; a~ U,nlgi'b'l'e"

Products are e!il:s)I to measure, Produ~t~ '~iU'11 be stored for I,~'tef 1~'Se,; Products csn be dled~!idl fa,r eO"j~rmian~ '~O qlLi i~ilJ ,p'~'iot t.o wsw r:f!!1~~' ~'i'v:i'!!i!1 th~lm.,

[Plod ~dio n processes for' products alre reI1ili1iveIYlu,!!'!Ji'mpoJlant: 'to cus;toQ'!!i11~~5l, Pr'Qchllcers. ofd.ti~ products can n!P'il,~~' or 'Sen; p the def«u.

Servi(:e$ a ~e i mJtaml:8~[b~e.

Secrvirces are dim'cult: t:Ol rneas ~11i1@.

Se"rv:i~ call'il~t be 5,tQ~led ""Or' lawt U~. Serv;r(,es can't be ,c;'rn~!k,ed ror (;Qi1irom'! iilOO w, qlLJ;3 liily priho~' 'IQ 'cli,J!~wmc r receiving 'lh~R1.

P~,odii;i (iiii:'PflJ prO(le$,~es fOf :setVi~es a:~~ ¥ery ii m portant~ to custotli!e~s.

P~,oduiC.'e~s ,of'defec,tive' seNic:es must: iitte:m pi to recover ~:o' Iretain ~he ("jJ:5ilrilmer:,

Copy" "gh ted m a1.cri a

Fu rn itUIU:' m'!lI!'l!IU!tadUHH"

Blroke'!",8ige 'firlm C'iOmpurte:r m!u1!liJIifa~tiLIljl:If" P{a,i1nrL, m.~nUl[~!~lrlet

Ba ~ik AilJtomob'~~~ malnifardJiJ f,er G:ror:~fi1 ~rodLid, m3nufac:t,Lilwl~r

CiI:llWlJlW:ab00 k!,l:o,nve rt

;.t;~~'YI:f1S,t l8Jr'id5e,iII"p:~n g firm Prin~i!i1g, ShOlP

r.corn

. .. . ..

'I I,

. , ,', ....

Sew'h:e mfl:mi.~gem~nt eends 1[0 follow 'm..,'lllufa.cll:trin,g 'mHn~~nle1ilt in, aclopdrng new 'm3m1Hg~me:nt ap-

GDD~1&IZSotJtt:tla • .ttID_~Demb VI

L-abolt .. ;i!Flt~;;!'e i~pect5i ,of rrrtd~,octio[!, to It;;o~qJntfii~$ ~\I'~th Il;:,heaper liJbo:l;. nl~t has 'been made :P'O~,ib'le 'br the e~e of t~ITun.,g IProdlUJct5, comp~:~e:d to the di;flicy'~tlr :Un. ltr~fI!~porti:ng services, Services have. 'befi~[~i:'iL liO {;QnOO~ SLi,~lI!., Laber If~];'l[lk~r:.!i; in d1~ U':n:il[.sd .st"2[~ have i~it{;;r~;ased: the ~i11c:e:ndve: :Ihl~' 'U.S. :!;e:['!jri~

to ~ik I~,'bot '~i1l oLJ~ide tbe ,~oU!lntry;, _ . _ .

hi' -; ,,~:-: ;- ,: '-'.1,:',';' -"I_i~'_~kftl,JIfIVI.:I: :Jad'1 ~,.~.,IPJJ4i~,' ,":,~ •. M'UUC:' .. ~i~m·'· .'.

, 'f ' i, :,g;_,I. ,-' iit&,IJIU~Wft,~.J~W1~¥G, '_,'_ .. 1U.iW

:p~~tn ~ 1:11. Mex iCfi~ USU~ Uy ]U~t :!I!C;[!O~, th;e 'OOOO,f;r (TUm, dte Unl ~td St~it,~" S]oce the :pLmt :~s com[)any ..

'()\1!.~n.edm the Clo~np'a,m.v could ,~mf.iO~' the (:ij}m1PO:~lt"fUS, ,~noo :Me~~r;::~ diU ry\~f~,~~ and th~n ~xp~n fi,ll,i:sh~d preduets 'bm::'k; to d::u,: Llnlred St~te~", M:t1Jqldhtdor.~s have ibGen "fer~r pClipUJIJJlJr as a means of ~c}"r.edr!tg' labor

le'x~n~es, ,iln i!!J v~n:~eitv of ma'n.'til!f~ct!UI ring ~ndusniles" i nelud ing '~uto!mo:ti'~~il ma;q~illad-Otai8

'G~~~I' ",',., 'rIIW'~~aat~~~'lIaW'¥t~,Airo,iA. Dim 0 .... 1 V'" .... 'E,·,·,· .. ·

iU .. ," ~~n~g" .. " ._ '1 ,:t!LalU,(¥V. lilU .. \;IpicW"'nld,_ ',' '.-

. be,CD, eo ~_ " a Ef!L~~,ro:ru:tl!CnIsl, P:r,otec,~'~o~ Agm,C,f (EPA) r.equirrcm!lfits, Th£' m.~I~Yf.a~~~;'~nglPl~,~t~ Vim,'

IMexitOQ.

Nr (1[Jnn,' MH1Je~~ dnssil[;c:n:i(1i1l as .:Ji ""~MD!:.·i' ,or. 011 "':EI!l2iIlUltD.eturer"' 'm diffi!:tll~'. Fr.r KfC. whidl s tn;dt:';dh' d.~1' 1'Cd' ~ ,1\1 :se:r\l'ig; .. th!:! pttJi.d~~!!( ~'5 ~~ VL\!f!f im,pprl.!I!t1f ~p I~~:n)i c~Mo:m!:r,Ji. r\ {,]l!litlom-cr' ~~d i'wt" [lli c,o:idy be dit5,.<~ui~ili~, f1~~~ '~he '~[ ali th~ $m'il;iI; (i!ff"~~l:d! nlottc "iMidl, ~t..

http ·//www· . e····· b··· ·I~k/ ~"..~«o.-I;~r·,DO···· ····m······

. ,. ,...... •.......... ~·ur."""'V'~ll~~rl~r'~ .

VI

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I'C:IHIA,IPT'ER: SUMIMA,R,'y' '~

.corn

. . " .. " .. ". ',',

1

.. ' .'. " .. ,

,G,·····,···

. ,

Th E.8 ,ch~pter i:ntroduc:ed o:p~[',!iliii::iol1t!j; ~n.ager[tell:~ ~ ::!II i('ll'itic~] CUnlL'pDn~Oit: ,of [he succe .. ~fllJl[ m:ilDiIIgelLue:nt

·w~0~.~eB __ ~k-~rD'~~·~t~~~~D-"~,~~I/

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'-ro6. _. '[ Ih.~~;'. -

,pi .. . .. [

Tlt(;: Tt~:s~n,[fc;;eJPOO'~.l M,Dd~:1 '~3S intr.lodur ed as :;11\ t}:~t3Q![&I.l]jg' ;frnDVtJ.'~l,:~'l)r,k ttr ,f)p~:rn:r UOOS CL1nC:t:']JlS., T.b.~ model p:rq::,,;ridl~s, three -pri:mait'¥ elements, Tb.~ ~rS[1 fbu:nd., '[.ions fUiL .SUCC-eSSf. consists ,uf value, ST.mf~ and '~abl!lie~, :~od. processes, The ;sL;;J;;Q!lcl~ C~]rllpu:nC!lts uf' Y:HJu~,~ ,~t}"S'~~ru;; iof C'l).;;~'! ,q.~I~,~ ill! :[lJncl dm~'1 lness .. lihe

h t t diit)1!l,jn, ',ll$tlu.ceo US1Id' h,.<:.~e ":,I"~!.CS.~!l> of d~d.f<Jru;;;1l1~alOlI'-'''''i<d~;,ri.im

. ,M:"II;;, ... ~.>.:~'G~', )!" ,~p.~~a~.~l':i<I' ...

A(:i, O:\i\~~v,fJt:w o:r t~lC l.e.,..;:ourc~".Prrt1:nt :~f(~'l~Jd; shews L]l~t proi1JLliJbn~ty 'rt~j I,tts f~Ori'il th~' cr.,et~:tt·~u,n. of va.'luc amd, a, sn.:iJ[\~,g,y for. Ml~i:lll'3i,ni:fiI:g. a Unk [:0 dlG CUSL':omeiiiS '"~~::u"J; di1i'fi'fii,~ it .. Th~ ~f.\~~timl of' va'~ijj{i' ~I:::II; l~v~'~. t:'hfiJt ,e~Cl~~ed~ ~'he 1;05'[ (J'( C re',~ld,nlg ~,[ 'pruvi.Clles, the 'po;t,e:n.'[:i:ilI:~ fm I!frof~tabU ity,' .. Ope:rati~t'lns m8:tflilgemen'[' has iE',~;",

. oifided. to :iliIll.d, '~,i'~n eontinue eo jIespomJ, [0 -f)Our' ,docrn:in1tn:l er.rui!nr~f.O:l:lln.i(~nt;jJJ] tOKe'S: C)()fllirpe~~r.iJon [eSU~dti;g:

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'[\{LA d~f.re~, {Ii(]Vfi, the ,other theee proflitll'biJ]wty measures m 'r;ru.:t: it is not 3J ta'r[:ol ofr:u~t, ~norame: :tTII ~ b-lii~i, .. ' ness inpu~!, but :il1!' ~_s an ;3bslf)~ut;e, measure of,dolI1a.1'5. ExamplCli r;f'indu~trlh~~ that ~ EVA ~() 'heJlp ,Il.ddc de", elslons aT'@: ~ninilng~ pU]lp ned, pa.pet~ :~d.lhigb~volumt rn_a.nuf~u~tu.reFS, AH am: eX!tteme'~., cspitail,~i!ntntSi."e .. :ror many of ehem, caplrnl ClOSts, :illClud:e ajb(}1!lt~ ev,eryudng ~t goes 'into' we~f' busi'll.eSIelii~' bui'ldings.~ eq,uNpmcn,t; mveGiOOiyi! pmpc:rty~ and. :$0 'ml" \Vih,eH ;a, oom,pm,y 'eilT.'ru' ,greater. than 'R, certain ;Jter;.m:x;, t~~shold on. (a,pif~;I" :!;I, positi.ve EVA, 'res~_tlits, The im.portanc@; of '@,pcrndons ~n, g--en.er;ating m~it rerum, 51hoo'ld, !be C!hv,iQ~f ght,en the' fact that operatknu deci~h]tlli dkfBte heny' dlGSe huj~d.lrtg$j 'eq~ipment.~

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'EVA ~ 'b~e:n y'sed, hy' ~ varrietV elf firms, Stem, Ste:~~nl provides the eesolts of a :s~Y' oompawing 66 d~cnts 'wh.o usc' :EVA (:c',. their.' a)lnpe,t~iJorsj and ,(]iVer a, Jivtr)i~_f' ;span the EVA co:mpil~i}e!i! ~'~, had increased an av~~ge of 49 percent above ehese of ,cmn!p@ritm:s. ,As an, 'il:x.~mpLe:, a"f the b:re8.dd~, of

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:Bet' :Bu.y·~ i'n'v,enJ~~ e:c,irst3 [:0 S;ejtidy d~~n(;L .m,f d~mand 'far' ,ri .. specific, en p~aY'H'j fo:", '~xamp':le! :is· 1.00 UfiJits pef: ,(Jl(t!nth,. cYienly d~~d. thto:ush the. monrth~, .Be~t Buy' Il'Ulst receive lO() un~t~ pc~' ·~ondt. fmm, n:8 supplier .. TheV 'mi,~h!t receive' tOO unlts 00 the 'Ilrst day of the month, Of' 25 luwni,t,s: 'every' M,(J~,· day' (':asslllldng luur weeks p~r :m{lliIlt:hJ, O~':5 ut r its '~v~ry w~~'kday (';.$sufil.i:ng :hyti· day~, per w~~k); As long :IS de:U'V~~ emu are th~ s::tme,~ (:rQ,In" the swndpn:in1t nf :m,ecdn~·:1 .Sl:eildy d'em~nd~ it WQuld~.~~ ·~ttfllr ~, ~h~ lurni~, ~re Id.eli:v,cred. Fro:[[l. the ;standpoint of get.tmg a '6n~ndaj return on iI('hat investnuml!: in ,i:p.ventory:~ 'howeveri it makes :~ !huge· d,ifference·. Lees SUp])O~ the¥ bu)" each CD pla,Y€.lL"' fur $200 and sell :it'. {Qr $2,49. \Vhat 3!17e the 6nan:C:~!aI, .impli,cilt'It>Df: of dlffer·ent. d!divc:ry patterr:iL!;:~?

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In, o:~her words, ~t oom:~ares wh~t ac()IJ.l~[~y :Mppen~ to what slno.tdd bave .h.3Pp(mOO.,

l1ThLS P1U-od:IJ1Cti,'\rity measure also creates a, ratio of eurputs '[0 h'n!purs. 'h~, not :35, di:ft~t ~ oomp~uison as some, 'h(J~~vler~, The outputs sre o'bvk~u$~y th!~ actual m...~chrun~: _oultrpuJt. The input, hO\reVie~'f b ~,:§>1r:mibird. rt'bi1lili :reprezn;t_s, 'll~e, re£'(.n.llroe~, pm~el'iL O(U' doc umeaeed potent~;a]. The machine iiihou~d be: ~'M,e to opente at dl("; standard. m.'ti-e;. 1f'the standerd was, IjJOOO Uil~rs perhour, for (!I():m.1ple, that is t!he ~)tpecmti011 of,~ mac'biDie 'blinder rUJfln!ii~ c:~(-cumfitil!JnC~,!. :littllPlO'vee~ :allT'e ;tllso1 'mteasumr.ed by their ,dffiid!ency when tbeK rus a 5U11(11id~m 'of pe!~]'m~oce in p'13!ce',. Unlike utiUmtio:n~ ,effid,ency can acmal l,y 'be g:r,~aJmr than. 1 00 iPero~nt in eases WI];~lH! :8, reseuree is, :~l":r'Qllll,i:ng tJ1;;l'~~1' m~an ~hi~ ~'~~_nd~J~L

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For 'mral,l~rsn,:a O!DlnlUo["'llly' used m~a_surt~: off::u::ilblttl[' poodllcdvi.ty is ,~]es revenues ,p~rr square foot. 'Nm O/fi]Y' citirlllt'his mt'eiti~U1re be, 1~_ft"S-ed t.o ~ompi!l:re' ~,tO['~$ to ,~ a ,c;l'a, other, ]:n,u,,:staooattk citV'i, 00 g,e:U1i~la:~,ed ~ 'on, the ~~tum dle$i:red finE, m3,1t f3C.ili:ity :in,v~tm~ii1t. Thiese sro:nd\mJ.td.\s cain, be: lU!led.l'O[ e'~.3Jbj)ation Pi!ll~S; or (:0' m:aike expansirm ,dec'il!r~onB. Pe:rfnl:1Ilf~nc:e of otliutr stores can, 'be' ~:§ed, as ~aJ b3S~S :(O[ dllimrm:ln~~' whe~her the 'costs o~;a part ~oo;lar new facll ~'tY' can he l!L!LS,dhed,~ gi:v-e:n l~ke']r sales vo'llu,mes.

Workfo,rce

The workforoe consists of' ~U ,of 'the, ,emp~~oyee.s of 'lJhe ,oomp:l!1l1f. EIn:pLo:ve~ are o.h:,en desciri'bed M 'be'in.s; 3l, COfi!!'lpaf1L~j:5 most 'iimiPO~a~t asset, En1liP[oy(!J~1i' ere :BlOO ,commo;1l[~' accepted M the .OOUlro~ of a 'mm:1Ii~g.e:r.~s ~,ar.($[: [prrJll'l£fl1IiS. C\J;rr~j"]y' [lh~ am espenstve, and '~:hty are gett'in,g more 3rtlid mo~e: d1'[tlctllh: 'to atrJract

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A parll'oula r!y rC!l~ant. I~~:ti:ample· of!!1 1r:!i!l!!a'5ure of ill In emprioyee~s pr,oO !Jetillit)' is Ori~ l)pkally used at, uln'hj';l!r$i~ tiesf 'student' Ci~ed ~t hours g't! ner;:tedl per' tfullM~ me ~ ul'v,l11Ieiirlt -faculty (fiE.}." Orme 'stJi!.Ident; it:a!~lTng iii 3;~ lo~·ed it··hour COlli ~se len e,at~:s 3 student ,cr·cdit· I~Oil.if:5. Tn i)lI:Sj' a :3;-hQuiI' e'ourt.5~' wiitiill .40 st~!ld:eIilU. wou Id gerieJ:·,

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. ,!1!Sl an input rt'n!!aS:i!Jlfe' bec:iilllis'e Ii,t dle.fines 'It! e eq I; ilva~~ll'iIt of' one f~~-I-time' racuIIl.,~' l!'ru!mber~ f'acuit,y freqllU!ntly MYe '~ra:cti1'(H!'!alll ~ppok!'tments;, :SiO it alll\Ows 'l'W'C' half·, time f:acu'lty, for examIP~~!' ,to be CO:~Ltilted ;as >0 ne ITt:. Uil'i1liverSJly adlrni[ni'5~ra,tQ:~s r!li! ra'ke c:olt11p!lfa.ti~ iH'! i!1~~sles ;pfd~p;aIt1n'meim~:~ i1~rQ~$ '~lilrn,pU:~ by !Iooking at the a:~r;~

.a:g,e· student, credit, hours gelii!'i!'~,at!d per FTE' for' each d~p\,u1menit" Th is, iiliI~a.'SLIre hel piS e.');p;Jia,iio ~h)!' dass '$~zes fQr fi'c:sh nl$J1I1 liilnd :SOlphol'r:!O'ifol: cours!:s :;n~ cdt-en I arg~~' than 'lhQsc!' t.aulht for' j u !"!liQrs and seniors. The Iliirge d~s5ie5 provide',~ 'way to ~p 'the' ,aY'erag:e cl.a's$ '5ij.'~e Ulp when depadirinents want: t'O have small CliSS ,s_res -for' their iiidv,~n~ ItOu I"S~. IG~!I1red~, i~ the, i;il~ [\., V~f5:i1y :sf.!i\tiIOI, p:ro'Atab!lity Qif th e firm ~i.nli\t ~~.e objec,~ 'i'i'!fe',!, but ,3 finane'liil ~ettilrn of' open,tional resources; ii's, 'nj'll ~I'Vti(,aI!, Sal~ri'e.~ and utni1y bij~II"5, Irtiu~t be p~idl' :aJi~d' b uii Idlmll$ must 'it;;e ma:li!'1itillined. Opera,don.al dollaws

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i!rUl , ._ or measares it'o eon ;'. ICIt n;, W resu t 1,0 p~OT ausmess I!.iIleCL!ii~C1(n_S HJ!1I(S ~e:n

iU:COf!:llIJ]ZC{~ ~n, reeenr 'yean, (]it1Ild him ;~J'vlen. ti se to an bu:(-ca:sill~ly' :DCJ~ti~3:r.· meehed of mC:E}sut~ng and eva~uati~g t~,e g·:~ob~llP.:eir~-Om1EllnC!e of di~bil1lSi .. ness, Thls m~th;t'i!d. iu~ kn~iWn ~ ~he '~a;~a'fiJ~ed ~{:orecaJM~ The' balaWioed seoreeard was rul:lll~[liJd'l!lJc:ed. in. :].99':2.~' The. me.tlhod. aJrglUied that tffil.e :per-lor .. , maimce of ~ business cannot be c3iPl:!l:,ilf:ed with. a.1UJnci:a.l measures alone, and other measures rthat ;a:re: mo:n:: dl:iii!Cult to Iqu!Em~-i~' are alse j,m.p!OIftallt,. ~,'n addition, fiili!i~l:ndml measures look on[y at the p:~.s:tt_~ 'and businesses nl~ed

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The Batanced Scorecan:l and Business ,Strategy

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oping objootives for each, area at dt~ ,rorpom~~ level, ,~mploy~u C:aIl, fi)~: d.~r;ly td.en~ pcrfl!;lfQ)li~

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owneKJ: :Lle,~~, .'. ." e <, measure may appear ,I

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m~r actions :a.p.d, 'rh~ 'rn.~~. Each. :pr(;titilhilj,~, m.ea5Ufl~ i$ lighdy ~ink~, to a, ifh:m,j~ :a'bil:ity 'W ,ii,;R"ate:' Vl!ilue~ aod sell it: for :an am~u_tlt greatef' IDan, its cost.

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CfCiL!IC m net meome. lII"'Iet income can HIM) IJC mcrefdi5iCu.-'Y ennancmg plUU.'u:ot: Of' service Vcu!K,

w:bm.ch. enables the 'bU5~ to increase sales, Beth ap;pt(Ja.clte$ feqU1re ,eff~lti~. ~faI[io.ns decision,

ma1(ing: te,ptdinS producUY'e processes. - ~ -

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ductivity '~~ ~ncl].lld~ng ~.nvento:ry tumsl, udliza'~11.oni' and efiidencYi ase :presented. ,A common, apo-

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:titBitive and q.uali.tati.ve me8l51l~ [of perfbrman-cc!, was in't~oouced.,

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'bndars Dttpa,rnu@:nt Store receives week.lv delrveries of st;h~" One :piil:rric~b:[ ,s,t;yle is ~le~jiv~red, 'no q~;nlndti~ of 1.4 p~ruf;£, f'Or ~JC:h ;si~e. The S1!;.ore; OW,neel: ls 'c.{)n~ld!erblg r;ed1![~ing: d,t'lli.'ve~ry' bq,uc'tt(:,y to, onee evc:ry tf:,w-Q, weeb, i[]cr-ea5i~ng the deU-v,ery' quanthy to 28 palm. Munling that an shoes ate sold _J',,·.;'i 'm'l'i'i ',' _'i., W'L" 'r ",- ,,;i... '. 'V-"·' : -'\0"- of:'-' ". "- ·t,:'d":;;- ,:' h ,-:'. " ~.,.-, .. , ' .... -.- .. , , p' rd .]-"" -, '. " .. 'r,~,

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l"ctQi!JSC mc.endy' purchased a new Sh:i:ntoY3J em'b:r.oid!ery maehme, The new mncib:ine has l S needles~ can 'run at '~, 1:200 st~t,~ hes pet '!Wtir~Jlt,~" and ~ ~x~t;'u~d ~1i.1' ,gre~.dy ig~~' L]ghtihousc"s ,em.br-oidery capacitf. lt~ :mcmo:ry c!ln h.Ql,d. up itO' 2'00 dJig;iJti~~ de~:i~. D~,ui'll_g' ~m li:r!t two weeks of (),pem~iion, L~gh'thouse: pmducrlon supervisors, :mEl'inltained a detailed ~og' -of i~ use. The contcnj~ ,S-Ulll:maly ,of t_t: log' is p'mS@r.lJttm 'below.

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lteakdown Urn!

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E.mbwldety.' mach riile run tillitu!· "P;i!j()1

Compute the ltilltili.zan:ion of the ne:w' embnddery machine,

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The Shiru'O'ya e;mbroid!ery madline ~e.c.-ently plucMsed 'by' 'lig'hdu,ju£-ie G ra:pb,ia 'is, expeceed to run, a,l~ a rate of' ru",2'OO seltehes per m,lli1illt'@ .. Du:r,ing t1v.l: 4!MO mirUjJt~, 't:h¢ machine :£""40 d,..miI!1,g h:$ 6~[5t tWD Wt~eb

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Determine the ~ftn(:[im':y cn (he new embf,Otidenr machine fOf' its ftrst 'tW{,]1 weeks of ,opemtion ..

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,jl "'J ~"I'· .~ •. 4,""'" ,~.~IiJQ.""""""" ",5!U"""'"" - -- 'Ou - -0 "~!,;I"""",

1., The ini[l~l eest ,of SU;e l\ i~ $10,10t00" ~f demand i~ high, 'v,/hlch Behnda tb~~'b h~, ~ ",0 p.:ob,,;b:ili,ty

=r~-.,.-:--:,-". nd .: '8"'·"· . .ii. ..• [,,'.,"":', ','. '. 1:',·,1 ~." , :.'.",.[', I~I,. '10'\',' , . ".:!i"'. , ... 'i,',d: ·:,,['b,··,·$·;Q·O:· ~.~'fd'l.····,·d:· Y.Ii !l!lappenUlli.g~ an. '. _He ,n, 18 notel(pan,'LiI,e!iJ~, ner annua~ re.. enue L expeeee tv _ eeo .. ~~. iIi~~ .. emaa ;

~. hl 'Il. . . .col '~~', A"· s ., ". .. , ;J=.J l.. ..' - - " -' .- IS.= s I-ltC"'[ ~I ." - ' , ~ f'; ,i ' <.I "i ~ I .... ( A_

:18, tgn :af'ju, ,;WIlt~ -:: '~[@~ilueQ" Sine e~'peC:Il' t-,cvelljl:1~ '[0 IXi :.". '0 '!i~ :pt'i,r ytlSir. :I' , u~manu, ~5, lOW '. ,.T

,,_...L.biU-- .)' Belmda e--- -_.-, ,-" .,. -'I ,--.-,.,- ... - - ~c>!tn~' '00' 0

iP,I'U"LI'iI.I!' .q' ..... :_ .. ~_" ... ~~~ ,annUL rcven.u.es ,~_lto ~J!r- :._.

z.. S~lte' B will, ,~t $:W,30,00'0 inl~ti\8Uy:. W~(h II 'h~~h demand (.6 p~u'babi] ity) she e'xpect'8 eevenues of'

C:l' 'CIC' ~ I"W'!'r !Ii"""''''''' W,···:· ..... !'Il,,_ iC l·----, J-----..!lll ~ --:c'L=:Ib,_"'I'tv), ,-ilL .. -, .. ,.,~ .... '" ..... '"'"" ... ,r. ... .o; ·'~~'$·:7·'i:' i"iii"V"L ,~ ,Q.J![,!V'UV rr .... '~~""" ~ID [~, QW !IJi!1lmB1£lU (""l' pfGrnn;I'L !~,t ' .. ~!!fI:c.;: 'Iii-.A!"".";;",,iL-iI! ~""'11 enues W '.' .:;JI~V\.:,!I;,;f+

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.;LV.IQ'IImg ~o ;;Jil.'!:e'.' _ .In!315 a mgn.e;r.- e):~lJeiU Der.u~nt.

~~EVIEW QUESTIONS

---------------------------- - ----_---_._--------------_ .. -. --

'tl WfL.". dereemlnes \I''3;l'''''e~'

Il!l! 'Wl[Lv. ~~~!!~~~I!!'~ .1Yf_

:z. 'How' i8(fe' 'Y.aruue and 'costs Ire lated 11:0 'pm'm'ba~ru~'~

J., Wh., ls 'ncJ'i! p:~ut ~ilil!l;12 (N PV) O£'i!-~n. ~ diRioolr: to d~wr:rrnl'if.u~ 3,OcuFJi.tJe·:ly:r: '*" [}e'$cf.ib¢ me ·thre~ glo'ha]. :m.~B$tlilil~:S of :pFc6tabijj]rn~;,

. ...yn-'ali:' ar-- [:"W!(iI'" - -,' em'l ,---, ,!"rom-i' .-- : ~-'n can :he j--,-' --: IV,~~~I'~

,s. W ILL_ ,_. _ fie _ _ _ sm- - !_, . ~yc$ p, _l!!:. mrar:g~_ .. __ L_._ - _ ._XIlPfO - ~,

~ 'WhalJt' are the moo Fnec;l[, W,lil~, -rel:illl!.n1. lOG ~e;~ ,( ROA) C~. 'be t~pwV>ed.~ ''1~ 'Why' 'wo1,Ji;1d1 ROA ~. i,m;por.t:an.'t '(0 thtii own~r of 31 'busin'~sd

L Wiry':i:s economic vall!le: added (EVA:) 'b~(l~g so popubd 'What ~' iu 'I.m;i_qu'e ,roaracitttistia l' ,. H_nw em lemployeH 01' 8J oompmy lm:pfoy~; EVAJ

G n ~~dbe ~It "'~i;f~u~1o~:;nroatr~~

"'" ' y '"",,' ',,' ,,' , ,nKan't bV-,'- I, -' 'v,eBJ\''o al" optimlulli!n' ~!":l!moRd1llportanll ~y ~: '_ ,,~

and ~l~bal 'l:1lU~asum$; sometimes j~ oon:~~c~t~'

12.. What i!, the I~je(:d'ie: ~f decision t:ree ana],~b:~ 'mat Me lts po~nti~l weakrt~~'

'Desc:,,~be ~he. ~laneed seorecaed a .', to ~rfonn.aRce~ meliSUmro,o@_nt. \Vba,t am :i!tt!i ad,van~;

'I.. ,Delcri,be '3; 'bmin,ess '}'oo ~are 'famiJiar- 'w:I!m, w:h.ooo prodllC1t: or 5CnrlO@' value 'W9S 'feduced~ :~,ot by' w'~, it dii.d] but. 'blt w:hat. a 'bompetitor d~d" How ,cOl!iJlldl the busmess yen-, chose 'have reacted t~. '(md, ta:"--

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iiilf' ,5efVi~-e~~ Tgc.e ~_he e;(fecm of those dlitfiges to de,rennin.: how, they woold c_bang:e profit 'maElill, :1100 IlOA. In,c~tud~ ~p~ifi'C ~«~c;t$, on the C-I.Jm(:K}tl~fit5 of 'n~ltt, '~um~"

3. Some [peOp1e' have rSiill~d. that ~rniven~orY' shou~d, aC(it]:any be comidel'td, tiD be si:milal' to a. loan. mam the:

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. "m~:~e''objecH~~~. wbat db'ymru' ~' l1nOti,~tion . _;-,_:d~e~i~::;~,

su .... ., ~ wn.;.,.,.i ..... 't11Le- v .... '"""]1,. I'll ",'n e-"''''''I'_n'''''oiJ lYtl. at 1!... eh .... ~.'in;R do t:t. !II" 'i1IiiIn·t'·I~"""h:»

[!]I .. ~~,~ 'W"II t u~ _~1 -',J tIi:~Ji~I_@~ll~ ~iIIl •. Al~_~'''''ll!l!llr.'I!.,.~, 'W JI<It . l-JC: .. IR ~ ~v .. ~ I _ ",' l~b :~ 'I_~PJ. _ ,~'Q!''''''!!

~, ,Nt:m:,j' 'ptID,p[@: ha'.vl~' c.r,iJti,c;,imd :the w:e of academic ,grad:es as the sole crittoocm. fQf ItwS'luaci"ng a, ~ , dent.~,:pe-rf'o:rm~fU~,;e In,ooUe,ge.liu$t ~oth,~f:S hav~' ~~~~t,oo m~t 'filU_fi~ial pedorm~ 'nru:~~~;~~n't

G 0 lJi..t.: .' ~',eas' ". (i.k~Ae.tW(U;'T¥~fi'IWaF5il~,atn~,YA V" :E'"

I 61," • -'~UOIII\,::» LI'UWIII'Ui:lIU Llt:IIIOI .

PROBLEMS

~-l-~.:-I"""'''; r .... :-,.Ji.!l~_-~:"l""L~iI!'.dd,' 'pro,' 'b, ~1~~iI', ""'r."!! loc .... .,-jl ~ ~~ ... , -(e"""!"', ·On·· ....•• line IF'"-n,""'_ ~h- -,t-r-p" U~I!--L.a;, ,",~ii"io2"\;o ;j,J{} nil. ,U'.L1iiI 'IAJ' QUU, ';,I.Ii'IiJ~iL~iIJ'!Io. '" .iL""nLO:l a,"" ~~DJ! V'Ja 1blJIo..... ,oi'!I.L-il' , ...... , ... 'l,..,C,UI&., "!. 1..-",," u~wm,,".......u.Iil"f-f."-

."... .... ,... .. -l ... , ~I

~~w·,JlI;j.

1'~ A local phai'!ttUiI:cy 'IMnages its lnventorles to mee,U: cusromet demand and aLio to preVienl' 'parti:Cular drugs from violating their shelf;;.liJe Hm!~ts. C'urrenitl y~ the 'major ~Sll,p'plL,el" delivees onie:r:s, every 'F'ri .. , ~Y" One paf:tk;al~l:ty ,Common '~(.U.cifiC is deUvered in,:a l ,OOO"ltablet pack, If the: head pharm.aci5t rn1l1:S delcvcr{ lon, WUhtesda,ys, 'and Frida~ 51X) tflM@l1i:s w~!th, each deliV'¢rytt what happens to d:u: ai\le~~ ~evel of :;tlv;e,-;: to .. ~'~'

_ _ ,,,,,,,, _ _ . _ _ L _in ry

:L ,As; a t~n&·['d.~l', the theattc, ,d,ul], get:5 to run tb.~ concession. stand at 'du,ee baseball games, this $firing. ,In order 00 oLt ~rnmiAg d~ti they plan '00 grill h3mburg~rs and, bQt. do,gs (U,IitSide':and br,inl~ thesn lnte the concesslon stand to sell. Cella, dle chiak of the 'lund"'rnising oomm_lttee~ is concerned rlOOU,!. hav~~: Ithe dogs and bl.!trgefl :!l~t eee long' in the, concession sumd~ 'and then 'ITU}t, look ... ine' very ~ (.0 ct}St-o~ne:n" She '005, d,ccided ~t~ oil average, there, ~hooM be e~ght dcgs and $Ix b~r.gen - em hand In ~he~ conc~ion, ~ta1nd. In what q~nti,ti~, $h.ouLd ~e, bu~, ~nd dogs be de~iv, ... ered 1'0 the ,c.ntl/ceUlOn ,Sta_OO~'

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8. 'What 1$ 'wron,g w.iJ\h, that arglurrlfint:~

b. "\YJhaf'db you :t'hi:n.'k the: appr:opti~atre: tu:ili13,d.on is?

GO" ""h'"I" ,~,.~,,,'" ';," "',, ',"R': "', '~"""*,~ "";~:~;':':~R~I~Wil¥"rl~JI!'lwm' ::':iIliru\"E'" [IU,'" [11.,p~I\,~ LlIUWII Ua,'U LIt:: ' , OIV

, ' ,~"_: "nl!!:f ~ ';~600 p'i~~, lpe:~ hQ~f

,sanner. :2, :SO"ner].

,.000 pieces pet Ihout :2'~ 1 SO p,t~, pe~' hoW! r

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a. What ~ ili~: ~Wldard ICUfpy,t, for the ,enrif-e ~nlng" depat.tfflend

b. W1lat ~ the eflidcnc,y ,of each machi-nc'r

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"', , "'w 'I~N-:__ '~,~,' ,,< "ch ' '," " " , '1Qr' :' Ie], ,1"P.ttPUC, "~

, , '",', ' ,,' :readC!l' I.! ,:;;J,5 CCi. .per: OUf. ',,'.e ac[i.u~l outpUt ,', .. 'F~~: c:'~ct ,n:ad!ets ,J OM~, '

'1 ,2,

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,3 z,§]l

' .. ' r ........ _,._ .:l!.iII; ... :tt!C',i ..... """'I.1' of: .... _IL, , ...:1 __

-Ali '~~lf'!kJlju.. 11:.(1 .... [ .. [0 -'~~~'r ,,_.' ~-~ ,~.

b l'YtIL,~ .. , " " , .. 1., - _.t£:.,~"" _C' "h· . .. l

'!,oW 1iliU- IS !;.I,R; cluc;lm.cy 'UI f; C ,group,.

'III..ilL A" ..... II .... -~~I ..... .,.;.,. .. 't._ ~ ~r ~lm _,j~"'OliI;I~I-'riiCJI 'I' ~L. ~ ....... tl, 'c t\jli1i"'·;~,~~=_,l ,;s; Hii'rii" ',' f~';;''''=.J ~=,~_~I.,'ioi'VIi"" ''''Il'''L.~. ,",:",,"_ ... 1...'~'.,.. .... II..... " ~.~ VLMir.' IlHJw . w. I U~I'" ~Jj~If.~ .iIlJ 1Il~~,1 : _ ¥ r-~~~' ig!! ~~jTr :all~~~~, ~l"~~-~,If~!I!-IIJ' ,~, ~ ;I~~LUI,I~

was: desceibed L. the: s ,- Her .... beh - .~ I.L c.J - -- ,1.-. == .. ..:1 • --' .,.,n '.' ,- . -:t.. ,- ,;'..:L .' -I=~,:M

. ,,'.' . '" ,-~, 1,;0)1" ,~,~~~ ~UP.P~~_.__~ iiUl ~_ng' ~~ 00 ue,ve~ ;WliU, punt: ~"'"'" prwu, per' :ncur!1 wnna m_ ,Ut.'U

~r.nF. A' ,'ft·_. '1;f\ [d""\1'II:1 ,nf:, .... l"!iPl"'lIirj·.'''1I"-, 'me a"I'L"De'I'!Il'~":' p'l<]'II;oy"iio\-.l ,.if,.01!!- t;~~ii ~·~i'n;fl!~."" t:.._ [ ..... 'iI!!- ,A:('\, 1..0, ut ~..,_'i\." '!P!'F"'!II'!I!'~~I"- 11 _ ,,.....' JV __ 1I]1]! w. v 1 "'-Jl,~"".lGi",[ IbIL!II~ . . II! ul~.ll1""_I,I!Ij;, 'II..U"' l~L::aJ []n~ I'U~I.UW .... ,~ ~l-IIJI lJUI 1I;.A1"!Iiii ~IP . Q n~'1iiill;iI'

'Total hours ItvIlllab'le

Hoot'S down for main· ...... '- n ::-,

" _ , _ __ _ ' ,~II __ t~

Hours d'own for chemk.all reRiI Heurs down for' cleaning Hours, down Fe r' paper ~am

'Totil houn dOWir::ltTm~

,;;to. 0 3·,S .0"'5 0.8

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"T'1k.e~' ,c_·I~loft;,wI'n(J!, ..:.Il_,I',,," 'U!i"JIi~ eollecred ...... "1 5~ ,£:.]'. ~I ~ ~- -,...,' of f'i!t"I;jioP<i't'lnA" II LLI .' 1('UI~.w.._ ~',. ~I u:d~ ·~-'lr.~Ii·I!.: irl-.v '\r.~l~ 'U,L •. JI", l .. ~ ri.U1..I. ~I .... ,~~.-'LG., ,"""',111 i

Hiour Output, 'H'c;n:u:" 'OLlq,ut

G" ',,' '~ 'lEI" '~2,3- B""" ~91 "k' t~;J D" ,,' " "" I ,,' ",' d D' ,,' ' ,,' " V" '",

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<4 719 ,22 729

S 7(;,12, :23, 11 '1'

6; m, 24 687'

7 698 :2,5 129

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10 169'1 '28 710'

11 680 2.9 701

'1:2 '73'9 ,30 679

'm] '70:2 :P 1,as

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687 16'S4

1"11'

"

18,

35

a, Otl.~laoo me udlil;ation and. efici.enc,y 'of me new' maoehJn'e",

htt 'b. M'])'·' "",fiC'~",'c Oti~ut, ~' _.t D,:8nlt,~ed"'U'_l"in.g:: d;e,:,mad."~"Jne ~"f;'.'~": boo,-~,',l'$,:nex,,~~t wee",.",.,~.",

1 n~.~':,,~,'. ',I_' _."~' ~·:u~·:,~;~',idlftn¥A-'~ler leorn '

, ls;.'ITte·s I'.' -D,t ,gov,emllu~nt' at~a'. ,I ,I, mtive'rii,uyls in'~i;e~am, l~ti~r an ~m~~ oonatt

The band I~om:ing ~n has indud.edl, ~ a pan of 'Iheir ~oru:rn~tll ,a, da.~ we 'mandate-" e,v~ e11Jttant

to' the ooL~oJn, mu.'rt '~ '~h, 31, :metaJ, d~teGtof. ,&~~ l:1~(QJ d~b$ 'W~~, $)ldi :M\ ,~: act W~ scll,edu~ed :ras, a~ meani .of spI,eading: o~t 'the att:lval period" 'Concert planners ex;pect 'mat the, an iva I, of'~: ~ l"C((l ,3!tt!.eMe¢$ 'Win 'be I~.d. out O!v~r one and, QM .. half h()ur.s. M.r:.tal d~ecton, ~

GO.htJadts=DtDvlJJtJattD_a VE

~,er:7"-' ' .. _. c, ~i!SS '1~1 'i':"IN'm'le nPf' ,m··.ii:'!"'iiiil'itio, 'r..;i'.""'".'~~J!!T' '~a'lib-,~tj .......... ;~-.;I :-?lJ'i1jll!.,....d1f'i;!I!" ~lI!'ij1"" ,1_ :Qft '~V!r" "" ... '.... ',' ~ ... ' ,Ii~"""'" ~:-;" . ,~, r ..... ·..,.,-Jt"'IL ".. ....... ~"""I'!"+~""'-. I~WWI!;i"",,~!!, ~""'''"' ~ .. !L U!!I,!;M!, iiY,1,Y, ~c ~C\u.~~"I!!i" ~,~·Ii"', ,1,1' !I~!H g. ~ ~

.' 'Uti.1 iiadon, of 91. percent,

a, How i'i'io~~~,~ ,i'IfI~i" ... ~i.l'~,~~ ~'~:i~'I'1 be needed 'i-n nreeess :~]]' .... ...n.-ifiI""iIi:'fi' :~;j;oi'\---..l~~~, iii:"" ii>""'m,iili:? iI:'.. " 1!.lI'. ~ ~URiI: Iy Ul .... ''''.GI_~ UC"-""",,vl,.., W., _, uc ,I,!I~"," ,'.V t""'-!"I.~ a_. """""'I,!I,..,;, .... ~,'" ~ .. ,;C:I;!~ 1:1:.1 "I .• ,'I;,; .

b, The ape~'ifiS 3:C.t ICOUS ,~asoo", 'W~t}tou[~d~e opening' act, the ~;amval period. is Pf~j~t~d to ~ ,45 rn~nut.~:5; Wo~[:d it ~ Chca~f to cancel the op¢Oing act and. 'I'llnt: tt,ROQ§b Uletall. ldetccto~ ,for :3J 4S,.minu~e, ::am,wl period'~ JustiiJ 'YOUr' answer,

'116. A,,~mall, 1aw 'tlnn. With two ~lt"nm';i'lnd. (oo,l assoc'i:illtes has begun, to t,w'116te: ~he,producti,vity ofdu~ !foot[ HS50dat:ef),. The follaw[n,g dam 'wet'e aslScmbled::

Clkmu: 'TotI'l IN.., ,en ......

5em1d in H:ou rs Billed Served

ell1~ 'Yur Thl's: ''(m 'nil 'Ya.r

iC........;'·· . t ~ .• na.

'Thts: IFfnnI i'-rt)

v~--·,

:Sim )'7 1,~9H' 2!8 61
Sar:ah ~ ,~~'l'O' ~ 5
-
N'~ 56, '11,~a'10 3' 3
~ .. I. _: J !!.I'I h~!l ]2, ~f.;2jOO' u_ ,2,

a, Wb:a,itt ~Uicdvity' measures would be, usefu~ fOr these associa.tts~'

hi :From a strict '~6tab:i~ity'.:!' stam.dpom.t, whiCh ~ 'wo1!.lild be most appropriate,~

,"

. ..11·.

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c.' What. measure: nlJi'gl~t ilil-di~~t~ d.l~' ~~!l(;i~t~ itbiU~ ~n ,pll.Y1lf~de (he' gtea~e;u g.rowth f'Or' the' :finn? d. Wh'ali ~~ure~ 'ml·~t :indh::;al1re 'dte best. p-''[oducti,viw~ ~iven, the eersoe's esoerience ~,e,vell

9.1 11 '1111:" 10.1 rr .... 1 r,r.-'

1'17' .. 'The: te I'UO'Wl11tg "[itaa'[bl.~: provides , ': and ~lC$ , fur'tw;o' • CD pl\a.yer:~~1 .'

GO·· ... mo ve

200' 2002.

:l~

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1 ,44C~OOO:.OO' 900~t'IO-O\,OO' ,2~:1;fio .. ooo .. ()O

d, Overall, do you. ~h~.nk. p:rod)uct~v~ty' ~ ]n(;~ased n,om '20011 to 2002,?

Gall ~~: c-~iI·-~'~~·~<·[·· ~.IS ll3ilm~VE

j' [:e~~(t J'm~, W,[Rn~eCthr,~tJt~ng ~.P 3J aee-ro- ce meetmg to lSCU&S Uili"'e:i~menU.

The :'~n~w,ing' talbl.e ~hOfW5 data collected ov'er the past yea1f :£0[' five new as~O(:iat'~$:;

Meetinp'

N urn ber of Ph 0 rrte, ~ltinl 'Total

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, .' ,strong ,450 450' 4,50 43 ,42 :28, 7-~OOO.OO

F~e~i~k~-o n ~SO 4:)0 .4,50 64 ,52 16 :38 o.jQ 00:,,000

Davis ,4.50 450 4,50 ,3) 55 12, 520',000,.00

foster -4150 _1.)0 ,450 ]0 61 ,}2 64)~OOO,.iOO

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...... 00-, I ,! ':~'\.----,~ .. ho .; ~-. I_W .. '. '.: .', .', ,-';'·:·.·rn 01 E

~.'. . ·-1 l...~.,""_- b~ ~ .. l meeti t,1i

10,.:., Q ~ ~r :a c ~~ tl) o}fiv,~n ':il 'COill'mi;tment to meer Into: 3ft actuat m-ee:ung,~

''tV.~. ~ " hi 'L II!.-~,. 'L_~ - 'bl - - ... L .[". • 'r

'C.Wlli.li:n mee~(l]g1' w,: I(t~ ~,er seems eese ame eo rum ~oe c ,l<en~, ""I~O an. '!nVeJt'O-'r\

d """"JL.~" .. 'L_ ............ ~. =1"",'1.=. ~ 'I.=.~~'I~ , tv tIL. .J'~d "I..ll..._ .. ~-jl'~ , ,w rW !I.S w,i!2 :m()St ~Jiw1lKlt1"ltei ~'we ~~,~t1,~wi:ty w · _ 'you.se ec:t tne :rRea.sttre: you ~~

"90 ,A, m.armfaC[Jl!lmr of paper ih~ three paper :m.achines ,of. variow ages. The ,[~ld~t ~ tnstalled ~D 1961, '[he ;~Clln.d Qidest was lnstalled in, 1.983 ~ and. til_c· newest: \V,ns 1ns~Ued tn '1998., The :1fo~ruowi'[1g pIodll!1CtL1[)T~ ,;st;Bltlstics 'have 'been t;QU~~too ,~V~f. rhe ~~l.~ ,$1':1( nlQD,ths ofeperat]Oil!

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Total' Production ~hours)

TOtaII l~

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Maintenance IReqgired [hours],

1961 3.000 39,QIOO, 4,~0Q() 35,;000 6,000 '760.

, 9'S) ,2~,1500 ,28,000' ;;z8~0()i0 0 61000 ~l.O

1998. ~iOOO 3~,ooo, l~,OOO ll9~ooO ,.f.tOOQ ~o

a, WhilCh :mRcn ine li~ Im,ost productive, per hour of opem.ri(~.n l' .

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[c~ U h~~,·~e: ,aper;' generate; twioe. the p~o6~ of [ow"pe' p9ipej;, which. machine ~s m~t prodw:[~a,ve pelli hoUJ[ of [:iiho:r~

d, Wh~'~ eeher pMlJc:t:~v.i~' 'meitSu:_~Si 'rn~\shit· be ~~ru[ in. lO(J'kio_g for :~m,p:roverrliC::n'tS ~n. :paper' ~urj;~,

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123 Brit S\!,'fa;ru101:t, owner of Brit"s IUr. Wash!1 has decided to ,e~iPaJl"iid his th.'f~\i"ing bL1SiIrues~ by adld~!rlg ;!iI iIl.cw' lcearlon. Th~ee 5~t{;S :iIre ~wan!i1'b~' in ]~ti'OI]..5 he deems :tiq) be ~iidm'M,~'~ Bl'it has, ~\I'alillliJIIN~d, rhe tpOtetnial ef esch sire as 'fo]rnOtWs:

'GRJII~':'/"Io, B"'· 0"""0""'"k···· s Downloa d D··.e·'.··.· .... mo .. ·····.·.1 V····~.··.·.··

u Yi-:" ~. II.'. " •. ' .. 1,- ...• ..' '. '.' ..... '. :. ,[ '.' ~

Hre:~ " '. ,e~lIie pctewn~:aJ; 5160,1:000 per 'Ye~a r' tor 4, ~aJrs. IpmobaJbmty '0."1'

LQW reyen!-U;l' lporell'it'nal~ $34~ooo !pe'!'" 'y.e~,it for ,4, lfE:3l~. probaJbility 0,:3

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H~,~h iIi"eVosnue FiotenUali: S2;1Q'~OOO 'per }liG3r f'or 4 )'C'alr'Sil' prob3lbi~ iity' 0.,,4 L~ ~-V@llHJ~ iPOlwll'1~~~I~ $~9iS,OOO l~r '~~r fur 4 y-ea~~ probabil[i,ty (:)1,[6

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H ~,~ [~evenue iPole:i:iIt:l(aJll: :S'~ 0'010@0 per year f'O:r 4 '~e<a r!!li~ pro'b;'cll11 nt)." O.:~,

LoW rt!iJ~lr1ue 'poreli'!rt~~I~ ~$i.50liOOO per rear FfJl~' ,4· yeaf~. lP\r~'b~ b'iillity 0'-']'

U~ing a dled~iO;n tree, id'endfy' the slre dilii'iI shculd 'be chmefi :b,r eva'htadn;Q ,the expected -r~tli.!!!m ov{~:r. '[h,~ 4'''r,~ar. :peF,llrn:L ,Egn~ir.,e. the 'rjm~ vahle: of ultoncy.

'g. ,Motlia. TI:tO\~rt oww :~ hurtito st:3i1d. ~h~Jt .:;he ,:st~l.fl:ed w!M~~· ~h~' waS, a, all1ege 8tudeEilI. It has :gaim.cd. a viewy' kV~~aJl ellentele snd sJm has be~n",qrUlite :5uroe.SS'WUril. She. is, '~lu"[iently' at a crossroads 'wrudt R~r.-d to the buslness, She m~tjlt· decide whetil,ef 00 expa:ndi re'hx;a~,e,~ ~r' j~~[ eamodel ber '~xilStin:g testau ..

- 'B· d I .' '11 '~[-' d- . lb- "-h. f' --11 '-b • "b; - 'i- - - .-.'" ---

'P.!rirPi,F-l . U~.ll.nl:"~ A!t'IIi. ;(Ti;'f!lm' A~R" iI'F'il Afll II:Ii!fln~ w~ ",. eremune A ~' Jl"'!t. . .n!ll' . Illll~lln~w<t:! at If.'. 1[1:'1; ~~Jt;'lI:nn

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,An'Othetr I.'oit~t:ion! 00, 'w:]-.lch she (;jQuIDd mfivem, h1t5 sim:i'~'l-r. grawr[l:l lssues, 'but is ~ h:i~her. .. tmffiic ~0C'iI'" tlon, A.t present, there are p~an!1 fur. a 1"1J4~:W' affi.ce: complex, to ~ bu:u:it one b~odlt '&om belt: ~taJill:an't

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\"j~ .'I~·. "C ,-'11 the ';::.~y::' t~ oc'l.![!;IP iI<i",'i'.n ;O"\:'~m"]';01''''' 'lin~il' ~:~ eeeueled t";rr;!IM""V;pl'~ ',.:! 1'lI"'11' j':\ilI!I't'i:l;lln;., M·~1i'l"r.i 'vi,jIII,'w's

w ne. net ,!l__. _II u::: "'\t' ...... ~ I~~!, m~", ~ ~ .... n ".~~ .'.:If'.....,.n. H ... lii!. 1l\!C ~'Io.iIit.' ,," ~,n .... ," .. _ ",""." !,}! U'". ,,", ~ .. ,-«I~, - "'~. ~II!!<I, _""" .

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~iI!..._,...- .. 1L - -·'l·l Ch~. ~I""" _. ~'b '~U-~"· -'" d"""'s'"":n ~-\ra[Ual[ehfir"rJh~ alremadves

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YlW g~OWiIi !t'I!:Rrli!JIf)i I!i!:pectatlon. ~.25~ocoo per year lor 4 years, 40 pt!r« .. 11. p. OI.N!!I1.U .... T

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Hlgh 8~1 revenue, 'e~Kta'tiCln:: :$8~QOO :per ye,ar ,fur '. years; 150 percenlt p~o'b:abi l-ity LoW':sTowtb ~ue ~pem,ti:o~:; S4~00Q' ~'yefl;~ rQ,~' ,4, 'Yfl r$~ ,40 [perlcent probability

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1 U I, 'I, , ( , .' .b .. ," I" ,,' 'I"'.n ,11 A a- ,,, t;

an:i ::-.' eean =[, , ';c.eap'-y 'Il1tM,1 need,~ -expa,'-' .i grO-" n reaenes ~ar_.~_I~, __ ""

h!tib~. Site :8 is more elE,pemi,ve~ 'bu,t i\s hUf1!' ,enou.gh iOO aoo(lmmod~Jte ~tuT~; ~i M'all' plans to

ti:O' iback to :lvfontteal ~n, 4 ''j''e'M8:, so she ;tS 'int:ef~noo in ch()()Sing: the !Site 'w,irth th~ 'best '4~yeaif ,return. Use a dec~[L,i;o1l tree. to select t~lie best: ~ite;. Ign~,t~ '1hl~' time value ,of ll$Jpey.,

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H"..t. d'" I: . d I~;-tc b;a~lilly - 0-' .. )'·: S~w"ooo ~~"~a:r ~rn.!:ilnd!edl' $80, 000 ~r"~l!3r not, e!l!nanded

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Low' dcm Ind ,(pro~bUily .. 10'.3); $},O;iOoo per y~~r lite: B

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;~ QW~~I a kal oopV' shop~ is, oomiderlng whether to ~ ;a, :new ~,r.~ c.op~ to roiurbim 'm~ ~ m~ Owll" or to do :nouh.ing;, '[( ID~V' buy··3. new one, th.ey' have twO' ;ah:etnatw\i\l!S. 'M:odel #1 o=~ $&M)'JOj, bu.t can. m~t rB, higher dle.~ ,Mod;:l ~'2, IOOSts ,$60ljOOO\t 'but. ca.n:'t: meet: ru! b_i'gh ;Q ~~ If' 'they treluihish 'lhei'[ existing: ,copieri aJ 'Il!u~jm ovethaul wnl, Cost :$:Z5',~jO{), whilie' tt m,'innr ~aulj 'Win ~~:only:$10~OCIOi"A mi.m a'hlt,mati've"is ltiodo l1I.-ott.l1ing·, :Man~.ent:wall't'i w ~~JajJeilic:al'~IiY~ Over' a, ~~'~ 11HJfOOn." 'USe a ,dec~iOi1 ttoo analysis re iidmdfv- th~' ~t OJh:,'@ma!ti~ over three yca!US.. Dol uotc ,-; 'c ":kI--:' ttbc rime 'v,a~"~: of mnn-:'~' ~-; ~~:-Jiij'f' :maru~b" '~'~red 3 .. :-~ear feV,enltes· Ml.dI ~he: ~ba·

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]" ~ oti. yout cost caJrul~ti.o:ru'i which 3Jggmgat'~· plan ~~m':~d. 'you. recommend!

,4.. Wh<at nan:finamc.ial costs would y01,!l ~oc:ia!l:e with. ~a(:h of the 'Plans ~ Does cD'rbEide~tiQn of nC1infi· nancial costs dtang;e YOlIJIJf i[',eromm;endatio[li~' Explain".

VI

Ii- - -. - - - ,0; - - 'R' - - - - -- - - - - -. IB iii ill nL\B' BndIIB~'D'CU·ts' ,ncreals I ng -,e'Ve',HlUeS a,1l - _'~I_ '~ ._ ,11-1.- --=-,lloa;,' ~ I', - -':

Bu.mlk.a, and Biml!Jllta, !began ill 2004 'When Linda and Roger Ahl'~ltreZ bollBg'ht a ima~[ general 1Io...IoOI __ -.... ......... -.:JI

hft~:~~-Mi~·U$t OU!$idn,e~~~d •.. if8ttn;.L·G_iejtNef.iF~£~em

n -.' rr. ti"iiiiF'ii'ilrn'n iI'ftrIJ [" .. ~ ~1[[~1i[.n. _ 'F· .~u. ~·of?I·i:'!i.Jv~r[,IIfIi· - IIF' F,O' :~I II2!~ni1I~ ~J~"~lfI ~Inlir-' ~ ~'I!IIF . ~;12!' I . ·~·~mil3i; ~I . I(!Il!IJ~r-?I .... itllt'~, '[f.1IlP. us

,~, , __ !!; U!,II,iII,. "~."b ..... 0<1. !;.l!, ""'I fj" ,ILi,,~, "'-1,,-,\10 •. _ "", .... :- ,L~ !l! - 'IlIO ,;;nl~y;a _ '.''''-"lI'I!o~JI! .. U,G!.~.II.. 'I;. ,""IlJI'Io "....., -. "",,U _ ' ........ 'IlIO ~ u,~ ~'L}"", .!i.lI~ JI!-olI

bili,ealiSiS~' :amd ~unC!~,es, linda. and Rogeru' ~eRmed an hn,poJita:nJt: lesson from their fi.mu: summer's iexperi:"' en~ m.filing the 16, eablns, Thel¥ m~moo '~hat lodgers who ma.k~ :~rlaJrio:n.s, (Or' only ~ night o:i,en dnn1t :show" Ledgers wh~) book -rIi!iO~e ~ban ltW'o nights,~ h,owevie~~ :~dmo$t 'a]'liVaiV,$ show'.~. Thb exper:i.e:~~

. hastaughU~r!&l:Vl~IQ' . V'', ,,'-'~."',,'

'G mGGI~e~¥ ,':uOlksooQawR.:Qa"d Oem 01 ~

, 2., n~e~ould, sepamte 'tiheir caJbiI~'S in1r.(t! a voyp ('flW [(lr"'Q:~term!, ~f'I.i'4IDtiO'ffi' and '~ se~~te ~t fOr

'i!., - "

:5,[1~ .. lt:ernn reservanens,

_)'" 'h: has cenvtneed them ~'~ilit dlev need 'to !~V'e'~b-oo.k shiOn~~'enn, sta~!

httnw71~Q~l!n~d,~f~o.D¥Ode~·eAm

"OO~'teM 'oo~:ke~~~-;'~m,~' ,'_em:- in ~va!.~:i~~i!~~r d~~'~~:~rt dley wlr"n:;;~· • •

overbook ]©d~~ 'W'!:"'o :res.entc· i['hr,ee n:mghts or more .. They ;~~SlO :a,greedJ t;h_art two,.;nJght: eeservarlees :and. 5~tI!gle"':nhd1i,t: 'fe~"at~on;:;; 'w-ere eq.~~l in. terms 'O,f H'k~':~i~bOitid to' :not 5'h,OOf.

Linda e:x~mj~.ed ID,e IOOClif~ '{Om. I~t ,~!,mtlilirner arndJ '£OlUnd the folkrwiing~

'~I 48
2. '~~
s ,;2 'l~nd3. reached ~,'mlJruca~ ~gfG~D1L~nt wi.th. 3. 11l'l'I,ghoorj who also rents cabins, du.'[ tlhey would p(D',ovl~de ~Qly:e.d1.ow" service for eaeh ether 'w\he:n either 'W~ oveirr'bodked" They '[g1!J'rel~, that 'when an oVleibooiking: ~i!1rurl!ti.o;n ,~cnlaUy' h~.;p:pened.t. 'iii: w.nY:~d. be lare :~n. the dtlv! and ·thu~, the ch.ilnC-ei were good th~J1!: 'ilia, fOOm 'W$ :s:rtru] em.:pf:V 3!f [hal: r:i.nl~9 [:he chances of it s[avi:ng: emtpty wew~ pre[~' high, Bod'll, agreed tlh3lt it prob'aMy made sense to offe:~' a disceunr price eo 'the ,od:!l,~~ i~n the: evenr of ,o,vedlow;, linda and Rog~r wUl k ;~h~ S65 {OF ~\!'e:r.y 1!W,verllow customee itll@Y send to [h.,~ ne~~hoor:,

~. ~~t ~h[ly'kl ihe >gvef~'ki'J.1;g: :pil.1l]icy 'be ftJIi Bunks ~nd, :Sis;cuh$.:~ H~w IUii,lidi 'wiU this sav~ d1elif~ O\J1er' a 1 OO~d~y season over thew.r cur:rent practice ,of :110[ ove'FooQ,king:~

2. If dle. :pwcPOrtlio;n of [ong'-term ~odgers, increases, wh~t eff\6c.t do VOl! d1ink i~t WQ~Ld h[W,V'e m;1!J the:~f' policy'!'

J. W1i~3!t 5hoy]d, 'they do if the f;H~fCi~nta~ (If hJPg; .. Urln :~od~[S decreases l'

4. Ho"~' m~~t· tiu::y Inod.i~ 'theh" ,ove~king p~,an ln a 'WB,Y that could ~dap:t· to d~:lUi~ge£ in the p'~fi!ri~on of.5h(]rt"'~e:vm 're:.s,ervatlom;l

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CON ,:5 'T IR: A I' IN 'f' M ,/4;, IN ,A C IE, M E1 ,N T II N '~~~'~n.:pi'Qcil1!§l, iili~~~I:~ wait i1ng '~fil qUl.eue" ·n"e dl"!f\er i~

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g~" b~1 ['~ndeT i~ fr~~G d~i,ng' ~~hJ1;rJ:I,Cl~;, 'WhJlt ~,grl[i at5 i~~ :~";~l1'$.!i- Th-~ ,~mst~'Jjin~ ~t dl@' d~ins' pr.oP~s..~ !!;;~~~d:

drying ffiJlt (:Qu' '~r~'i!k~::ia cereals l!~ick ~1f ,e~,~1m;\o led _ '00 high le\~eb rlf inv~~ltn;tlJ Ito bl!.!ijl!d, up an~d ~;remmd qlilii[~r:lf

c~fi:trnl;ltli v.fiu~, dM: :~p.:1u·l:ril."I!l!:ifi(~f [l'ef~rue [L'J, cl}c'l,1~lu,p pn:lb;~!:r:'!$, h~ :r'~[1'I,~lse '!U d:ve 'rroh-lef!:'I~~ '~lH\1Ut.m~~l~fU' il:~,~'

'nt~;l1tarv 'r!;!!;'~'iu~~.s. m;~1 I~:~,e e!ltrl~ _ t 9'1 Os Onlo:,"O~~, Preese _[)1)' pl~mefl:lil;d, nlfltS~j~.l:f1_!t 'UlbapZ-Lgmlll:!!:u, ItH :hdp 'ID~jW~bFC the

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i~cl'b;::~,'t IbiliJ:!'., hII, l'~ ]9905l Or~, F~"\~~rg: D.~t ~+1~]"icd :1 llli1d:nU V" :I d:h'~iI:~I:h:l' 'm';j1J:!j, c!l'"et'lf!~~,i60r' 'th~ d~r;51i md tth~

lam ti:rvil1,[l: tihemk;~~$, rh~m~eiii1LI,~ic;d.i, ~ii.d 'bit~I~J'iYi(~11 ~~~~~r tdt'f","tjn~e' 'W~5, ~1~~i~til,,."t.1 ~~ I "n.«.~ ~h.e (hletr sd.1~tli~e'"

!r~IC[W-~. nmc fipuJ ni:i;!:~s:bl1lili il..'!f O~J'(i;il :F'r.I2'C;;1l: n~y ,is O!1!;f:,'O'n ff~i;i! I),if}' I!;!!!l IOI'!!~r' .~~" fre~'.1er se!h-ooule. Mili.'!"

th - b'~~ f\~~, frot:~~i!" J P1te~ i!i1 . !:he j,\1"drtdl. h~ p.l!'tidnc:,~:s. 1~A:ri:l!il i' nuw si~'tlI'~Y" r.e1~1'! ed m' [h11: 'f~'Oi1:ZBIi! wh~~h~, s'j.dlli:~

ni!~;(l: I(rurll ~.1Jjrr'jilltierl!!1 rUC ~r.ld:L\'I'id!J.ifL~_ n;~redlim:lit'£ toO fUI.t~l ci!:.!":nlt: C(~~~'C~J!:~'~ ~1tl:1td, 'Lii(',fI, :t'LOii:l;f';S, ~lI.'i_to 't!he dfl'el'S. [ftV!!i:flIO!1!

prepered e~~H6~s. 'iln ~ 'Ii!.u:I'~I[1i of If}3chlj!] n,y: ~1JlIi:lDn. ihLlner~, art: m!llIL'llirnilll.:d, ~I'II front ohJ:m. r[,,";C_t~~, I~' !prol't"it[ ,~he dif¥'ers ('tihe D:lIIlI£tt-amm.')! from, ,~:ver ru,nning out '!:~f -f09d 'lu ~J(lr;:..~'t" M:ti~e!i:'~lj~, ~ r~;~r;:~d, h'!!!n I~b~ W~t 'pn~.s.'~ij'Og '~~ Of:!I~l1' :;),~ '~:hE! 'run" '~he lfiu;r,l":u' ean prooe.Ss l:t:" nl'b~ pv,e'l;'errl:rs too nn.lch ~IW'!i':m~jfiJ {rom nce1um.l~atk.~ ill1 f.r'Orlit of ih~ df)'~,rng :PIi!)C~ and ulso, st~'bi~'~ pl:oom;t' f1ffi.¥tS-, S~d;)ni~1' ~f !t~~ '!lIct IHQ!j..'r,5, makes it~ !!.:iaS~li4 '~'O ~lifioouLe.:,i;~P-tlJ:ity :m!rnl, '~~Im.

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'f~~' drioo ft~'lld ~ ~h!'tu.lilh ~I :51·!t.iil:1:~di~~,iIi\li1 ~~~ !Uf 'P~~~ ~1i, ~[md i.5 p-roo~td (,"1'C~ 'PIi(_1C~~i:I;(;J :l]J:aI is then "tliFIIs:tl f~~l~~ 't'Lifid ::m'bJecfL:d Ill} til vacuum ch<'l'lnl~r" w.h::h :rem.oveB 11L'l'OiSlUfe. 'The P[~ IFeL11Q'V'~ ·\lI~::.t!illifi redue ~.ng ~ru'hh'lrru; lI:e':k.n,~-d ['0 Spo'UIRgiil" .N a -r:csild~ !of I't:lftO'v ... 1i1E1,~',mDi~ttlre. 90 :~roelil:lI m the W'E::vgh~ i.s ~rnOIl,-~di' mrddng ii,t l'1Jb'iri:'Io;r .md !l:h!i:~;p!.:r 1'0 '[RlJlr:\pt_oc~t"

A~ ~~m, f~~l~ ~, '~udi ~JmtJ~ct."l ~na.!le [mUll ~ 'We~ (?E'OO('SSihg '~treBi Iru ff~t2i:ng, :tlliicl t:'h,'Il:rIi eo dlryri:rtlg. 'flw'_dlqr~ :nng ]liC'OCess '~ri~ {r;O:l]l :5 [0 ~lS mJUCll ~ 50 hom'~, whi;e'~iiJ f;C~ ~'!J;~t'i ~'!ll w"n~M!ii! pmd:u.'Ci: i1mm. aod :El, h:uue' ffiimau:flt of

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SJlli~~ J;,lii;;::hijj,!~ Umlilll! Wld lG1lii~Jb~th UmM~. iI'ln~:cgmtin.G, !Ei·'t~Io",ii'<· il'Jfii3!l! Rifc!iilll:.iJDI..':!I PiI[3ll1l1iin:;:' 'Lrrn.8, l1~.ooil' ,0,{ CunMml;i].'tj~ Ii. QI.ii; :S~!iclr,'''' ~~wn ~ biJl:~'I1t!1'] ;M~I Jt!tI,'fII1lLI ~ Sa::,~l~ Q~Jn:el' 1)(IClrI. riP. ~J~ ~:Jit~4!1iII'iIio~~· Q(d~ecnn".Ju'~~f ,~. iQlJloh :~~"iI;:~ipUo:l'L 'by OF:q;,.~, :Fm:!re ~' &'''if!i!:Qr VP. g:lf MalwiiM5~lillil1i~, 1I!Jl~~ ,H. ~'.

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,. Def:i niing ,8 C'on:s1'nid nt

A COD$tLraint ~ ~finOO. $uccjnet'ly as an'vthing that fu:iliibits a syst!ml~S, p~ ~ its ~[]:I$. Obviouslll

'befi'. ,' ... s c',m?s "CI t;:I~. '11' ~in,t can ~ " . ed, ',.' system-rnl~; goals ·m~···'· be undem" . ~. :m.g the' ii,jo~mt

'GQJ···~··gore,~,.g.a.,_~ 'IOr. .. .',' ... ...... ~ .. ,~_ .'1' .t,",'~ :',~' :~'·~('V··· ...... ~

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I,' '._ :"" _ ~. [.[' , ". '. . I .. I' -,e _ -~ I .. :' ,:1 , ' I' .: .. I "

s.ystmns. :E£hJc3Jtion snd ,(im"'H~ nOI!"f.o.r"'pmiit: s,y-stems .are ·feru;lble ~li~tloru ·fbt· ~~~'nit mil~geme~t.

l~iint~ !_I~· ~01,·thin_;g· th~lt inh~biu a ;,\jy~rem'~ pl~gre~, u}ward :it~ .gQ(J!I~, tbe: role ~. GomtnlJint 'pbry,~ in !In;.y· .S)~stem. beoomes v·ery ·inlPO·~t'., 1b~: 5~t~m.\ output!i as

measueed ·b· IV ~' .... ,,: {I', .. als "'1'" '~I 'I'm" lte _'I 'b''Ii' 1th..." ........ 'IiI.:~ .......... in 1-;'/., ~[ ..... t: !ii"L ;:of" ''''!Il!'''''''''''m: A" ,",·~t-:''''' .lU!~!IJl_o;;I Il"llr.-'. ,',r,' ~~~ ~V~~l ·~rli .. -iJ! 1. ' .• 1' ~ 1,/ ,~: ,~, !lir.'lijl~llh'!!l::~'~:"~l! l!i,\~~ '1i~I; 1~,-LlIl_~.'II,. ''''':It.l!l~ I !1~, . I', ;;iJi[p. . ...,; ."iIJ~_IJ.:JI

(~nsn·ain.t. can aetuaUy rske ma~y -(br,m.s. It ~(j~M be a :~rux:~'[" a. :p@Uc.y, an i:D~at 'to the Syst(!:;ID, Of some ex~'emi1] force. :FO'f ~!1mp;l¢, 'if one glial of you}" un1ve:rslty ~ to grnduate :m:oounting ma!jo~~ a Jilek of f~u;:~hv Or ~ btck o:f,cl~f(]!~)m. ~p.ace cou'ld be a cGm~lnt. A, !lad: or app~~ ..

. cants tn enter the ~.i:c,l(mlilti:ntl P[;Q!,gl'il'm, om.:lld be 3 consrralnr as 'Welt 'but We ·~~t 'be ~, SYirfilp:t:om, ofa ,(Wilky [ooruitrdil'll;t~llot: :pwviding: en.cH1!gh 'nancw~, aid to stu .. d~nts. Or· :iit: i]!Jigbt be doe' to me! fact ma.t ~.cCOiiJfitlfig tfif:tl.1.S, ar.f)! not Cillffi~cntilly 'fecruiring or n:i~~ng: st1!!ldents n'Om, ymu ~I.li.vemi.'~;r so !iilud,en:tt:lOOI'mot 'Wanl!; to,:ma~\o£' i'll, :~u::iC'!tnJn tl,n;~:.

Constraint. P'la'mtgemcnt L.~ ~ f;t~lJnewrurl. £01' mrula;gl~.ng th~. mluit_rnin~, of'~ s'ystern 'in a w,a.y iI!'hgur. m!lx:imizes, the ~y,s;terfm·.~s a.c.ootmrp·~bh]]lte~t of :~~ .soab. 'The :fact: dlal: [I: nnr!l:~~' the iflti.o:S'U, in'i_;fJQf.1au;~~ .[]ilR of the s~u~'tn! Illile pan: 'fJiuU: de~;el!:m~nei. its o!Wtptlltt, means tJtat eonsnaint ma.nagern.ent ls actua'~:]y a way [of focmi'nfl on th~ most cri.d,Co,,,l ~cts of the sy.\5t~m,;.

,AoyfhinIC: "hill inJ!libil~ ,iii! ~tf'rf'lt!5 p~r'~$:S ~:ow:ard' it~, g.Qa~:il.

mamqce.men,'t. j,. z- .. " . ...il. I'

I'll. Ilran;hewOu~, to(

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manaB~nli' ',~ie ':Oril'$,niil~rriI'_ij,

Qf;ai. $y.~t-.em illli a. wa.~' th13t: mui'mi(z~!ii' the :5)'!litellD~iS :a~ompH~'hm~hnt [of its goals,

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l!)fH I,IB,II' '15,711 :!rirn~~e' 'P~dBlU~ill~SJmm w'iUJ, O~ns.~i'l1lt: ~mi'i!!il~~~ [per 'U~idt;J I

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h t t Th,': ,"I e 'I' "," ,eo:nst.rn~n't p]a)fBli,n IlJ !il pmdlUlefilfrem "is, e$,ily :ponrra.yed" (tin I" , ," """ , "

I 'D,'~'I,IQ'tW,"-", '",;~'":,, ; rae' ,.I"'Q"',e"'"f)'"':" '"tiI''li=,:'·'''mtIt'" ','];',',,':, e" r" ,o""'m' ,',

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'Int.'lIiiiY' unit8 ~8 pOMilbi!e.~ th~ syslJlem, :po[rmyed in IE:d~ibit 15,.1. is ,ccO\mlstrnin,ed by Oreeo:,. r~ee'U Dry h9is;

wmk, cenJ:'elr' .3 i '~~ibi&cll, ,tl!;klf'.,s n:ine m~flult:es: prl:r. unlt, The ms,u'lir: is; that a, Dni:t ~x'i" avt1'r 3:il.~ :5q, ft of tl1e ,~.y,15re_p_] ~Vi~f"l nine m~nutes~ desp~te shC]ftet' 'P[OCI;~ljl~,ng: I~i~m~;§, by O1ib~r wor:k r~i,tm df:}ilnG: $~ rra~1! in cefl!1!e'[~. The' I"Oh~ of wo:rlk centef .3 g:oe~, '~yo:nd T~mcdngltb!e ~a!te of DUtpyt of OreB~J!I i!';!j(;id "l./iX!'O s~; 1ft

G.·· 'lee. t .. ;,·~~~a:Y~p.~ , . .. n:e .... ·0 V E

, n. .If wu'R:2?il m of . i!mfi!atlO{ttv

not be a:b:le 'ITO (t~d.t '[he systtem at. r;ha;~: ,:mre., ,A ~L!lJeue; ,of :im.ve'nJrr'Oill'i/' would bu~M. up :Sj~t :QuU'utg~ent in f~(~n[ g[ w~!f;k centers 2: and J! '~'if!ld i:t W!l)y IS! ~ro~!' iltd~~fin~x~l:y' ~ ~ons: ~.~ th~ die initii)J] ,)1

[1l,Pl]iI: rare exceeded. We. sy~tem'$ ouq:mrt 'rate. The ~!O,tl~c:rJjl, approach wOllJld be. eo Th~ '~i m~ ~ IFeSQY Fee iis

h[tf~p~~~" · ntee 1 t!"p~ess hnel~: i~ ~lyeQJ(:.1l1in!UD~i1vanerfei~e,d af~-nd 008nitr:9ib~tim

. "_. " ' " .' .' ", _I I· ,'nu', ,

. •. I )ijI - !J".I _e ' em _ . _ - '__ ", "_ a : ~,~ I '", ' - - ~ I " J' _~ ,- "

" • - • I· ~I ,,~ ;, " , f· the bme ,~ r'e:5aUIi~: wa~,

p e, 1.'1: ~:s Co.m.u1111on.l}~J;lili:e 1[,1], mcorperaee lft'~,~ ~Ia.l[mli1 as a measure ;0' e "il.!u,pme:n:m: __ ,'" - _ "-

'ptGducti"ri:ty;. 'We. orulteadr \ltn0l\1 that u'aJ[~dng' ~1il,_1,j;k. [i[erl;U~:[ -1 ~:t:!], lOO percent :I.e:v,d aijad~ble.

lprnces.s;ing ,[l\lJie lJflli,t 'e'll.f(;l ry i$i'i( m:inut~) (moesn'~t pe l'V~e: ~[Ij~' .!]lI.t}fe sy,srenlL (Jll[PU~ KtiW,Uo.ll

til8.R urili:dl1Jg: ~[ at a 65 'pe]jcen'~' level (prodw::"~ng one t1tnit "e.lI'e.ry :ni:[t,e 'nl,in,urt'~)., RUlr1ll'i! j',ne: ~ rtHacl1irHl' Of

G ..... Th.:'i~ph~n "'en~n . ",'~_:imp.orrhU·": .. 'i~. ~l~ O· ".'f;millt ~an3gei;ni[ '[w:m,e"IOi'~' .... R .... '~n'·t" ...

, .,' "' .: . i~;~ ",,' I: , ; ,tGb-~o )~: *""" •• 1. ""fifUut'v E

' .. ·e .... -,; .. ~-:- ".f·, .~', 'J',"" i~:on ." "'iWtA.~, ;[ . _ .... ".. . ...

,en;[~Oirll af 3. reseuree ,cclInJ'i!dbnulft:es to the .litoab 'of tbe ~y:sttl;:'~l. Ac:ti.vat!io.n of 3. ~resou;~ mesns th~,'[ m~ te-

,50U~'Ce i;s lOOilllg lI!led blil does ifi.aftt. ,[:;ootr:fi.iJuite Hjl the; sY.5,te·rnjs. g¢1§'i:S;, 1:n tll itlJ· sittllatioo! work 'Genter ,], IC(luld be ~~Uva~~d :u'lQO percent bl1!f iiIL ~p!;dd be lit~~I'i~~d' '[J:n]y eo :a.l'~vEll ~f,r56 p~tc(~nt, The ljitUh;a~~~~.l~v~l of '",,'milt I~etl;ter 2. ~ iBlsQ dctc-rmi'ooo by' w"("'J,rk, !I;;:e:n:~er 3., Ir ivUl 'b~ comtr~i:ned '1:0 p'1i~ing a u:nh:' ev,gIY n:~ne: :minJlUJ!tes. 'the' ~~m,e ~~ '\~Cltrk. (."'elr!l~ef I, 11:: wlU prclCe$S e;ach ~:n:i!!t: 'iQ, 5e~en m~[Ti.u[es~, 'and. ~he~, wiI:it ~O m:imultes be{o:re reeei v:ing the next unit, bs IIi.l;tiliz3.t len ,th.eref6re~! will be 'is, percent, ExliJj~hlt :~.5.2 pm-

'~:id~ til:i.Li;23:~:h]n clI~t:l :('Of eaeh \votk ,c~nJtc]':. ~

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Stt'Cjp ·4: t];eva,t~ rhe OOI'b.SIttr8J]llf,

Stf!P 5,: ]f~ in ste(~ 1 tlhN;l!l,Ig,h. 4! the mn:Slra]tu;: [s eli.miln~wd~ go 'b~cl; to ,step· ~.

GQlII.··.',-··.·JI·· •• ·m.-l·:tlli,~'·i'·· .. lk········'~··· ... 1l·· •• Q···· •• ···wn: .. ··JQ.··· •• ··~·:· (1 .•.• Jl.·.e···.·. m:·····Q··· •• 1 V·" _.--·E.·····

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.. :e;n:U" .', : ~ 'LU(D.1!i .; l:1FIi I.S .:!I. crt l.rCa .. ".tl:P I:.·. U:!l" )OC~;l:li'I[]j~ J.rll',t[I~ •. , •... Irn!S .. ~ln . ,311!"~' 10 .irflln. 0 '1/['101,151 I~_e

~~cue' that resu 1 i!I: from dle ~hmt~s:e of a ~erouJroe. In 'mo~e complex !en.v·iro;nmen:t5~ }lQVlewer, 'Im :mR1.y·~·

silis may be 'ni~e:ded tgl id~~df~ '~h~ (o:n5~f;'~f~nt. The: :alt'llalY,iis GtJ·m~r-es the d~ma_nd for' :3, :R,".50UK~ with ~he: av~ilii)Jb.1.e Ctlpadty". An}f resource dliilt does not have slltiJld.ent capadty' eo mee,~t demand wouilld 'be:

h I oomldle~ .. ~ II ~omual!lf .. Ill .• ",.nUlng, UOlfiM.ii3. h .• n;" queues of .1". "'" m<y in hom of th.ll.m.

"~i·~,L-ri,:ft.ua',:'~=,i' -'~1:aD1

to. TQM (0 i,{~)enii:~fy [he men: cause of a problem, There can be: more than one oon8tmi:nt in a ,S'yne.m.

Step ,2" IExp.loitaUon

The e~p'IDi.tiil.tim,1J of til constralm mesns att:emtrpt.i:ng to use ~t tJQ :~ts fuUe8t extent, 'That i:nd·urles trying to

'G nnn,',lttvaatJ{kStrrDo_titlad~Detl1ri V E

"'" . ~~~it~r"~~'~u'~:' ofJID]~ri~b to ~~:~. Evcqef.fQrt ~houruJ. ~'ID~dc"~ c.~:e ~at ~p~~tYQf'~ " ..

0011stmi'ot ~n.1"tt wasted on pl'oducts, tlna,t :a]ready have ,quali.~ pl'obmefris. ~

Tl:lIie el(p[o~U9ltloP, ,of ~ policy O~[i!$~dnJt i~, ~ di.Herent process. A pol!CYi '~Of f!J;;~ll1I!pl'e,~ '~n"ltt: 'be. '!JU:tedl

mD:OO: effocti.'\\!\~~y; . .Ex.pLoiting =ru policy ool1S!ttmint ~qliJi're& .i1.i[lLljfl8Jr:in,~ or. mod:i~ing fme po1icl 00 thart it

httZ1~11 ~tITJ9·fte boo k-co nve rte r.com

Q,mepn F'ree,U!' ID~ is

. ilble to! a~a;pt· ~pa(i~ !b) ItlH~e~ . :I.~ mdlflm ~' .using 5~O '1:etl'i!'pOr,ii[jf empl1oyees.

Ste,": .5. Re-e,at

- -p-- _ --p-_.-

TI ...... ,..... ,.;L."" '~~".e .. ~·~"·~· ~', ... ·k·~1 anal .... i!JU, "' ...... ~l._ ...... /L"'. ~'I!. ....... "·f· .,,,,,,,,, 1I •. .;:> .. p ...,;r...,.n'D .. L.;:>n.l'1iiD' .. [F.Il;IL~!\U:I, 11i1:JJ~' ""1 .. dK~1i ~LlIlLl," _"', !l~,dlj:I_G Uel:f. .. ~ e llJli 1.0' H' l-_1l1a!.L~ lr.: ',!!"'!!,!pU. llli~.... ~~I.~.:-~il_[Il.._IIl;~1I.,.Il~ 'iUJ

lln~,~ ·~Vtfn.'EU~ I'll' i:[ W'OiDl'~[ be trr'he· w.ga.1&.es'l one. M:anagem~nt ,of ~h~' s~~ tthI:1Q1iJ!.(lth the' five:·~,ne,p, foc~ing p:r«Ci'\;S, 'm'~M. 'reco.ln:ii!le· d1;:a:t the ~~.m.oe phernom r

ExplQitins ~ Cfim:~~~'i~t (_lf~en ~'Fe3,les eID(lIugh. !1ddiliCl~a 1 ~pac:ity' to ellmmate 'ill!' ~ a ool[i~l~jnJt a. 'There are times, ho~ver, when. e:x.pl,oit3;~~un. ils:n·~[. emnug'il.. Eli~v.wti~n. means ,;\l£uuaUy [ru:te.a.lsiog .~ caPlldtyoJ the >co'nl\!i~i:ned (-e'liOlU-oe. :May'be ~haJt ~Piv,o~ves 'buying a;dd~ti.o:nal ca~wtv; If'c~h. is, ahe ooMtmint~ :it milibt be. n~Cf'-SSary ['0 take OUJI: a lean, If .supp1y of 'materials is a. oorul~m'~nti a. new wp'p~~er may 'be needed, even if-tbe mii!iteriab oos·t mme' from t:h~t S'l~iP~,;1 ier,. III al1li~' esse, elevation 'req]llires a ·~nMi.cial in .. 'yeSru!illell'tt: tJGi iinbir'~3§E! t:i:a.e; .a.v,a~mabt[lry oJ th~· oo:n.stt:!i.n,tt::abn.ve\ whlfit OCiilJM be g2!i.noo b~ ·meoo· e:xi[llni:ttaJtlon. :roy,~stm,~I];f 'ili:ll .add·i(~o"~~ ;~~~~:ity· -('Of' ~ ooM'~mltf!;~d ~~~yroe' '~~fi h~'l;'\~' ,a big ~¥ men because ·of iltrS direct ~mpact on i'l1C~ing' the slste:m'~s ·throughput. O~r

'k . 'l' h be tdle be f'" ~ I eh - '.. I I

·,'1' "> . ',. -.- -. ",._ .,-_:'_._, ", -." I "_: _"-. ,,"' __ "____: .-,. I, 'f' . ":.", "," ,-',', : ....

\vOf. Ii:fllll[ClUS If. 'lia~ave . een .t .. ~ . CraI~ iO c e: ro ~ ·c __ ~ OOll<S'lWa,ifilli. P _lI·Y,:S, ,_n

~be :8'v,~t'em R13:V :I'tOW 'be ytil.iz.ed m,me, ~implv because ,of 'this one. Ul'ljllestmenJt.

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'111e new .. business :~ocnt:iM is 'pot:en.ti~ny the. most d:'lia1I.engiil;~~· deeision, :becaUlSe there are m.ore. H]tema .. 'l1~v,e~ to 'oo(Jsdder. sud lltrle ~DfO:l'mBit len ;900tllt 'future .]em8llld. Lociltion decisions aee often :.ade as ;;!I, ~ ~ion ofdleci'5&om~ ~_ai[~y. !1itill':ro'l,viit1l,J! croWIl to a 8pec;~ilic.8i.~'e.ln 'mlany eases, Ml [nt.ffrulit~oW!Jlloc3;tJGn.

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must. Eocate near these raw tna'tle\t'~.[i:~$ re enable thl!liffiL ee :Oilli3In:a.ge casts, ExaRltples oJ ehese 'businesses lnelude baslc :ma:n~fact!l!l,retrs I i,~te d~ose that ueiljze n1;~l:1u~r.aIs 01" :~g/1i'~cu:~tllual pod~cts in. eheir malli!J!:fa-ctil)lr~ in;g 'p~. A. similar slrusdon reselts 'Wlhen ~ :litUtU:U factUJrer must [ocate near' ('!J large 'W:a,~el" 50u rce so that ~te,r can be used fnit" ooolin:g ~H,U·p'Og~~.

LoC,B;UIil.g 'Nlea!r 'CUiSi,OOmer.s;

Some husi:n,e5sc:s~, pD,C'tti,cu[a['[y ~e:~:kJ8".s that r-equire ![c'!llUi1toJtn~r ,i:nll'lttirac.ti!Uin~ IntIlSi~ lecate near the customers, because thilJ; ii;s an. expectation ef the cu~tK!lme~~ A

bY~in,~ dt.il enil~nt on tourisnrh :('0'1" eluullp"ie'i iIIUJSl~ locate where I~OUI'L£'~ wiU ,milt to ,go.

f.h:ull,~"i! d-~~t depend on close Bn3 lnre ract iO]'IJ$ must often locate ru!~'r customers also, R~l[h,er than taking .:1idv3.ntrLig-e of reduced tl1UlSI:lGl[t~tioo. eosss, l~~,tjNeVe[! rhts de:eis'irllt!, seeks iltn pfovid,e bener service ;i=!Jnd more frequent del.i:ll~· eries ofprOO,![tces. P"f(yithti ~ty' Cil1~ll~tnce.5' iSudli v.alae; ~uUi:bl!JLtdl'.as te$po:i]SC~ 1[~1]'1iej, depemd~bili:ty of d,eli:~~eryl ;uld. flex.i'bUi:ty. For ·!]W[iUlIr.aCu.u:ers, of e&~· .. ilin~t~jUpQ[t peoduers, the '~ucar:iUr:il. of dJi~' (;i.lS[il:['tU~:f i£'n.JiIi: an il!;s'lle~ s,~n~e d])~i.f :PrOOUiLr[$ ean ~dJ~v be shi~ ooywhe.re'+

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::!I. C~mpUl'Je d:le' c~,'ch~ ~i me nemoo ee meet demand.

b. CompUbe djJe theo:re'rkal 'i]lhllmum, :ri,1J'fnJ~e~f of \VO:rksmt.ioos 'needed.

QgaaiiokS~[iiiownroadstaiirerm 0 VE

--- - - - ------- ----ll~ -- - - - _~_o __

,Ste,

Explanation,

1. D~tef'(f1ine th~ ~dlle 4jBio rJ1liJnu.t~~J400 'ol1!1lilr~ II!!Il '11+~ mini;ifte~-I(;h~if

'~."!I , •• ",e Deo1r<!~co:'ii,te rte r.,com

r - ,5.4 minurtes' (the s:Wj m of the 'adllvity 'tli mnes:) C-'],.~

,5'4b,~ ... ~<~

Rm.J:nd' ~lP '~:Ol 5.

oo ·.·Jla~B"6ok§.1;j:G~~i~~,~,.u,J)a, .. O

. . 9 ... ..... ·m,,,,,t.. .•• s 1'''5S'i~l'!.'.l.:ee.''~~ .

shij~~ mj.J'st: 'be' mai,ntaij'~i!!d. 'the as:sii;snment:~ a~e 'Si-10Wlrrl, ,DehlW.

VI

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••• 1 •.

11" W~hy aT.e :liaeru]~ry d,oc[s:~o\nS :iIDpo:rI:a:n:~: '1:0' til,e filrtiJ~ndal sueeess of a 'lRlsi:n,esd 20; W.ha;~ i.l:'ml\pgr:t do fuEc;iruiuty decisions '[lave ou ,railue a'[rtt[i,bu,~es~'

3 .. 'Wll.y :&S, it u5'!J.:iI.l-y' h:n,~tllie tu irl(';lltify' an, objoctt~~ 'i~'opt]mmil~' fadm[ty :I.oc:l}tlan doci:sion? 4. ~n: 'fl~' m~ s'ifii~U:i,om, mat can, rnq,ldllJ~, I,ocation dti~I:S:~IlJ.fiLS :Foi' iJt'e,w :f:i:1e;lruh"I,~~

5'" How de (lJ:{~Ces5 iniPU.tS :mild .(lutpUJ[S aJlect fac:Uh,y loeselon ded$iO'['H!,~' 'D'esc:Iri'be exa'rnlp~es for each, '6., :Dt.-..ocri,oo dl~ :11LiJi.!mrehy of business l,oc~tiO'n, ,decisions tltmlt ~s m1L.el), ;:DJdd['~ during: a faciU~' loea ..

t:ioft, d~'tsion, :prooe:;s" -

1 .. 'Wbt ar·~ 'illhe' ~u.e~' ili~rtt: :r:elate: to e:l~h ~e,l!.fel ofith~ :loc:3tinn, dlecidOfi hi,er~re.hf:~

8.. ~r.mt is, me'anJ 'by (J '~r,nru_~lttfil(;'~o~ mtin~!! rJ~p;r~mdh. iW mrJ~dng ~oc~'~icn Id~:cn:~~,}:ru,~ 'Wh!l,~ ~fe: (he' weam,es~es of the t'ecllniqu;le l:

'Silo (]j,'ve an. ,exinnple 'of ho~' 'bxre~'Jke:\I'en 3JU'Ud~:i8 m~~hltlbe y~ to ~id '~n a file.!'1 ~ty'locatio:n d~dswn. 16. '~law' cen ~eogmphi,c, inform~do:n :i\fStfms ihe:'llP in (he loc:alt~CJln. d!ect~io:n, proc;e~,~'

Copy ght d ma~rl~

h'ttA;l' • ~»C/'IJIIu ea' bog····· k' c o n '. 'v'e' rt e' r C" o . m

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.. I., "" .... 1 ., III

[. I. - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - -,' - - --

'll~ Wbat i!s meant by !l prooe~,,,,ofie.Il'ted ~~.yOlJ,ld'

1J2... ,H,QW' d~ the ,c ... .'H:lnd .. ti;l rn,eth.od, of dete;~:d.ntn:g th-e ~,.O'tih'11Jt~d. lat,y~iJt \\tOJ:k?

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'1:~ Wihat is [,he ,()b~'ec;t:iv,e: of 11~ne b8J~and~~:~'

1'7'~ ~,y do (elltllarr ]a.y()~t.~, :provid1e ~n anfc'!I~~b'ie '~~1m(tr,f)mi5e 'berween. :pf(~l!t~t~o.rlent.ed ~nd nrtJa!;55."U,![l,: enJtcd layoo~l

11.. 'MeTIit~fy fi bush~.e~, 'you are faro]~iar with i['hat 'has 3!il. ,ex!l;;:ellenl fu'~i~ity. Wh~:l' patt5 l1f dl~' fa.ci'II'tY

"L h business' ~' '

C'QIiL'~l.!JUite ~'iiJI' ll, e~ , ' U~tn.e~5 s :SUIl:(~'.;

G O~~i:na"U~n~::~~lWQairliCeUiirDI V

',."" .. ~ .' of .' " .. '~'" ." .. In_,~~.tfll~,, "." .,_ . ,0." " ,,', ",:'

I tiv.~' r~IDtif.Jmhi:p of thl;"1e b~itli:nJ~'~~ r

"" Wih~{ fi![e 'th.e (:omp~l[,~tt:i\l;~ s't:~~:Pgd.'~iS ~-i!n.d w~~;knc~¢~ uf :P~QC~~~rj[Jfi(;':fi.'tecl ~nd prooY,(';f,ruri .. ented ~a'YO:llits~' ldetlltify ~, example' of each. Are thc~~ ,~tteo.~j ;alld we~.ne:sse~ ,m:PP:ullte.d by' these: ex~mpl~,l'

h,ttp~#J- .' ~ ... -- .'-' - ' .. :e' 'b'D-' ·aIt· " .,,," -~.,- , ' .. '" .--0' .~- S' 'de' .... ·'Ir::·"-rcl.-.· · .. ·a.· '. m'

, I-~;_ ~ ,,~,' .,'. '~:' ~ '- > '" .:, _:; _ '-- ._1",1 ,'-' > ;-- :'::,~r: - ~ . .' -" : 1 ~'l, .--,!, ',. ,

, , . ,1'.11 ':,' '_ .. ',,~ ,.Ie :,-- 1 . ':. ~,_-; " .,1 ,',' , ;:, ".:, '- . '~[L_ ~ - ,,' ,; ~ ,r - }! ,:50 , "'1 > - "".! -;;-""':1'

be~fic~ of miU.l~~ fa~t~u' 'rat~~g aind d~r1!lbe' h~,w It' ,coold. be used ~G he~.p' the~ sdlve !t;he~r' proh.-

lem, - ~

6. A ooU~'C at :Ft}to(~, Fil~:and~~, P,rOOu.'(;~, h~ cri.d(::i~,d ,a, (tumuf~;tru.rlng~ dic~t (of '~mg li~c 'baru~ncing hecause ]ine bala:ltd:n;g: is, not a precise :pu;~~, Do 'yml, a.~ee' Or di~a_gIee!' Ex,plain.

Go . ',' ·"~I:r~i'·' -',~ '~I,~ttl~,adhDerAO V

,--_ "m,p~Gyee ,ofTa5ty aT.b~~ 'thillt. deeisien UCC5 'shQl!!JldJ not 'be used In. Itbb case, because T~ty. ,l3 :B, riiki"s\!ItrSe '~fJrimimtinn,. That t~, 'f~ty does .. ncn 'W~n't to !!fll'ller :~u~Y' losses :in r.e.verttle. The: em", :ployee al~.J stated I._at decision trees dO not acroDont {or pJtellda'l ]o.\C!ea ~n. tevenue ;aOO. rheeefore should no~ be used. 'in the dec.ision. Do you ~e' or d~gree'~ Exp~~:in yo~r. ~'tn~ell'~,

9. ,A consultant to ynuxf 'COmp3.tlY stated tMr: 3, brea1c.even alMlV,S;is ~s the' 'mml: 3crnr!l;m te~~que: - - for (I~:u_](_~][1I!-!:: mew ,~hc ]ocat!(.m~ aM h~, '[1J) maw,~ ~~l~~~,tcd 'W:~ih :it. Do 'l'Q,1J, :agr'ce::~ b;phdn Jrn~r 3ruwet:"

101., F{}f the fO][.Qw,i.rng businesses, MmJtify t~e: c;pi!:hnal locsdon In Y0i!1![ community and ProiV~.d.e: 'a ,ju~l'ificat:iQn -(Of' YOlI' d,ect.'iion.,

9. bk!ilCil~

b., Drffive.. .. [h'fmj~ . .(~t."'fot)d :ra·~~umtilJt C. ,ConvctdeTI.c¢ ~tOre

d. Gl\OCefY store

e. E1ectllt(lini.C:s and computer r~pu:i[' shop {., ,[>ri£,o:n,

g. ,Autu if.c~.i;r :s'hop

h. SC!r~ drmk oortl(';t

i, Q_lnve~[n!n van fa~jt,orY'

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., ,~.IJ.li.' ....... _UW.~,.',b.··. . ..... . ,' .••..........

ADVANCED PROBLEMS

Copyr"ghted materia

b, [Connnret: the rotal cosr cnrves :for each locarr:lom. on the same ,graph;,

c, ~~Jm~~' the; ~nge of s.ll~s; over wh:ic;;h each ~oc.a!liQn. wouM ~ p~flifiOO,;.

d, If ~ ~nr.\Pi~~tor ~~inuatl'eS ann1Lti.l~ :S8~i!lS t~J."be 500yOOO un.lt5 per '}lear, 'Which ]ocatiun, WOil!:d ~,

http .".~.'!-'::-:;-.-1' b:" . g"" ····0··'· .

. . •• - , . -: -~-' f~ .~.~. -'.'-'( -1- ... _- _ - ['"

. ,. , .' .~. ~-~ . - -:'1'" - .. '~' ... _ ',--. ~., . _ '-~-.' -- _':. ,.... . . ,';, .

need eo ~ answered befotc~ m~k'l.h,g a loc;atlOll 'fcoomme~ndauGn,~

:%. Donn;il~ Bak,ery ~ been ,~llipph!'hlg' tiesfa!llr,afit~ with ,ca'k:es ~nd de~~rts! a:.lid tffile word bout: on how ,good th~y' ,~re, C~omel~ of tbe: 'rosttaumnts h'a,~~: 'be~~ as:l:ing if ~ha treats 'W1lm ,9,v~ila1b'lc at a 'f¢l:SJil stm :_.-~~41 ~nn'-, ~--Js mat a i'erni~ ,senirF 'w'01!ild '\W(-lk far her; Her '~:rnh~f:m, is, :l1:odin'" ,~'L. -. Hi;!' [,.,e~,

IG :~ i1~W ~1i,~eeh;at~'~iD-~~lllfh-~~T ~ .: u_.:,~ t:1j~v

' 0 oIHth:r~.mi3S:BYtlllSi.itDO~.ljkea~.e,,~~:· .

O!Ilrl. 'was a" donut shop' t'hat had a lot of:pMki'fl~: :8nd, h~R'h visibility~ 'but itt~ \Va9i n.Oit in a ,~t locaiti~, The ~hi'fd. :akern:ati'\!"~ w~s a Oii.ue ,caUi ;in. ,t.he dnwn,'~o'Nn disrrict" 'very c:h~nnill.g! 'with. nh~.e c,un~tn:s~ a Htde bell, 'mat W'aiS :i!lua,c'h,ed, eo t'he deer, rgreat In@1di'~ and 'wooJwttr'king~, 'btu: n!"ft, mudi, paltkin,~ 1"lte Jourt:h ahemati'ii'\~' ~ 3 'b~tl"O om the edge of the: downtown ru strii ct· ~,~ wru a ,good locatton, 'b~"t,"t'~ck,cd' a,~~~t~' so ~t ,d:tdrn't hav;e,'m,uchvui,btli.[f;y~,IX;lln_a"d~~d~d ~he n~ded to -:~~t~iI~ ~;~'igh~:' ;~ each, of me factors: thart she t'h,ou,g,ht was import8lnlt" She. idcerlti1ied, ,i5ix, ,criooria to he~p' h~t mnike: me. dc'.d~ion" and ,~~~~ ~~ch o.f tth~' lecaetons 0:0 a ~~e; up to 100:

Domd h· - 'I. _op

limo

Vis'ib~11ty 0,;2) 95 go 85 70

~O(aUcn 0,:2'0 ,8S ,8·0 90' go

C'o!!iit 0-.;2.,0 60 65 ~)~I '10

P,arking o,'~[) [go go 80' 80

Appt!.ualnc~' o.;~5 40 5$ 9,5: '5

:S'e:tI,tl!ll!8' 0.,05 160 go 90' ,80

Wit., .'1.. ~I- - ~ ,- -- ._L - ~d' 'f"'L-- -- - -'L - - - - 'iI' w- - 'I""L- -- --il-.' - ---"-.,- '-- ~ -~ - - -~I --"'-'~ w,ul,CU !Ii 0 cano n, MIOUL, ~I]n:a!, CU .. OO:Se,. ~ :1:1.5; ,I,.,.'U~ '(loJccllJi'e Ulli iJ:"ICJ ,~naJi,y"sill.S.

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cf fjf[tld1,!JICl1' Of; ,en tg!n~il"S tll!irtJlngh th,~ 5,yst,~m., \X/h~]~ I~hc fleNlbi.'1 ity is ,In :rldv(Uitilg-e over p[-odm:t"1][i'~ e~t-ed 11'!J~'o!l!lJt$ .. ma'tte,ri;9'~ trnnspormtio:n, CllIT' c~Mt'O:U[f!,iR[ mevemene fmulL t'U1E ~paft;'UiI.'i.e:nt 'to ::a:[lfli~lG;'[~, 'be' detfhi1ii'~i'Hliiil, to 'p[oclu~dvhl' ;!:iJOO Sf:'f1idce [j;I.I!li'illli,t1r. ] n nUl~1t process-celemed b;,raut.S,! d'esph'e: v:arriabili'ty 0$

h fI- ;~[inWlIl:,'" ,~" pa~ of de~m:tm.c,n.t$. (l' ,iIi' 'l'tHtltl:m,Uv ' " 'hn~O\f.t[!_int to loc::ne :n.f'J(.t: to' , h otbeli:. Not stn:,~

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ro tesr WliO!ll1;5; a,'lt,erna)ti''!l~ ['3ycll.ms in a si:l{,pd.ef-!'::l!nment ' , '~ltl!d. get lm.llilodi:n.ti; :~i3db~ck. am. irmni~

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nt;:j_g~ .S~ 11::iII'!I iIile' ~ lJUOOO" :DQ:!:!rtlll . - C!.I!f!'m 1IlI*,1;l CI IImm'i ~i~rtll~ &btl~_tirjlR~ nl. jlf!!i~.fI Ta! fD!!l.lriCi!:.::. ,~~IX!

Red j:iii Pr1i nit:

lR.ed~ .. Pr~lL1lt is 3, s~Iud] p:r~,nting and bind.i:Ulg bl:.li5;~n~$ $p$c:i,~.]:~~iJ~g in,·man"vo]u~ne' runs of books" [1[$ priItTI.iU·Y expertise ii.~ ,in I~uinitin;~' and d,esigll. '~ut '~S, also ,grnd!UlaU'\r- 'rB;lO\I'i ng '~~'lIt() the assembl'l ;8JM hi oiling ,of brJOks., ,M~'[li'V ,of irs ,cu:stQm~r;li are c>oUege;5; :J:n.d [l]ni:\l~rs;~d,~~ hut ru~ l1!b-O p:rod\l!I.G~s 'books :far other :n.onp,tt.l~it lO,rpni~9:~'Ucn~s. Its beok 'pnJdycrttk!![1!. ClomisitS of three srtlllndo~~d ourpurs, The 5Itltru:b~m, b-ook b the 'typi'C9J. ~C!b thar '~J~,~iElS ][oJ! the;, d~si~f,iI, rOOi1iL. The hook de\dgtl 'is then, sent to :the' pale] depan'fn.en,t~ , .. vllcre: :p.3IPei. ii1y~' ,us determined and. the [JIro[l~'r ~papc:r. is ordered, '\V["U:::1Dl the paper has 'been 'l'ie'e~,ve(L the d,e~ign 'and. dlf~ pa.per are , •. J!ntt tiD· bi:f.!id.i:n.g, 'wl.iteF~' lite ,apiPrnpFi~~' Cid\Iil.!T 'rr:yp:; ~[n.d. 5pi:M tl1i.i,.ekncss :ailtl clIeWf'i'mLincd" The ~$det 'li.h~n, m,m~ ~D ~'he printing depar:ttmenit" ,~therre :~h~: ;pa,ges are !l:C:~lIJall.y prirn:rr:ea. PagecEi are

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c, Wha.'~ liliappmls]if the two dep~ln:rnenl\S' you. 'klentUied t~) 'be close ~.U], prln![~ng 's",~ap p;Ia~~ Is the tlr;rn~ (U:stance reduced 0'1' ificrt;'~i."!;~d? ·c;··,n'hli'n, w:li'J h· ,~s 'i!lno'~ ,iimll¥'1i .... '!lII~'t 'f.~l. I';-~'+"i~· tJ1!--·~'n· t,L"", ;i·'''r-l~;iJl.T eo

_ . _ . . . , . . . ~I:~_' ~ _ ~ L"'l ........ ~ ~ ~~ llil.!lj II '-r.' til I , ,I:J'.~I~ ~~~ •. !ll!l "i_ II 'i.!.! .. I ...... J~]_6_ , .. Il~ ~_r. _~ ~~~, ~~'Ii_

be closest to IpflJpltr;,

GI1.R,~"4,ftrlB~ ..... t~[I'¥I¥'W:n~" .. ~'·n· '10' 'a' d D'e' m o V' :E'

I UUYidJEi.hL"'·:,["'-.&iIlil\;,~&.lt~t_:;, .....: ,I., ....•. , "1 . • ••

b. 1E~~lm.ine th.e: routinss. ICfin liiOlll! idenr:it:'f PlrjiY' ethe ,F' l" hanees 'r~"":1i" m .. 4"1~+ i PIjli'p"ro~"'~" .. 11..~ I"'r.of r~' 'T" ..

itl!. ~ .. ~ :r. ' ~- .. _' ~ - ~ ~~) ""~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ .~, ..... 1 WUG!' .~ .,J]«,", I ",iI£!L.lIL U~ ,~ rn~ WY ... llh... .liEf

![l~el.ll- '\l~hall: is, the best l~.yut.u ¥fjll e .. ltiIl C()I~lC UP. 'w:~~ld 'W1,i!;~C is d-l,e 'tiO:ta]' d.ista[1l;ce:~ :E:xplain~ in

t~:rm_~ of the: d """":a-oJ and tJ! .... n .. "." •• r' ""i:JtS '!WI'lh' 't!' '!jj'''' .... ' ,'1~""·r.!Ijj·~· .. r - w -']I",~-;I in - ",", '."""" -- . - - - - - I: ' ~'.' ~~;,~ .'~. ,~~ _. I _ .. ,~~!I<t!'I;W 'L~~.'_, ,_u;..,. 1~.I"",,,,_n,!L'.,~~ ~ _. " t~' ;uuiL iI;;.. ,00 .~~ : tl:!iU 11,.'0(1, 1 ,~ :i!"'... I~~i.p:[()ve~eni ".

h ti~tl/;~UU'!OO"k 00 ~flt~ S;:Offillj"i' ·s_ . •...... ' •.... veFleJI. Gam

. · · P 1~lInl~~ the!~I;11 tl~IlI"~ellll' lLIe ~rn§~,Jt~ .' ".. ..t·· " .

b, ]de~)f.ify. and l",e!Cord. the ll17out~ tw,n m]l1ll,mi,t'e;) the tetal di":5.tJlnc:e f'Or' the cusLrnn, beok,

c, Identify and eecord tile ]_~yoUJt: t'htn In:~llJimhe5 rhe 'Wttii] di.:li1mn~C (lJ1" :ttb~ $'lLflIl.daJiCI t~print"

4,. Se~ rhe (]etoand def~u~ts 'back. 'w 1. 00 {fj(r' each ,PN}{;~u~t and. set the layo.(j~: hack ['0 i.~\S, st3rt.iru; (te!f~tdt.

Go~fUll:JIS~DowDJoaa, Demo VE

III Cust-om &;}(.)k~ Design. '-* P,apc;r ,9;, Prnnting ' .... ,M~lnbly 4 :ei~ing ,4 PadcQgifig I. Stancla;ro R.~print: De:1iigl] ~. P.apcr ~, Print]l1I.,g =-i; Pa.C:b'1g~ng

a, IEx~uu:itne tJ1J1C three routh~gs d,[~~¥., U~ ~ 1l1iJ~tfix ~'i~l'ikl'f to the one helew and tate dire irnpor-

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IPa:pc r ':!:it!Olr~"g'(!! :i(~

Desigl'iII 'X':w:.xx~'

Go~le Bl:tob Dbwnloa,d Demo VE

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• ~mmf-di~t¢l'~1' n,¢;tl;: to ¢~.ch otlh.et"

.. Oi;~'bT,f.~ln~I:II.'r across all_'(_~ (me' over' i.rf~:m eaeh other.. • Opposite ends of the ~~I~e lSi,de.

" ~ijqarri"'ii""::l -11 .... I"iD·i~. te ""1'rI..i ~ ,o"1If·'·IItii!.1 ,,-,;, 'L.:,",~~_

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50 'Th~ c:Ol]lposi'[lGiliL of t.leut~nd fUld. the p[apDft'ians of the v ari CI us' pFm1uL:ts can 'h~~e' a signihcant ~Ill"

n::Icit ~1'j'Io ,.. ..... ,n~II"Ii\P'tarl·i"ion ~-;,r.'il'I rx xi:=l f"~)~~~ ,1ri~"I'e d."'I"i;;tr~·ln· ,;:int' ry~' "i,'''f''''''i.: "'~iI"i'~'''''r """~I :1Iin .. )·til~"'I". In a (1'ljJp'~m[c, le';"'~·

I:J""~_ V.~~l ~,4}'~~~-":.'"," _ ~1.1V!l!!ll ~;Ij 1~''Isz~ ~ . Il!!.-.. Il~!ll ~~Il_ ~~rc~ I~,---, ,~!l."'r ,,"",p .. ". !.l.I"l.~' "'~l,",I!~, l~r~ ~ !lblli1i "~!'!!r.\!"'.i ~I, :r~~~~~~- _~,.

v"i:ronmentr '~"ith frequent changes in the PJ'Od~(:r. mix, the la:yout cannot be c_h;:itngiing all ehetlme

Copy" 'gh ted m a1.cri a