Report No.

M-932-70
.
J
ii
MISSION OPERATION REPORT

- APOLLO SUPPLEMENT

APRIL1970
OFFICEOFMANNEDSPACEFLIGHT
Prepared by: Apollo Program Office - MAO

JREVISION 3J
 FOREWORD

MISSION OPERATION REPORTS are published expressly For the use of NASA Senior
Management, as required by the Administrator in NASA Instruction 6-2-10, dated
15 August 1963. The purpose of these reports is to provide NASA Senior Management
with timely, complete, and definitive information on flight mission plans, and to
establish official mission objectives which provide the basis For assessment of mission
accomplishment.

Initial reports are prepared and issued for each flight proiect just prior to launch.
Following launch, updating reports foreach mlssionare issued to keep General Manage-
ment currenHy informed of definitive mission results as provided in NASA Instruction
6-2-10

Primary distribution of these reports is intended for personnel having program/project

management responsibilities which sometimes results in a highly technical orientation.
The Office of Public Affairs publishes a comprehensive seri_s of pre-launch and post-
launch reports on NASA flight missions which are available for dissemination to the
Press.

APOLLO MISS ION OPERATION REPORTSare published in two volumes: theMISSION

OPERATION REPORT (MOR); and the MISSION OPERATION REPORT, APOLLO
SUPPLEMENT. This Format was designed to provide a mlssion-orlented document in
the MOR, with supporting equipment and facility description in the MOR, APOLLO
SUPPLEMENT. The MOR, APOLLO SUPPLEMENT is a program-oriented reference
documentwjth a broad technical descrlptlonof the space vehicle and associated equip-
ment, the launch complex, and mission control and support Facilities.

Published and Distributed by

PROGRAM and SPECIAL REPORTS DIVISION (XP)
EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT - NASA HEADQUARTERS
 M-932-70
Apol Io Supplement t

CONTE NTS

Page

Space Vehicle ............... 1

Saturn V Launch Vehicle ....... 2
S-IC Stage ............ 2
S-II Stage ........... 6
S-IVB Stage ....... 10
Instrument Unit ...... 16
Apollo Spacecraft ...... 21
SpacecraPr-LM Adapter ...... 21
Service Module ........... 23
Command Module ......... 27
Common Spacecraft Systems ...... 40
Launch Escape System ........... 43
Lunar Module ................. 46

Crew Provisions ........................... 60

Apparel ....................... 60
Unsuited 60
Suited .................... 60
Extravehicular
._ . ............ 60
Item Description .......... 62
Food and Water ......... 64
Couches and Restraints ........ 65
Command Module ..... 65
Lunar Module ....... 66
Hygiene Equipment ........ , 67
Operational Aids .......... 67
Emergency Equipment ............... 62
Miscellaneous Equipment 6

Launch Complex ........................

General ........................
LC-39 Facilities and Equipment .............
Vehicle Assembly Building ...........
Launch Control Center .............
Mobile Launcher .............
Launch Pad ......... ...........
Apollo Emergency Ingress/Egressand Escape System ....
Fuel System Facilities ....................
LOX System Facility ....................
Azimuth Alignment Building ................

April 1970 i
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Pag___e

Photography Facilities ........................ 82

Pad Water System Facilities ..................... 82
Mobile Service Structure ...................... 82
Crawler-Transporter ......................... 83
Vehicle Assembly and Checkout ..................... 84

Mission Monitoring, Support, and Control .......... 85

General ......................... 85
Vehicle Flight Control Capability ............ 86
Space Vehicle Tracking .............. 90
•Command System .................. 90
Display and Control System ............. 91
Contingency Planning and Execution ............ 91
MCC Role in Aborts .................. 91
Vehicle Flight Control Parameters ................. 92
Parameters Monitored by Launch Control Center ....... 92
Parameters Monitored by BoosterSystemsGroup ....... 92
Parameters Monitored by Flight Dynamics Group ...... 92
Parameters Monitored by Spacecraft SystemsGroup .... 93
ParametersMonitored by Life SystemsGroup ....... 93
Apollo Launch Data System ................. 93
MSFC Support for Launch and Flight Operations ....... 93
Manned Space Flight Network ................. 94
Ground Stations ..................... 94
Mobile Stations ...................... 94
NASA Communications Network ................... 96

Recovery and Postfllght Provisions ...................... 98

General ................................ 98
Recovery Control Room......................... 98
Prime Recovery Equipment .................... 98
Primary Recovery Ship .................... 98
Support Aircraft ....................... 99
Isolation Garments ..................... 99
Mobile Quarantine Facility ................... 101
Transfer Tunnels ....................... 103
Lunar Receiving Laboratory ................... 103
Design Concept and Utilities .................. 104
Administrative and Support Area ................ 105
Crew Reception Area ...................... 105
Sample Operations Area ....................... 106

April 1970 ii
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Page

Mission Data Acquisition .......................... 108

Photographic Equipment ........................ 108
16mmData Acquisition Camera .................. 108
16mm Lunar Surface Movie Camera ................ 109
Lunar Topographic Camera .................... 10
70mm Hasselblad Electric Camera................. 10
70mm Hasselblad Electric Data Camera .............. 12
ApolloLunar Surface Close-Up Camera.............. 13
Television ............................... 13
Scientific Equipment......................... 16
Stowage ............................. 16
Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly ........... 16
Solar Wind Composition Experiment ............... 16
Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector Experiment ............ 17
Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package ........... 18
Lunar Geological Experiment .................. 134

Lunar Mobility Aids ............................ 135

General ................................ 135
Mobile Equipment Transporter ..................... 135

Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................ 137

April 1970 iii

 M-932-70
Apollo Supplement

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1 Apollo/Saturn V Space Vehicle 1

2 S-IC Stage 3
3 S-II Stage 7
4 S-IVB Stage 11
5 APS Functions 14
6 AP$ Control Module 15
7 Saturn Instrument Unit 16
8 IU Equipment Locations 17
9 Spacecraft-LM Adapter 21
10 SLA Panel Jettisoning 22
11 Service Module 24
12 Command Module 28
13 CM/LM Docking Configuration 32
14 Main Display Console 33
15 Telecommunications System 35
16 CSM Communication Ranges 36
17 Location of Antennas 37
18 ELS Major Component Stowage 39
19 Guidance and Control Functional Flow 41
20 Launch Escape System 44
21 Lunar Module 46
22 LM Physical Characteristics 47
23 LM Ascent Stage 49
24 LM Descent Stage 50
25 LM Communications Links 57
26 Apollo Apparel 61
27 LM Crewman at Flight Station 66
28 LM Crewmen Sleep Positions 66
29 Launch Complex 39 70
30 Vehicle Assembly Building 71
31 Mobile Launcher 73
32 Holddown Arms/Tail Service Mast 75
33 Mobile Launcher Service Arms 76
34 Launch Pad A, LC-39 77
35 Launch Structure Exploded View 78
36 Launch Pad Interface System 79
37 Elevator/Tube EgressSystem 80
38 Slide Wire/Cab EgressSystem 81
39 Mobile Service Structure 83
40 Crawler Transporter 83

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Apollo Supplement

41 Basic Telemetry, Command, and Communication 86

Interfaces for Flight Control
42 MCC Organization 87
43 Information Flow Mission Operations Control Room 88
44 MCC Functional Configuration 89
45 Manned Space Flight Network 95
46 Typical Mission Communications Network 97
47 Helicopter Pickup 100
48 Biological Isolation Garment 101
49 Mobile Quarantine Facility and Interfaces 101
50 Mobile Quarantine Facility Internal View 102
51 Lunar Receiving Laboratory 104
52 Maurer 16mmData Acquisition Camera 108
53 16mm Lunar Surface Movie Camera 109
54 Lunar Topographic Camera 111
55 70ramHasselblad Electric Data Camera 112
56 Apollo Lunar Surface Close-Up Camera 113
$7 Lunar Surface Color TV Camera 114
58 Lunar Black and White TV Camera 115
59 Solar Wind Array 116
60 Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector Deployed 117
61 Passive Seismic Experiment 118
62 Active Seismic Experiment Subsystem 120
63 Lunar Surface Magnetometer Experiment Subsystem 122
64 Solar Wind Spectrometer 123
65 Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE) 124
66 Heat Flow Experiment 126
67 Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment 127
68 Cold Cathode Ion Gauge 128
69 Dust Detector 129
70 Data Subsystemand Central Station 131
71 Apollo Lunar Surface Drill 132
72 Apollo Lunar Hand Tools 133
73 Astronaut Placing Lunar Sample in Sample Return 134
Container
74 Mobile Equipment Transporter (Prototype) 135

April ! 970 v
 M-932-69
_- Apollo Supplement

SPACE VEHICLE

The primary flight hardware of the Apollo Programconsists of a Saturn V Launch Vehicle
and an Apollo Spacecraft. Collectively, they are designated the Apollo/SaturnV Space
Vehicle (SV) (Figure 1).

APOLLO/SATURNV SPACEVEHICLE

INSTRUMENT
UNIT

S-IVB

LAUNCH
ESCAPE SYSTEM

INTER-
STAGE

PROTECTIVE COVER

_BCOST

._L._ b_L COMMAND MODUL E S-II

3B3FT

SERVICE MODULE _ INTER-

STAGE

LM ADAPTER _IC

SPACECRAFT-

LUNAR MO_

_-" SPACECRAFT SPACE VEHICLE LAUNCH VEHICLE

Fig. 1

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_-_ Apol Io Supplement

SATURN V LAUNCH VEHICLE

The Saturn V Launch Vehicle (LV) is designed to boost up to 285,000 pounds into a
105-nautical mile earth orbit and to provide for lunar payloads of over 100r000 pounds.
The Saturn V LV consists of three propulsive stages (S-IC, S-II, S-IVB), two interstages,
and an Instrument Unit (IU).

S-IC Stage

General

The S-IC stage (Figure 2) is a large cylindrical booster, 138 feet long and 33 feet
in diameterr powered by five liquid propellant F-1 rocket engines. These engines
develop a nominal sea level thrust total of approximately 7,650,000 pounds. The
stage dry weight is approximately 288_000 pounds and thetotal loaded stage weight
is approximately 5_031,500 pounds. The S-IC stage interfaces structurally and
electrically with the S-II stage. It also interfaces structurally, electrically, and
pneumatically with Ground Support Equipment (GSE) through two umbilical service
arms, three tail service masts, and certain electronic systemsby antennas. The
S-IC stage is instrumented for operational measurementsor signals which are
- transmitted by its independent telemetry system.

Structure

The S-IC structural design reflects the requirements of F-1 engines, propellants,
control_ instrumentation_ and interfacing systems. Aluminum alloy is the primary
structural material. The major structural components are the forward skirtr oxidizer
tank, intertank section, fuel tank, and thrust structure. The forward skirt inter-
faces structurally with the S-IC/S-II interstage. The skirt also mounts vents,
antennas_ and electrical and electronic equipment.

The 47_298-cubic foot oxidizer tank is the structural link between the forward skirt
and the intertank structure which provides structural continuity between the oxidizer
and fuel tanks. The 29,215-cubic foot fuel tank provides the load carrying structural
link between the thrust and intertank structures. Five oxidizer ducts run from the
oxidizer tank_ through the fuel tank, to the F-1 engines.

The thrust structure assembly redistributes the applied loads of the five F-1 engines
into nearly uniform loading about the periphery of the fuel tank. Also_ it provides
support for the five F-1 enginesr engine accessories_ base heat shield, engine
falrings and fins_ propellant llnes_ retrorockets, and environmental control ducts.
The lower thrust rir_g has four holddown points which support the fully loaded
_- Saturn V Space Vehicle (approximately 6,483,000 pounds) and also, as necessary_
restrain the vehicle during controlled release.

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Apollo Supplement

S-IC STAGE
l

FLIGHT TERMINATION
RECEIVERS (2) ,. _.. FT

I NSTRUMENTATION
_2
FORWARD
120.7 IN
SKIRT
GOX
DISTRIBUTOR

HELIUM
CYLINDERS (4)

LINE
IN OXIDIZER

TANK

FORM
BAFFLE
ANNULAR
-- BAFFLES 262.4 IN
INTERTANK
LINE SECTION
TUNNELS (5)

CENTER SUCTION
ENGINE LINES (5)

FUEL
CABLE TUNNEL IN TANK
FUEL
SUCTION UPPER THRUST
LINES=-. RING

HEAT

/_ !!) 2a3.7
I.STRUCTURE
T.R_T
LOWER

THRUST
F-I ENGINES
L-ENGINE FAIRING
FIN C
(5) AND FIN
INSTRUMENTATION FLIGHT CONTROL HEAT SHIELD
_. SERVOACTUATOR
RETROROCKETS

Fig. 2

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Apollo Supplement

Propulsion

The F-1 engine is a slngle-start_ ],530,O00-pound fixed-thrust, calibrated, bi-

propellant engine which uses liquid oxygen (LOX) as the oxidizer and Rocket
Propellant-] (RP-I) as the fuel. The thrust chamber is cooled regeneratively by
fuel, and the nozzle extension is cooled by gas generator exhaust gases. Oxidizer
and fuel are supplied to the thrust chamber by a single turbopump powered by a
gas generator which uses the same propellant combination. RP-! is also used as
the furbopump lubricant and as the working fluid for the engine hydraulic control
system. The four outboard engines are capable of glmbaling and have provisions
for supply and return of RP-] as the working fluid for a thrust vector control system.
The engine contains a heat exchanger system to condition engine-supplled LOX
and externally supplied helium for stage propellant tank pressurization. An
instrumentation system monitors engine performance and operation. External
thermal insulation provides an allowable engine environment during flight operation.

The normal infllght engine cutoff sequence is center engine first, followed by the
four outboard engines. Engine optical-type depletion sensors in either the oxidizer
or fuel tank initiate the engine cutoff sequence. In an emergency_ the engine
can be cut off by any of the following methods: GSE Command Cutoff, Emergency
- Detection System_ or Outboard Cutoff System.

Propel lant Systems

The propellant systems include hardware for fill and drain, propellant conditioning,
tank pressurization prior to and during flight, and for dellvery to the engines.
Fuel tank pressurization is required during engine starting and flight to establish
and maintain a Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) at the fuel inlet to the engine
turbopumps. During flight, the source of fuel tank pressurization is helium from
storage bottles mounted inside the oxidizer tank. Fuel feed is accomplished
through two 12-inch ducts which connect the fuel tank to each F-1 engine. The
ducts are equipped with flex and sliding joints to compensate for motions from
engine gimbaling and stage stresses.

Gaseous oxygen (GOX) is used for oxidizer tank pressurization during flight. A
portion of the LOX supplied to each engine is diverted into the engine heat
exchangers where it is transformed into GOX and routed back to the tanks. LOX
is delivered to the engines through five suction lines which are supplied with flex
and sliding joints.

Flight Control

- The S-IC thrust vector control consists of four outboard F-1 engines, gimbal blocks
to attach these engines to the thrust ring, engine hydraulic servoactuators (two
per engine), and an engine hydraulic power supply. Engine thrust is transmitted

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Apollo Supplement

to the thrust structure through the engine gimbal block. There are two servo-
actuator attach points per engine, located 90 degrees from each other, through
which the gimboling force is applied. The glmboling of the four outboard engines
changes the direction of thrust and as a result corrects the attitude of the vehicle
to achieve the desired trajectory. Each outboard engine may be gimbaled +5 °
within a square pattern at a rate of 5 ° per second.

Electrical

"[he electrical power system of the S-IC stage consists of two basic subsystems:
the operational power subsystem and the measurements power subsystem. Onboard
power is supplied by two 28-volt batteries. Battery number I is identified as the
operational power system battery. It supplies power to operational loads such as
valve controls, purge and venting systems, pressurization systems, and sequencing
and flight control. Battery number 2 is identified as the measurement power system.
Batteries supply power to their loads through a common main power distributor, but
each system is completely isolated from the other. The S-IC stage switch selector
is the interface between the Launch Vehicle Digital Computer (LVDC) in the IU
and theS-IC stage electrical circuits. Its function is to sequence and control
various flight activltles such as telemetry callbration, retrofire initiation, and
pressurization.

Ordnance

The S-IC ordnance systems include propellant dispersion (flight termination)

and retrorocket systems. The S-IC Propellant Dispersion System (PDS) provides
the means of terminating the flight of the Saturn V if it varies beyond the prescribed
limits of its flight path or if it becomes a safety hazard during the S-IC boost phase.
A transmitted ground command shuts down al! engines and a second command
detonates explosives which longitudinally open the fuel and oxidizer tanks. The
fuel opening is 180° (opposite) to the oxidizer opening to minimize propellant
mixlng.

Eight retrorockets provide thrust after S-IC burnout to separate it from the S-II
stage. The S-IC retrorockets are mounted in palrs external to the thrust structure
in the fairings of the four outboard F-1 engines. 1"he firing command originates
in the IU and actlvates redundant firing systems. At retrorocket ignition the for-
ward end of the fairing is burned and blown through by the exhausting gases. The
thrust level developed by Seven retrorockets (one retrorocket out) is adequate to
separate the S-IC stage a minimum of six feet from the vehicle in less than one
second.

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S-II Stage

General

The S-II stage (Figure 3) is a large cylindrical booster, 81.5 feet long and 33 feet
in diameter, powered by five liquid propellant J-2 rocket engines which develop
a nominal vacuum thrust of 232,000 pounds each for a total of 1,150,000 pounds.
Dry weight of the S-II stage is approximately 78,050 pounds. The stage approximate
loaded gross weight is 1,075,000 pounds. The S-IC/S-II interstage weighs 10,460
pounds. The S-II stage is instrumented for operational and research and development
measurements which are transmitted by its independent telemetry system. The S-II
stage has structural and electrical interfaces with the S-IC and S-IVB stages, and
electric, pneumatic, and fluid interfaces with GSE through its umbilicals and antennas.

Structure

Major S-II structural components are the forward skirt, the 37,737-cubic foot fuel
tank, the 12,745--cubic foot oxidizer tank (with the common bulkhead), the aft
skirt/thrust structure, and the S-IC/S-II interstage. Aluminum alloy is the major
structural material. The forward and aft skirts distribute and transmit structural
loads and interface structurally with the interstages. The aft skirt also distributes
the loads imposed on the thrust structure by the J-2 engines. The S-IC/S-II inter-
stage is comparable to the aft skirt in capability and construction. The propellant
tank walls constitute the cylindrical structure between the skirts. The aft bulkhead
of the fuel tank is also the forward bulkhead of the oxidizer tank. This common bulk-
head is fabricated of aluminum with a fiberglass/phenolic honeycomb core. The
insulating characteristics of the common bulkhead minimize the heating effect of
the relatively hot LOX (-297°F) on the LH 2 (-423°F).

Propulsion

The S-II stage engine system consists of Five single-start, hlgh-performance, high-
altitude J-2 rocket engines of 232,000 pounds of nominal vacuum thrust each.
Fuel is liquid hydrogen (LH2) and the oxidizer is liquid oxygen (LOX). The four
outer J-2 engines are equally spaced on a 17.5-foot diameter circle and are
capable of being gimbaled through __.7degrees square pattern to allow thrust vector
control. The Fifth engine is Fixed and is mounted on the centerline of the stage.
A capability to cut off the center engine before the outboard engines may be pro-
vided by a pneumatic system powered by gaseous helium which is stored in a
sphere inside the start tank. An electrical control system that uses solid state
logic elements is used to sequence the start and shutdown operations of the engine.
Electrical power is stage-supplied.

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M-932-69
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S-IISTAGE

11/21 FEET
-SYSTEMSTUNNEL
VEHI CLE
STATI ON
_,_ FORWARD
SKIRT

LIQUID HYDROGEN

2519 _: // --I (37,737

curr)
_-----_" _, 56 FEET

" _]JJ_llll
II_I
IIIIIII
I_U_ LH2/LOX COMMON
BULKHEAD
81-I 12 I
FEET
LIQUID OXYGEN
22 FEET TANK
(12,745.5 CU FT)

SKIRT
__ STRUCTURE
f
INTERSTAGE
14-I/2 FEET THRUST
18-I/4 FEET

STATION 33 FEET--
1541
VEHICLE

/E

Fig. 3

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Apollo Supplement

The J-2 engines may receive cutoff signals from several different sources. These
sources include engine interlock deviations, Emergency Detection System automatic
or manual abort cutoffs, and propellant depletion cutoff. Each of these sources
signals the LVDC in the IU. The LVDC sends the engine cutoff signal to the S-II
switch selector, which in turn signals the electrical control package, which controls
all local signals necessary for the cutoff sequence. Five discrete liquid level
sensors per propellant tank provlde initiation of engine cutoff upon detection of
propellant depletion. The cutoff sensors will initiate a signal to shut down the
engines when two out of five engine cutoff signals from the same tank are recelved.

Propel lant Systems

The propellant systems supply fuel and oxidizer to the five engines. This is
accomplished by the propellant management components and the servicing,
condltioning, and engine delivery subsystems. The propellant tanks are insulated
with foam-filled honeycomb which contains passages through which helium is forced
for purging and leak detection. The LH2 feed system includes five 8-inch vacuum-
jacketed feed ducts and five prevalves.

During powered flight, prior to S-II ignition, gaseous hydrogen (GH2) for LH2
tank pressurization is bled from the thrust chamber hydrogen injector manifold of
each of the four outboard engines. After S-II engine ignition, LH2 is preheated
in the regenerative cooling tubes of the engine and tapped off from the thrust
chamber iniector manifold in the form of GH 2 to serve as a pressurizing medlum.
The LOX feed system includes four 8-inch, vacuum-jacketed feed ducts, one
uninsulated feed duct, and five prevalves. LOX tank pressurization is accom-
plished with GOX obtained by heating LOX bled from the LOX turbopump outlet.

The propel lant management system monitors propellant mass for control of propellant
loading, utilization, and depletion. Components of the system include continuous
capacitance probes, propellant utilization valves, liquid level sensors, and elec-
tronic equipment. During flight, the signals from the tank continuous capacitance
probes are monitored and compared to provide an error signal to the propellant
utilization valve on each LOX pump. Based on this error signal, the propellant
utilization valves are posltloned to minimize residual propellants and assure a
fuel-rich cutoff by varying the amount of LOX delivered to the engines. The
proceding description is termed "closed loop" operation. Some missions may be
flown "open loop" whereby the propellant utilization valve is shifted in accord-
ance with a predetermined schedule.

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"_ Apollo Supplement

Flight Control

Each outboard engine is equipped with a separate, independent, closed-loop,

hydraulic control system that includes two servoactuators mounted in perpendicular
planes to provide vehicle control in pitch, roll1 and yaw. The servoactuators are
capable of deflecting the engine _+7degrees in the pitch and yaw planes (+10 degrees
diagonally) at the rate of 8 degrees per second.

Electrical

The electrical system is comprised of the electrical power and electrical control
subsystems. The electrical power subsystem provides the S-II stage with the
electrical power source and distribution. The electrical control subsystem inter-
faces with the IU to accomplish the mission requirements of the stage. The LVDC
in the IU controls inflight sequencing of stage functions through the stage switch
selector. The stage switch selector outputs are routed through the stage electrical
sequence controller or the separation controller to accomplish the directed operation.
These units are basically a network of low-power transistorized switches that can
be controlled individually and1 upon command from the switch selectorr provide
properly sequenced electrical signals to control the stage functions.

Ordnance

The S-II ordnance systems include separation_ ullage rocket I retrorocket_ and
propellant dispersion (flight termination) systems. For S-IC/S-II separation, a
dual-plane separation technique is used wherein the structure between the two
stages is severed at two different planes. The second-plane separation jettisons
the interstage after S-II engine ignition. The S-II/S-IVB separation occurs at a
single plane located near the aft skirt of the S-IVB stage. The S-IVB interstage
remains as an integral part of the S-II stage. To separate and retard the S-II stage,
a deceleration is provided by the four retrorockets located in the S-II/S-IVB inter-
stage. Each rocket develops a nominal thrust of 34,810 pounds and fires for 1.52
seconds. All separations are initiated by the LVDC located in the IU.

To ensure stable flow of propellants into the J-2 engines, a small forward acceleration
is required to settle the propellants in their tanks. This acceleration is provided by
four ullage rockets mounted on the S-IC/S-II interstage. Each rocket develops a
nominal thrust of 23r000 pounds and fires for 3.75 seconds. The ullage function
occurs prior to second-plane separation.

The S-II Propellant Dispersion System (PDS) provides for termination of vehicle flight
during the S-II boost phase if the vehicle flight path varies beyond its prescribed
limits or if continuation of vehicle flight creates a safety hazard. TheS-II PDS may
be sated after the Launch Escape Tower is jettisoned. The fuel tank linear-shaped

July 1969 Page 9

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charge, when detonated, cuts a 30-foot vertical opening in the tank. The oxidizer
tank destruct charges simultaneously cut 13-foot lateral openings in the oxidizer
tank and the S-II aft skirt.

S-IVB Stage

General

The S-IVB stage (Figure 4) is a large cylindrical booster 59 feet long and 21.6
feet in diameter, powered by one J-2 engine. The S-IVB stage is capable of
multiple engine starts. Engine thrust is 203,000 pounds. This stage is also
unique in that it has an attitude control capability independent of its main
engine. Dry weight of the stage is 25,050 pounds. The launch weight of the
stage is 261,700 pounds. The interstage weight of 8100 pounds is not included
in the stated weights. The stage is instrumented for functional measurements or
signals which are transmitted by its independent telemetry system.

Structure

- The major structural components of the S-IVB stage are the forward skirt, propellant
tanks, aft skirt, thrust structure, and aft interstage. The forward skirt provides
structural continuity between the fuel tank walls and the IU. The propellant tank
walls transmit and distribute structural loads from the aft skirt and the thrust
structure. The aft skirt is subjected to imposed loads from the S-IVB aft interstage.
The thrust structure mounts the J-2 engine and distributes its structural loads to the
circumference of the oxidizer tank. A common, insulated bulkhead separates the
2830-cubic foot oxidizer tank and the 10,418-cubic foot fuel tank and is similar to
the common bulkhead discussed in the S-II description. The predominant structural
material of the stage is aluminum alloy. The stage interfaces structurally with the
S-II stage and the IU.

Main Propulsion

The high-performance J-2 engine as installed in the S-IVB stage has a multiple
start capability. The S-IVB J-2 engine is scheduled to produce a thrust of
203_000 pounds during its first burn to earth orbit and a thrust of 1781000 pounds
(mixture mass ratio of 4.5:1) during the first 100 seconds of translunar injection.
The remaining translunar injection acceleration is provided at a thrust level of
203_000 pounds (mixture mass ratio of 5.0:1). The engine valves are controlled
by a pneumaHc system powered by gaseous helium whTch is stored _n a sphere
inside a start bottle. An electrical control system that uses solid stage logic
elements is used to sequence the start and shutdown operations of the engine.
Electrical power is supplied from aft battery No. 1.

April 1970 Page 10

 LOX TANK ,k" \\
59.0
z83oJ I'
CU FT-
FEET J

7.0 FEET
AFT SKI RT

THRUST STRUCTURE _I --_

(WITH ENGINE
ATTACHED) _ 5"2tFEET

q 33.0 FEET Jl

19 FEET

AFT INTERSTAGD _ / ',\ ___

f

Fig. 4

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Apollo Supplement

During engine operation, the oxidizer tank is pressurized by flowing cold helium
(from helium spheres mounted inside the fuel tank) through the heat exchanger in
the oxidizer turbine exhaust duct. The heat exchanger heats the cold helium,
causing it to expand. The fuel tank is pressurized during engine operation by GH2
from the thrust chamber fuel manifold. Thrust vector control in the pitch and yaw
planes during burn periods is achieved by glmbaling the entire engine.

The J-2 engines may receive cutoff signals from the following sources: Emergency De-
tection System t range safety systems, "Thrust OK" pressure switches, propellant deple-
tlon sensors, and an IU-programmed command (velocity or timed) via the switch selector.

The restart of the J-2 engine is identlcal to the initial start except for the fill
procedure of the start tank. The start tank is filled with LH2 and GH2 during the
first burn period by bleeding GH2 from the thrust chamber fuel injection manifold
and LH2 from the Augmented Spark Igniter (ASI) fuel line to refill the start tank
for engine restart. (Approximately 50 seconds 6f mainstage engine operation is
required to recharge the start tank.)

To insure that sufficient energy will be available for spinning the fuel and oxidizer
pump turbines, a waiting period of between approximately 80 minutes to 6 hours
is required. The minimum time is required to build sufficient pressure by warming
the start tank through natural means and to allow the hot gas turbine exhaust system
to cool. Prolonged heating will cause a loss of energy in the start tank. This loss
occurswhen the LH2 and GH2 warm and raise the gas pressure to the relief valve
setting. If this venting continues over a prolonged period the total stored energy
will be depleted. This limits the waiting period prior to a restart attempt to six
hours.

Propel lant Systems

LOX is stored in the aft tank of the propellant tank structure at a temperature of
-297°F. A six-inch, low-pressure supply duct supplies LOX from the tank to the
engine. During engine burn, LOX is supplied at a nominal flow rate of 392 pounds
per second, and at a transfer pressure above 25 psia. The supply duct is equipped
with bellows to provide compensatlng flexibility for engine gimbaling, manufacturing
tolerances, and thermal movement of structural connections. The tank is prepres-
surized to between 38 and 41 psi 9 and is maintained at that pressure during boost
and engine operation. Gaseous helium is used as the pressurizing agent.

The LH2 is stored in an insulated tank at less than -423°F. LH2 from the tank is
su.pplied to the J-2 engine turbopump by a vacuum-jacketed, low-pressure, 10-inch
duct. This duct is capable of flowing 80 pounds per second at -423°F and at a
transfer pressure of 28 psia. The duct is located in the aft tank side wall above the
common bulkhead joint. Bellows in this duct compensate for engine gimbaling,

July 1969 Page 12

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Apollo Supplement

manufacturing tolerances, and thermal motion. The fuel tank is prepressurized to

28 psia minimum and 31 psia maximum.

The propellant utilization (PU) subsystem provides a means of controlling the

propellant mass ratio. It consists of oxidizer and fuel tank mass probes, a PU
valve, and an electronic assembly. These components monitor the propellant and
maintain command control. Propellant utilization is provided by bypassing oxidizer
from the oxidizer turbopump outlet back to the inlet. The PU valve is controlled by
signals from the PU system. The engine oxidizer/fuel mixture mass ratio varies from
4.5:1 to 5.5:1.

Flight Control System

The Flight Control System incorporates two systems for flight and attitude control.
During powered flight, thrust vector steering is accomplished by gimbaling the
J-2 engine for pitch and yaw control and by operating the Auxiliary Propulsion
System (APS) engines for roll control. The engine is gimbaled in a +7.5 degree
square pattern by a closed-loop hydraulic system. Mechanical feedl_ack from the
actuator to the servovalve provides the closed engine position loop. Two actuators
are used to translate the steering signals into vector forces to position the engine.
The deflection rates are proportional to the pitch and yaw steering signals from the
Flight Control Computer. Steering during coast flight is by use of the APS engine
alone.

Auxiliary Propulsion System

The S-IVB APS provides three-axis stage attitude control (Figure 5) and main stage
propellant control during coast flight. The APS engines are located in two modules
180° apart on the aft skirt of the S-IVB stage (Figure 6). Each module contains
four engines: three 150-pound thrust control engines and one 70-pound thrust
ullage engine. Each module contains its own oxidizer, fuel, and pressurization
system. A positive expulsion propellant feed subsystem is used to assure that
hypergolic propellants are supplied to the engines under "zero g" or random
gravity conditions. Nitrogen tetroxide (N204) is the oxidizer and monomethyl
hydrazine (MMH) is the fuel for these engines.

July 1969 Page 13

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Apollo Supplement
APS FUNCTIONS

+X ULLAGE

PITCH

Fig. 5

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Apollo Supplement

APS CONTROL
MODULE

OUTERMODULE
FAIRING

HIGH PRESSURE
HELIUM SPHE
OXIDIZER
- FUEL TANK--
150 LB. PITCH

150 LB, ROLL AND

YAWENGINE

70 LB, ULLAGE
ENG

Fig. 6

Electrical

The electrical system of the S-IVB stage is comprised of two major subsystems:
the electrical power subsystemwhich consists of all the power sources on the stage;
and the electrical control subsystemwhich distributes power and control signals to
various loads throughout the stage. Onboard electrical power is supplied by four
silver-zlnc batteries. Two are located in the forward equipment area and two in
the aft equipment area. These batteries are activated and installed in the stage
during the final prelaunch preparations. Heaters and instrumentation probes are
f
an integral part of each battery.

July 1969 Page 15

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Apollo Supplement

Ordnance

The S-IVB ordnance systemsinclude the separation, ullage rocket, and Propellant
Dispersion System (PDS) systems. The separation plane for S-II/S-IVB staging is
located at the top of the S-II/S-IVB interstage. At separation four retrorocket
motors mounted on the interstage structure below the separation plane fire to
decelerate the S-II stage with the interstage attached.

To provide propellant settling and thus ensure stable flow of fuel and oxidizer
during J-2 engine start, the S-IVB stage requires a small acceleration. This
acceleration is provided by two iettisonable ullage rockets for the first burn. The
APS provides ullage for subsequent burns.

The S-IVB PDSprovides for termination of vehicle flight by cutting two parallel
20-foot openings in the fuel tank and a 47-inch diameter hole in the LOX tank.
The S-IVB PDS may be safed after the Launch Escape Tower is jettisoned. Following
S-IVB engine cutoff at orbit insertion, the PDS is electrically safed by ground
command.

Instrument Unit

General

The Instrument Unit (IU) (Figures 7 and 8), is a cylindrical structure 21.6 feet in
diameter and 3 feet high installed on top of the S-IVB stage. The unit weighs 43i0
pounds. The IU contains the guidance, navigation, and control equipment for the
launch vehicle. In addition, it contains measurementsand telemetry, command
communications, tracking, and Emergency Detection System components along with
supporting electrical power and the Environmental Control System.
SATURNINSTRUMENT
UNIT

July 1969 Page 16

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- Apollo Supplement

IU EQUIPMENTLOCATIONS
BD3D 6040
6DlO BATTERY BATTERY TM pOWER DIVIDER
COOLANT BATTERY
PUMP NO 1
CCS TELEMETER ANTENNA

UMBILICAL

DISTRIBUTOR
7_ AUXILIARY POWER

, j MEASURING RACK

....INI I,_ ,_ ,_,, , /LI'>L&'_Kt_IB

_MEASUR,NORAC<

"A" TS SE VOLT POWER

OOOR ELECTRONIC SUPPLY ASSY
-- MODULATING FLOW CONTROL ASSY

VALVE L_CCS TELEMETER

ST-124M-3
PLATFBRM ANTENNA
ASSEMBLY

PROBE ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY

LAUNCH
VBF TM J-BOX VEHICLE
ANTE F _DATA -- ,U COMMAND

_ CBNTROL DISTRIBUTOR

I- TRANSP_OE--_C'BANOG_I_LL
CCS TELEMETER ANTENNA
-
_,v_,_
,___I_,_NLI ADAPTEF DECODER
ENGRBOUTO'EENABLE
ASSY
TIMER

: _ SWITCH SELECTOR

OCS'RABSPO"DER----"ll'_/_jy'_
f /P°ST" / '-:_:o_u\ _ _k
• BOAS COMPUTER

<"// \
"C"

CCS COAXIAL _ I C-BAND" SUPPLY

<.UNCBA
/
VEHICLE REMOTE --
_ "B"

CCS HYBRID RING

SWITCH PCM COAXIAL ANTENNA DIGITAL DIGITAL
SWITCH COMPUTER MULTIPLEXER

CONTROL EDS DISTRIBUTOR_-- FIRFASSY PCM/DOAS CCS TELEMETER ANTENNA

SIGNAL TM ASSY

__ TM CALIBRATOR

MEASURING RACK_ _ :, : : -- CPIMULTIPLEXER

OOMPBTER
"6"
_02
'___
"_AOK,L,ARyPOW_RTA
' _
] S ASSY
. . MEASUR,NGRAC,"A"
DISTRIBUTOR

THE O
E// ANTE BNA THERMAL PR OB

// ANTENNA
COUPLER
DIRECTIONAL 'P_II __
SURING NO 2

Z it.__. MEA
CONTROL EDS RACK C-BAND XPOR TM RF COUPLER
RATEGYRB TM CALtBRATOR _DFIMULTIPLEXER

CONTROL ASSY
pOWER AND MBB 270 Fig . 8

July 1969 Page 17

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Apollo Supplement

Structure

The basic IU structure is a short cylinder fabricated of an aluminum alloy honey-

comb sandwich material. Attached to the inner surface of the cylinder are "cold
plates" which serve both as mounting structure and thermal conditioning units for
the electrical/electronic equipment.

Navigation, Guidance, and Control

The Saturn V Launch Vehicle is guided from its launch pad into earth orbit pri-
marily by navigation, guidance, and control equipment located in the IU. An
all-lnertial system utilizes a space-stabilized platform for acceleration and
attitude measurements. A Launch Vehicle Digital Computer (LVDC) is used to
solve guidance equations and a Flight Control Computer (FCC) (analog) is used
for the flight control functions.

The three-glmbal, stabilized platform (ST-124-M3) provides a space-fixed

coordinate reference frame for attitude control and for navigation (acceleration)
measurements. Three integrating accelerometers, mounted on the gyro-stabilized
inner gimbal of the platform, measure the three components of velocity resulting
- from vehicle propulsion. The accelerometer measurements are sent through the
Launch Vehicle Data Adapter (LVDA) to the LVDC° In the LVDC, the acceler-
ometer measurements are combined with the computed gravitational acceleration
to obtain velocity and position of the vehicle. During orbital flight, the navi-
gational program continually computes the vehicle position, velocity, and
acceleration. Guidance information stored in the LVDC (e.g., position_ velocity)
can be updated through the IU command system by data transmission from ground
stations. The IU command system provides the general capability of changing or
inserting information into the LVDC.

In the event of failure of the ST-124-M3, the crew may select the Command
Module Computer (CMC) and the Command Module Inertial Measurement Unit as
a guidance reference by placing the guidance switch to the "CMC" position.
Prior to S-IC/S-II staging, space vehicle attitude error signals are generated
automatically in the backup mode. After first stage separation, attitude error
signals are generated by the crew utilizing the Rotational Hand Controller and
spacecraft attitude and performance displays. These induced attitude error
signals are routed via the LVDC, LVDA, and FCC to the launch vehicle control
system. The backup guidance capability is dependent upon a prior sensed failure
of the ST-124-M3 platfol'm except for S-IVB orbital coast phases.

The control subsystem is designed to control and maintain vehicle attitude by

forming the steering commands to be used by the controlling engines of the active
stage. The control system accepts guidance commands from the LVDC/LVDA
guidance system. These guidance commands, which are actually attitude error

July 1969 Page 18

 M-932-70
Apol Io Supplement

signals, are then combined with measured data from the various control sensors.
The resultant output is the command signal to the various engine actuators and
APS nozzles. The final computations (analog) are performed within the FCC.
The FCC is also the central switching point for command signals. From this point,
the signals are routed to their associated active stages and to the appropriate
attitude control devices.

Measurements and Teleme._ry

The instrumentation within the IU consists of a measuring subsystem, a telemetry

subsystem, and an antenna subsystem. This instrumentation is for the purpose of
monitoring certain conditions and events which take place within the IU and for
transmitting monitored signals to ground receiving stations.

Command Communications System

The Command Communications System (CCS) provides for digital data transmission
from ground stations to the LVDC. This communications link is used to update
guidance information or command certain other functions through the LVDC.
Command data originates in the Mission Control Center (MCC) and is sent to
remote stations of the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) for transmission
to the launch vehicle.

Saturn Tracking Instrumentation

The Saturn V IU carries two C-band radar transponders for tracking. Tracking
capability is also provided through the CCS. A combination of tracking data
from different tracking systems provides the best possible trajectory information
and increased reliability through redundant data. The tracking of the Saturn V
Launch Vehicle may be divided into four phases: powered flight into earth orbit,
orbital flight, injection into mission trajectory, and coast flight after injection.
Continuous tracking is required during powered flight into earth orbit. During
orbital flight, tracking is accomplished by S-band stations of the MSFN and by
C-band radar stations°

In order to support the detailed test obiectives of impacting the spent S-IVB/IU on the
lunar surface and determining its impact location to within 5 kmr tracking capability
has been extendedr on vehicles AS-508 and subsequent, to impact. This has been
accomplished through the addition of a fourth battery in the Instrument Unit and some
relatively minor software and ESE changes.

April 1970 Page 19

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Apollo Supplement

IU Emergency Detectlon System Components

The Emergency Detection System (EDS) is one element of several crew safety
systems. There are nine EDS rate gyros installed in the IU. Three gyros monitor
each of the three axes (pitch, roll, and yaw) thus providing triple redundancy.
The control signal processor provides power to and receives inputs from the nine
EDS rate gyros. These inputs are processed and sent on to the EDS distributor and
to the FCC. The EDS distributor serves as a junction box and switching device to
furnish the spacecraft display panels with emergency signals if emergency con-
ditions exlst. It also contains relay and diode logic for the automatic abort
sequence.

An electronic timer in the IU allows multiple engine Shutdowns without automatic

abort after 30 seconds of flight. Inhibiting of automatic abort circuitry is
also provided by the vehicle flight sequencing circuits through the IU switch
selector. This inhibiting is required prior to normal S-IC engine cutoff and other
normal vehicle sequencing. While the automatic abort is inhibited, the flight
crew must initiate a manual abort if an angular-overrate or two engine-out con-
dition arises.

Electrical Power Systems

Primary flight power for the IU equipment is supplied by silver-zinc batteries

at a nominal voltage level of 28_+2 vdc. Where ac power is required within the
IU it is developed by solid state dc to ac inverters. Power distribution within the
IU is accomplished through power distributors which are essentially junction boxes
and switching circuits°

Environmental Control System

The Environmental Control System (ECS) maintains an acceptable operating

envlronment for the JU equipment during preflight and flight operations. The
ECS is composed of the following:

1. The Thermal Conditioning System (TCS) which maintains a circulating coolant

temperature to the electronic equipment of 59° _+I°F.

2. Preflight purging system which maintains a supply of temperature and pressure

regulated air/gaseous nitrogen in the IU/S-IVB equipment area.

3. Gas bearing supply system which furnishes gaseous nitrogen to the ST-124-M3
inertial platform gas bearings°

F 4. Hazardous gas detection sampling equipment which monitors the IU/S-IVB

forward interstage area for the presence of hazardous vapors.

April 1970 Page 20

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Apollo Supplement
APOLLO SPACECRAFT

The Apollo Spacecraft (S/C) is designed to support three men in space for periods up to
two weeks, docking in space, landing on and returning from the lunar surface, and
safely entering the earth's atmosphere. The Apollo S/C consists of the Spacecraft-LM
Adapter (SLA), the Service Module (SM), the Command Module (CM), the Launch
EscapeSystem (LES), and the Lunar Module (LM). The CM and SM as a unit are
referred to as the Command/Service Module (CSM).

Spacecraft-kM Adapter

General

The SLA (Figure 9) is a conical structure which provides a structural load path
between the LV and SM and also supports the LMo Aerodynamically, the SLA
smoothly encloses the irregularly shaped LM and transitions the space vehicle
diameter from that of the upper stage of the LV to that of the SM. The SLA also
encloses the nozzle of the SM engine and the high gain antenna.

SPACECRAFT-LMADAPTER
r"
- LINEAR-SHAPEDCHARGE

l ;IRCUMFERENTIAL
UPPER(FORWARD) LONGITUDINAL
21' JETTISONABLE LINEAR-SHAPEDCHARGE
PANELS ._ (4 PLACES)
(4 PLACES) =
PYROTECHN
I C THRUSTERS
(4 PLACES)

,,,,-
1
CI RCUMFERENTIAL

LOWER(AFT) _ LINEAR-SHAPEDCHARGE
7' FIXED PANELS THRUSTER/HINGE
(2) (4 PLACES)
1

IU
Fig. 9
Structure

The SLA is constructed of 1.7-inch thick aluminum honeycomb panels. The four
upper jettisonable, or forward, panels are about 21 feet long, and the fixed lower,
or aft, panels about 7 feet long. The exterior surface of the SLA is covered com-
pletely by a layer of cork. The cork helps insulate the LM from aerodynamic
heating during boost. The LM is attached to the SLA at four locations around the
lower panels.

July i969 Page 2!

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Apol Io Supplement

SLA-SM Separation

The SLA and SM are bolted together through flanges on each of the two structures.
Explosive trains are used to separate the SLA and SM as well as for separating the
four upper iettisonable SLA panels. Redundancy is provided in three areas to
assure separation_redundant initiating signalst redundant detonators and cord
trains1 and "sympathetic" detonation of nearby charges.

Pyrotechnic-type and spring-type thrusters (Figure 10) are used in deploying and
jettisoning the SLA upper panels. The four double-piston pyrotechnic thrusters
are located inside the SLA and start the panels swinging outward on their hinges.
The two pistons of the thruster push on the ends of adjacent panels thus providing
two separate thrusters operating each panel. The explosive train which separates
the panels is routed through two pressure cartridges in each thruster assembly. The
pyrotechnic thrusters rotate the panels 2 degrees establishing a constant angular
velocity of 33 to 60 degrees per second. When the panels have rotated about
45 degrees, the partial hinges disengage and free the panels from the aft section
of the SLA, subjecting them to the force of the spring thrusters.

SLA PANEL JETTISONING

%
i f SUPPORT
_f UPPER
HINGE

- - UPPERHINGE

LOWER
LOWERHINGE HINGE
SPRINGTHRUSTERAFTERPANEL SPRINGTHRUSTERBEFOREPANEL
- DEPLOYMENT,
AT STARTOF JETTISON DEPLOYMENT
Fig. 10

July 1969 Page 22

 M-932-69
Apollo Supplement

The spring thrusters are mounted on the outside of the upper panels. When the
panel hinges disengage, the springs in the thruster push against the fixed lower
panels to propel the panels away from the vehicle at an angle of 110 degrees to
the centerline and at a speed of about 5-1/2 miles per hour. The panels will then
depart the area of the spacecraft.

SLA-LM Separation

Spring thrusters are also used to separate the LM from the SLA. After the CSM
has docked with the LM_ mild charges are fired to release the four adapters which
secure the LM in the SLA. Simultaneouslyr four spring thrusters mounted on the
lower (fixed) SLA panels push against the LM Landing Gear Truss Assembly to
separate the spacecraft from the launch vehicle.

1"he separation is controlled by two LM Separation Sequence Controllers located

inside the SLA near the attachment point to the Instrument Unit (IU). The redundant
controllers send signals which fire the charges that sever the connections and also
fire a detonator to cut the LM-IU umbilical. The detonator impels a guillotine
blade which severs the umbilical wires.

Service Module

General

The Service Module (SM) (Figure 11) provides the main spacecraft propulsion and
maneuvering capability during a mission. The SM provides most of the spacecraft
consumables (oxygen_ water_ propellant_ and hydrogen) and supplements environ-
mental_ electrical power_ and propulsion requirements of the CM. The SM remains
attached to the CM until it is iettlsoned just before CM atmospheric entry.

Structure

The basic structural components are forward and aft (upper and lower) bulkheads,
six radial beams, four sector honeycomb panels, four Reaction Control System honey-
comb panels, aft heat shield, and a fairing. The forward and aft bulkheads cover
the top and botton of the SM. Radial beam trusses extending above the forward
bulkhead support and secure theCM° The radial beams are made of solid aluminum
alloy which has been machined and chem-milled to thicknesses varying between 2
inches and 0.018 inch. Three of these beams have compression pads and the other
three have shear-compression pads and tension ties. Explosive charges in the center
sections of these tension ties are used to separate the CM from the SM.

July 1969 Page 23

 M-932-69
_- Apol Io Supplement

SERVICEMODULE

RED _'_
_/POWER

LIGHT _ _ RADIATORS
SM REACTION _" _ --SUBSYSTEM
CONTR0 L _ FLYAWAY
SUBSYSTEM UMBILICAL

QUAD _ _EVA

DOCKING _ FL000LIGHT
ELECTRICAL

SCIMITAR .._ DOCKING

ANTENNA-"'--" GREEN
LIGHT

ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROLSUBSYSTEM'
RADIATOR SIGN

UM TANKS
OXIDIZER

I _.._ TM
FUELTANKS _ 4 f _'%REACTION

"_ FORWARD BULKHEAD INSTALL, _ _JJ_][ ICONTROL

_SUBSYSTEM

_- FUEL CELLS _, _ -- DUADS (4,

PRESSUR,ZAT,ON
J
OXYGEN TANKS _ I

12 FT 10 IN. l_

SECTOR 2 _ SERVICE PROPULSION SUBSYSTEM HYDROGEN TANKS (

SECTOR 3 _ OXIDIZER TANKS

SECTOR 4
SECTOR5 _ OXYGEN PROPULSION
SERVICE TANKS, HYDROGEN
SUBSYSTEM
TANKS, FUEL CELLS S.BAND HIGH GAIN ANTENNA/f_ ___ BULKHEAD
AFT
SECTOR 6 _ FUEL TANKS
SERVICE PROPULSION ENGINE
CENTER SECTION - SERVICE PROPULSION ENGINE AND
HELIUM TANKS

Fig. 11

July 1969 Page 24

 M-932-70
Apollo Supplement

An aft heat shield surrounds the service propulsion engine to protect the SM from
the engine's heat during thrusting. The gap between the CM and the forward
bulkhead of the SM is closed off with a fairing which is composed of eight Elec-
trical Power System radiators alternated with eight aluminum honeycomb panels.
The sector and Reaction Control System panels are one inch thick and are made of
aluminum honeycomb core between two aluminum face sheets. The sector panels
are bolted to the radial beams. Radiators used to dissipate heat from the environ-
mental control subsystem are bonded to the sector panels on opposite sides of the
SM. These radiators are each about 30 square feet in area.

The SM interior is divided into six sectors and a center section. Sector one is
currently void. It is available for installation of scientific or additional equip-
ment should the need arise. Sector two has part of a space radiator and an Reaction
Control System (RCS) engine quad (module) on its exterior panel and contains the
Service Propulsion System (SPS) oxidizer sump tank. This tank is the larger of the
two tanks that hold the oxidizer for the SPS engine. Sector three has the rest of
the space radiator and another RCS engine quad on its exterior panel and contains
the oxidizer storage tank. This tank is the second of two SPSoxidizer tanks and
is fed from the oxidizer sump tank in sector two. Sector four contains most of the
electrical power generating equipment. It contains three fuel cells, two cryogenic
oxygen and two cryogenic hydrogen tanks and a power control relay box. The
cryogenic tanks supply oxygen to the environmental control subsystem and oxygen
and hydrogen to the fuel cells. Sector five has part of an environmental control
radiator and an RCS engine quad on the exterior panel and contains the SPS engine
fuel sump tank. This tank feeds the engine and is also connected by feed lines to
the storage tank in sector six. Sector six has the rest of the environmental control
radiator and an RCS engine quad on its exterior and contains the SPS engine fuel
storage tank which feeds the fuel sump tank in sector five. The center section
contains two helium tanks and the SPS engine. The tanks are used to provide
helium pressurant for the SPS propellant tanks.

Propulsion

Main spacecraft propulsion is provided by the 20,500-pound thrust Service Pro-

pulsion System (SPS). The SPSengine is a restartable, non-throttleable engine
which uses nitrogen tetroxide (N204) as an oxidizer and a 50-50 mixture of
hydrazine and unsymmetrical-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel. (These propel-
lants are hypergolic, i.e. I they burn spontaneously when combined without need
for an igniter.) This engine is used for major velocity changes during the mission
such as mldcourse corrections, lunar orbit insertlon_ transearth injection, and CSM
aborts. The SPS engine responds to automatic firing commands from the guidance
and navigation system or to commands from manual controls. The engine assembly
is glmbal-mounted to allow engine thrust-vector alignment with the spacecraft
center of mass to preclude tumbling. Thrust vector alignment control is maintained

April 1970 Page 25

 M-932-70
Apollo Supplement

by the crew. The Service Module Reaction Control System (SM RCS) provides for
maneuvering about and along three axes. (See Page 42 for more comprehensive
desc riptlon.)

Additional SM Systems

In addition to the systems already described the SM has communication antennas,

umbilical connectlonsl and several exterior mounted lights. The four antennas on
the outside of the SM are the steerable S-band high-gain antenna, mounted on the
aft bulkhead; two VHF omnidirectional antennas, mounted on opposite sides of the
module near the top; and the rendezvous radar transponder antenna, mounted in
the SM fairing.

The umbillcals consist of the main plumbing and wiring connections between the
CM and SM enclosed in a fairing (aluminum covering), and a "flyaway" umbilical
which is connected to the Launch Escape Tower. The latter supplies oxygen and
nitrogen for cabin pressure, water-glycol, electrical power from ground equipment t
and purge gas.

Seven lights are mounted in the aluminum panels of the fairing. Four lights (one
red_ one green_ and two amber) are used to aid the astronauts in docking, one is
a floodlight which can be turned on to give astronauts visibility during extra-
vehicular activities, one is a flashing beacon used to aid in rendezvous_ and one
is a spotlight used in rendezvous from 500 feet to docking with the LM.

SM/CM Separation

Separation of the SM from the CM occurs shortly before entry. The sequence of
events during separation is controlled automatically by two redundant Service
Module Jettison Controllers (SMJC) located on the forward bulkhead of the SM.
Physical separation requires severing of all the connections between the modules,
transfer of electrical control, and firing of the SM RCS to increase the distance between
the CM and SM. A tenth of a second after electrical connections are deadfaced,
the SMJC's send signals which fire ordnance devices to sever the three tension ties
and the umbilical. The tension ties are straps which hold theCMon three of the
compression pads on the SM. Linear-shaped charges in each tension tie assembly
sever the tension ties to separate the CM from the SM. At the same time, explosive
charges drive gu_llot_nes through the wiring and tubing in the umbilical. Simul-
taneously with the firing of the ordnance devices, the SMJC's send signals which
fire the SM RCS. Roll engines are fired for five seconds to alter the SM's course
from that of the CM, and the translation (thrust) engines are fired continuously
until the propellant is depleted or fuel cell power is expended. These maneuvers
. carry the SM well away from the entry path of the CM.

April 1970 Page 26

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Apollo Supplement

Command Module

General

The Command Module (CM) (Figure 12) serves as the command, control, and
communications center for most of the mission. Supplemented by the SM, it pro-
vides all life support elements for three crewmen in the mission environments and
for their safe return to earth's surface. It is capable of attitude control about
three axes and some lateral lift translation at high velocities in earth atmosphere.
It also permits LM attachment, CM/LM ingress and egress, and serves as a buoyant
vessel in open ocean.

Structure

The CM consists of two basic structures joined together: the inner structure
(pressure shell) and the outer structure (heat shield). The inner structure, the
pressurized crew compartment, is made of aluminum sandwich construction con-
sisting of a welded aluminum inner skin, bonded aluminum honeycomb core and
outer face sheet. The outer structure is basically a heat shield and is made of
stainless steel-brazed honeycomb brazed between steel alloy face sheets. Parts
of the area between the inner and outer sheets are filled with a layer of fibrous
insulation as additional heat protection.

Thermal Protection (Heat Shields)

The interior of the CM must be protected from the extremes of environment that
will be encountered during a mission. The heat of launch is absorbed principally
through the Boost Protective Cover (BPC), a fiberglass structure covered with cork
which encloses the CM. The cork is covered with a white reflective coating.
The BPC is permanently attached to the Launch Escape Tower and is jettisoned
with it.

The insulation between the inner and outer shells, plus temperature control pro-
vided by the environmental control subsystem, protects the crew and sensitive
equipment in space. The principal task of the heat shield that forms the outer
structure is to protect the crew during entry. This protection is provided by
ablative heat shields of varying thicknesses covering the CM. The ablative
material is a phenolic epoxy resin. This material turns white hot, chars, and then
melts away, conducting relatively little heat to the inner structure. The heat
shield has several outer coverings: a pore seal, a moisture barrier (white reflective
coating), and a silver Mylar thermal coating.

/-

July 1969 Page 27

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Apollo Supplement

COMMAND
MODULE
_X _Y

-Y -X
OMBINED TLJ/'lr_ff L HATCH

FORWARD
HEAT LAL)NCH ESCAPE TOWER
SHIELD ATTACHMENT (TYPICAL)

SIDE WINDOW
(TYPICAL 2 PLACES1 ;ATIV[ PITCH
\ ENGINES

C _EW COMPARTMENT _WARD VIF%'ING

HEATSHIELD (RENDEZVOUS) WINDOWS

REW ACCESS
HATCH

t_fT

tlFATSHIELD_ ,EA ANCHOR

ATTACH POH_J 1

YAW
DSITIVE PITCH ENGINES
, BAND ANTE STEAM VENT/ AIR VENT
WASTE WATER
URINE DU
ROLL ENGINES
S BAND ANTENNA (TYPICAL)

+Z _-Z
-Y -X
LEFT HAND COMBINED TUNf_IFI HATCtl

FORWARD COMPARTMENT_ /FORWARD EQUIPMENT BAY /

CREW FORWARD
CC_MPARTMENT EQUIPMENT BAY FORWARD
_I' COMPARTMENT

CREW LOWER
IJ H EQUIPMENT CREW
(TYPICAL)

A1 I I NUATION
_TPI;T
IT VPI(.A[

AFT COMPARTMENT AFT COMPARTMENT

Fig. 12

July 1969 Page 28

 M-932--69
- Apollo Supplement

Forward Compartment

The forward compartment is the area around the forward (docking) tunnel. It is
separated From the crew compartment by a bulkhead and covered by the forward
heat shield. The compartment is divided into four 90-degree segments which con-
tain earth landing equipment (all the parachutes, recovery antennas and beacon
light, and sea recovery sling, etc.), two RCS engines, and the forward heat shield
release mechanism.

The forward heat shield contains four recessed fittings into which the legs of the
Launch Escape Tower qre attached. The tower legs are connected to the CM
structure by frangible nuts containing small explosive charges, which separate
the tower from the CM when the Launch Escape System is jettisoned. The forward
heat shield is jettisoned at about 25,000 feet during return to permit deployment
of the parachutes.

Aft Compartment

The aft compartment is located around the periphery of the CM at its widest part,
near the aft heat shield. The aft compartment bays contain 10 RCS engines; the
s fuel, oxidizer, and helium tanks for the CM RCS; water tanks; the crushable ribs
of the impact attenuation system; and a number of instruments. The CM-SM
umbilical is also located in the aft compartment.

Crew Compartment

The crew compartment has a habitable volume of 210 cubic feet. Pressurization
and temperature are maintained by the Environmental Control System (ECS). The
crew compartment contains the controls and displays for operation of the spacecraft,
crew couches, and all the other equipment needed by the crew. It contains two
hatches, five windows, and a number of equipment bays.

Equipment Bays

1"he equipment bays contain items needed by the crew for up to 14 days, as well
as much of the electronics and other equipment needed for operation of the space-
craft. The bays are named according to their position with reference to the couches.
The lower equipment bay is the largest and contains most of the guidance and
navigation electronics, as well as the sextan; and telescope, the Command Module
Computer (CMC), and a computer keyboard. Most of the telecommunications sub-
system electronics are in this bay, including the five batteries_ inverters, and
battery charger of the electrical power subsystem. Stowage areas in the bay con-
,- tain food supplies, scientific instruments, and other astronaut equipment.

July 1969 Page 29

 M-932-69
Apollo Supplement

The left-hand equipment bay contains key elements of the ECS. Space is provided
in this bay for stowing the forward hatch when the CM and LM are docked and the
tunnel between the modules is open. The left-hand forward equipment bay also
contains ECS equipment, as well as the water delivery unit and clothing storage.

The right-hand equipment bay contains Waste Management System controls and
equipment, electrical power equipment, and a variety of electronics, including
sequence controllers and signal conditioners. Food also is stored in a compartment
in this bay. The right-hand forward equipment bay is used principally for stowage
and contains such items as survival kits, medical supplies, optical equipment, the
LM docking target, and bioinstrumentation harness equipment.

The aft equipment bay is used for storing space suits and helmets, life vests, the
fecal canister, Portable Life Support Systems (backpacks), and other equipment,
and includes space for stowing the probe and drogue assembly.

Hatches

The two CM hatches are the side hatch, used for getting in and out of the CM,
and the forward hatch, used to transfer to and from the LM when the CM and LM
are docked. The side hatch is a single integrated assembly which opens outward
and has primary and secondary thermal seals. The hatch normally contains a small
window, but has provisions for installation of an airlock. The latches for the side
hatch are so designed that pressure exerted against the hatch serves only to increase
the locking pressure of the latches. The hatch handle mechanism also operates a
mechanism which opens the access hatch in the BPC. A counterbalance assembly
which consists of two nitrogen bottles and a piston assembly enables the hatch and
BPC hatch to be opened easily. In space, the crew can operate the hatch easily
without the counter balance, and the piston cylinder and nitrogen bottle can be
vented after launch. A second nitrogen bottle can be used to open the hatch after
landing. The side hatch can readily be opened from the outside. In case some
deformation or other malfunction prevented the latches from engaging, three jack-
screws are provided in the crew's tool set to hold the door closed.

The forward (docking) hatch is a combined pressure and ablative hatch mounted at
the top of the docking tunnel. The exterior or upper side of the hatch is covered
witha half-inch of insulation anda layer of aluminum foil. This hatch hasa six-
point latching arrangement operated by a pump handle similar to that on the side
hatch and can also be opened from the outside. It has a pressure equalization
valve so that the pressure in the tunnel and that in the LM can be equalized before
the hatch is removed. There are also provisions for opening the latches manually
if the handle gear mechanism should fail.

July 1969 Page 30

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Apollo Supplement

Windows

The CM has five windows: two side (numbers 1 and 5), two rendezvous (numbers
2 and 4), and a hatch window (number 3 or center). The hatch window is over
the center couch. The windows each consist of inner and outer panes. The inner
windows are made of tempered silica glass with quarter-inch thick double panes,
separated by a tenth of an inch. The outer windows are made of amorphous-fused
silicon witha single pane seven-tenths of an inch thick. Each pane has an anti-
reflecting coating on the external surface and a blue-red reflective coating on the
inner surface to filter out most infrared and all ultraviolet rays. The outer window
glass has a softening temperature of 2800°F and a melting point of 3110°F. The
inner window glass has a softening temperature of 2000°F. Aluminum shades are
provided for all windows.

Impact Attenuation

During a water impact the CM deceleration force will vary considerably depending
on the shape of the waves and the dynamics of the CM's descent. A major portion
of the energy (75 to 90 percent) is absorbed by the water and by deformation of the
CMstructure. The impact attenuation system reduces the forces acting on the crew
toa tolerable level. The impact attenuation system is part internal and part external.
The external part consists of four crushable ribs (each about four inches thick and a
foot in length) installed in the aft compartment. The ribs are made of bonded
laminations of corrugated aluminum which absorb energy by collapsing upon impact.
The main parachutes suspend the CM at such an angle that the ribs are the first
point of the module that hits the water. The internal portion of the system consists
of eight struts which connect the crew couches to the CM structure. These struts
absorb energy by deforming steel wire rings between an inner and an outer piston.

Docking

A docking capability is provided utilizing design _nterfaces of the CM tunnel and

the LM tunnel (Figure 13). The CM components include a CM docking ring with
12 automatic docking latches and provision for mounting the retractable, extend-
able, and collapsible probe, and electrical umbilical cables for supplying CSM
power to the LM during translunar m_ssion phases. The CM has provision for con-
trolling tunnel pressure independent of hatch-mounted pressure equalization and
dump valves. The CM forward hatch is completely removable. The LM tunnel
contains a removable drogue, a circumferential lip to engage the 12 CM auto-
matic docking latches and an upper, hinged hatch. When the CM and LM contact,
capture latches on the probe engage the drogue and the docking latches secure the
interface. The probe and drogue may be removed for tunnel transit and reinstalled
after transit. Manned LM separations rely upon the capture latches of the probe to
maintain docking contact as the docking latches are manually released. Vehicle

July 1969 Page 31

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Apollo Supplement

CM/LM DOCKING CONFIGURATION

LM TUNNEL

l CAPTURE LM UPPERHATCH I

IL,/ / _,HIJ"_, \\\ \ II DOCKING

I II / / _ k\\ \ \ II

,]]._.,.._ _ SEPARATION _ _ _-_--_//_'//'__LL

_FF_-_z_ /J-hr-( CIRCUMFERENCE _ _ / V/x'<f

LM
_M - -_ORWARD _ _ "="
__ TUNNEL HATCH Do"

INSTALLEDPROBE FOLDED
PROBE-CM
REMOVAL

FOLDED
PROBE-LMREMOVAL HANDLE
EXTENDED
FORRATCHETING

,t

Fig. 13

July 1969 Page 32

 M-932-69
f Apollo Supplement

separation occurs as the probe capture latches and exfenslon latches are remotely
unlocked during probe extension. Final separation of the unmanned LM is accom-
plished by explosively severing the docking ring from the CM at the CM/docklng
ring interface. The jettisoned LM carries away the docking ring and probe (if
installed).

Display and Controls

The Main Display Console (MDC)

(Figure 14)has been arranged to pro-
MAIN DISPLAY C.ONSOLE
vide for the ex0ecfed duties of crew CRYOGENICS
J SERVICE

categories of Commander, CM Pilot, /'_U_L4j/I_/_ AUO_O

and L M Pilot, occupying the left, AUDIO_ <_ :7"--_3l_T-l-m/_j_ CONTROL

The CM Pilot also acts as theorincloal

navigator. All controls have been
designed so they can be operated by
center' andwearing
astronauts right c°uches
gloves.respectlvely"
The con- _I'I, IILN_
trols are predominantly of four basic
- types: toggle sw_tches, rotary switches
with cllck-stops, thumb-wheels, and
push buttons. Critical switches are
guarded so thatfhey cannot be thrown
inadvertently. In addition, some
critical controls have locks that must • LAUNCH VEHICLEEMERGENCY
OETECTION
oPROPELLANT GAUGING
be released before they can be oper- • FLIGHTATTITUOE eENVIRONMENTCONTROL
ated. • MISSION SEQUENCE • COMMUNICATIONS CONTROL
• VELOCITY CHANGE MONITOR • PO_NEROISTRtBUTION
• ENTRY MONITOR • CAUTION &WARNING

Filght controls are located on the left- ._-_,_J-_

,--r_, _, _--_-_. ,
center and left side of the MDC, o?- K':-_JFLIGHTCONT?OL_.MS,CONTROLS_\, k

controls for such subsystems as stabil- - -- -- -: _ -_

poslte
_zafion the
safety, andCommander.
earthcontrol, These
landing,propulsion,
and include
emergencycrew z__
_ ,,"_ .........
'\_'- _I__,J, _i! ," ii_i!__
detection. One of two guidance and ,,^, ,,,
ravigationcomputerpanelsalso is IO- COMMANDER CM PILOT LM PILOT
cared here, as are velocity, attitude,
a na altitude indicators. Fig. 14

The CM Pilot faces the center of the console and thus can reach many of the flight
controls, as well as the system controls on the right side of the console. Displays
and contro!s directly opposite him include reaction control, propellant management,
caution and warning, environmental control, and cryogenic storage systems.

July 1969 Page 33

 M-932-69
f Apol Io Supplement

The LM Pilot couch faces the right-center and right side of the console. Com-
municationst electrical control t data storage_ and fuel cell system components
are located here_ as well as service propulsion subsystem propellant management.

Other displays and controls are placed throughout the cabin in the various equipment
bays and on the crew couches. Most of the guidance and navigation equipment is
in the lower equipment bay_ at the foot of the center couch. This equipment_
including the sextant and telescope_ is operated by an astronaut standing and using
a simple restraint system. The non-time-critical controls of the Environmental
Control System are located in the left-hand equipment bay_ while all the controls
of the Waste Management System are on a panel in the rlght-hand equipment bay.
The rotation and translation controllers used for attitude, thrust vector, and trans-
lation maneuvers are located on the arms of two crew couches. In addition, a
rotation controller can be mounted at the navigation position in the lower equipment
bay.

Critical conditions of most spacecraft systems are monitored by a Caution And

Warning System. A malfunction or out-of-tolerance condition results in illum-
ination of a status light that identifies the abnormality. It also activates the
master alarm clrcuib which illuminates two master alarm lights on the MDC and
r one in the lower equipment bay and sends an alarm tone to the astronauts' head-
sets. The master alarm lights and tone continue until a crewman resets the master
alarm circuit. This can be done before the crewmen deal with the problem
indicated. The Caution And Warning System also contains equipment to sense
its own malfunctions.

Two switches on the MDC affect the launch vehicle. They are the S-II/S-IVB
LV stage switch and the guidance switch. The S-II/S-IVB LV stage switch allows
the crew to initiate early staging of the S-II from the S-IVB if an incipient failure
of the S-II is observed. This switch may also be used to initiate manual cutoff of
the S-IVB engine during third-stage flight. The guidance switch has two positions,
"IU" and "CMC_" which select one of two guidance reference systems for the
launch vehicle. The "IU" position selects the primary system which uses the
Launch Vehicle Digital Computer (LVDC) and the ST-124-M3 Inertial Platform
in the IU for the generation of launch vehicle attitude error signals. The "CMC"
position utilizes the CMC and the CM Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to
generate LV attitude error signals via the LVDC. During S-IC stage fllght_ the
vehicle automatically follows a stored program in the CMC. During S-II and
S-IVB stage flight_ attitude error signals are generated by the crew by deflecting
the Rotational Hand Controller in response to attitude and performance displays.
Except for S-IVB orbital Coast phases_ the "CMC" capability is dependent and
interlocked with a sensed failure of the ST-124-M3 Inertial Platform.

July 1969 Page 34

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f. Apollo Supplement

Telecommunications

The telecommunications system (Figure 15) provides voice, television, telemetry,

tracking, and ranging communications between the spacecraft and earth, between
the CM and LM, and between the spacecraft and astronauts wearing the Portable
Life Support System (PLSS). It also provides communications among the astronauts
in the spacecraft and includes the central timing equipment for synchronization of
other equipment and correlation ofte!emetry equipment. For convenience, the
telecommunications subsystem can be divided into four areas: intercommunications
(voice), data, radio frequency equipment, and antennas.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM

VHE ANTENNA1+_7G_'" Ld y
d TRIPLE×ER _ - II
•_6.8 MC I
i

MS_N,EVA TO PCM A_ O •
PFf LMVOI &
I_- RECEIVER
VHFAM
TRANSMI TIER l LINK
UP"DATA ]_ I L FLR
SPOI_R
Bk,"_ [_

TRANSMIT _87. i MC _ 06. C

IFM) IRAF_MIT RECEIVE
UP VOICE & DATA
PTT e UNIEIED
S-BAND
............. AUD'O VOICE EMERGENCY VOICE EQUIPN'_NI

HEADSET
............ OWN VOICE PREMODULATION REAL-TI&I,E
VOICE & DA

RELAY STOREDDATA& VOICE

KEY VIDEO

CAMERA
[ TV ] VIDEO
VOICE

PCM $12KPPS

_BI T RATETIMING
kNALO0
512KPPS IPPS

Tvu_DLuc_ Fig. 15

Intercommunications

The astronauts' headsets are used for all voice communications. Each astronaut
has an audio control panel on the Main Display Console which enables him to
control what comes into his headset and where he will send hisvoice. The three
headsets and audio control panels are connected to three identical audio center
modules. The audio center is the assimilation and distribution point for all
spacecraft voice signals. The audio signals can be routed from the center to the

July 1969 Page 35

 M-932-69
r- Apollo Supplement

appropriate transmitter or receiver, the Launch Control Center (for prelaunch

checkout), the recovery foraes intercom, or voice tape recorders.

Two methods of voice transmission and reception are possible: the VHF/AM
transmltter-receiver and the S-band transmitter and receiver. The VHF/AM
equipment is used for voice communications with the Manned Space Flight
Network during launch, ascent, and near-earth phases of a mission. The
S-band equipment is used during both near-earth and deep-space phases of
a mission. When communications wlth earth are not possible, a limited
number of audio signals can be stored on tape for later transmission. The
CSM communication capability with regard to range is depicted in Figure 16.

CSM COMMUNICATION RANGES

I I I ! '_ !

VHF OMNI -'2. _ N_ _ '.

VOICE : !

2KMC OMNI • -38?00

. Nf_ J
DOWN VOICE

UP-DATA I I _ i I 220KNN,,
BACKUP VOICE&
EMERGENCv KEY , _ /_f i ,,

i , : ; 200 KNhl
TM (LOWBIT RATE i J i I ! i #_ I L
TM (HIGHBIT RATE; u

2KMCHIGH-GAIN

O.A,A
u,vo,c
DN VOICE, DN TM PRN
_,_DEEP-SPACE
, I " I
BLIND
I i
ME IUM BEAM • i!- NARROW BF_V_

EARTH& LUNAR OPERATIONS:

DEEP-SPACE VHF VOICE CM-LW
RENDEZVOUS RADAR
,/'------*---_ MOON

I"_-_ I I OPERATIONAL(2500} ' I

.1..4 4.6 _.0 20.0 _L_ 4_r 5_ _ 2Ie

RANGE FROM EARTH'SSURFACE IN NAUTICALMILES (THOUSANDS,

Fig. 16

A capability exists for using the CSM/LM VHF transceivers to generate

LM-CSM range information in the CSM as a backup to the LM rendezvous
radar. It has an accuracy of 250 Feet at 200 miles.

Data

The spacecraft structure and subsystems contain sensors which gather data on
their status and performance. Biomedical, TV, and timing data also are
gathered. These various forms of data are assimilated into the data system,
processed, and then transmitted to the ground. Some data From the operational

July 1969 Page 36

 M-932-69
F Apollo Supplement

systems, and some voice communications, may be stored for later transmission
or for recovery after landing. Stored data can be transmitted to the ground
simultaneously with voice or realtlme data.

Radio Frequency Equipment

The radio frequency equlpm_-nt is the means by which voice information,

telemetry data, and ranging anrJ tracking information are transmitted and
received. The equipment consists of two VHF/AM transceivers in one unit,
the unified S-band equipment (primary and secondary transponders and an
FM transmitter), primary and secondary S-band power amplifiers (in one unit),
a VHF beacon, an X-band transponder (for rendezvous radar), and the
premodulatlon processor.

The equipment provides for voice transfer between the CM and the ground,
between the CM and LM, between the CM and extravehicular astronauts,
and between the CM and recovery forces. Telemetry can be transferred
between the CM and the ground, from the LM to the CM and then to the
ground, and from extravehicular astronauts to the CM and then to the ground.
Ranging information consists of pseudo-random noise and double-Doppler
ranging signals from the ground to the CM and back to the ground, and of
X-band radar signals from the LM to the CM and back to the LM. The VHF
beacon equipment emits a 2-second signal every 5 seconds for line-of-slght
direction finding to aid recovery forces in locating the CM after landing.
Antennas
LOCATION OF ANTENNAS

There are nine antennas (Figure TiNOSCIMITARVHF FOURS-BANOOMNIDIRECTIONAL

OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS ANTENNAS A
17) on the CSM, not counting (180DEGREES APART). /
the rendezvous radar antenna

whlchis an lntegral part of the _______ ...._ /

These antennas can be divided SLA D,C:',, c
into four groups: VHF, S-band,
recovery, and beacon. The two
rendezvous
VH F antennasradar transp°nder"
(called sclmltars __ M RENDEZVOUS
RADAR

because of th el r shape) are omni- _ r_ TR_SPONOER ANTENNA

dl rectlonal and are mounted 180 _JIIL_ _--%_3z-----__0/=
_ VHF BLADE

degrees apart on the SM. There _ "_ /= =-'-_u'- _RECOVERYANTENNAS

are five S-band antennas, one
--
\ STEERABLE S-BAND
mounted at the bottom of the SM mGH-GAmANTENNA
and four located 90 degrees apart
around the CM. The steerable Fig. i7
S-band hlgh-galn _antenna on the SM, used for deep-space communications,
is composed of four 31 -inch diameter reflectors surrounding an 1]-inch square

July 1969 Page 37

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Apollo Supplement

reflector. At launch it is folded down parallel to the SPS engine nozzle so

that it fits within the Spacecraft-LM Adapter (SLA). After the CSM separates
from the SLA the antenna is deployed at a right angle to the SM center llne.
The four smaller, surface-mounted S-band antennas are used at near-earth
ranges and for deep-space backup. The hlgh-galn antenna is deployable after
CSM/SLA separation. It can be steered through a gimbal system and is the
principal antenna for deep-space communications. The four S-band antennas
on the CM are mounted flush with the surface of the CM and are used for
S-band communications during near-earth phases of the mission, as well as
for a backup in deep space. The two VHF recovery antennas are located in
the forward compartment of the CM, and are deployed automatically shortly
after the main parachutes deploy. One of these antennas is also connected
to the VHF recovery beacon.

Environmental Control System

The Environmental Control System (ECS) provides a controlled environment for

three astronauts for up to 14 days. For normal conditions, thls environment
includes a pressurized cabin (five pounds per square inch), a 100 percent oxygen
atmosphere, and a cabin temperature of 70 to 75°F. The system provides a pres-
surlzed suit circuit for use during critical mission phases and for emergencies.

The ECS provides oxygen and hot and cold water, removes carbon dioxide and
odors from the CM cabin, provides for venting of waste_ and disslpates excessive
heat from the cabin and from operating electronic equipment. It is designed so
that a minimum amount of crew time is needed for its normal operation. The main
unit contains the coolant control panel, water chiller, two water-glycol evaporators,
carbon dioxide odor-absorber canisters, suit heat exchanger, water separator, and
compressors. The oxygen surge tank, water-glycol pump package and reservoir_ and
control panels for oxygen and water are adjacent to the unit.

The system is concerned with three major elements: oxygen, water, and coolant
(water-glycol). All three are interrelated and intermingled with other systems.
These three elements provide the major functions of spacecraft atmosphere, thermal
control, and water management through four major subsystems: oxygen, pressure
suit circuit, water, and water-glycol. A fifth subsystem, postlanding ventilation,
also is part of the ECS_ providing outside air for breathing and cooling prior to
hatch opening.

The CM cabin atmosphere is 60 percent oxygen and 40 percent nitrogen on the

launch pad to reduce fire hazard. The mixed atmosphere supplied by ground
equipment will gradually be changed to pure oxygen after launch as the ECS
maintains pressure and replenishes the cabin atmosphere.
f

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During prelaunch and initial orbital operation, the suit circuit supplies pure
oxygen at a flow rate slightly more than is needed for breathlng and suit leakage.
This results in the suit being pressurized sllghtly above cabin pressure, which pre-
vents cabin gases from entering and contaminating the suit circuit. The excess
oxygen in the suit circuit is vented into the cabin.

Spacecraft heating and cooling is performed through two water-glycol coolant

loops. The water-glycol, initially cooled through ground equipment, is pumped
through the primary loop to cool operating electric and electronic equipment,
the space suits, and the cabin heat exchangers. The water-glycol also is circu-
lated through a reservoir in the CM to provide a heat sink during ascent.

Earth Landing System

The Earth Landing System (ELS) (Figure 18) provides a safe landing for the astro-
nauts and the CM. Several recovery aids which are activated after landing are
part of the system. Operation normally is automatic, timed, and activated by the
Sequential Control System. All automatic functions can be backed up manually.
ELSMAJORCOMPONENT
STOWAGE
f - DROGUE PARACHUTE MORTAR
(2 PLACES)
LAUNCH ESCAPE
TOWER ELECTRICAL
RECEPTACLE

EACTION CONTROL
ENGINE PROTECTOR

PROTECTOR lYE MARKER & St/,'IMMER

UMBILICAL

P_LDT
PARACHUTE
MORTAR (3 PLACES)

MAIN LANDING RAkACH U'I'E -(3 PLACES) UNDER MAIN PAIIA_HLITES (3 PLACES) Fig . 1 8

July 1969 Page 39

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- Apollo Supplement

For normal entry, about 1.5 seconds a_ter forward heat shield iettison, the N¢o
drogue parachutes are deployed to orient the CM properly and to provide initial
deceleration. At about 10,000 feet, the drogue parachutes are released and the
three pilot parachutes are deployed; these pull the main parachutes from the
forward section of the CM. The main parachutes initially open partially (reefed)
for 10 seconds to limit deceleration prior to full-dlameter deployment. The main
parachutes hang the CM at an angle of 27.5 degrees to decrease impact loads at
landing. After landing the crew releases the main parachutes.

The recovery aids consist of an uprighting systemt swimmer's umbilical cable r a

sea dye markerr a flashing beaconr and a VHF beacon transmitter. The two VHF
recovery antennas are located in the forward compartment with the parachutes.
They are deployed automatically 8 seconds after the main parachutes. One of
them is connected to the beacon transmitter which emits a 2-second signal every
5 seconds to aid recovery forces in locating the CM. The other is connected to
the VHF/AM transmitter and receiver to provide voice communications between
the crew and recovery forces.

A sea recovery sling of steel cable is provided to lift the CM aboard a recovery
ship. Three inflatable uprighting bagsr stowed under the main parachutes_ are
r available for uprighting the CM should it stabilize in an inverted floating position
after landing.

Common Spacecraft Systems

Guidance and Control

The Apollo Spacecraft is guided and controlled by two interrelated systems

(Figure 19). One is the Guidance, Navigationf and Control System (GNCS);
the other is the Stabilization and Control System (SCS). The two systems pro-
vide rotational, line-of-fllght, and rate-of-speed information. They integrate
and interpret this information and convert it into commands for the spacecraft
propulsion systems.

Guidancej Navigation1 and Control System

Guidance and navigation is accomplished through three maior elements: the inertial,
optical, and computer subsystems. The inertial subsystem senses any changes in the
velocity and angle of the spacecraf t and relays this information to the computer
which transmits any necessary signals to the spacecraft engines. The optical sub-
system is used to obtain navigation sightings of celestial Bodies and landmarks on
the earth and moon. It passes this information along to the computer for guidance
and control purposes. The computer subsystem uses information from a number of
sources to determine the spacecraft position and speed and, in automatic operation,
to give commands for guidance and control.

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F Apollo Supplement

GUIDANCE
ANDCONTROL
FUNCTIONALFLOW

Stabilization and Control System

The Stabilization and Control System (SCS) operates in three ways: it determines
the spacecraft's attitude (angular position); maintains the spacecraft's attitude;
and controls the direction of thrust of the service propulsion engine. Both the
GNCS and SCS are used by the computer in the CM to provide automatic control
of the Spacecraft. Manual c_ntrol of the spacecraft attitude and thrust is provided
mainly through the SCS equipment.

The Flight Director Attitude Indicators (FDAI) on the main console show the total
angular position, attitude errors, and their rates of change. One of the sources
of total attitude information is the stable platform of the Inertial Measurement
Unit (IMU). The second source is a Gyro Display Coupler (GDC) which gives a
reading of the spacecraft's actual attitudes as compared with an aflitude selected
by the crew. Information about attitude error also is obtained by comparison of
the IMUgimbal angles with computer reference angles. Another source of this
information is gyro assembly No. 1, which senses any spacecraft rotation about
any of the tmee axes. Total attitude info,_mation goes to the CMC as well as to
the FDAI's on the console. If a specific attitude or orientation is desired, attitude
error signals are sent to the reaction jet engine control assembly. Then the proper
reaction iet automatically fires in the direction necessary to re_urn the spacecraft
to the desired position.

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The CMC provides primary control of thrust. The flight crew presets thrusting
and spacecraft data into the computer by means of the display keyboard. The
forthcoming commands include time and duration of thrust. Accelerometers sense
the amount of change in velocity obtained by the thrust. Thrust direction control
is required because of center of gravity shifts caused by depletion of propellants
in service propulsion tanks. This control is accomplished through electromechanical
actuators which position the gimbaled SPS engine. Automatic control commands
may originate in either the guidance and navigation subsystem or the SCS. There
is also provision for manual controls.

Reaction Control Systems

Both the Command Module and the Service Module have their own independent
Reaction Control System (RCS) - the CM RCS and the SM RCS, respectively. The
SM RCS has four identical "quads" mounted around the SM 90 degrees apart.
Each quad has four ]O0-pound thrust engines, two fuel and two oxidizer tanks,
and a helium pressurization sphere. The SM RCS provides redundant spacecraft
attitude control through cross-coupllng logic inputs from the stabilization and
guidance systems. Small velocity change maneuvers can also be made with the
SM RCS. The CM RCS consists of two independent subsystems of six 94-pound
thrust engines each. Both subsystems are activated after separation from the SM;
one is used for spacecraft attitude control during entry1 the other serves in
standby as a backup. Hypergolic propellants for both CM and SM RCS are
monomethyl hydrazine fuel (MMH) and nitrogen tetroxide (N204) oxidizer with
helium pressurization.

Electrical Power System

The Electrical Power System (EPS) provides electrical energy sources, power
generation and control, power conversion and conditioning1 and power distribution
to the spacecraft throughout the mission. The EPSalso furnishes drinking water to
the astronauts as a by-product of the fuel cells. The primary source of electrical
power is the fuel cells mounted in the SM. Each cell consists of a hydrogen
compartment_ an oxygen compartment, and two electrodes. The cryogenic gas
storage systemt also located in the SM, supplies the hydrogen and oxygen used
in the fuel cell power plants, as well as the oxygen used in the ECS.

Three silver-zinc storage batteries supply power to the CM during entry and
after landing_ provide power for sequence controllers, and supplement the fuel
cells during periods of peak power demand. These batteries are located in the
CM lower equipment bay. A battery charger is located in the same bay to assure
a full charge prior to entry.

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Two other silver-zinc batteries1 independent of and completely isolated

from the rest of the dc power system, are used to supply power for explosive
devices for CM//SM separation, parachute deployment and separation, thlrd-stage
separation, Launch Escape Tower separation1 and other pyrotechnic uses.

Emergency Detection System

The Emergency Detection System (EDS) monitors critical conditions of launch

vehlcle-powered flight. Emergency conditions are displayed to the crew on the
Main Display Console to indicate a necessity for abort. The system includes
provisions for a crew-initlated abort with the use of the Launch Escape System or
with the SPS after tower jettison. The crew can initiate an abort separation from
the LV from prior to liftoff until the planned separation time. A capability also
exists for commanding early staging of the S-IVB from the S-II stage when necessary.
Also included in the system are provisions for an automatic abort in case of the
following tlme-critical conditions:

1. Loss of thrust on two or more engines on the first stage of the LV.

f.L
2. Excessive vehicle angular rates in any of the pitch, yaw, or roll planes.

3. Loss of "hotwire" continuity from SM to IU.

The EDS will automatically initiate an abort signal when two or more first-stage
engines are out or when LV excessive rates are sensed by gyros in the IU. The
abort signals are sent to the master events sequence controller, which initiates
the abort sequence. At T+2 minutes the crew deactivates the automatic abort
capability. The engine lights on the Main Display Console provide the following
information to the crew: ignition, cutoff, engine below prespeclfied thrust level,
and physical stage separation. A yellow "S-II Sep" light will illuminate at second-
stage first-plane separation and will extinguish at second-plane separation. A high-
intensity_ red "ABORT" light is illuminated if an abort is requested by the Launch
Control Center for a pad abort or an abort during liftoff via updata llnk. The "ABORT"
light can also be illuminated after liftoff by the Range Safety Officer or by the Mission
Control Center via the updata link from the Manned Space Flight Network.

Launch Escape System

General

The Launch Escape System (LES) (Figure 20) includes the LES structure, canards,
rocket motors, and ordnance. The LES provides an immediate means of separating
the CM from the LV during pad or suborbital aborts up through completion of second-
stage ignition. During an abort, the LES must provide a satisfactory earth return
trajectory and CM orientation before jettisoning from the CM. The jettison or
abort can be initiated manually or automatically.

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LAUNCHESCAPESYSTEM
NOSECONE& QBALL
BALLAST

PITCHCONTROLMOTOR

TOWERJETTISONMOTOR

LAUNCHESCAPE

STRUCTURALSKIRT

CANARD
LAUNCHESCAPEMOTOR ACTUATOR
THRUSTALIGNMENTFITTING
SOLIDPROPELLANT

STUDS& POWER
SYSTEMS& INSTRUMENTATION
WIREHARNESS

LAUNCHESCAPE
TOWER

DISCONNECT
FITTINGS

'BOOSTPROTECTIVECOVER(APOXSECTION)

Fig. 20

Assembl X

The Forward or rocket section of the system is cylindrical and houses three solid-
propellant rocket motors and a ballast compartment topped by a nose cone and
"Q-ball" which measures attitude and flight dynamics of the space vehicle. The
500-pound tower is macle of titanium tubes attached at the top to a structural skirt
that covers the rocket exhaust nozzles and at the bottom to the CM by means of"
explosive bolts. A Boost Protective Cover (BPC) is attached to the tower and com-
pletely covers the CM. It has 12 "blowout" ports For the CM reaction control engines,
vents, and an 8-1nch window. This cover protects the CM from the rocket exhaust
and also from the heat generated during launch vehicle boost. It remains attached
to the tower and is carried away when the assembly is jettisoned. Two canards
mounted near the forward end of the assembly aerodynamically tumble the CM in
the pitch plane during an abort so that the heat shield is forward. The assembly
. is commonly referred to as the LET (Launch Escape Tower) or simply "tower."

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Propulsion

Three solid propellant motors are used on the LES. They are:

1. The launch escape motor which provides thrust for CM abort. It weighs
4700 pounds and provides 147,000 pounds of thrust at sea level for
approxlmately eight seconds.

2. Thepitch control motor which provides an initial pitch maneuver toward

the Atlantic Ocean during pad or low-altitude abort. It weighs 50
pounds and provides 2400 pounds of thrust for half a second.

3. The tower jettison motor, which is used to jettison the LET, provides
31,500 pounds of thrust for one second.

System Operation

The Launch Escape System is activated automatically by the EDS in the first 100
seconds or manually by the astronauts at any time from the pad to jettison altitude.
The assembly is jettisoned at about 2951000 feet1 or about 30 seconds after
"- ignition of the second stage. After receiving an abort signal, the booster is cut
off (after 30 seconds of flight)l the CM-SM separation charges are fired I and the
launch escape motor is ignited. The launch escape motor lifts the CM and the
pitch control motor (used only at low altitudes) directs the flight path off to the
side. Two canards are deployed 11 seconds after an abort is initiated. Three
seconds later on extreme low-altitude aborts, the tower separation devices are
fired and the jettison motor is started. These actions carry the LET, BPC, docking
ring1 and probe away from the CM's landing trajectory. Four-tenths of a second
after tower jettisoning, the CM's Earth Landing System is activated and begins its
sequence of operations to bring the CM down safely. All preceeding automatic
sequences can be prevented1 interrupted1 or replaced by crew action.

During a successful launch the LET with attached BPC is jettisoned by the astronauts,
using the digital events timer and the "S-II Sep" light as cues. The jettisoning of
the LET disables the EDS automatic abort circuits. In the event of tower jettison
motor failure, the launch escape motor may jettison the LET.

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Lunar Module

General

The Lunar Module (LM) (FTgure 21) is designed to transport two men safely from the
CSM, Tn lunar orbit, to the lunar surface and return them to the orb;tlng CSM.
The LM provides operational capabilities such as commun;cat|ons, telemetry,
environmental support, transportation of scientific equipment to the lunar surface,
and returning surface samples with the crew to theCSM. Physical characterisHcs
are shown in Figure 22.

LUNAR MODULE

S-BAND DOCKING ASCENT OVERHEAD VHF EVA DOCKING

STEERABLE WINDOW STAGE HATCH ANTENNA ANTENNA

RENDEZVOUS EQUIPMENT
RADAR

ANTENNA _ BAY
S-BAND RCS THRUST
-- IN-FUGHT CHAMBER
ANTENNA ASSEMBLY
CLUSTER

DOCKING
UGHT

LIGHT (3)
LIGHT

FORWARD ,LANDING
HATCH

r LADDER EGRESS DESCENT

ENGINEDESCENTLANDING
'LATFOEm sxmt STAGE BADAR
ANTENNA Fig. 21

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LM PHYS ICAL CHARACTERISTICS

14' !"
TOTAL

X) WEIGHT(PROPELL,AJ_T
& CREW) 33,450LB.
WEIGHT(LESSPROP) 9,470 LB.
"_"_ ASCENTSTAGE
_ WEIGHT(LESSPROP) 4,690 LB.
I 0 o. _F,_ i USABLEPROPELLANT(APS) 5,200 LB.

_ _ DESCENTUSABLE
(RCS)sTAGE
PROPELLANT 590 LB.
_ WEIGHET
(LESSPROP) 4,780 LB.

_L PROPELLANT(DPS) 18,170LB.

13' 10" _

3! .0'

13' 3" !

19' 10,65" _ _ 9'3.4_$"j

23' 1" _'_ /
T

- 4' 1 .30"

T Fig. 22

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The Lunar Module consists of two stages_ the Ascent Stage, and the Descent
Stage. The stages are attached at four fittings by explosive bolts. Separable
umbilicals and hardline connections provide subsystem continuity to operate both
stages as a single unlt untll separate Ascent Stage operation is desired. The LM
is designed to operate for 48 hours after separation from the CSM, with a maximum
lunar stay time of 44 hours.

Ascent Stage

The Ascent Stage (Figure 23) accommodates two astronauts and is the control
center of the LM. The stage structure provides three main sections consistlng of
a crew compartment and mid-sectlon, which comprises the pressurized cabins and
the unpressurized aft equipment bay. Other component parts of the structure con-
sist of the Thrust Chamber Assembly (TCA) cluster supports and antenna supports.
The cylindrical crew compartment is of semi-monocoque, aluminum allay construc-
tion. Large structural beams extend up the front face and across the top of the
crew compartment to distrlbute loads applied to the cabin structure. The structural
concept utilizes beams, bulkheads, and trusses to "cradle" the cabin assembly.
The cabin volume is approximately 235 cubic feet.

The entire Ascent Stage structure is enveloped by a vented blanket shield suspended
at least two inches from the main structure. The thermal and micrometeoroid shield
consists of multiple-layer aluminized mylar, nickel foil, inconel mesh, inconel
sheet, and, in certain areas, H-film. The shield nominally provides thermal in-
sulation agalnst +350 ° F temperatures_ with H-film, provides protection up to
+1000°F.

The flight station area has two front windows, a docking window, window shades,
supports and restraints, an Alignment Optical Telescope (AOT), Crewman Optical
Alignment Sight (COAS), data files, and control and display panels. Two hatches
are provided for ingress and egress. The inward-opening forward hatch is used for
extravehicular activity exit and entry. The overhead hatch seals the docking
tunnel which is used for the transfer of crew and equipment internally between
the docked CSM and LM.

The Ascent Stage is the nucleus of all LM systems. Two Portable Life Support
Systems are stowed in the LM and provisions have been made for their replenishment.
Stowage is provided for docking equipment, extravehicular visors, extravehicular
gloves, lunar boots, and crew provisions in general.

The Ascent Stage also provides external mounting for a CSM-active docking
target, tracking and orientation lights, two VHF antennas, two S-band inflight
antennas, an S-band steerable antenna, and a rendezvous radar antenna.

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LNI ASCENTSTAGE
n l t

KEY

I. Abort sensor assembly 21. Signal-conditioning and electronic replaceabJe

2.
3. Alignment optical telescope
Inertial measurement unit assembly No. 2

4. Pulse torque assembly 22. Pulse.code.modulation and timing equipment assembly

5. Cabin dump and relief valve (upper hatch) 23. Signal-conditloning and electronic replaceable assembly No. I
6. CSM/LM electrical umbilical fairing 24. RCS quudrant 2
7. Aft equipment bay bulkhead 25. Gaseous oxygen tank
8. Watertank 26. Helium tank
9, Rendezvous radar electronics as_embl)/ 27. RCSfuel tank
10. Propeliant quantity gaging system control unit 28. APS fuel tank
11. Caution and warning electronics assembly 29. RCShelium tank
17. Electrical control assembly 30. RCStank module
13. Attitude and translation control assembly 31. Helium pressurization module
14. S-band power amplifier and diplexer 32. Oxidizer service panel
15. S-bandtransceiver 33. RCSoxldizer tank
16,. Abort electronic assembly 34. RCSquadrantl
17. Signat processor ussemb|y 35. Lighting control assembly
18, VHF transceiver and diplexer 36. Auxiliary switching relay box
19. Inverter 37. Cabin dump and relief valve (forward hatch)
f 20. batteries 38, RCSquadrant 4
F_g. 23

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]'he Ascent Propulsion System provides for major +X axis translations when
separated from the Descent Stage and a Reaction Control System (RCS) provides
attitude and translational control about and along three axes.

Descent Stage

The Descent Stage (Figure 24) is the unmanned portion of the LM. It provides
for major velocity changes of the LM to deorblt and land on the lunar surface.
The basic structure consistsof four main crossed-beamswhose ends define the
octagon shape oF the stage. The major structural material is aluminum alloy.
Thermal and mlcrometeoroid shielding is similar to that used on the Ascent Stage
but with additional base heat shielding oF nickel foil, H-film, Fibrocel, and
Fiberffax protecting the stage base from engine heat radiation.

LM DESCENTSTAGE
ENGINE PLSS DESCENT STRUCTURAL THERMAL ANO
INTERSTAGE
AFT MOUNT SUBSYSTEM QUADRANT I ENGINE SKIN INSULATION MICROMETEORGID FORWARD

FITTING _ BATTERIES SHIELD INTERSTAGE

FUEL OXIDIZER TANK

' _ ELECTRICAL

EXPLOSIVE
DEVtCES
WATER _ _ POWER AND
OUTRIGGER BATTERIES

LOCATION

g SUBSYSTEMS

ATTACHMENT __ FUEL TANK

OXYGEN TANK

OXIDIZER TANK
IUADRANT 3

LOCK ASSEMBLY HELIUM TANK

+ Z AMBIENT
HELIUM TANK

GIMBAL RING Note:

Landing gear is shown in
retracted position. Ladder
LANDING GEAR LANDING GEAR LANDING GEAR LANDING GEAR DESCENT and platform are not
PRIMARY STRUT FOOTPAD SECONDARY STRUT TRUSS ASSEMBLY ENGINE SKIRT shown.

Fig. 24

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f--

The Descent Stage has a landing gear system to absorb landing shock and to support
the Descent Stage which must serve as a launch pad for the Ascent Stage. The
Descent Stage engine nozzle extension is designed to collapse up to 28 inches
and will not have any influence on LM lunar surface stability. Impact attenuation
is achieved by compression of the four main struts against crushable aluminum honeycomb.
The landing gear trusses also provide the structural attachment points for securing
the LM to the lower (fixed) portion of the Spacecraft-LM Adapter (SLA). A ladder,
integral to a primary landing gear strut, provides access to and from the lunar surface
from the ten-foot high forward hatch platform.

The Descent Stage contains the Descent Propulsion System as well as electrical
batteries, landing radar, supplements for the Environmental Control System, six
batteries for the Portable Life Support Systems, spare lithium hydroxide canisters,
a storage area for scientific equipment, an erectable S-band antenna, pyrotechnics,
and a Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly.

Guidance, Navigation, and Control System

The Guidance, Navigation, and Control System (GN&CS) provides vehicle guidance,
navigation, and control required for a manned lunar landing mission. The GN&CS
r utilizes a Rendezvous Radar and a Landing Radar to aid in navigation. The major
subsystems of the GN&CS are designated Primary Guidance and Navigation Sub-
system, Abort Guidance Subsystem, and the Control Electronics Subsystem.

The GN&CS has a primary and alternate system path. The primary guidance path
comprises the Primary Guidance and Navigation Subsystem, Control Electronics Sub-
system, Landing Radar, Rendezvous Radar, and the selected propulsion system. The
alternate system path comprises the Abort Guidance Subsystem, Control Electronics
Subsystem, and the selected propulsion system. The term Primary Guidance, Navi-
gation, and Control System (PGNCS) appears in certain technical mission document-
ation and connotes use of systems in the primary path of the LM Guidance, Navigation,
and Control System.

Primary Guidance and Navigation Subsxstem - The Primary Guidance and Navi-
ation Subsystem (PGNS) establishes an inertial reference for guidance with an
Inertial Measurement Unit, uses optics and radar for navigation, and a digital
LM Guidance Computer (LGC) for data processing and generation of flight control
signals. The inertially stabilized accelerometers sense incremental changes of
velocity and attitude. Comparison of sensed instantaneous conditions against
software programs generates corrections used to control the vehicle. The reference
for the inertial system is aligned using the Alignment Optical Telescope, stars,
horizons, and the computer. The PGNS, in conjunction with the CES, controls
LM attitude, ascent or descent engine firing, descent engine thrust, and thrust
vector. Control under the PGNS mode ranges from fully automatic to manual.

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Abort Guidance Subsystem - The Abort Guidance Subsystem(AGS) provides an

independent backup for the PGNS° The section is not utilized during aborts
unless the PGNS has failed. The AGS is capable oTd-etermining trajectories
required for a coelliptlc rendezvous sequence to automatically place the vehicle
in a safe parking/rendezvous orbit with the CSM or can display conditions to be
acted upon by the astronauts to accomplish rendezvous. The activated AGS per-
forms LM navigation, guidance, and control in conjunction with the Control
Electronics Subsystem. The AGS differs from the PGNS in that its inertial sensors
are rigidly mounted with respect to the vehicle rather than on a stabilized platform.
In this model the Abort Sensor Assembly (ASA) measuresattitude and acceleration
and supplies data to the Abort Electronics Assembly (AEA) which is a high-speed
digital computer.

Control Electronics Subsystem- The Control Electronics Subsystem(CES) controls

LM attitude and translation about and along three axes by processing commands
from the PGNS or AGS and routing on/off commandsto 16 reaction control
engines, ascent engine, or descent engine. Descent engine thrust vector is also
controlled by the CES.

RendezvousRadar - The RendezvousRadar (RR)tracks the CSM to provide relative

line-of-sighb range and range rate data for rendezvous and docking. The trans-
ponder in the CSM augments the transmitted energy of the RR thus increasing
radar capabilities and minimizing power requirements. Radardata is automatically
entered into the LGC in the PGNS mode. During AGS operation, data inputs are
entered into the Abort Electronics Assembly through the Data Entry and Display
Assembly (DEDA) by the crew from cabin displays. Radar data is telemetered to
the Manned Space Flight Network and monitored for gross inaccuracies.

Landing Radar - The Landing Radar (LR) provides the LGC with slant range and
velocity data for control of the descent to the lunar surface. Slant range data is
available below lunar altitudes of approximately 35,000 feet and velocity data is
available below approximately 18,000 feet.

Main Propulsion

Main Propulsion is provided by the Descent Propulsion System (DPS) and the Ascent
Propulsion System (APS). Each sytem is wholly independent of the other. The
s
DPSprovides the thrust to control descent to the lunar surface. The APS can

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provide the thrust for ascent from the lunar surface. In case of mission abort, the
APS and/or DPS can place the LM into a rendezvous trajectory with the CSM from
any point in the descent trajectory. The choice of engine to be used depends on
the cause for abort, on how long the descent engine has been operating, and on
the quantity of propellant remaining in the Descent Stage. Both propulsion systems
use identical hypergolic propellants. The fuel is a 50-50 mixture of hydrazine and
unsymetrical-dimethylhydrazine and the oxidizer is nitrogen tetroxide. Gaseous
helium pressurizes the propellant feed systems. Helium storage in the DPS is at
cryogenic temperatures in the super-critical state and in the APS it is gaseous at
ambi ent temperatures.

Ullage for propellant settling is required prior to descent engine start and is pro-
vided by the +X axis reaction engines. The descent engine is gimbaled, throttle-
able and restartable. The engine can be throttled from 1050 pounds of thrust to
6300 pounds. Throttle positions above this value automatically produce full thrust
to reduce combustion chamber erosion. Nominal Full thrust is 9870 pounds. Gimbal
trim of the engine compensates for a changing center of gravity of the vehicle and
is automatlcally accomplished by either the PGNS or AGS. Automatic throttle
and on/off control is available in the PGNS mode of operation. TheAGS commands
on/off operation but has no automatic throttle control capability. Manual control
- capability of engine firing functions has been provided. Manual thrust control over-
ride may, at any time, command more thrust than the level commanded by the LGC.

The ascent engine is a fixed, non-throttleable engine. The engine develops 3500
pounds of thrust, sufficient to abort the lunar descent or to launch the Ascent Stage
from the lunar surface and place it in the desired lunar orbit. Control modes are
similar to those described for the descent engine. The APS propellant is contained
in two spherical titanium tanks, one for oxidizer and the other for fuel. Each
tank has a volume of 36 cubic feet. Total fuel weight is 2008 pounds of which
71 pounds are unusable. Oxidizer weight is 3170 pounds of which 92 pounds
are unusable. The APS has a limit of 35 starts, must have a propellant bulk
temperature between 50°F and 90°F prior to start, must not exceed 460 seconds
of burn time, and has a system life of 24 hours after pressurization.

In general, the main propulsion systems use pyrotechnic isolation valves in pres-
surization and propellant lines to prevent corrosive deterioration of components.
Once the APS or DPS is activated, its reliable operating time is limited but
adequate for its designed use.

Reaction Control System

The Reaction Control System (RCS) stabilizes the LM, provides ullage thrust for the
DPS or APS, helps to maintain the desired trajectory during descent, and controls
LM attitude and translation about or along three axes during hover. Sixteen engines

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termed Thrust Chamber Assemblies 0"CA's) of 100 pounds thrust each are mounted
symmetrically around the LM Ascent Stage in clusters of four. The RCS contains
two independent, parallel systems (A&B) controlling two TCA's in each cluster.
Each system, operating alone, can perform all required attitude control require-
ments, however translational performance is slightly degraded under single system
operation. The independent propellant systems have a crossfeed capability for
increased operational dependability. During APS thrusting, APS propellant can
supplement the RCS system. "[he propellant tanks utilize bladders to achieve
positive expulsion feed under zero-g gravity conditions. Malfunctioning TCA
pairs can be deactivated by manual switches.

The RCS TCA firing is accomplished by the CES of the GN&CS in response to
manual commands or signals generated in the PGNS or AGS modes. The RCS
modes of operation are automatic, attitude hold (semi-automatic)t and manual
override. The TCA's firing time ranges from a pulse of less than one second up
to steady state operation.

Thirty-two heaters are used to heat the 16 TCA's. TCA temperature requirements
ranging from 132°F to 154°F are important to safe and proper TCA operation.
_f
Propellant capacity of each system of the RCS is: oxidizer (nitrogen tetroxide)-
207.5 pounds, 194.9 pounds usable; fuel (50-50 mixture of monomethyl hydrazine
and unsymetrical-dimethylhydrazine)-106.5 pounds, 99.1 pounds usable.

In order to ensure reliable RCS operation, firing time for each TCA must not exceed
500 seconds with firing times exceeding one second, and 1000 seconds of pulses with
firing times less than one second. RCS operation requires propellant tank tempera-
tures between 40°F and 100°F. Firing time of vertically mounted thrusters is limited
to prevent damage to Descent Stage insulation or the Ascent Stage antennas.

Electrical Power System

The Electrical Power System (EPS) contains six batteries which supply the electrical
power requirements of the LM during undocked mission phases. Four batteries are
located in the Descent Stage and two in the Ascent Stage. Batteries for the
Explosive Devices System are not included in this system description. Postlaunch
LM power is supplied by the Descent Stage batteries until the LM and CSM are
docked. While docked, the CSM supplies electrical power to the LM up to 296
watts (peak). During the lunar descent phase, the two Ascent Stage batteries are
paralleled with the Descent Stage batteries for additional power assurance. The
Descent Stage batteries are utilized for LM lunar surface operations and checkout.
The Ascent Stage batterles are brought on the line just before ascent phase staging.
All batteries and busses may be individually monitored for load, voltage, and
_ failure. Several isolation and combination modes are provided.

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Two Inverters, each capable of supplying full load, convert the dc to ac for
115-volt, 400-hertz supply° Electrical power is distributed by the following
buses: LM Pilot's dc bus, Commander's dc bus, and ac buses A & B.

The four Descent Stage silver-zlnc batteries are identical and have a 400 ampere-
hour capacity at 28 volts. Because the batteries do not have a constant voltage
at various states of charge/load levels_ "high" and "low" voltage taps are provided
for selection. The "low voltage" tap is selected to initiate use of a fully charged
battery. Cross-tie circuits in the busses facilitate an even discharge of the
batteries regardless of distribution combinations. The two silver-zinc Ascent Stage
batteries are identical to each other and have a 296 ampere-hour capacity at 28
Volts° The Ascent Stage batteries are normally connected in parallel for even
discharge. Because of design load characteristics1 the Ascent Stage batteries do
not have and do not require hlgh and low voltage taps,

Nominal voltage for Ascent Stage and Descent Stage batteries is 30.0 volts.
Reverse current relays for battery failure are one of many components designed
into the EPS to enhance EPS reliability. Cooling of the batteries is provided by
the Environmental Control System cold rall heat sinks. Available ascent electrical
f energy is 17.8 kilowatt hours at a maximum drain of 50 amps per battery and descent
energy is 46.9 kilowatt hours at a maximum drain of 25 amps per battery.

Environmental Control System

The Environmental Control System (ECS) provides a habitable envlronment for two
astronauts for a maximum of 48 hours while the LM is separated from the CSM.
Included in this capability are four cabin decompression/repressurization cycles.
The ECS also controls the temperature of electrical and electronic equipment, and
stores and provide_ water for drinking, cooling, fire extingusihing, and food
preparatlon. Two oxygen and two water tanks are located in the Ascent Stage.
One larger oxygen tank and a larger water tank is located in the Descent Stage.

The ECS is comprised of an Atmospt_ere Revitalization Subsystem (ARS), an Oxygen

Supply and Cabin Pressure Control Subsystem (OSCPCS), a Water Management
Subsystem (WMS), a Heat Transport Subsystem (HTS), and an oxygen and water
supply to the Portable Life Support System (PLSS). The ARS cools and ventilates
the Pressure Garment Assemblies, controls oxygen temperature and the level of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, removes odors, particles, noxious gases, and
excess moisture.

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Oxygen Supply and Cabin Pressure Control Subsystem

The Oxygen Supply and Cabin Pressure Control Subsystem (OSCPCS) stores
gaseous oxygen and maintains cabin and suit pressure by supplying oxygen to
the ARS. This replenishes losses due to crew metabolic consumption and cabin
or suit leakage. The oxygen tank in the Descent Stage provides oxygen during
the descent and lunar-stay phases of the mission, and the two in the Ascent
Stage are used during the ascent and rendezvous phases of the mission.

Water Management Subsystem

The Water Management Subsystem (WMS) supplies water for drlnkTng, cooling,
Fire extinguishing, and food preparation; for refilling the PLSS cooling water
tank; and for pressurization of the secondary coolant loop of the HTS. It
also provides for delivery of water From ARS water separators to HTS sublimators
and from the water tanks to ARS and HTS sublimators. The water tanks are
pressurized before launch to maintain the required pumping pressure in the
tanks. The Descent Stage tank supplies most of the water required until staging
occurs. AFter staging, water is supplied by the two Ascent Stage storage tanks.
- A self-sealing "PLSS DRINK" valve delivers water For drinking and food
preparation.

Heat Transport Subsystem

The Heat Transport Subsystem (HTS) consists of a primary coolant loop and a
secondary coolant loop. The secondary loop serves as a backup loop and
functions in the event the primary loop Fails. A water-glycol solution circu-
lates through each loop. The primary loop provides temperature control for
batteries, electronic equipments that require active thermal control, and For
the oxygen that circulates through the cabin and pressure suits. The batteries
and electronic equipments are mounted on cold plates and rails through which
coolant is routed to remove excess heat.

The cold plates used for equipment required For mlssion abort contain two
separate coolant passages, one For the primary loop and one For the secondary
loop. The secondary coolant loop serves only abort equipment cold plates.

In Flight, excess heat rejection From both coolant loops is achieved by the
primary and secondary sublima_ors which are vented overboard. A coolant
pump reclrculation assembly contains all the HTS coolant pumps and associated
check and relief valves. Coolant Flow from the assembly is directed through
parallel circuits to the cold plates For the electronic equipment and the oxygen-
- to-glycol heat exchanger in the ARS.

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Communications System

The Communications System (CS) provides the links between the LM and the Manned
Space Flight Network (MSFN), between the LM and the CSM, and between the LM
and any extravehicular astronaut. The following information is handled by the CS:
tracking and ranging, voice, PCM telemetry (LM status), biomedical data, computer
updates, Morse code t televislonj £VA/LM EMU data, and LM/CSM telemetry
retransmission. The communicat'ions links and their functions are listed in Figure 25.
The CS includes all S-band, VH_, and signal processing equipment necessary to
transmit and receive vo_ce, trackir_g, and ranging data, and to transmit telemetry
and emergency keying.

LM COMMUNICATIONS
LINKS
Link Mode Band Purpose

MSFN-LM-MSFN Pseudorandom noise S-band Ranging and tracking by

MSFN

L]_-MSFN Voice S-b_d In-iltghteommunlcations

LM-CSM Voice VIIF simplex In-nightcommunications

CSM-LM-MSFN Voice VHF and S-band Conference (with LM us

relay)

LM-CSM Low-bit-rate telemetry VHF (oneway) CSM record and retr_tns-

mit to earth

CSM-LM-CSM Ranging VHF duplex Ranging by CSM

MSFN-LM Voice S-bend In-flight communications

I MSFN-LM Uplink data or upllnkvoice backup S-band Update LGC or voice

I backup for in-flight
oommun_.c_tions

LM-MSFN Biomed-PCM telemetry S-band TraPsmisaion of hiomed

and vehicle status data

LM-MSFN-CSM Voice S-bend Con/erence (withearth

as relay)

EVA-LM-EVA Voice and data;voice VHF dtlpiex EVA dlre_tcommunica-

tion

EVA-LM-MSFN Voice and data VHF, S-band Conference (withLM as

relay)

CSM-MSFN- Voice and data S-band, VHF Conference (viaMSFN-

JaM-EVA LM relay)

Fig. 25

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The CS antenna equlpment consists of two S-band infllght antennas, an S-band

steerable antenna, two VHF inflight antennas and diplexer, and RF selector
switches for S-band and VHF. The "line-of-sight" range of the VHF transmitter
is limited to 740 nautical miles. The LM S-band capability covers earth-lunar
distances.

Explosive Devices System

The Explosive Devlces System (EDS) usesexplosives to activate or enable various

LM equipment. The system deploys the landing gear, enables pressurization of
the descent, ascent, and RCSpropellant tanks, venting of descent propellant tanks,
and separation of the Ascent and Descent Stages. There are two separate systems
in the EDS. The systemsare parallel and provide completely redundant circuitry.
Each system has a 37.1-volt (no load) battery, relays, time delay circuits, fuse
resistors, busses, and explosive cartridges.

Two separate cartridges are provided for each EDSfunction. Each cartridge is
sufficient to perform the function without the other. The EDSsupports the main
propulsion systemsby clearing the valves isolating pressurantsand propellants.
Other pyrotechnic devices guillotine interstage umbilieals in addition to the
_ structural connections. System performance is indicated to the crew by instru-
mentation and to the MSFN by telemetry. The two EDS batteries use silver-zinc
plates and are rated at 0.75 ampere-hour. Battery output/voltage status is displayed
to the crew. One battery is located in the Descent Stage and one is in the Ascent
Stage.

Instrumentation System

The Instrumentation System (IS) monitors the LM subsystems, performs infllght

checkout, prepares LM status data for transmisslon to the MSFN, provides tlming
frequencies and correlated data for LM subsystems,and stores voice and time
correlation data. During the lunar mission, the IS performs lunar surface LM
checkout and provides scientific instrumentation for lunar experiments.

The IS consists of system sensors, a Signal Conditioning Electronics Assembly

(SCEA), Pulse-Code-Modulation and Timing Electronics Assembly (PCMTEA),
Caution and Warning Electronics Assembly (CWEA), and a Data Storage Elec-
tronics Assembly (DSEA). The CWEA provides the astronauts and MSFN with a
continuous rapid check of data supplied by the SCEA for malfunction detection.
The CWEA provides signals to caution lights, warning lights, component
caution lights, and "Master-Alarm" pushbutton lights.

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Lighting

Interior lighting is designed to enhance crew performance by reducing crew fatigue

in an environment of interior-exterior glare effects. Exterior lighting includes a
radioluminescent docking target, Five docking lights, and a high intensity tracking
light. The five docking lights are automatically turned on prior to the first CSM
docking and are turned off after docking. They indicate gross relative attitude of
the vehicle and are color discernible to a distance of" 1000 feet. The flashing,
high-intensity, tracking light on the LM facilitates CSM tracking of the LM. It
has a beam spread of 60 degrees and flashes 60 times per minute.

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CREW PROVISIONS

APPAREL

The combination of items a crewman wears varies during a mission (Figure 26). There
are three basic configurations of dress: unsuited, suited, and extravehicular. A brief
description of each item is contained in the latter part of this section.

Unsuited

This mode of dress is worn by a crewman in the Command Module (CM) under conditions
termed "shirt-sleeve environment." The crewman wears a bioinstrumentation harness,
a communications carrier, the Constant Wear Garment (CWG), the lnflight Coverall
Garment (ICG), and booties. This unsuited mode is the most comfortable, convenient,
and least fatiguing of the dress modes. When unsuited, the crewman relies on the CM
Environmental Control System to maintain the proper cabin environment of pressure,
temperature and oxygen.

Suited

This mode enables a crewman to operate in an unpressurized cabin. The intravehicular

configuration includes: the Pressure Garment Assembly (PGA) with an Integral Thermal
Meteoroid Garment (ITMG), made up of a torso-limb suit, pressure helmet, and pressure
gloves; the Fecal Containment System (FCS); CWG; bioinstrumentation harness; com-
munications carrier; and a Urine Collection and Transfer Assembly (UCTA).

The CM Pilot does not participate in full extravehicular activity, permitting substitution
of a lighter, fire-resistant covering over the PGA in lieu of the ITMG. Various suit
fittings and hardware required for Lunar Module (LM) and extravehicular operations
are also omitted from the CM Pilotls suit.

Extravehicular

In the extravehicular configuration, the CWG is replaced by a Liquid Cooling Garment

(LCG) and three items are added to the PGA: Lunar Extravehicular Visor Assembly
(LEVA), extravehicular gloves and lunar boots. The addition of the Portable Life
Support System (PLSS) and Oxygen Purge System (OPS) backpack completes the con-
figuration termed the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). In addition to providing a
life supporting, pressurized atmosphere, the EMU protects the astronaut from radiation,
micrometeoroid impact, and lunar surface temperatures ranging from +250°F to -250 °F.
A small quantity of potable water (approximately 8 ounces) is provided in the EMU in
a bag with a such straw and bite mouthpiece extending into the pressure helmet. By
turning his head, biting the mouthpiece and sucking, the astronaut can obtain a drink
of water while the LM is depressurized or while he is on the lunar surface.

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Item Description

Torso-Limb Suit

The torso-limb suit is the basic pressure envelope for the astronaut. It contains
connectors for oxygen, water (for the LCG), communication, biomedical data,
and urine transfer.

Pressure Helmet

The pressure helmet provides visibility and continues the environmental envelope.
It is basically a polycarbonate plastic shell. It contains a vent manifold and an
air-tight feed port for eating, drinking, and purging. The astronaut can turn his
head within the fixed helmet.

Pressure G love

The pressure glove provides for required digital dexterity and continues the
environmental envelope. It is basically made of nylon tricot dipped in neoprene.
A fingerless glove, inner and outer covers, and a restraint system complete the
assembly. The extravehicular glove is a modified pressure glove with additional
layers of thermal and protective material.

Thermal Meteoroid Garment

The Integral TMG provides external thermal and micrometeoroid protection for the
astronaut. This garment is sewn over the torso-limb suit. Construction utilizes
multilayered combinatlons of Beta cloth, aluminized Kapton film, Beta Marquisette,
neoprene-coated nylon Ripstop, and ChromeI-R. Snap-secured covers are located
for inner access to some PGA areas and pockets are provided for specified items.
The LM restraint rings are integrated into the hip area. Boots are attached over
the PGA with slide fasteners and loop tape.

Lunar Boot

The lunar boot is worn over the PGA boot and meets the extensive, additional,
thermal, and protective requirements for a lunar excursion. Materials used in its
construction are teflon-coated Beta cloth, Kapton film, Beta Marquisette, Beta
felt, silicon rubber, and ChromeI-R.

Lunar Extravehicular Visor Assembly

The LEVA is a light- and heat-attenuating assembly which fits over and clamps
around the base of the pressure helmet assembly. It is designed to provide heat
insulation and added protection from micrometeoroids, solar radiation and

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accidental impact damage to the pressure helmet assembly. Major components of

the LEVA include external eye shades, a gold-coated sun visor, a protective
visor affording impact and ultraviolet ray protection_ the main polycarbonate shell
assembly with mounting latches and hingesr and a hood-llke shell cover assembly
consisting of teflon-coated Beta yarn over 13 alternating layers of aluminized mylar
and non-woven dacron.

Liquid Cooling Garment

The LCG consists of a network of Tygon tubing interwoven in nylon Spandex

material, Water from the PLSS circulates through the tubing to maintain the
desired suit temperature, An inner liner is fabricated from nylon chiffon, The
integral socks do not contain cooling tubes.

Constant Wear Garment

The CWG is an undergarment for the flight coveralls and the intravehicular space
suit configuration. It is fabricated in one piece, encloses the feet, and has short
sleeves, a waist-to-neck zipper, and lower torso openings front and rear.

Infllght Coverall Garment

The ICG is the outer garment for unsuited operation. It is of two-plece Beta cloth
construction with zipper and pockets.

Booties

Booties are worn with the ICG and have Velcro hooks that engage VelCro pile
patches attached to the floor to hold the crewman in place during weightlessness.
They are made of Beta cloth and have the Velcro hook material bonded to the soles.

Communications Carrier and Bioinstrumentation Harness

The communications carrier is a polyurethane foam headpiece which positions two

independent earphones and microphones. The bioinstrumentation harness carries
signal conditioners and converters to transmit heart beat and respiration rates of the
astronauts. The wiring of the bioinstrumentation harness and communications
carrier join a common electrical connector which interfaces with the PGA or an
adapter when unsuited.

Urine Collection and Transfer Assembly

The UCTA is a truss-llke garment which functions by use of a urinal cuff, storage
compartment, and tube which connects to the external collection system. It is
worn over the CWG or LCG.

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Fecal Containment System

The FCS is an elastic underwear with an absorbent liner around the buttock area.
This system is worn under the LCG or CWG to allow emergency defecation when
the PGA is pressurized. Protective ointment is used on the buttocks and perlneal
area to lessen skin irritation.

Portable Life Support System

The PLSSis a portable, self-powered, rechargeable environmental control system

with a communications capability. It is carried as a backpack in the extravehicular
suited mode and weighs about 70 earth pounds. The PLSSsupplies pressurized
oxygen to the PGA, cleans and cools the suit atmosphere, cools and circulates
water through the LCG, and provides radio communlcations with a dual VHF
transceiver. The PLSScan operate for up to 4 hours in a space environment before
replenishment of water and oxygen is required. The 17-volt PISS battery can
supply 280 watt-hours of electrical power to meet a nominal usage rate of 50 watts
per hour.

Oxygen Purge System

A detachable, non-rechargeable OPS attaches to the top of the PLSS. The system
can supply 30 minutes of regulated flow to the PGA independent of the PISS for
contingency operations. The OPS may be removed from the PISS and used as an
• emergency source of oxygen at any time. The OPS also serves as a mount for the
PISS antenna.

FOOD AND WATER

Food supplies in the LM and CM are designed to supply each astronaut with a balanced
diet of approximately 2800 calories per day. Most of the food is either freeze-dried or
concentrated and is carried in vacuum-packaged plastic bags. Each bag of freeze-dried
food has a one-way valve through which water is inserted and a second valve through
which food passes. Concentrated food is packaged in bite-slze units and needs no
reconstitution. Several bags are packaged together to make one meal bag. The meal
bags have red, white r and blue dots to identify them for each crewman, as well as
labels to identify them by day and meal.

The food is reconstituted by adding hot or cold water through the one-way valve. The
astronaut kneads the bag and then cuts the neck of the bag and squeezes the food into
his mouth. A "feed port" in the pressure helmet allows partaking of liquid food and
water while suited. Food preparation water is dispensed from a unit which supplies
150°F and 50°F water in the CM and 90°F and 50°F water in the LM.

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Drinking water comes from the water chiller to two outlets: the water meter dispenser
and the food preparation unit. The dispenser has an aluminum mounting bracket, a
72-1nch coiled hose, and a dispensing valve unit in the form of a button-actuated
pistol. The pistol barrel is placed in the mouth and the button is pushed for each half-
ounce of water. The meter records the amount of water drunk. A valve is provided to
shut off the system in case the dispenser develops a leak or malfunction. Drinking
water for use during depressurized or lunar surface activities is provided in the EMU
as described in the previous section.

COUCHES AND RESTRAINTS

Command Module

The astronaut couches are individually adjustable units made of hollow steel tubing
and covered with a heavy, Fireproof, fiberglass cloth. The couches rest on a head
beam and two side-stabilizer beamssupported by eight cyclic-type attenuator struts
(two each for the Y and Z axes and four for the X axis) which absorb the impact of
landing. These couches support the crewmen during acceleration and deceleration,
position the crewmen at their duty stations, and provide support for translation and
rotation hand controls, lights, and other equipment.

The couches can be folded or adjusted into a number of seat positions. The one used
most is the 85-degree position assumedfor launch, orbit entry, and landing. The
170-degree (flat-out) position is used primarily for the center couch, so that crewmen
can move into the lower equipment bay. The armrests on either side of the center
couch can be folc]@dfootward so the astronauts from the two outside couches can slide
over easily. The hip pan of the center couch can be disconnected and the couch can
be pivoted around the head beam and laid on the aft bulkhead floor of the CM. This
provides room for the astronauts to stand and easier accessto the side hatch for extra-
vehicular activity.

Two armrests are attached to the back pan of the left couch and two armrests are
attached to the right couch. The center couch has no armrests. The translation and
rotation controls can be mounted to any of the four armrests. A support at the end of
each armrest rotates 100 degrees to provide proper tilt for the controls. The couch
seat pan and leg pan are formed of framing and cloth, and the foot pan is all steel.
The foot pan contains a restraint device which holds the foot in place.

The couch restraint harnessconsists of a lap belt and two shoulder straps which connect
to the lap belt at the buckle. The shoulder straps connect to the shoulder beam of the
couch. Other restraints in the CM include handholds, a hand bar, hand straps, and
patches of Velcro which hold the crewmen when they wear booties.
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The astronauts may sleep in bags under the left and right couches with heads toward
the hatch or in their couches. The three sleeping bags are made of lightweight Beta
fabric 64 inches Iong_ with zipper openings for the torso and a 7-1nch diameter
opening for the neck. They are supported by two longitudinal straps that attach to
storage boxes in the lower equipment bay and to the CM inner structure. The astro-
nauts sleep in the bags when unsuited and are restrained on top of the bags when suited.

Lunar Module LM CREWMAN AT FLIGHT STATION

The crew support and restraint equipmen_ in

the LM includes armrests, hand holds, Velcro !
on the floor to interface with the PGA Boots,
and a restraint assembly operated by a rope-
and-pully arrangement that holds the LM
crewmen in astandlng position. The restraint
assembly attaches to 'D 'r'ngs Iocatedat the
hips of the astronaut's suit and holds him to
the Cabinfloorwith a force ofabout 30 pounds
(Figure 27). The armrests restrain the crew-
men laterally. Sleep facilities are provided
by two hammocks fabricated from teflon-
coated beta cloth (Figure 28). These ham-
Fig. 27
mocks are stored when not in use.

LM CREWMEN SLEEP POSITIONS

- '
_ p--"

I I

• Fig. 28

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HYGIENE EQUIPMENT

Hygiene equipment includes wet and dry cloths for cleaning, towels, toothbrushes,
ingestible toothpaste, and the Waste Management System (WMS). The WMS controls
and disposesof waste solids, liquids, and gases. The major portion of the system is
in the right-hand equipment bay. The system stores feces, removes odors, dumps
urine overboard, and removes urine from the space suit. In the CM, urine is dumped
overboard, whereas in the LM, it is stored.

OPERATIONAL AIDS

Operational aids include external tracking and orientation lights, floodlights, utility
lights, flashlights, the Crewman Optical Alignment Sight (COAS), a monocular, data
files, tools, window shades, calibrated window reference marks, storage bags, straps,
tape, space suit repair kit, and labels. Also included are provisions for using the
urine system hose for vacuuming liquid and a brush head for the vacuum hose connected
to the cabin air inlet of the Environmental Control System for general housekeeping as
part of the decontamination procedure.

- EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT

Emergency equipment includes fire extinguishers, oxygen masks, medical supplies, and
survival equipment. The CM has one fire extinguisher located adjacent to the left-hand
and lower equipment bays. The extinguisher weighs about 8 pounds. The extinguishing
agent is an aquaeous gel expelled in 2 cubic feet of foam for approximately 30 seconds
at high pressure. Fire ports are located at various panels so that the extinguisher nozzle
can be inserted to put out a fire behind the panel.

Oxygen masksare provided for each astronaut in case of smoke, toxic gas, or other
hostile atmosphere in the cabin while the astronauts are out of their suits in the CM.
Oxygen is supplied through a flexible hose from the emergency oxygen/repressurlzation
unit in the upper equipment bay.

Medical supplies are contained in an emergency medical kit, about 8 x 5 x 5 inches,

which is stored near the LM Pilot. It contains oral drugs and pills (pain capsules,
stimulant, antibiotic, motion sickness, diarrhea, decongestant, sleeping, and aspirin),
injectable drugs (for pain and motion sickness), bandages, topical agents (first-aid
cream, sun cream, and an antibiotic ointment)r and eye drops. Also included are an
oral thermometer and four spare bioinstrumentation harnesses. The small medical kit in
the LM data file contains pain pills, aspirin, eye drops, diarrhea pills, stimulants, and
sleeping pills.
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Survival equipment, intended for use in an emergency after landing, is stowed in two
rucksacks in the right-hand forward equipment bay. One of the rucksacks contains a
three-man rubber life raft with an inflation assembly, a carbon dioxide cylinder, a sea
anchor, dye marker, and a sunbonnet for each crewman. The other rucksack contains
a beacon transceiver, survival lights, desalter kits, a machete, sun glasses, water cans,
and a medical kit. The survival medical kit contains the same type of supplies as the
emergency medical kit: six bandages, six injectors, 30 tablets, and one tube of all-
purpose ointment.

MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT

Each crewman is provided a 64-cubic inch container for personal items, and a two-
compartment temporary storage bag. A special tool kit is provided which also contains
three jack screws for contingency hatch closure.

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LAUNCH COMPLEX

GENERAL

Launch Complex 39 (LC-39), located at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, is the facility
provided for the assembly, checkout, and launch of the Apollo/Saturn V Space Vehicle.
Assembly and checkout of the vehicle is accomplished on a Mobile Launcher in the
controlled environment of the Vehicle Assembly Building. The space vehicle and the
Mobile Launcher are then moved as a unit by the Crawler-Transporter to the launch
site. The major elements of the launch complex shown in Figure 29 are the Vehicle
Assembly Building (VAB), the Launch Control Center (LCC), the Mobile Launcher (ML),
the Crawler-Transporter (C/T), the crawlerway, the Mobile Service Structure (MSS),
and the launch pad.

LC-39 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

Vehicle Assembly Building

The VAB provides a protected environment for receipt and checkout of the propulsion
_ stages and IU, erection of the vehicle stages and spacecraft in a vertical position on
the ML, and integrated checkout of the assembled space vehicle. The VAB, as shown
in Figure 30, is a totally enclosed structure covering eight acres of ground. It is a
structural steel building approximately 525 feet high, 518 feet wide, and 716 feet
long. The principal operational elements of the VAB are the low bay and high bay
areas. A 92-foot wide transfer aisle extends through the length of the VAB and divides
the low and high bay areas into equal segments. The low bay area provides the facilities
for receiving, uncrating, checkout, and preparation of the S-II stage, S-IVB stage, and
the IU. The high bay area provides the facilities for erection and checkout of the S-IC
stage; mating and erection operations of the S-II stage, S-IVB stage, IU, and spacecraft;
and integrated checkout of the assembled space vehicle. The high bay area contains
four checkout bays, each capable of accommodating a fully assembledApollo/Saturn V
Space Vehicle.

Launch Control Center

The LCC, Figure 30, serves as the focal point for overall direction, control, and
monitoring of space vehicle checkout and launch. The LCC is located adjacent to
the VAB and at a sufficient distance from the launch pad (three miles) to permit the
safe viewing of llftoff without requiring site hardening.

The LCC is a four-story structure. The ground floor is devoted to service and support
functions. The second floor housestelemetry and tracking equipmentr in addition to
F instrumentation and data reduction facilities. The third floor is divided into four
separate but similar control areas, each containing a firing room, a computer room,

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LAUNCHCOMPLEX
39

AUNCHAREAB

_LAUNCH AREAA

CRAWLERWAY

MOBILE SERVICE
STRUCTUREPARK
AREA

CONVERTER/
ORDNANCE

MOBILE LAUNCHER _ARGECANAL

REFURBISHAREA'----_ /NITROGEN
STORAGE
IRNINGBASIN
f
VEHICLE ASSEMBLY
BUILDING CONTROL
CENTER
Fig. 29

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VEHICLEASSEMBLYBUILDING

VEHICLE
ASSEMBLY
BUILDING

CONTROL
CENTER

HIGH BAY
AREA

..i-

..... I

AREA

LOW BAY

Fig. 30

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a mission control room, a test conductor platform area, a visltor gallery, and offices.
The four firing rooms, one for each high bay in the VAB, contain control, monltoring_
and display equipment for automatic vehicle checkout and launch. The display rooms,
offices, Launch Information Exchange Facillty (LIEF) rooms, and mechanical equipment
are located on the fourth floor.

The power demands in this area are large and are supplied by two separate systems,
industrial and instrumentation. This divlsion between power systemsis designed to
protect the instrumentation power system from the adverse effects of switching transients,
large cycl|ng Ioads_ and intermittent motor starting loads. Communication and signal
cable troughs extend from the LCC via the enclosed bridge to each ML location in the
VAB high bay area. Cableways also connect to the ML refurbishing area and to the
Pad Terminal Connection Room (PTCR)at the launch pad. Antennas on the roof provide
an RF llnk to the launch pads and other facillties at KSC.

Mobile Launcher

The ML (Figure 31) is a transportable steel structure wh|ch, with the C,71",provides the
capability to move the erected veh|cle to the launch pad. The ML is dlv|ded into two
functional areas, the launcher base and the umbilical tower. The launcher base is the
platform on which a Saturn V Vehicle is assembled in the vertical position, transported
to a launch site, and launched. The umbilical tower provides access to all important
levels of the vehicle during assembly, checkout, and servicing. The equlpment used in
the servicing, checkout, and launch is installed throughout both the base and tower
sections of the ML.

The launcher base is a steel structure 25 feet high, 160 feet long, and 135 Feet wide.
The upper deck, designated level 0, contains, in addition to the umbilical tower, the
four hold-down arms and the three tall service masts. There is a 45-foot square opening
through the ML base for first stage exhaust.

The base has provisions for attachment to the C,/1", six launcher-to-ground mount
mechanisms, and four extensible support columns. All electrlcal/mechanlcal inter-
faces between vehicle systemsand the VAB or the launch site are located through or
adjacent to the base structure. The base housessuch items as the computer systems
test sets, digital propellant loading equipment, hydraulic test sets, propellant and
pneumatic lines, air-condltion|ng and ventilating systems, electrical power systems,
and water systems. Fueling operat|ons at the launch area require that the compart-
ments wlthin the structure be pressurized with a supply of uncontaminated air.

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MOBILELAUNCHER
GSCU FLOW CONTROL VALVE BOX

J IU GROUND SUPPORT ,
IU PNEUMATIC CONSOLE COOLING UNIT (2 UNITS)

S-IVB GAS HEAT EXCHANGER S-IVB PNE_ATIC CONSOLE "A"

S-IVB PNEUMATICCONSOLE "B" ;-IVBAPS PNEUMATIC CONSOLE

S-II PNEUMATIC CONSOLE ST-41A S-II LH2 HEAT EXCHANGER A7-71

J
f

S-IC FWD UMBILICAL

S-II PNEUMATICCONSOLE S7-41B SERVICE CONSOLE S-II PNEUMATIC CONSOLE $7-41C

Fig. 31
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The primary electrical power supplied to the ML is divided into four separate services:
instrumentation, industrial, in-transit, and emergency. Emergency power is supplied
by a dlesel-driven generator located in the ground facilities. It is used for obstruction
lights, emergency lighting, and for one tower elevator. Water is supplied to the ML
for fire, industrial, and domestic purposes.

The umbilical tower is a 380-foot high, open steel structure which provides support
For eight umbilical service arms_ Apollo Spacecraft access arm; 18 work and access
platformss distribution equipment for the propellantr pneumaticr electrical, and
instrumentation subsystems,and other ground support equipment. Two high-speed
elevators service 18 landings from level A of the base to the 340-foot tower level.
The structure is topped by a 25-ton hammerhead crane. Remote control of the crane
is possible from numerous locations on the ML.

1"hefour holddown arms (Figure 32) are mounted on the ML deck, 90°apart around the
vehicle base. They position and hold the vehicle on the ML during the VAB checkout,
movement to the pad, and pad checkout. The vehicle base is held with a preloaded
force of 700,000 poundsat each arm. At engine ignitlon_ the vehicle is restrained
until proper engine thrust is achieved. The unlatching interval for the four arms should
not exceed 0.050 second. If any of the separators fall to operate in 0. 180 second,
_ release is effected by detonating an explosive nut link. At launch, the holddown arms
quickly release, but the vehicle is prevented from accelerating too rapidly by the
control led-release mechanisms (Figure 32). Each control led-release mechanism basically
consists of a tapered pin inserted in a die which is coupled to the vehicle. Upon vehicle
release, the tapered pln is drawn through the die during the first six inches of vehicle
travel. There are provisions for as many as 16 mechanismsper vehicle. The precise
number is determined on a mission basis.

The three Tall Service Mast Fl'SM) assemblies (Figure 32) support service lines to the
S-IC stage and provide a meansfor rapid retraction at vehicle liftoff. The TSM
assembllesare located on level 0 of the ML base. EachTSM is a counterbalanced
structure which is pneumatically/electrlcally controlled and hydraulically operated.
Retraction of the umbilical carrier and vertical rotation of the mast is accomplished
simultaneously to ensure no physical contact between the vehicle and mast. The
carrier is protected by a hood which is closed by a separate hydraulic system after
the mast rotates.

The nine service arms provide access to the space vehicle and support the service lines
that are required to sustain the vehicle, as described in Figure 33. The service arms are
designated as either preflight or inflightarms. The preflight arms are retracted and
locked against the umbilical tower prior to llftoff. The infllght arms retract at vehicle
liftoff. Carrier withdrawal and arm retraction is accomplished by pneumatic and/or
hydraulic systems.
f

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HOLDDOWN
ARMS/TAIL SERVICEMAST

TOWER

ENGINE _--_-_--_ I _ ENGINE

TAIL SERVICE I_

r______r__ MASTI-2

MAST
MAST 3-2V_ __ _TAIL SERVICE
2 ENGINE
TAIL SER3.4___ NO.3 K../ _ _ NE_GINE

HOLDDOWN ARM
(TYP 4 PLACES
I

ENGINE/HOLDDOWNARM/TAIL SERVICE MAST DRIENTATION

STA 113.31

DIE

?_ VE.ICLE TAPERED PIN

/_ BRACKET
'L/
CONTROLLED RELEASE MECHANISMS

,J _./
_-

f HOLDDOWN
ARM TAIL SERVICE MAST

Fig o 32

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MOBILELAUNCHER
SERVICE
ARMS
(preflight).
_> S-IC Intertank
fill and drain (preflight).
interfaces. Provides lox
Umbilical 19)
L_, Cemmand access
Provides Module Access Arm
to spacecraft through en-
withdrawal by pneumatically driven com- vironmental chamber. Arm may be retrac-
pound parallel linkage device. Arm may be ted or extended from LCC. Retracted 12°
reconnected to vehicle from LCC. Retract park position until T-4 minutes. Extend
time is 8 seconds. Reconnect time is ap- time is 12 seconds from this position.
proximately 5 minutes.

_> S-IC Forward

matic, (preflight).and air-conditioning
electrical, Provides pneu-
interfaces. Umbilical withdrawal by pneu-
matic disconnect in conjunction with pneu-
matically driven block and tackle/lanyard
device. Secondary mechanical system. Re-
tracted at T-20 seconds. Retract time is
8 seconds.

_> S-II Aft (preflight).

vehicle. Arm retracted Provides
prior to access
liftoff to
as required.

S-II Intermediate (i
_> LH2 and lox transfer, nflight). vent line,Provi des
pneu-
matic, instrument cooling, electrical, and t
air-conditioning interfaces. Umbilical
withdrawal systems same as S-IVB Forwaro
with addition of a pneumatic cylinder ac-
tuated lanyard system. This system oper-
ates if primary withdrawal system fails.
Retract time is 6.4 seconds (max).

_> S-II
vent, Forward
electrical, (inflight). Providesinter-
and pneumatilc GH2
faces. Umbilical withdrawal systems same
as S-IVB Forward. Retract time is 7.4
seconds (max).

_> S-IVB Aft

fox transfer, (inflight).
electrical, Provides LH2 anm
pneumatic, ana
air-conditioning interfaces. Umbilical
withdrawal systems same as S-IVB Forward.
Also equipped with line handling device.
Retract time is 7.7 seconds (max).

_> S-IVB
tank vent,Forward (inflight). pneumatic,
electrical, Provides fuel
air-con-
ditioning, and preflight conditioning in-
terfaces. Umbilical withdrawal by pneu-
matic disconnect in conjunction with pneu-
matic/hydraulic redundant dual cylinder
system. Secondary mechanical system. Arm
also equipped with line handling device co
protect lines during withdrawal. Retract
time is 8.4 seconds (max).

_> Service Module vent

conditioning, (inflight). Provides
line, coolant, air-
electri-
f cal, and pneumatic interfaces. Umbilical
withdrawal by pneumatic/mechanical lanyard
system with secondary mechanical system. Fig. 33
Retract time is 9.0 seconds (max).

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Apollo Supplement

Launch Pad

The launch pad (Figure 34)provides a stable foundation for the ML during Apollo/
Saturn V launch and prelaunch operations and an interface to the ML for ML and
vehicle systems. There are presently two pads at LC-39 located approximately three
miles from the VAB area. Each launch site is approximately 3000 feet across.

LAUNCH.PADA. LC-39

Fig. 34

The launch pad is a cellular, reinforced concrete structure with a top elevation of
42 feet above grade elevation. Located within the fill under the west side of the
structure (Figure 35) is a two-story concrete building to house environmental control
and pad terminal connection equipment. On the east slde of the structure within the
fill, is a one-story concrete building to house the high-pressure gas storage battery.
On the pad surface are elevators, staircases, and interface structures to provide service
to the ML and the MSS. A ramp with a flve percent grade provides access from the
crawlerway. This,is used by the C/1" to position the ML/Satum V and the MSS on the
support pedestals. The azimuth alignment buildihg is located on the approach ramp in
the crawlerway median strip. A Flame trench 58 feet wide by 450 feet long bisects the
.... pad. This trench opens to grade at the north end. The 700,000 pound, mobile, wedge-
type flame deflector is mounted on rails in the trench.

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LAUNCHSTRUCTURE
EXPLODED
VIEW

>I0 1"'HIGH PRESSURE

GAS
2 PTCR2NDFLOOR
3 EGRESS SYSTEM
4 PTCRTUNNEL
5 ECSTUNNEL
6 PTCR
7 ECSBUILDING
8 COOLING TOWER
9 SUBSTATION
3 I0 FLUSHING ANDCOOLING
TANK
Fig. 35

The Pad Terminal Connection Room (PTCR) (Figure 35) provides the terminals for com-
munication and data llnk transmission connections between the ML or MSS and the
launch area facilitles and between the ML or MSS and the LCC. This facility also
accommodates the electronic equipment that simulates functions for checkout of the
facilities during the absence of the launcher and vehicle.

The Environmental Control System (ECS) room, located in the pad Fill west of the pad
structure and north of the PTCR (Figure 35), houses the equipment which furnishes
temperature and/or humldlty-controlled air or nitrogen for space vehicle cooling at
the pad. The ECS room is 96 feet wide by 112 feet long and houses air and nitrogen
handling unitsr liquid chillers, air compressors, a 3000-gallon water-glycol storage
tank, and other auxiliary electrical and mechanical equipment. The hlgh-pressure
gas storage facility at the pad provides the launch vehicle with high-pressure helium
and nitrogen.

The launch pad interface system (Figure 36) provides mounting support pedestals for
the ML and MSS, an engine access platformr and support structures for fueling,
pneumatic, electric power, and environmental control interfaces.

/f

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LAUNCHPAD INTERFACE
SYSTEM
ENGINE MOUNT
SERVICING MECHANISM
RP-I (6 PLACES)

POWER
•FACILITIES
ACCESS
STAIRWAY
ECS

kOX
Fig. 36

Apollo Emergency Ingress/Egressand Escape System

The Apollo emergency ingress/egress and escape system provides access to and from
the Command Module (CM)plus an escape route and safe quarters for the astronauts
and service personnel in the event of a serious malfunction prior to launch. The
system includes the CM Access Arm, two 600-feet per minute elevators from the 340-
foot level to level A of the ML, pad elevator No. 2, personnel carriers located
adjacent to the exit of pad elevator No. 2, the escape tube, and the blast room.

The CM Access Arm provides a passage for the astronauts and service personnel from
the spacecraft to the 320-foot level of the towel. Egressingpersonnel take the high-
speed elevators to level A of the ML, proceed through the elevator vestibule and
corridor to pad elevator No. 2, move down this elevator to the bottom of the pad, and
enter armored personnel carriers which remove them Fromthe pad area.

When the state of the emergency allows no time For retreat by motor vehicle, egressing
personnel, upon reaching level A of the ML, slide down the escape tube into the blast
room vestibule, commonly called the "rubber room" (Figure 37). Entrance to the blast
room is gained through blast-proof doors controllable from either side. The blast room
f floor is mounted on coil springs to reduce outside acceleration forces to between 3 and
5 g's. Twenty people may be accommodated For 24 hours. Communication facilities

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ELEVATOR/TUBEEGRESS SYSTEM

,RUBBERROOM!

BLAST I_
PAD

EGRESS TUNNEL_

_AI R INTAKE ECS

F BUILDING _ ML _"

Fig. 37

are provided in the room, including an emergency RF link. An underground alr duct
from the vicinity of the blast room to the remote air intake facility permits egress from
the pad structure to the pad perimeter. Provision is made to decrease air velocity in
the duct to allow personnel movement through the duct.

An alternate emergency egresssystem (Figure 38) is referred to as the "Slide Wire."

The system consists of a winch-tensioned cable extending from above the 320-foot
level of the ML to a 30-foot tall tower on the ground approximately 2200 feet (horizontal
projection) from the launcher. A nine-man, tubular-frame cab is suspended from the cable
by two brake-equipped trolleys. The unmanned weight of the cab is 1200 pounds and it
traverses the distance to the "landing area" in 40 seconds. The cab is decelerated by
the increasing drag of a chain attached to a picked-up arresting cable. The occupants
of the cab then take refuge in a bunker constructed adjacent to the landing area. The
cable has a minimum breaking strength of 53.2 tons and is varied in tension between
18,000 and 32,000 pounds by the winch located beyond the tall tower. The lateral
force exerted by the tensioned cable on the ML is negligible relative to the massof
the launcher and the rigidity of the ML tower precludes any effect on tolerances or
reliability of tower mechanisms.

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SLIDEWl RE/CABEGRESSSYSTEM
EGRESSSTATION
320' LEVEL
(443' ABOVEGROUND
LEVEL)

9-MAN CAB

ARRESTOR

LANDINGAREA
BUNKER TAIL TOWER

WINCH

Fig. 38
Fuel System Facilities

The RP-1 facility consists of three 86,000-gallon steel storage tanks, a pump house, a
circulating pump, a transfer pump, two filter.-separators, an 8-inch stainless steel
transfer line, RP-1 Foamgenerating building, and necessary valves, piping, and con-
trols. Two RP-1 holding ponds (Figure 32), 150 feet by 250 feet, with a water depth
of two feet, are located north of the launch pad, one on each side of the north-south
axis. The ponds retain spilled RP-1 and discharge water to drainage ditches.

The LH2 facility (Figure 34) consists of one 850, O00-gallon spherical storage tank, a
vaporizer/heat exchanger which is used to pressurize the storage tank to 65 psi, a
vacuum-jacketed, lO-inch invar transfer line and a burn pond venting system. Internal
tank pressure provides the proper flow of LH2 from the storage tank to the vehicle with-
out using a transfer pump. Liquid hydrogen boil-off from the storage and ML areas is
directed through vent-plping to bubble-capped headers submerged in the burn pond
"f where a hot wlre ignition system maintains the burning process.

July 1969 Page 8i

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Apollo Supplement

LOX System Facility

The LOX (liquid oxygen) facility (Figure 34) consists of one 900,000-gallon spherical
storage tank, a LOX vaporizer to pressurize the storage tank, main fill and replenish
pumps, a drain basin for venting and dumping of LOX, and two transfer lines.

Azimuth Alignment Building

The azimuth alignment building (Figure 34) housesthe auto-colllmator theodolite which
senses, by a light source, the rotational output of the stable platform in the Instrument
Unit of the launch vehicle. This instrument monitors the critical inertial reference
system prior to launch.

Photography Facilities

These facilitles support photographic camera and closed circuit television equipment to
provide real-time viewing and photographic documentation coverage. There are six
camera sites in the launch pad area. These sites cover prelaunch activities and launch
operations from six different angles at a radial distance of approximately 1300 feet from
the launch vehicle. Each site has four engineering, sequential cameras and one fixed,
hlgh-speed metric camera.

Pad Water System Facilities

The pad water system facilities furnish water to the launch pad area for flre protection,
cooling, and quenching. Specifically, the system Furnisheswater For the industrial
water system, flame deflector cooling and quench, ML deck cooling and quench, ML
tower Fogging and service arm quench, sewage treatment plant, Firex water system,
liquid propellant facilities, ML and MSS flre protection, and all flre hydrants in the
pad area.

Mobile Service Structure

The MSS (Figure 39) provides access to those portions of the space vehicle which
cannot be serviced from the ML while at the launch pad. The MSS is transported to
the launch site by the C/T where it is used during launch pad operations. It is removed
From the pad a few hours prior to launch and returned to its parking area 7000 Feet From
the nearest launch pad. The MSS is approximately 402 Feet high and weighs 12 million
pounds. The tower structure rests on a base 135 Feet by 135 Feet. At the top, the
tower Ts87 Feet by 113 Feet.

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The structure contains five work platforms MOBILE SERVICE STRUCTURE

which provide access to the space vehicle.
The outboard sections of the platforms open
to accept the vehicle and close around it
to provide access to the launch vehicle and
spacecraft. The lower two platforms are
vertically adjustable to serve different
parts of the launch vehicle. The upper
three platforms are fixed but can be dls-
connected from the tower and relocated as
a unit to serve different vehicle config-
urations. The second and third platforms
from the top are enclosed and provide
environmental control for the spacecraft.

The MSS is equipped with the following

systems: air-condltioning, electrical
power, various communication networks,
fire protection, compressedair, nitrogen
pressurization, hydraulic pressure,
potable water, and spacecraft fueling.

Crawler-Transporter

The C/T (Figure 40) is used to transport

the ML, including the space vehicle, and Fig. 39
the MSS to and from the launch pad. The
C/1" is capable of lifting, transporting,
and lowering the ML or the MSS, as CRAWLER TRANSPORTER
required, without the aid of auxiliary
equipment. The C,/I" supplies limited
electric power to the ML and the MSS
during transit.

The c/r consists of a rectangular chassis

which is supported through a suspension
system by four dual-tread, crawler-trucks.
The overall length is 131 feet and the
overall width is 114 feet. The unit weighs
approximately six million pounds. The Fig. 40
C,/1"is powered by self-contained, diesel-
electric generator units. Electric motor-
f driven pumpsprovide hydraulic power for steering and suspensioncontrol. Air-
conditioning and ventilation are provided where required.

July 1969 Page 83

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The C,/1"can be operated with equal facility in either direction. Control cabs are
located at each end. The leading cab, in the direction of travel, has complete control
of the vehicle. The rear cab, however, has override controls for the rear trucks only.
Maximum C/I" speed is 2 mph unloaded, 1 mph with full load on level grade, and 0.5
mph with full load on a five percent grade. It has a 500-foot minimum turning radius
and can position the ML or the MSS on the facility support pedestals wlthln_+2 inches.

VEHICLE ASSEMBLY AND CHECKOUT

The Saturn V Launch Vehicle propulsive stages and the IU are, upon arrival at KSC,
transported to the VAB by special carriers. The S-IC stage is erected on an ML in
one of the checkout bays in the high bay area. The S-II and S-IVB stages and the IU
are delivered to preparation and checkout cells in the low bay area for inspection,
checkout, and pre-erectlon preparations. All components of the space vehicle,
including the Apollo Spacecraft and Launch Escape System, are then assembledvertically
on the ML in the high bay area. Following assembly, the space vehicle is connected to
the LCC via a hlgh-speed data link for integrated checkout and a simulated flight test.
When checkout is completed, the C,/1"picks up the ML with the assembled space vehicle
and moves it to the launch site via the crawlerway.

At the launch site, the ML is emplaced and connected to system interfaces for final
vehicle checkout and launch monitoring. The MSS is transported from its parking area
by the C,71"and positioned on the side of the vehicle opposite the ML. A flame de-
flector is moved on its track to its position beneath the blast opening of the ML to
deflect the blast from the S-IC stage engines. During the prelaunch checkout, the
final system checks are completed, the MSS is removed to the parking area, propellants
are loaded, various items of support equipment are removed from the ML, and the vehicle
is readied for launch. After vehicle launch, the C/_" transports the ML to the parking
area near the VAB for refurbishment.

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MISSION MONITORING, SUPPORT, AND CONTROL

GENERAL

Mission execution involves the following functions: prelaunch checkout and launch
operations; tracking the space vehicle to determine its present and future positions;
securing information on the status of the flight crew and space vehicle systems (via
tele el:y); evaluation of telemetry information; commanding the space vehicle by
transmit:_,q real-time and updata commands to the onboard computer; and voice
communication between flight and ground crews.

These functions require the use of a facility to assembleand launch the space vehicle
(see Launch Complex), a central flight control facility, a network of remote stations
located strategically around the world, a method of rapidly transmitting and receiving
information between the space vehicle and the central flight control facility, and a
realtime data display system in which the data is made available and presented in
usable form at essentially the same time that the data event occurred.

f The flight crew and the following organizations and facilities participate in mission
control operations:

1. Mission Control Center (MCC), Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), Houston,

Texas. The MCC contains the communication, computer, display, and
command systemsto enable the flight controllers to effectively monitor and
control the space vehicle.

2. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Cape Kennedy, Florida. The space vehicle
is launched from KSC and controlled from the Launch Control Center (LCC),
as described previously. Prelaunch, launch, and powered flight data are
collected at the Central Instrumentation Facility (CIF) at KSC from the launch
pads, CIF receivers, Merritt Island Launch Area (MILA), and the downrange
Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR)stations. Th_sdata is transmitted to
MCC v_a the Apollo Launch Data System (ALDS). Also located at KSC (AFETR)
is the Impact Predictor (IP), for range safety purposes.

3. Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland. GSFC manages

and operates the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) and the NASA com-
munications (NASCOM) network. During flight, the MSFN is under opera-
tional control of the MCC.

4. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, Alabama.

MSFC, by meansof the Launch Information Exchange Facility
(LIEF) and the Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC) provides

July 1969 Page 85

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Apol Io Supplement

launch vehicle systemsreal-time support to KSC and MCC for preflight,

launch, and flight operations.

A block diagram of the basic flight control interfaces is shownin Figure 41.

BASICTELEMETRY,
COMMANDt ANDCOMMUNICATION
INTERFACES
FORFLIGHTCONTROL

GODDARD HOUSTON LIEF MARSHALL

ALDS

J KENNEDY AFETR

Fig. 41

VEHICLE FLIGHT CONTROL CAPABILITY

Flight operations are controlled from the MCC. The MCC has two flight control rooms.
Each control room, called d MissionOperations Control Room(MOCR), is usedinde-
pendently of the other and is capable of controlllng individual Staff SupportRooms
(SSR's)located adjacent to the MOCR. The SSR'sare mannedby flight control specialists
who provide detailed supportto the MOCR. Figure 42 outlines the organization of the
MCC for flight control and briefly describeskey responsibillties. Information flow
within the MOCR is shownin Figure 43.

1/

July 1969 Page 86

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Apollo Supplement

MCCORGAN
IZATION
/
MISSION DIRECTOR (MD) J

PUBLIC AFFAIRS
OVERALL
MISSION
CONDUCT OF

] DODMANAGER

MISSION STATUS RECOVERY AND OTHER

TO PUBLIC MISSION SUPPORT

FLIGHT DIRECTOR (FDI

DECISIONS/ACTIONS ON SPACE
VEHICLE SYSTEMS/DYN AMICS
AND MCC/MSFN OPERATIONS

MISSION COMMAND SYSTEMS OPERATIONS FLIGHT DYNAMICS

AND CONTROL GROUP GROUP GROUP

M CC/MSFN MISSION CON- -- MONITOR STATUS OF MONITORS PRELAUNCH CHECKOU1

TROL PROCEDURES; FLIGHT S-IC, S-II, S-IVB FLIGHT POWERED FLIGHT EVENTS AND
CONTROL SCHEDULING; MANNING; SYSTEMS TRAJECTORIES; REENTRY EVENTS
CONTROL FORMAT; DISPLAYS; I
TELETYPE TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
HUNTSVILLE OPERATIONS

_ MSFN CONTROL; RADAR AND

H COMPUTE R UPDATE OF
CONSUMABLES DATA;
/
AND REENTRY PLAN; UPDATES

COMMUNICATIONS (VOICE AND MONITORS GUIDANCE

ASSIGNED COMMANGSI WITH SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS ENGINEER FUNCTIONS DURING POWE RED
SPACECRAFT FLIG?4T AND PREMANEUVER
__ SPACECRAFT COMMUNICATOR MONITOR
EVA STATUS
DECISIONS
OF PREPARATION
GUIDANCE OFFICER (GUIDO)
COMMAND HAN DOVE RS _]1 I ] ELECTRICAL,
EMU COMMUNICATION.
ENGINEERS 7 IMPACT POINT ESTIMATES

FLIGHT ACTIVITIES (FAD) LIFE SUPPORT. STABILIZATION

FLIGHT PLAN DETAI LED AND CONTROL. PROPULSION, AND
IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION
SYSTEMS
"_ _" 1 INSTRUMENTATION. SEQUENTIAL.

SPACE ENVIRONMENT (SEO) ] I LIFE SYSTEMS (SURGEON)

ENVIRONMENT DATA ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF

FLIGHT CREW
SPACE RADIATION j_ _ MONITORS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

INF LIGHT EXPERIMENT

IMPLEMENTATION
I EXPERIMENT ACTIVITIES (EAO) __

1__
--1 I I I l
DIRECTOR SSR SYSTEMS AND ANALYSIS SYSTEMS DYNAMICS
SSR SSR SSR SSR SSR

r t 1 I
PROGRAM EVALUATION KSC LAUNCH AUXILIARY
OFFICE ROOM OPERATIONS COMPUTING
FACILITY

Fig. 42

July 1969 Page 87

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Apol Io Supplement

INFORMATION
FLOWMISSION OPERATIONS
CONTROL
ROOM

DIRECTOR
MISSION I
LAUNCH STAGE STATUS _! ,_ EQUIPMENT STATUS M AND 0 I
STAGES _I _J
w _ FLIGHT FLIGHT
SYSTEMS _I_ _ GROUP
VEHICLE I 1
[ _i _
_,_ _ I INFORMATION SUPERVISOR
DYNAMICS

ASSISTANT MCC/MSFN _
DIRECTOR STATUS S/C COMMANDS AND DATA

FLIGHT - I [
STATUS FLIGHT _ SPACECRAFT
PROCEDuREMISSION
I MISSION PROCEDURE STATUS CREW _ ]
COMMUNICATOR

OFFICER
OAND P J
Fig. 43

The consoleswithin the MOCR and SSR'spermit the necessaryinterface between the
flight controllers and the spacecraft. The displays and controls on these consoles and
other group displays provide the capability to monitor and evaluate data concerning
the mission and, based on these evaluations, to recommend or take appropriate action
on matters concerning the flight crew and spacecraft.

Problems concerning crew safety and mission successare identified to flight control
personnel in the following ways:

1. Flight crew observations

2. Flight controller real-tlme observations
3. Review of telemetry data received from tape recorder playback
4. Trend analysis of actual and predicted values
5. Review of collected data by systemsspecialists
6. Correlation and comparison with previous mission data
7. Analysis of recorded data from launch complex testing

July 1969 Page 88

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The Facilities at the MCC include an input/output processor designated as the Command,
Communications, and Telemetry System (CCATS) and a computational Facility, the Real-
Time Computer Complex (RTCC). Figure 44 showsthe MCC Functional configuration.

MCCFUNCTIONAL
CONFIGURATION

NOCR- SSR
RTCC- RECOVERY
-CCATS
CONSOLES
ANDDISPLAYS

DISTRIBUTION
DISPLAY/CONTROLA
I

t l
NTC COHI4AND
TARkES _U30_SSIRG J

COMMAND
LOGIC D/C FORMATTING 1
COMMANDPROCESSING

TELEMETRy
PROCESSING TRAJECTORY
PROCESSING

l RTCC

ANDDATASELECTION

C(_IG_TIONS PROCESSING
._VALIOATION, IDENTIFICATION
CCATS

_FR ALDS Fig. 44

The CCATS consistsof three Univac 494 general purpose computers. Two of the com-
puters are configured so that either may handle all of the input/output communications
For two complete missions. One of the computers acts as a dynamic standby. The
third computer is used for nonmlsslon activities.

The RTCC is a group of Five IBM 360 large-scale, general purpose computers. Any of
the five computers may be designated as the Mission Operations Computer (MAC). The
Mac performs all the required computations and display Formatting Fora mission. One
of the remaining computers will be a dynamic standby. Another palr of computers may
be used For a second mission or simulation.

July 1969 Page 89

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Space Vehicle Tracking

From liftoff of the launch vehicle to insertion into orbit, accurate position data are
required to allow the Impact Predictor (IP) to function effectively as a Range Safety
device, and the RTCC to compute a trajectory and an orbit. These computations are
required by the flight controllers to evaluate the trajectory, the orbit, and/or any
abnormal situations to ensure safe recovery of the astronauts. The launch tracking
data are transmitted from the AFETR site to the IP and thence to the RTCC via high-
speed data communications circuits. The IP also generates spacecraft inertial positions
and inertial rates of motion in real-time.

During boost the trajectory is calculated and displayed on consoles and plotboards in
the MOCR and SSR's. Also displayed are telemetry data concerning status of launch
vehicle and spacecraft systems. If the space vehicle deviates excessively from the
nominal flight path, or if any critical vehicle condition exceeds tolerance limits, or
if the safety of the astronauts or range personnel is endangered, a decision is made to
abort the mission.

During the orbit phase of a mission, all stations that are actively tracking the space-
craft will transmit the tracking data through GSFC to the RTCC by teletype. If a
thrusting maneuver is performed by the spacecraft, high-speed tracking data is also
transmitted.

Command System

The Apollo ground command systems have been designed to work closely with the
telemetry and trajectory systems to provide flight controllers with a method of "closed-
loop" command. The astronauts and flight controllers act as links in this operation.

To prevent spurious commands from reaching the space vehicle, switches on the Command
Module console block upllnk data from the onboard computers. At the appropriate times,
the flight crew will move the switches from the "BLOCK" to the "ACCEPT" positions
and thus permit the Flow of uplink data.

With a few exceptions, commands to the space vehicle Fall into two categories: real-
time commands, and command loads (also called computer loads, computer update,
loads, or update).

Real-time commands are used to control space vehicle systems or subsystems from the
ground. The execution of a real-time command results in immediate reaction by the
affected system. Real-time commands are stored prior to the mission in the Command
Data Processor (CDP) at the applicable command site. The CDP, a Univac 642B,
general-purpose digital computer, is programmed to format, encode, and output
commands when a request for uplink is generated.

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Command loads are generated by the real-time computer complex on request of fllght
controllers. Command loads are based on the latest available telemetry and/or tra-
jectory data. Flight controllers typically required to generate a command load include
the Booster Systems Engineer (BSE), the Flight Dynumics Officer (FDO), the Guidance
Officer (GUIDO), and the Retrofire Officer (RETRO).

Display and Control System

The MCC is equipped with facilities which provide for _the input of data From the
MSFN and KSC over a combination of hlgh-speed data,_ low-speed data, wlde-band
data, teletype, and television channels. These data are computer processed for dis-
play to the flight controllers.

Several methods of displaying data are used including television (projection TV, group
dlsplaysl closed circuit TV, and TV monitors), console digltal readouts, and event
lights. The dlsplay and control system interfaces with the RTCC and includes computer
request, encoder multiplexer, plotting display, slide file, dlgltal-to-TV converter,
and telemetry event driver equipments.

A control system is provided for flight controllers to exercise their respective functions
for mlssion control and technical management. This system is comprised of different
groups of consoles with television monitors, request keyboards, communications equip-
ment, and assorted modules added as required to provide each operational position in
the MOCR with the control and display capabilities required for the particular mission.

CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND EXECUTION

Planning for a mission begins with the receipt of mission requirements and objectives.
The planning activity results in specific plans for prelaunch and launch operations,
preflight training and simulation, flight control procedures, flight crew activities,
MSFN and MCC support, recovery operations, data acqulsitlon and flow, and other
mlsslon-related operations. Numerous simulations are planned and performed to test
procedures and train flight control and flight crew teams in normal and contingency
operafions.

MCC Role in Aborts

After launch and from the flme the space vehlcle clears the ML, the detection of
slowly deteriorating conditions which could result in an abort is the prime responsibility
of MCC; prior to this time, it is the prime responsibility of LCC. In the event such
conditions are discovered, MCC requests abort of the mission or, circumstances per-
mltting, sends corrective commands to the vehicle or requests corrective flight crew
actions. In the event of a noncatastrophic contingency, MCC recommends alternate
flight procedures, and mission events ore rescheduled to derive maximum benefit from
the modified mission.

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VEHICLE FLIGHT CONTROL PARAMETERS

In order to perform flight control monitoring functions, essential data must be collected,
transmitted, processed, dlsp!ayed, and evaluated to determine the space vehicle's
capability to start or continue the mission.

ParametersMonitored by Launch Control Center

The launch vehicle checkout and pretaunch operations monitored by the Launch Control
Center (LCC) determine the state of readiness of the launch vehicle, ground support,
telemetry, range safety, and other operational support systems. During the Final count-
down, hundreds of parameters are monitored to ascertain vehicle, system, and component
performance capabilities. Among these parameters are the "redlines." The redline values
must be within the predetermined limits or the countdown will be halted. In addition
to the redllnes, there are a number of operational support elements such as ALDS, range
instrumentation, ground tracking and telemetry stations, and ground support facilities
which must be operational at specified times in the countdown.

ParametersMonitored by Booster SystemsGroup

The BoosterSystemsGroup (BSG) monitors launch vehicle systems(S-IC, S-II, S-IVB,

and IU) and advises the flight director and flight crew of any systemanomalies. It is
responsible for confirming inflight powerr stage ignition_ holddown release, all
engines go, engine cutoffs, etc. BSG also monitors attitude control, stage separations,
and digital commanding of LV systems.

ParametersMonitored by Flight Dynamics Group

The Flight Dynamics Group monitors and evaluates the powered flight trajectory and
makes the abort decisions basedon trajectory violations. It is responsible for abort
planning, entry time and orbital maneuver determlnationsr rendezvous planning,
inertial alignment correlation, landing point prediction, and digital commanding of
the guidance systems.

The MOCR positions of the Flight Dynamics Group include the Flight Dynamics Officer
(FDO), the Guidance Officer (GUIDO), and the Retrofire Officer (RETRO). The
MOCR positions are g_ven detailed, specialized support by the Flight Dynamics SSR.

The surveillance parameters measuredby the ground tracking stations and transmitted
to the MCC are computer processed into plotboard and digital displays. The Flight
Dynamics Group compares the actual data with premission_ calculated, nominal data
and is able to determine mission status.

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Parameters Monitored by Spacecraft SystemsGroup

The Spacecraft SystemsGroup monitors and evaluates the performance of spacecraft

electrical, optical, mechanical, and life support systems; maintains and analyzes
consumables status; prepares the mission log; coordinates telemetry playback; deter-
mines spacecraft weight and center of gravity; and executes digital commanding of
spacecraft systems.

The MOCR positions of this group include the Command/Servlce Module Electrical,
Environmental, and Communications Engineer (CSM EECOM), the CSM Guidance,
Navigation, and Control Engineer (CSM GNC), the Lunar Module Electrical, Environ-
mental, and Communications Engineer (LM EECOM), and the LM Guidance, Navigation,
and Control Engineer (LM GNC). These positions are backed up with detailed support
from the Vehicle SystemsSSR.

Parameters Monitored by L!fe SystemsGroup

The Life SystemsGroup is responsible for the well-belng of the flight crew. The group
is headed by the Flight Surgeon in the MOCR. Aeromedical and environmental control
specialists in the Life SystemsSSRprovide detailed support to the Flight Surgeon. The
group monitors the flight crew health status and environmental/biomedical parameters.

APOLLO LAUNCH DATA SYSTEM

The Apollo Launch Data System (ALDS) between KSC and MSC is controlled by MSC
and is not routed through GSFC. The ALDS consists of wide-band telemetry1 voice
coordination circuits, and a high-speed circuit for the Countdown and Status Trans-
mission System (CASTS). In additionr other circuits are provided for launch coordination1
tracking datar simulations_ public information, television, and recovery.

MSFC SUPPORTFOR LAUNCH AND FLIGHT OPERATIONS

The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)_ by meansof the Launch Information Exchange
Facility (LIEF) and the Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC), provides real-time
support of launch vehicle prelaunch, launch, and flight operations. The MSFC also pro-
vides support, via LIEF, for postflight data delivery and evaluation.

In-depth_ real-time support is provided for prelaunch, launch, and flight operations
from HOSC consoles manned by engineers who perform detailed system data monitoring
and analysis.

Prelaunch flight wind monitoring analysis and traiectqry simulations are jointly per-
formed by MSFC and MSC personnel located at MSFC during the terminal countdown.
Beginning at T-24 hours_ actual wind data is transmitted periodically from KSC to the

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HOSC. These measurements are used by the MSFC/MSC wind monitoring team in
vehicle Flight digital simulations to verify the capability of the vehicle with these
winds. In the event of marginal wind conditions, contingency data are provided MSFC
in real-time via the Central Instrumentation Facility (CiF). DATA-CORE and trajectory
simulations are performed on-line to expedite reporting to KSC.

During the prelaunch period, primary support is directed to KSC. At llftoff primary
support transfers from KSC to the MCC. The HOSC engineering consoles provide
support as required to the Booster Systems Group for S-IVB/IU orbital operations by
monltoring detailed instrumentation for the evaluation of system infllght and dynamic
trends, assisting in the detection and isolation of vehicle malfunctions, and providing
advisory contact with vehicle design specialists.

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT NETWORK

The Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) (Figure 45) is a global network of ground
stations, sl_ips, and aircraft designed to support manned and unmanned space flights.
The network provides tracking, telemetry, voice and teletype communications, command,
recording, and television capabilities. The network is specifically configured to meet
the requirements of each mission.

Ground Stations

MSFN stations are categorized as lunar support stations (deep-space tracking in excess
of 15,000 miles), near-space support stations with Unified S-band (USB) equipment,
and near-space support stations without USB equipment. The deep-space S-band capa-
bility is attained with 85-foot antennas located at: Honeysuckle Creek, Australia;
Goldstone, California; and Madrld, Spain, and supplemented by 210-foot antennas at
Parkes_ Australia, and Goldstone. MSFN stations include facilities operated by NASA,
the United States Department of Defense (DOD), and the Australian Department of
Supply (DOS). The DOD facilities include the Eastern Test Range (ETR), Western Test
Range (WTR), Range Instrumentation Ship iRIS), and Apollo Range Instrumentation
Aircraft (ARIA).

Mobile Stations

The MSFN coverage by ground stations is supplemented by mobile stations. Those

consists of one RIS and four ARIA. The USNS Vanguard supports earth-orbital insertion
and translunar iniection phases of c_mission and operates as on integral station of the
MS FN, meeting target acquisition, tracking, telemetry, communications, and command
and control requirements. The DOD operates the ship in support of NASA/DOD missions
with an Apollo priority. The Military Sea Transport Service provides the maritime crew
and the WTR provides the instrumentation crews by contract. The WTR also has the
operational management responsibility for the ship which may contribute to the recovery'
phase as necessary for contingency landings.

April 1970 Page 94

 MANNED
SPACEFLIGHT
NETWORK

O 45 - ' .,-..,,-a
_ ,t,.-/J"

t ,e '""" '' "

\ _0

90 120 150 l_J0 150 120 90 60 30 0 30, 60 9(1

• STATION SUPPORT STATION SUPPORT STATION SUPPORT STATION SUPPORT

1. CAP[ AREA A,B,C,D 7..MAD/MADX A 13 OWM A r C,D 19,1E,X A, (: O >

2. OI)1 O[',t.,4 A,B,C,O 8. ASC/ACN A,B,C,D 14.HAW A,B,C,O 20.1NS SHIP 'J A,R,CIO -_
3. OIFK B 9. PRE B 1S. CAL B, O ARIA --
8-
,_. P,OA A,B,C,O 10. TAN B,C,D 16. GDS/GDSX A

-rl S.ANT AI'IG A._.,C,D 11.CRO A,B,C,D 17.GYM A, C,D "I_

_" o. CY A,C,D 12. HSK/HSKX A 'o i

"_
o'_ 3 r,o
COO[: A-USB (lm:lude_ Truckln¢_ TLM, CMD, Voice, and TV NOTE: @ I
B -C-Bund Troc_.h_g ARIA USB is [or TLM and ¢oic_.' .,nly. _ O
C-VHF TLM
O'VHF A/G Voice
 M-932-70
APOlIo Supplement

Four modified C-135 ARIA alrcraftsupplement the ground stations and instrumentation
ship as highly mobile "gap fillers. " The ARIA support other space and missile projects
when not engaged in their primary mission of Apollo support. The AIRA provide two-way
relay of voice communications between the spacecraft and surface stations and reception,
recording, and retransmission of telemetry signals from the spacecraft to the ground
(postpass). The aircraft are used: shortly before, during, and shortly after injection
burn_ from initial communications blackout to final landing_ for coverage of a selected
abort area in the event of a "no-go" decision after injection_ or for any irregular entry.
The ARIA have an endurance of about 10 hours and a cruise airspeed of about 450 knots.

NASA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK

The NASA Communications (NASCOM) network (Figure 46) is a point-to-point

communications system connecting the MSFN stations to the MCC. NASCOM is
managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center, where the primary communications
switching center is located. Three smaller NASCOM switching centers are located
at London, Honolulu, and Canberra. Patrick AFB, Florida and Wheeler AFB, Hawaii
serve as switching centers for the DOD Eastern and Western Test Ranges, respectively.
The MSFN stations throughout the world are interconnected by landline, undersea
cable, radio, and communications satellite circuits. These circuits carry teletype,
voice, and data in real-time support of the missions.

Each MSFN USB land station has a minimum of five voice/data circuits and two tele-
type clrcuits. The Apollo insertion and injection ships have a similar capability
through the communications satellites.

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ACN ASCENSIONIS. (NASASTATION) HSK HONEYSUCKLECR. AUST.

ACSW CANBERRASWITCHINGSTA. LLDN LONDON SWITCHINGCENTER
ANG ANTIGUA ISLAND LROB MADRID, SPAIN SWITCHINGCENTER
ANT AFETR SITE ANTIGUA ISLAND MAD MADRID, SPAIN
AOCC AIRCRAFTOPERATIONSCONTROLCENTER MCC MISSION CONTROLCENTER
ARIA APOLLO RANGE INSTRUMENTATIONAIRCRAFT MIL MERRITT ISLAND,FLA.
BDA BERMUDA MSFC MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHTCENTER
CAL CALIFORNIA(VANDENBERGAFB) PGSW GUAM SWITCHINGCENTER
CDSC COMMUNICATIONDISTRIBUTION PHON HONOLULUSWITCHINGSTA.
SWITCHINGCENTER TAN TANANARIVE,MALAGASY
CRO CARNARVON,AUSTRALIA TEX CORPUS CHRISTI,TEXAS
CYI GRAND CANARY ISLAND VAN USNS VANGUARD
ETR EASTERNTEST RANGE WHS WHITE SANDS, NEW MEXICO
GBM GRAND BAHAMA IS. WOM WOOMERA,AUSTRALIA
GDS GOLDSTONE,CALIFORNIA WTR WESTERN TEST RANGE
GSFC GODDARDSPACE FLIGHT CENTER
GWM GUAM
GYM GUAYMAS, MEXICO
HAW HAWAII

Fig. 46

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APOlIo Supplement

RECOVERYAND POSTFLIGHT PROVISIONS

GENERAL

The recovery of Apollo flight crews and CommandModules with their contained lunar
materials and mission equipment from the lunar landing m_sslonsrequires rapid retrleval_
maintenance of biological isolation during postflight operations, and special handling
equipment for the preservation and preliminary examination of lunar samplesprior to
their distribution to principal investigators. The following is a description of the prime
recovery equipment and facilities, the Mobile Quarantine Facility, and the Lunar
Receiving Laboratory.

RECOVERYCONTROL ROOM

The Recovery Control Room(RCR)at the Mission Control Center is the command and
control center for all recovery operations. Department of Defense (DOD) personnel
commandand control the recovery forces and NASA personnel interchange recovery
information for mission support requirements. Primary command and control functions
are exercised through two major Recovery Control Centers (RCC's) mat Kunai_ HawaH
(Task Force t30) and at Norfolk, Virginia (Task Force 140).

PRIME RECOVERYEQUIPMENT

Primary Recovery Ship

The primary recovery ship (PRS)is an aircraft carrier-type ship. Its primary purpose is
retrieval of the Command Module (CM) and recovery of the astronauts within allowable
limits of access/retrieval times in the primary landing area. The PRSis also utilized
to support the secondary landing areas on the mid-Pacific recovery line during the
translunar coast phase of the lunar landing mission. It is provided with specialized
equipment in accordance with the requirements of each mission. The specialized
equipment and facilities may include search and rescue helicopters with swimmer
personnel, one or more Mobile Quarantine Facilities, medical personnel and facilities,
a complete bioastronautic recovery set, firefighting equipment capable of containing
hypergolic fuel fires, and communications circuits to coordinate recovery_ medical_
and public affairs activities.

The recovery ship usesexisting equipment to hoist the CM onto the spacecraft dolly.
Post-recovery equipment required after a lunar landing includes a Mobile Quarantine
Facility (MQF) and a transfer tunnel, tractor trailer fiat-beds for the ground transport
of the CM and MQF, and aircraft transport of the CM and MQF to the Crew Reception
Area (CRA) of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) at MSC, Houston, Texas.

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Support AircraFt

Airborne elements in the primary landing area during recovery operations will include:

SARAH-equ.:pped helicopters, each carrying a three-man swimmer team, to

conduct electronic search. At least one of the swimmers on each team will be
equipped with an underwater (Calypso) 35mm camera.

A helicopter to carry photographers, as designated by the NASA Recovery Team

Leader assigned to the PRS_ in the vicinity of the target point.

Aircraft to function as communications relay, stationed overhead at the scene of

action.

HC-130 aircraft with operational AN/ARD-17 (Cook Tracker), three-man para-

rescue team, and complete Apollo recovery equipment uprange and one downrange.

Prior to CM entry, an Apollo Range Instrumentation Aircraft is on station near the

primary landing area for network support. It is used to support the entry phase and
recovery operations if required.

The recovery helicopters are equipped with "Billy Pugh" Rescue Nets (BIPURN)
(Figure 47) and transport specially trained underwater demolition team swimmers.
Recovery units are equipped with Flotation collars for the spacecraft, an auxiliary
recovery loop (nylon) to supplement the integral recovery loop attached to the space-
craft for hoisting (Figure 18), an Apollo liferaR, isolation garments, disinfectant, and
appropriate communication and direction finding equipment. The CM may be in the
Stable I position (apex up), or in the Stable I1 position (apex down).

Isolation Garments

Normal recovery isolation procedures utilize clean Flight coveralls and face masks for
the crew. The coveralls and masks are passed in to the crew by the swimmers and are
donned in the CM. Should any indication of questionable crew medical status occur_
more stringent recovery isolation procedures can be implemented.

The Biological Isolation Garment (BIG) (Figure 48) may be used, if required, to pro-
vide biological isolation of the wearer from his environment. The garment is a loose-
fitting, one-piece garment with an integral hood, face mask, boots, and gloves which
completely cover the wearer. The garment is constructed of BARBAC material.
Inhalation and exhalation is accomplished through check valves and filters. The face
mask portion of the hood is designed to permit it to be torn away in an emergency.
Breathing valve flow is arranged so that inhalation by support personnel and exhalation
by crew members are biologically filtered.

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HELICOPTER PICKUP

WINCH
OPERATOR

HELICOPTER

VHF
BEACON
ANTENNAS

UPRIGHTING

..... FLOTATION .........

COLLAR ,. _,, I

/ SWIMMER jBIPURN _ --> -

NAUT

DYE MARKER LIFERAFT

&
SEA ANCHOR

(NOT SHOWN)

Fig. 47

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Apollo Supplement

The BIG package contains four garments BIOLOGICALISOLATION

sealed in plastic bags. The garments if re- GARMENT
quiredr are worn by the crew, the assisting
swimmer, and the helicopter winch operator.
The BtGs are donned in the liferaft by the
swimmer and in the CM by the crew.

MOBILE QUARANTINE FACILITY

The Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF)

(Figure 49) is designed to provide biological
isolatlon for crewmen and material returning
from a lunar landing and for those personnel
required to have immediate contact with
them. The MQF, which is stationed in the
immediate recovery area aboard ship_ bio-
logically isolates the crew during transit to Fig. 48
the CRA of the LRL.

MOBILE QUARANTINE FACILITY AND INTERFACES

TRANSFER
TUNNEL
INTEGRAL CM
AUXILIARY FRAMES
EQUIPMENT MQ F

TRANSFER DOLLY
LOCK

Fig. 49

The MQF (Figure 50) is 35 feet long, 9 feet wider 8.5 feet high and weighs approxi-
mately 6 tons with personnel. Accommodations for six occupants are provided. In
addition to six bunkst there is a galley, a lounger and a lavatory/shower. AircraR-
type seats with safety belts are consistent with air transport requirements. Provision
has been made for accidental loss of aircraft pressurization. Power is supplied from
the ship or aircraft, the MQF Auxiliary Power Unit (diesel)r or emergency batteries.

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Biological containment is accomplished by maintaining a pressure in the MQF lower

than ambient with two fans exhausting through filters that remove more than 98% of
0.5 micron particles. A double-door system transfer lock provides for submergence of
existing items in a replenlshable solution of sodium hyprochlorite to accomplish
sterilization. Items introduced through the lock are not submerged.

The communication system is compatible with ship and aircraft communication systems
to satisfy medical coordination, debriefing, public affairs information, radiotelephone,
and general intercom requirements.

Also provided in the MQF are pressure, power, and oxygen alarms; fire extinguishers;
a unified control panel for systems; two air conditioners; and two heaters.

Human metabolic wastes are stored in the MQF; other waste is treated and disposed of
externally.

A Flight Surgeon and a Recovery Technician occupy the MQF with the crew and are
aided from the exterior as necessary. Failure modes, spare parts, and repair procedures
have been anticipated.

Transfer Tunnels

Transfer tunnels (Figure 49) are provided to interface the MQF entrance with the CM
aboard ship and to the CRA entrance at the LRL. A transfer tunnel is used for main-
taining biological isolation when entering the recovered spacecraft for microbial
sampling, shutdown of CM systems, recording of switch positions, photography, and
removal of Sample Return Containers, flight film, tape recorders, flight bags, and
water samples. In addition, the hatch dump valve must be removed and replaced with
the special fitting for later decontamination procedures at the LRL. Special 0.3-micron
filters are also installed at this time to the steam duct and urine dump nozzles. The
other tunnel is used to maintain isolation during personnel transfer to quarantine in
the CRA.

The transfer tunnel is constructed of heat-sealable plastic suspended from an exterior

frame of aluminum tubing. Interfaces are sealed with tape. The durability of each
unit is mlnlmal but adequate. When transfer operations are completed, it is internally
disassembled into the MQF/CRA, chopped, and disinfected.

LUNAR RECEIVING LABORATORY

The Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) (Figure 51) is a facility designed, constructed,
and equipped to support the post-recovery phase of a unar landing mission under
quarantine conditions.

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LUNAR RECEIVING LABORATORY

RADIATION
COUNTING
LABORATORY SUPPORT
SECONDARY
BIOLOGICAL
ISOLATI
ON

CHANGE
SAMPLE ROOMS
OPERATIONS & LOCKS
AREA

SPACECRAFT
CREWRECEPTION
AREA

ADMINISTRATI
ONAREA
_-

Fig. 51

The basic objectives of the LRLare to ensure protection of the public's health,
agriculture, and other living earth resourcesand to preserve the scientific integrity
of the samplesand provide for their distribution to approved scientific investigators.

The LRL is located at MSC, Houston, Texas. The facility is divided into three
distinct areas: the Crew Reception Area, including spacecraft storage area;
a SampleOperations Area {laboratories); and an Administrative and Support Area.
The LRLobjectives may be expanded into five basic functions: to preserve, store,
and account for the lunar samples;to provide for quarantine operations and tests; to
examine samplesto supportdistribution decisions; to perform time-critical experiments;
to collect incidental information gathered from preliminary testing; and to serve as a
central data center for lunar sampleinformation.

DesignConcept and Utilities

A primary and secondarybiological barrier systemhas been implemented in the LRL.

The primary barrier is established with cabinets operated at lessthan laboratory
pressure. The secondarybarrier is formedby the carefully sealed building structure
separately enclosing the Sample Operations Area and the CRA. The secondary barrier
primarily dependsupon the reduced interior pressurefor biological isolation. The
secondarybarrier integrity has been tested with fluorescent particles. Ultraviolet
light airlocks are built into the CRA and Sample Operations Area for the introduction
of samples. Showers, change rooms,controlled access to the LRLSample Operations
Area, and complete quarantine of the CRA minimizes compromiseof the secondary
barrier.

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All air exhausted from the primary barrier is piped to one of five microbe incinerators
in the mechanical equipment room of the LRL, where it is heated to 500°F and is forced
through an absolute biological filter to the outside. Air filtration and pressure dif-
ferential for the secondary barrier is accomplished by the alr-conditioning system.
The Radiation Counting Laboratory and the Administration and Support Areas are not
included in the biological barriers.

All liquid effluent from the CRA or Sample Laboratory is routed to the LRL tank farm
where it is heat-sterilized prior to transfer to the MSC sewage treatment plant. The
tank farm is classed as part of the secondary biological barrier. All system elements
within the primary and secondary biological barriers may be sterilized to permit
replacement or repair should a failure occur.

There are three electrical power supply systems- normal, Continuous, and emergency..
The normal system is supplied by two 1000-KVA transformers. If this is interrupted,
the 30-KW continuous generator automatically supplies the most critical loads until
the 350-KW emergency generator can be brought on the line as a prime power system.
The LRLis identified as a critical facility at MSC and in an emergency has priority
for the supply of power, steam, and water.

Administrative and Support Area

Coordination of quarantine and sample processing activities within the LRLis conducted
from the Central Status Station (CSS)of the Administrative and Support Area. The CSS
is manned on a 24-hour basis by a Quarantine Control Officer and a Facilities and Support
Engineer. The CSS contains instrumentation, alarms, and audio-vldeo communication
systemsto monitor all activities and areas in the LRL. Change room doors may be remotely
locked Fromthe CSS.

Crew Reception Area

The Crew Reception Area (CRA) provides I._ving accommodations, office space, and
equipment for the crew, medical team, and other support personnel. The CRA will
normally be occupied by approximately 12 personnel for about 14 days. If a biological
spill or break occurs in the primary blobarrler, the CRA can accommodate up to 120
people for a considerable duration of quarantine.

The astronauts and medical team are assigned bedroomsand offices. Support personnel
have dormitory accommodations. The CRA also includes medical examination rooms,
a minor surgery room, an X-ray room, laboratories, closed-circuit and commercial
television, a lounge, communication systems, a library, an exercise room, a dining
room, a kitchen, a storage room, and bloisolated debriefing and interview roomswith
a glass interface. A computer room contains a data acquisition system capable of
handling data from major instrumentation located in the biomedical laboratory. Data
tape contents may be electronically transferred to the Administrative and Support
Area.

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The transitional areas of the CRA are: the interface with the docked MQF; the storage
area for the spacecraft and its related decontamination equipment; the change room
sealed door and a two-door sterilizer and clunk tank; and a double-door sterilizer and
alrlock to the service area and loading dock.

Sample Operations Area

Vacuum Laborato_

Samples are introducedr weighedt sterilized_ and opened in a glove chamber where
contained residual gas is analyzed. After preliminary microscopic examination,
the samplesare photographed and repackaged for transfer under vacuum to the gas
analysis_ biological preparatlon_ physlcal-chemical tests, and radiation counting
laboratories. Samples are vacuum transferred in cold-welded aluminum and copper
cans. In an air environment, they are transferred in polyethylene vials or heat-
sealed teflon bags. Most of the sample remains in the vacuum lab where monopole,
magnetics_,and reflectance experiments are performed. Test activities are monitored
on closed-circuit television by observers not physically present in the lab. The
vacuum laboratory cabinet utilizes gloves to enable vacuum handling of the
sample in a vacuum of 10-z Torr (millimeters of mercury). An ultra-high vacuum
chamber is rated at 10-11Torr and usesmechanical manipulators to process the
special lunar samples. Transfer of materials is accomplished through vacuum
locks. Samples are stored in vacuum carousels for extended periods. This
laboratory prepares the lunar Sample Return Containers prior to flight to assurea
minimum of terrestrial influence on the sealed interior which is only opened to
the lunar environment after preparation.

Physical-Chemical Test Laboratory

Samples are tested for their reactions to atmospheric gasesand water vapor.
Detailed studies of the mineralogic, petrologic_ geochemical, and physical
properties of the sample will be performed. Among the techniques of analysis
utilized are X-ray fluorescence and diffraction, and optical emission spectrographs.
The lab contains a darkroom for processing photographic film and spectrographic
plates. Sub-laboratories are termed the Thin-Sectlon Lab which mechanically
prepares samples for analysis and the Mineral Separation Facility which extracts
identified minerals for analysis by specialists. Both sub-labs work with samples
after quarantine release.

Biological Test Laboratory

Lunar samplesundergo tests to determine if there is life Present that may replicate.
This laboratory analyzes a selected sample of lunar material designated "Bio-Prlme"
for the specific purpose of establishing the quarantine clearance recommendation.

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Germ-free animals (mice) and plants will be exposed to the lunar material. The
biological test lab is subdivided into smaller labs -- bioprep, bioanalysisj germ-
free, histology, normal animals (amphibia and invertebrates), incubationj anaerobic
and tissue culture, crew microbiology, and botanical laboratories. Possibly
pathogenic material is transferred across the secondary biological barrier to
"Class 11t" cabinets through autoclaves. The Class I11 cabinets are designed to
permit processing of the most highly pathogenic material known without exposure
to operating personnel.

Gas Analysis Laboratory

The gas analysis lab will measure amounts and types of gases produced by lunar
samples. A survey will be made of any rare, inorganic, or lightly-bound gases
or volatile organic compounds possibly contained in the samples.

Radiation Counting Laborator X

The Radiation Counting Lab (RCL) extends to 50 feet below the LRL ground floor.
This lab conducts low-background radioactive assays of lunar samplesr using gamma
ray spectrometry techniques. The lab tests for short-lived_ cosmic ray-induced
radioactivities, senses the natural activities of potassium, uranium, and thorium
in the sample, and provides for whole-body radiation counts of the astronauts.
The RCL is the most advanced low-level radiation counting facility known in the
world. The primary task of the RCL is to investigate for the rapidly-decaying_
cosmic ray-induced radionuclides in the lunar material.

July 1969 Page 107

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MISSION DATA ACQUISITION

Each Apollo mission contributes to the data basewhich advances knowledge in many
engineering and scientific disciplines. "State of the art" systems, materials, and
dynamic calculations mature under environmental conditions which are difficult to
simulate on earth. Information acquisition that is unique to the space or lunar environ-
ment is acquired through instrumentation and telemetry, "live" television, photography,
crew observation, and sample acquisition and analysis.

PHOTOG RAPH IC EQUI PMENT

16mm Data Acquisition Camera

The primary use of the Maurer 16mm Data Acquisition Camera (Figure 52) is to obtain
interior or exterior sequential photographic data during manned flights. The camera is
electrically powered from the spacecraft 28-vdc utility receptacles through a 108-inch
power cable. The camera features an externally mounted film magazine containing
130 feet of film, permitting a maximum run time of 87 minutes at 1 frame per second.
Other rate selections available are 6, 12, and 24 frames per second. Shutter speed
selections are 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, and 1/1000 of a second. The camera may

MAURER 16mm DATA ACQUISITION CAMERA

Fig. 52

April 1970 Page '108

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Apollo Supplement

be operated hand-held or boresight-mounted to record through the Command Module

(CM) rendezvous windows or the right Lunar Module (LM) window. The camera is
designed for gloved hand operation. Five interchangeable lenses may be substituted:
5mm f/2 for extreme wide angler close range data; 10mm medium wide angle for
internal detail data_ 18mm for intra- and extravehicular general use_ 75mm f/2.5 for
medium telephoto use on distant objects and ground terrain_ and 200ram f/5.5 for
extreme telephoto requirements of recording detail at long ranges. A right-angle
mirror is provided to align the optical axis properly out the rendezvous window when
75mm and 18mm lens are installed.

J 16mm Lunar Surface Movie Camera

The 16ram lunar surface movie camera (Figure 53) is used to obtain sequential photo-
graphic data from the lunar surface during astronaut extravehicular activities. This

16ram LUNAR SURFACE MOVIE CAMERA

Fig. 53
April 1970 Page 109
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Apollo Supplement

camera is similar to the 16mm Maurer Data Acquisition Camera described above except
that it operates from a power pack attached to the camera itself. It may be hand held
or Bracket mounted to the astronaut extravehicular mobility unit. Normally the 10ram
focal length lens is fitted.

Lunar Topographic Camera

The Hycon KA-74 Lunar Topographic Camera (Figure 54) is used primarily for high
resolution photography of the lunar surface. The camera is mounted on a bracket and
aimed out the CM hatch window. An 18-inch focal length lens is used giving 15 by
15-NM coverage for each frame from an orbital altil:ude of approximately 60 NM. Film
size is 4.5 inches by 4.5 inches. Each magazine holds 430 frames which can provide1
using minimum overlap1 a strip 15 NM wide by 2840 NM long. Resolution from a 60-NM
orbit is approximately 12 feet. The camera has shutter speeds of 1/,50, 1/,100, and 1/,200
of a second. It also provides image motion compensation and data recording of time,
shutter speed and magazine. Spacecraft interfaces consist of the mounting bracketry, the
power supply and a connection to the auxiliary urine dump on the hatch (to provlde a
vacuum to the film platen for film flattening). There is a Reseau grid on the format edge.

70ram Hasselblad Electric Camera

The 70mm Hasselblad Electric Camera is primarily used for high resolution still photog-
graphy and may be operated hand-held or bracket-mounted. Internal batteries power
a motor that advances film and cocks the shutter after an exposure. An intervalometer,
also powere'd by the camera batteries, may be externally mounted to activate the camera
automatically every 20 seconds. Two types of magazines are used -- one for thin-base
film and the other for standard-base film. Each film magazine has a capacity for 200
frames of thin-base black and white film or 160 frames of thin-base color film. Three
lenses are interchangeable -- an 80ram f/2.8 is usually installed but a 250mm f/4 or a
500ram f/,8 telephoto lens may be selected for high resolution photography of distant
subjects. Shutter speed selection ranges from i second to 1/,500 second. Filters are
provided to reduce or enhance optical effects on certain film types. A red filter is
used for terrain photography when using black and white panchromatic film to reduce
haze effects. A polarizing filter is used for lunar mapping photography under high
lighting conditions to reduce glare effects. The Photar 2A filter is used for color
photography of earth. It produces good color rendition and improves color contrasts.

Apr,il 1970 Page 110

)>
"o I

ELECTRONICS _ /
o PACKAGE

MOUNTING BRACKET--'_
I I"

PORT

ETECTOR
I

-- CONTROL BOX

/ \

LENS INSIDE TUBE <\ "

\

PANEL 227 _ >

CENTER -8
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Apol Io SuppIement

70mm Hasselblad Electric Data Camera

The 70ramHasselblad Electric (EL) Data Camera (Figure 55) is intended for extravehicular
use on the lunar surface. The EL Data Camera is operationally the same as the Hasselblad
Electric Camera but has a Reseaugrld installed in front of the focal plane to provide
photogrammetric information. The camera is equipped with a 60mm lens and has an
aperture range from f/5.6 to f,/45.

70mm HASSELBLADELECTRICDATA CAMERA

Fig. 55

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Apollo Lunar Surface Close-Up Camera APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE

CLOSE-UP CAMERA
The Apollo Lunar Surface Close-Up Camera
(Figure 56) is a 35mm stereo camera used for
photographing details of geographic features
on the lunar surface. The camera can re-
solve 40-micronparticles and obtaindata on
the undisturbed arrangement of matter and
dust particles on the lunar surface. It has a
motor-drlven mechanism_ powered by four
nickel -cadmium batteries_ that advances
film and cocks the shutter afteran exposure.
A subject contact hood provides a fixed-focus
reference and an electronic flash provides
exposure light. A long handle is provided
to eliminate stooping or bending by the op-
erator du'Hngplacement. The fixed aperture
has a rating of f/22.6. The film magazine
is capable of providing 100 stereo pairswlth
SO368 film. The camera is intended to be
discarded on the lunar surface.

TELEVISION

Color and black and white Westinghouse

television cameras are carried on Apollo
missions. The color units provide the primary
TV system with a black and white backup
unit carried in the LM for lunar surface use
should the LM color camera develop prob-
lems.

Color TV cameras, equipped with 6:1 ratio

300mm lenses, are carried both in the CM
and in the Modularized Equipment Stowage
Assembly (MESA) of the LM. TheCM camera
has a black and white monitor with a 3-inch
screen_ a 12-foot cable, and itcan be hand-
held or bracket-mounted. The camera con-
tains a secondary electron conduction ima-
ging tube and utilizes a field sequential
technique which consists of rotating a color Fig. 56
wheel at 600rpm in front of the imaging tube
and producing a series of red, blue, and

April 1970 Page 113 '

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Apollo Supplement

green pictures. The color images are then combined and converted into a signal
compatible with commercial TV. The color camera is synchronized to the standard
30-frame-per-second, 525-line-per frame scan rate.

The LM color TV camera (Figure 57) is initially mounted in the MESA and is deployed
and activated by the Commander during his descent down the LM ladder to the lunar
surface. The camera can be hand-held or trlpod-mounted and has a 100-foot cable.
It can transmit through either the LM S-band antenna or the lunar surface S-band
erectable antenna.

LUNAR SURFACECOLOR TV CAMERA

iI

Fig. 57

The black and white backup unit (Figure 58) has two fixed-focus lenses and a secondary
electron conduction imaging tube that allows operation under both low and high light
levels. If required, this camera would be used in place of the LM color unit.

April 1970 Page 114

_>
_. LUNAR BLACK AND WHITE TV CAMERA

,,o
O

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SC|ENTI FIC EQUIPMENT

Scientific equipment includes sampling implements and containers_ experimental

equipment packages, and rela_tedspecial tools.

Stowage

The Descent Stage quadrants of the LM provide an adequate volume for the stowage of
equipment intended for use on the lunar surface. Quadrant 1 provides an attachment
point for the S-band erectable antenna and the stage electrical power system components.
Quadrant 2 housesan Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP). Quadrant 2
provides an external mounting for a fuel cask containing the fuel element to power a
radioisotope thermoelectric generatort which provides a long-term electrical power
source for ALSEP. Quadrant 4 housesthe Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly.

Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly

The Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) pallet is located in Quadrant 4

of the Descent Stage. The MESA is deployed by the extravehicular astronaut when the
LM is on the lunar surface. The pallet contains spare Portable Life Support System
(PLSS)batteries and lithium hydroxide cartridges_ a color television camera, tripod_
cable, tools for obtaining lunar geological samples, containers in which to store the
samplest and other scientific devices. A work table folds out and also serves as a
hanger for the equipment transfer bag and a support for Sample Return Containers.
The transfer bag is used to transfer the PLSSbatteries and lithium hydroxide cartridges
to the cabin. SOLARWINDARRAY

Solar Wind Composition Experiment

The scientific objective of the Solar Wind

Composition (SWC) experiment is to deter-
mine the elemental and isotopic composition
of the noble (inert) gases in the solar wind.

The solar wind composition detector consists

of analuminum foil4 square feet in areaand
about 0.5 mils thick, rimmed by teflon for
resistance to tear during deployment. A staff
and yard arrangement is used to deploy the
foil and to maintain the foil approximately
perpendicular to the solar wind flux. The STOWED
deployed configuration is shown in Figure59.
(The instrument in stowed configuration is
shown in the astronaut's left hand.) Solar DEPLOYED
wind particles will penetrate into the foil
Fig. 59
April 1970 Page 116
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Apollo Supplement

and get firmly trapped at a depth of several hundred atomic layers. After exposure on
the surface, the foil is rolled and returned to earth.

The exposed loll will be analyzed with mass spectrometers in an ultra-high vacuum
environment at the University of Berne, Switzerland. The procedure consists of
vaporizing the foil in an ultra-high vacuum system and then removing all the reactive
gases before mass spectrometric analysis. The SWC equipment is stowed in the MESA.

Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector Experiment

The scientific objectives of the Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector (LRRR) Experiment

include precise measurements of: lunar orbital motion; lunar libratlons; the lunar
radius; fluctuation in earth rotation rate; Chandler Wobble of the earth's axis; inter-
continental drift rate; and secular change of the gravitational constant with time.

The retro-reflector array (Figure 60) consists of 100 retro-reflector corner cubes held
in an aluminum panel with 10 corners on a side. The reflectors are made of highly
homogeneous fused silica 3.8 cm (1.5") in diameter. The reflectors are uncoated and
use total internal reflection. COntrol of the temperature gradient is achieved by
recessing each reflector by one-half its diameter into a circular socket. Each reflector
is mounted with a teflon ring to provide thermal isolation. The reflectors will perform
under essentially isothermal conditions throughout lunar nights and most of lunar days.
At no time during a lunar day are temperature gradients expected to degrade the optical
performance to less than 40% of the maximum value. The package has been designed

LASER RANGING RETRO-REFLECTORDEPLOYED

Fig. 60

April 1970 Page t17

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Apollo Supplement

to provide a useful llfe of 10 years or more. An astronaut will orient the array toward
the center of the earth's libration pattern to an accuracy of 5° or better.

For nominal pointing accuracy achieved by the astronaut, obscuration of off-axis

performance produced by the recessedmounting and the libration pattern will allow
40% or more of maximum return to be available for 60% of the time and 25% or more
to be expected 90% of the time.

Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package

The purpose of the Apol Io Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) is to facilitate
the determination of the structure and state of the lunar interior, the composition and
structure of the lunar surface and modifying processes_and the evolutionary sequence
of events leading to the present lunar configuration. To accomplish this purpose the
ALSEP has been designed to perform scientific experiments to measure the geophysical
characteristics of the moon. Individual ALSEParrays will contain various combinations
of these experiments. The resulting experiments and subsystemsare as follows:

Passive Seismic Experiment (S-031)

The Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE)(Figure 61) will measure seismic activity of
the moon to obtain information regarding the physical properties of the lunar crust

PASSIVE SEISMIC EXPERIMENT

Fig. 61

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and interior. It will do this by determining the seismic energy produced by

meteoroid impacts and by tectonic disturbances, by determining the form and
characteristics of the seismic waves produced and by measuring the direction and
distance to the seismic epicenter.

Physically1 the PSEconsists of two parts, both included in one package. The
Iong-perlod instrument, which contains three seismometers (one vertical and two
horizontals, placed orthogonally to each other), measures Iong-perlod_ low-
frequency seismic energy with a period of 250 to 0.3 seconds. This instrument
measures the distance and direction to a seismic quake, as well as the long-term
tidal deformations of the moon. The short-period instrument functions as a
velocity transducer which measures short-period (5 to .04 seconds), high-frequency
(up to 25 cycles per second) seismic energy with very high sensitivity. The
instrument consists of a moving-magnet built so that a transducer can measure the
velocity of the magnet. The displacements and the velocity of these instruments
are measured_ amplified_ and filtered in a series of electronic circuits which
produce an output signal to the central station data processor.

Active Seismic Experiment (S-033)

The Active Seismic Experiment (ASE) will provide data pertaining to the physical
properties, structure, elasticity_ and bearing strength of lunar surface and near
surface materials by measuring velocity of propagation, frequency spectral and
attenuation of seismic compression waves through the lunar surface. The ASE
provides for a controlled seismic energy of known distances_ charge sizes_ and
timing. It also provides a means of seismic exploration in the event the moon
should be naturally seismically inert and seismic activity cannot be registered by
passive seismometers.

The ASE consists of two energy sources, a thumper and a grenade launcher with
four grenades, three geophone detectors_ and associated central electronics
(Figure 62). Known_ nearby, low energy inputs are provided by the thumper and
variable distance_ higher energy sources are provided by the explosive grenades.
Use of the mortar or grenade mode is scheduled for near the end of the ALSEP
mission and provides known large seismic sources at ranges up to 5000 feet.
Individual grenades are launched known distances by ground command.

In addition to the active modes1 the geophones will be used in a passive, listening
mode to obtain seismic data and to provide information to aid selecting optimum
time for the mortar mode°

April 1970 Page 119

 ACTIVE
SEISMIC
EXPERIMENT
SUBSYSTEM
O

XMTRANTENNA ].4..5IN. FOLDED • COMPONENTS

ANDRANGELINE GRENADE _ _51N DEPLOYED/ &FUNCTION

(DEPLOYED) _ _SEMBLY (4_ _/ INITIATOR •DEPLOYMENT

RECEIVING _ _" SELECTOR

SWITCH •COMMANDS&DATA

[_ SWITCH
ARM/FIRE GEOPHONE
,.-, DETECTORS(3)
(.o
ANTENNA
_ ._ _
GRENADE STATION/ 4.80 IN. HEIGHTIlNC SPIKE)

o ASSEMBLY
LAUNCH / 1.66 IN. DIAM

[___T GEOPHONE FLAG

THUMPER 6. 77 X 6. 18 X 2.75 IN.
MORTAR ASSEMBLY
I CENTRALELECTRONICS
BOX >
ASSEMBLY _
15.6 X 9.5 X4.0 IN 5"
ca (STOWED) RFCA[
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 M-932-70
Apollo Supplement

Lunar Surface Magnetometer (S-034)

The Lunar Surface Magnetometer (LSM) (Figure 63) will provide data pertaining to
the magnetic field vector and its temporal variations at selected points on the
lunar surface. Electromagnetic disturbances originating in the solar wind, plasma
current information, and subsurface magnetic field will also be detected.

The lunar surface magnetometer consists of three magnetic sensors, each mounted
in a sensor head and located at the end of a 3-foot-long support arm. The magnetic
sensors in conjunction with the sensor electronics_ measure the magnetic field
components parallel to the respective sensor axes. The support arms (X, Y, and
Z) extend from a base structure which houses the experiment electronics and the
gimbal/flip mechanism. The magnetometer is connected to the central station for
receipt of commands and data transmittal to earth. The sensors may be remotely
repositioned and one of three sensor dynamic ranges can be selected by telemetry
command.

Solar Wind Spectrometer (S-035)

The Solar Wind Spectrometer (Figure 64) will measure the energies_ densities,
incidence angles_ and temporal variations of the electron and proton components
of the solar wind plasma striking the surface of the moon. These measurements
will be utilized to expand knowledge of the nature of the solar wind plasma on
the moon, the history and properties of the lunar surface and interior, the general
solar wind properties_ and the magnetospheric tail of the earth.

The solar wind spectrometer consists of four major assemblies: (1) sensors, (2) leg
assemblies, (3) electronics, and (4) thermal control. The measurement of the solar
wind plasma is performed by seven Faraday cup sensors which collect and detect
the solar wind electrons and protons. The cups are arranged in a hexagonal cupola
configuration on the upper portion of the experiment package. The cups open
toward different but slightly overlapping portions of the lunar sky. Data from all
seven cups are processed and fed to the ALSEP data subsystem for moon-to-earth
transmission. With a knowledge of the positioning of the solar wind spectrometer
on the lunar surface_ the direction of the bulk of charged particle motion can be
deduced. Voltages on modulation grids of the cups are changed in sign and varied
so that the cups will differentiate between electrons, protons, and between
particles having different energies.

Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (S-036)

The Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE) (Figure 65) will provide data on
the flux_ number density, velocity, and energy per unit charge of positive ions in
the vicinity of the lunar surface. It is designed to detect ions resulting from the
ultraviolet ionization of the lunar atmosphere and thermal solar wind.

April 1970 Page 121

 LUNAR
SURFACE
MAGNETOMETER
EXPERIMENT
SUBSYSTEM
• COMPONENTS & FUNCTION
• COMMANDS& DATA
• DEPLOYMENT
-o
Q

SURFACE EAST

DEPLOYED >

19.4 LBW/OCABLE FOLDED

____-o
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3.

SOLAR
,WINDSPECTROMETER
CARRYING
SENSOR HANDLE
ASS SOCKET
• COMPONENTS
PLATE & FUNCTION
• DEPLOYMENT
° " COMMANDS
• PUSHBUTTONFOR & DATA
RELEASING
LEG
EXTENS
ION SUNSHADE
(HELDDOWNWHEN
LEGSARERETRACTED)
 M-932-70
Apollo Supplement

Two curved plate analyzers are used to detect and count ions. The low energy
analyzer has a velocity filter of crossed electric and magnetic fields. This filter
passes ions with discrete velocities and the curved plate analyzer passes ions with
discrete energy, permitting determination of mass as well as number density. The
second curved plate analyzer, without a velocity filter, detects higher energy
particles. The experiment is emplaced on a wire mesh ground screen and a
voltage is applied between the electronics and the ground plane to overcome any
electric field effects.

Heat Flow Experiment (S-037)

The Heat Flow Experiment (HFE) (Figure 66) will measure the net outward flux of
heat from the moon's interior. Measurement of lunar flux will provide a compari-
son of the radioactive content of the moon's interior and the earth's mantle, a
thermal history of the moon1 a lunar temperature-versus-depth profile, and the
value of thermal parameters in the first three meters of the moon's crust. When
compared with seismic measurements, data from the HFE experiment will provide
information on the composition and physical state of the moon's interior.

The major components of the HFE are two sensor probes and an electronics package.
The probes consist of epoxy-flberglass tubular structures which support and house
temperature sensors, heaters1 and the associated electrical wiring. Each probe
has two sections, each 55 cm (21.6 inches) long, spaced 2 cm (0.8 inches) apart
and mechanically connected by a flexible spring. The flexible spring allows the
probe assembly to be bent into a U-shal_e to facilitate packing, stowage, and
carrying.

The HFE is deployed with the two sensor probes emplanted in the lunar surface in
3-meter (10-foot).boreholes which are drilled by the astronaut with the Apollo
Lunar Surface Drill (ALSD). The two probes are connected by two multlple-lead
cables to the HFE electronics package which is deployed separately from the
ALSEP central station. Use of the heaters to create a known quantity of heat at
a known distance from a sensor establishes the heat-conductlvity of the lunar
subsurface material by sensing and measuring the amount of heat that travels the
known distance per unit of time.

Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment (S-038)

The Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment (CPLEE) (Figure 67)subsystem

will provide data pertaining to the solar wlnd_ solar cosmic rays, and other
particle phenomena by measuring the energy distribution, direction and time
variations of the proton and electron fluxes at the lunar surface. It employs two
particle detector packages (analyzers) oriented in different directions for minimum
exposure to the ecliptic path of the sun. Each detector package has six particle

April 1970 Page 125

 _>
-0 HEAT FLOW EXPERIMENT
B_

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_>
_0
CHARGED PARTICLE LUNAR ENVIRONMENT EXPERIMENT

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 M-932-70
Apol Io Supplement

detectors. Five of these detectors provide information about particle energy

distribution, while the sixth detector provides high sensitivity at low particle
fluxes. Particles entering the detector package are deflected by an electrical
field into one of the six detectors1 depending on the energy and polarity of the
particles. The CPLEE also includes electronics for recording the particle counts
and providing data to the data subsystem.

Cold Cathode ton Gauge (S-058)

The Cold Cathode Ion Gauge (CCIG) (Figure 68) will measure the density of the
lunar atmosphere, including the density of lunar ambient atmosphere and temporal
variations either of a random character or associated with lunar local time or solar
activity. In addition1 the gauge will measure the rate of loss of contaminants
left in the landing area by the astronauts and the lunar module.

COLD CATHODE ION GAUGE

Fig. 68

April 1970 Page 128

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Apollo Supplement

The CCIG detects densities corresponding to pressure of 10-12 to 10-6 torr.

Charged particles injected into the gauge aperture collide with neutral atoms
entering the sensor from the ambient atmosphere. Ions produced by these
collisions and free ions are collected by the cathode of a pair of sensor electrodes
(maintained at 4500 volts potential), The ions resulting from collisions greatly
outnumber the free ions and result in a minute current flow to an electrometer.
The electrometer amplifies the current and generates an equivalent analog
voltage as the output signal.

Dust Detector Subsystem(M-515)

The objectives of the dust detector are to obtain data for assessmentof dust
accretion on the ALSEPand to provide a measureof thermal degradation of
thermal surfaces.

Dust accumulation on the surfaces of the three solar cells (Figure 69) will reduce
the amount of solar illumination detected by the cells. The outputs of the three
solar cells are applied to three amplifiers which condition the signals and apply
them to three subcommutated analog data channels of the data subsystem.

DUSTDETECTOR

cell 2
(vertical)

Solar cell .3
Solar cell I (nominally
(nominally east)
Dust detector
sensor
package

Sunshield

Cable

Fig. 69

April 1970 Page 129

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.- Apollo Supplement

Strucfure/l"hermal Subsystem

The structure/thermal subsystem consists of the subpackage support structures, the

thermal control elements of the subpackages, and the fuel cask support structure.
The primary function of the structure/thermal subsystem is to ensure the structural
integrity and thermal protection of the ALSEP equipment and LM in transport and
in the lunar environment (-300°F to +250°F). This includes packaging, structural
support, and isolation from hea b cold, shock_ and vibration.

Electrical Power Subsystem

The electrical power subsystem generates 56 watts (minimum) of electrical power

for the operation of the ALSEP system.

The power is developed by a Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG)which

is heated by a radioisotope fuel capsule. The power is regulated_ converted to
the required voltage levels, and supplied to the data subsystem for distribution to
the support and experiment subsystems. Analog housekeeping data is supplied to
the data subsystem for downlink telemetry.

Data Subsyst em

The data subsystem (Figure 70) receives, decodes, and applies discrete logic
commands from the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) to the deployed units
of ALSEP. These commands are used to perform power switching_ thermal control,
operating mode changes, and experiment control. The data subsystem accepts
and processes scientific data from the experiments, engineering status data from
itself and all the subsystems, and transmits the data to the MSFN receiving
stations. The data subsysternalso performs the function of switching and dis .....
tributing operating power to I'he experiment and support subsystems.

Apollo Lunar Surface Dr:ill Subsystem

The Apollo Lunar Surface Dri:ll (ALSD) (Figure 7]) subsystem will provide data on
t_hephysical properties of lunar surface and subsurface materials by extraction of
cores obtained while boring emplacement holes for the HFE probes. The ALSD
will be used to bore two holes 3 meters deep with a diameter of approximately
] inch. Multiple core stems 16.75 inches long will produce a core of lunar
mater-ia] approximate|y 0.80 inch in diameter.

April ] 970 Page ] 30

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Apollo Supplement

DATA SUBSYSTEM AND CENTRAL STATION

Fig. 70

April 1970 Page 131

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APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE DRILL

Fig.7]

April 1970 Page 132

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Apollo Lunar Hand Tools Subsystem

The Apollo Lunar Hand Tools (ALHT) (Figure 72) subsystem will contribute to the
overall geophysical exploration of the moon by facilitating the location, collection,
measurement, and removal of representative samples of the lunar surface. The
samples collected will be stowed in special containers and transported to earth for
examination and study.

APOLLO LUNAR HAND TOOLS

Fig. 72

The experiment and support subsystems of the ALSEP system are mounted in two
subpackages for storage and transportation in the LM.

April 1970 Page ]33

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Lunar Geological Experiment

The purpose of this experiment is to gather data on the lunar geological processes by
sampling, photography_ and crew observation.
ASTRONAUTPLACING
Lunar samples will be returned in two sealed box-like LUNAR SAMPLE IN
Sample Return Containers (Figure 73). Certain samples SAMPLE RETURN CONTAINER
are specifically identified relative to the nature and
location of the acquired sample_ photographed, sepa-
rately bagged_ identified, and referred to as Documented
Samples. Other samples will be takenand stored in core
tubes and a gas analysis container. Tools used in acqui-
sition or observation of samples are a large scoop, a
hammer, an extension handle_ and tongs. A gnomon is
used to establish local verticals and a photographic di-
mension reference. A Contingency Sample Container is
stored in the Ascent Stage to provide .for collecting an
immediate sample of about one liter in the event of an
extremely short duration of extravehicular activity. _:
Samples will be returned to earth for analysis.

Fig. 73

April 1970 Page 134

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Apollo Supplement

LUiN',A,I?,
M,O:I_,IL[TY A I DS

GENERAL

T_o mols,':l',_l_y'
m'_d_,
are bei_ng_dieve:lioped:f_o_u_e on_t'be_I:una:rs_rfa'ce,_ Tlhe_Ta_e_the
Mobiile E.qu[pmen_t:,Tra,nspor.,t"ertMET)_an'd _,h-e,L_na,r Roving: V_e:Mic:lle{L.RV_o,r,I_ove'r.
The MET will be desc:ri!bed Fn _kiis revision, ta, the: Mission Ope:ratFon R!e_po_fSupplement.
However, s,ilnce the LRM is i:n,l:he early developmental stages it will no'_"be included
until the next revision of this document.

MOBILE EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTER

The Mobile Equ:i:pment Transporter, (MET) (Figure 74) is a two wheeled vehicle
supporting a tubular structure 2;0""x 36" to which equipment for the geological
traverse is moun_ed. The vehicle has a single handle for the crewman to pull and has
two legs to provide four-polnt stability at rest.

MOBILE EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTER (PROTOTYPE)

Fig. 74

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The equipment to be placed on the MET is already stored in various places on the LM.
A typical equipment list for the Apollo MET is as follows: the Lunar Hand Tool Carrier,
the Close-Up Stereo Camera, the 70mm Hasselblad Camera, the Data Acquisition
Camera (16mm), several spare magazines for the cameras, two Special Environment
Sample Containers, a Trenching Tool, four Sample Weigh Bags, a Work Table, and a
Hand Held Magnetometer with tripod, the total weight of the MET is 21 Ibs. and the
payload is about 120 Ibs. including the lunar soil sample to be returned to the LM
from the traverse.

The tires on the MET are made of a synthetic natural rubber and are 16" in diameter
and 4" wide. They will be inflated with nitrogen to 1.5 psia prior to flight. The tires
are baked at 250°F for 24 hours prior to flight to outgas most of the antl-oxidants in
the rubber formulation. The limit operating temperatures for the MET tires are -70°F
to +250 ° F.

The MET will be stowed on the outside of the LM on the MESA. After MESA deployment
the MET will be under the MESA and will be deployed and set in the sun until used.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ac Alternating Current
AEA Abort Electronics Assembly
AFB Air Force Base
AFETR Air Force EasternTest Range
AGS Abort Guidance Subsystem
ALDS Apollo Launch Data System
ALH'r Apollo Lunar Hand Tools
ALSCC Apollo Lunar Surface Close-up Camera
ALSD Apollo Lunar Surface Drill
ALSEP Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
AM Amplitude Modulation
AOT Alignment Optical Telescope
APS Auxiliary Propulsion System (S-IVB)
APS Ascent Propulsion System (LM)
ARIA Apollo Range Instrumentation Aircraft
ARS Atmosphere Revitalization Subsystem
AS Apollo/Saturn
ASA Abort Sensor Assembly
ASE Active Seismic Experiment
ASI Augmented Spark Igniter
BIPURN "Billy Pugh" RescueNet
BIG Biological Isolation Garment
BPC Boost Protective Cover
BSE Booster SystemsEngineer
BSG BoosterSystemsGroup
CASTS Countdown and Status TransmissionSystem
CCATS Communicationsr Command1and Telemetry System
CCGE Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment
CCIG Cold Cathode Ion Gauge
CCS Command Communications System
CDP Command Data Processor(MSFN Site)
CES Control Electronics Subsystem
CIF Central Instrumentation Facility
CM CommandModule
CMC CommandModule Computer
COAS Crewman Optical Alignment Sight
CPLEE Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
CRA Crew Reception Area
CS Communications System
__ CSM Command/Service Module
i, CSS Central Status Station
!i

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