i AND ; | WATER POWER ENGINEERING ; Dr. B. C. PUNMIA Dr. PANDE B. B. LALPublished by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD. 22, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. 011-23 26 23 68 Phones : { 011-23 26 23 70 Faxes : 011-23 25 25 72 011-23 26 22 79 Branches : 129/1, Hird Main Road, IX Cross, Chamrajpet, Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 15 61) 26, Damodaran Street, T. Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-24 34 47 26) ‘St. Benedict's Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) Pan Bazar, Rani Bari, Guwahati (Phones : 0361-254 36 69, 251 38 81) 4-2-453, Ist Floor, Ramkote, Hyderabad (Phone : 040-2475 02 47) Adda Tanda, Chowk, N.D. 365, Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) 106/A, Ist Floor, S.N, Banerjee Road, Kolkata (Phones : 033-22 27 37 73, 22 27 52 47) 18, Madan Mohan Malviya Marg, Lucknow (Pio 122-220 95 78) 128A, Block 3, First Floor, Noorani Building, LJ. Road, Mumbai (Phone : 022-24 46 $9 98) @ Radha Govind Street, Tharpagna, Ranchi (Phone ; 0651-230 77 64) EMAIL ; colaxmi@hotmail.com WEESITE : www.laxmipublications.com First Edition : Oct. 1969 Second Edition : Oct. 1972 Third Edition duly, 1975 Fourth Edition : Jan. 1979 Fifth Edition ©: Jan. 1979 Sixth Edition : Jan. 1981 Seventh Edition : May 1983 Eighth Edition : May 1984 Ninth Edition : dan. 1986 Tenth Edition : Aug. 1987 Eleventh Edition : Jan. 1990 ‘Twelfth Edition : Aug. 1992 Reprint Edition ; Aug, 1993, April 1995, June 1996, Jan. 2001 Reprint Edition : Oct. 2002, August, 2003, Jan. 2005 © 1992 B.C. Punmia For Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24. Appendices and unsolved problems of all chapters © 1992 Pandey B.B. Lal For Chapters 13, 14, 15, 16 and 20 © All Rights Reserved by the Authors. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or translated without the written permission of the Authors, Price : Rs. 235.00 Only C—9598/04/12 DTP Composed by : Arihant consultants Printed at : Mehra Offset Press, DelhiContents Section I IRRIGATION PRACTICE CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Page LL__Definition 1.2, Necessity os 13. Scope of Irrigation Science . 1.4, Benefits of Irrigation 1.5. Ill-effects of Irrigation 1.6. Types_of Irrigation 1.7. History of Irrigation Development in India = 1 2.1. Modes or Methods of Applying Water to Crops... 17 2.2, Uncontrolled or Wild Flooding = 18 23. Free Flooding I 18 2.5. Border Strip Method 2.6. Check Flooding 2.7. Basin Flooding 28. Zig-Zag Method RIBIRIS 2.10.__Contour_Farming 2.11. Sub-surface Irrigation 2.12 Sprinkler Irrigation . 2.13 Drip Irrigation Sigigls CHAPTER 3. WATER REQUIREMENTS OF CROPS 3.1. Functions of Irrigation Water oe 35 3.2. Standards of Irrigation Water = 35 3.3. Types_of Soils _ 39 3.4. Preparation of Land for Irrigation a Al 3.5.__Classes_and_ availabilty of Soil Water = 42 3.6. _ Limiting Soil Moisture Conditions 47 3.7,__Depth and Frequencies of Irrigation 47 3.8. Duty and Delta a 48 3.9. Factors Affecting Duty os 52 &© 3.10. Methods of Improving Duty 5S ans Definii 56 3.12.__Consumptive Use of Water (Evapo-Transpiration) - 68 3.13.__Irrigation Efficiencies 3.14. Principal Crops and Crops Rotation 3.15. Soil Fertility 3.16._ Crop Rotation 3.17. Assessment of Irrigation Water s Problems, 8 Section II WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING ‘CHAPTER 4. HYDROLOGY 4.1. Introduction ; The Hydrologic Cycle oT 42. Precipitation 99 43. Measurement of Rainfall 29.4... 4.4. Computation of Average Rainfall over a Basin... 107 45. Runoff 112 4.6. Factors Affecting Runoff 113 4.7, Computation of Runoff =~ 116 or Flood Discharge -- 123 4.9. Hydrograph Analysis 128 4.10. Unit Hydrograph 133 4.11. S-hydrograph 139 4.12._Construction of Unit Hydrograph of Different Unit Duration from a Unit Hydrograph of some given 4.13.__Derivation_of Unit Hydrograph, from Complex Storms, wm 146 4.14. Rational Method 22,6 Types of Aquifers Storage Co-efficient Well_ Hydraulics Determination of Aquifer Constant T 5.9. Interference among Wells 5.10. Fully Penetrating Artesian Gravity Wellxi) 5.11. Partially Penetrating Artesian Well a 185 5.12. Spherical Flow in a Well «187 5.13_Tube Wells 4. 8B 5.14. Methods of Drilling Tube wells = 196 5.15. Well Shrouding and Well Development 201 5.16. Open Weils a 204 5.17._ Yield of an Open Well 207 5.18. Methods of Lifting Water o 211 5.19. Advantages and Disadvantages of Well Irrigation over Canal Irrigation a 213 5.20._Selection of Suitable Site fora Tube Wel! _..._214 5.21. Other sources of Underground Water 228 5.22. Unsteady Flow towards Well we 231 Problems 90 CHAPTER 6. RESERVOIR PLANNING 6.1. Introduction 9. 2 6.2.__Investigations for Reservoir Planning 249 53 Selecti Site for aR — s 64. Zones of Storage in a Reservoir we 253 65. Storage Capacity and_Yicld we 254 66. Sediment Flow in Streams ; Reservoir 6.7__ Reservoir Sediment Control _.___.._262 68. Single Purpose Flood Control Reservoirs 264 69. Multipurpose Reservoir 265 6.10._Apportionment_of Total Cost of a 6.11. Flood Routing 269 Problems 289 CHAPTER 7. paMS.1 : GENERAL Z1__ntroduction 2.2 72, Classification according to Use. ws __292 73. Classification according to Design 293 7.4. Classification ‘according to_Material_ 294 75, Gravity Dams 295 76. Arch Dams —__.. _296 77__Buttress Dams 2.2.2. 207 78. Steel Dams 300 79,__Timber Dams 2, 8 of of Dam we 305 7.12,_Selection_of Site _for_a Dam ___.._307 Problems 00,808 Copyrighted materialGai) CHAPTER 8. DAMS-II : GRAVITY DAMS 8.1 Introduction J. 809 82. Forces acting on a Gravity Dam ws 309 83. Water Pressure 8 84. Weight of the Dam on 3u1 85. Uplift Pressure 311 8.6. Pressure due to Earthquake a. 314 &7.__Ice Pressure 319 88. Wave pressure «319 $.9.__Silt Pressure 20.820 8.1C Wind Pressure 321 8.11. Combination of Loading for Design we 321 8.12._Modes of Failure _: Stability Requirements 322 8.13. Principal and Shear Stresses wv 326 814. Quality and Strength of Concrete/Masonry a 329 8.15._ Stability Analysis =. 330 8.16. Elementary Profile of a Gravity Dam = 335 8.17. Practical Profile of a Gravity Dam 338 8.18. Limiting Height of a Gravity Dam : High and Low ity Dams «339 8.19, Profile of High Masonry Gravity Dams 340 8.20. Design of Gravity Dams ww 342 8.21. Galleries 350 8.22. Joints, Keys and Water seals we 351 8.23. Control_of Cracking in Concrete Dams a 355 Problems «376 CHAPTER 9. DAMS-II} : ARCH AND BUTTRESS DAMS 9.1. Types of Arch Dams . 379 9.2.__Forees_on_an_Arch Dam _________.._382 93. Design Methods for Arch Dams oe 383 94, The Blestic Theory =. 386 95. The Trial Load Analysis. 387 96. Buttress Dam 388 9.7. ‘Types of Buttress Dams 389 Problems 394 CHAPTER 10. DAMS-IV EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS 10.1. Introduction : Types of Earth Dams 395 10.2. of _Failu 10.3, Criteria for Safe Design of Earth Dam a 405 04. Secti Earth D 06 10.5. Downstream Drainage System ww 413, 10.6. Seepage Analysis = 417 10,7. Stability Analysis wo _ 433co) 10.8. Stability of D/S Slope During Steady Seepage... 438 10.9. Stability of U/S Slope During Sudden Draw 10.10. Stability of U/S and D/S Slopes During Construction 2044, 10.11, Stability of Foundation against Shear an 446 10.12. Design to Suit Available Materials --___ 448 10.13. Slope, Protection = 451 10.14. Seepage Control Measures a 457 10.15. Design considerations in Earth quake Regions 45! 10,16, Compaction of Rolled fill Dams 46: 10.17. Rockfill Dams. 46; Problems AT CHAPTER 11. DAMS-V : SPILLWAYS LLL__Introduction 20, 11.2. Straight Drop Spillway = 477 11.3. Ogee or Overflow Spiltway ~ 478 11.4. Side Channel _Spillways «482 1.5. Chute or Trough Spillway 483 1.6, Conduit _or Tunnel Spillway «484 11.7. Shaft Spillway = 485 11.8. Siphon_Spillway on 486 11.9. Dynamic Force on Spillway ~ 496 11.10. Energy Dissipation below Spillways - _ 500 11.11, Indian Standards on Criteria for Design of ‘Hydraulic Jump Type Stilling Basins with Horizontal and Slopi ns. «507 11.12. Spillway Crest Gates ~ 518 11.13.__Outlet_Works 523 CHAPTER 12. DIVERSION HEADWORKS 12.2. Component Parts of a Diversion Head Works... 529 12.3, The Weir 529 12.4. Causes of Failure of Weirs and their Remedies .. 531 12.5. Design of Impervious Floor for Sub-surface (2.6. __Khosla’s Theory 538 12.7. Design of Vertical Drop Weir a _ 552 12.8. Design of Sloping Glacis Weir - 560 12.9. Divide Wall - 580 12.10. The Fish Ladder 581 1211. The Under Sluice » 582 12.12. The Canal Head Regulator a 583ey) 12.13, Silt Control at Head works 586 12.14. Location of Headworks ~ 589 315 Ef £C ion of a Wei Regime of River S91 Problems 2. 8, Section_III DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CHAPTER 13. FLOW IRRIGATION C ~ Classificati 595 13.2.__Canal_Alignment ~~ 599 433.__Curves 2006 13.4. Inundation Canals =» 603, 13.5. Bandhara Irrigation 606, ‘Problems 2.1 CHAPTER 14, IRRIGATION CHANNELS : SILT THEORIES 14..._Genera) 9. 14.2 Kennedy’s Theory a. 612 14.3. _Kennedy’s Methods: of Channel Design Proce- dure GIG 14.4. Silt supporting Capacity according to Kennedy's Theory oo = «GID i4.5. Drawbacks in Kennedy’ Theory ~~ 63 14.6. Lacey’s Regime Theory ~~ 6A 14.7. Lacey's Theory applied to Channel Design = 632 14.8. Comparison of Kennedy’s Land Lacey’s Theory .. 635 14.9. Defects in Lacey’s Theory ~ 636 14.10. Sediment Transport = 637 Problems. CHAPTER 15, DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR AN IRRIGATION (CHANNEL 15.1 _ Longitudinal Section of Canal sm ___ 649 15.2. Balancing Depth 650 15.3.__Losses_in_Camefg JS 15.4, Schedule of Area Statistics and Channel Dimen- sions = 653 15.5. Use of Garret’s Diagrams, in Channel Design .. 654 15.6. Use of Lacey's Regime Diagrams = 655 15.7, Cross-section of an Irrigation Channel 656 15.8. Borrow Pit 661 15.9. Spoil Bank ~ 663 15.10, Land Width » 663 15.11. Bank Berm, Counter Berm 663. 15.12, Maintenance of Irrigation Channels 664