EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG

ANATOMICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANING

 Regions of the body:

Anterior – referring to the front or near it
Posterior – referring to the hind or near it
Dorsal – referring to a part or near or toward
the back
Ventral – toward the belly or near it
 EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
ANATOMICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANING

 Location relative to the center of the body:

Distal – away from the origin or main mass of the body
or farther from the middle
Lateral – side or near it. Toward the left, sinistral
toward the right, dextral
Medial/central – middle part of the body toward the
belly (midpart)
Proximal – near the origin/middle reference or the
main mass of the body
 EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
ANATOMICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANING

 Planes:
Frontal (median) – dorsal or ventral portion
Sagittal (longitudinal) – into right or left section
Transverse (cross) – into anterior or posterior section

 location with reference to the directions of the body:

Caudal – tail
Cranial/cephalic – head
Pectoral – chest
pelvic - hips
 EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
Body of the frog

AXIAL REGION

Head APPENDICULAR
(snout, nostrils REGION
(external nares), forelimbs, hump,
nictating membrane, anus, hindlimbs, foot,
eyes and tympanum) ankle, and webbed -
toes
trunk
 EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
 Head:
Snout – anterior prolongation of the triangular head
External nares – paired openings located at the snout
connected to internal nares (breathing)
Mouth – lined with ventral and dorsal fold
Ears – tympanic membrane – covering of the eardrum
Eyes – located posterior to the nostril
 Upper eyelid – borders the dorsal side; immovable
 Lower eyelid – borders the ventral side; immovable; thinner
than upper eyelid
 Third eyelid (nictating membrane) – allows the frog to see
underwater
 Brow spot – circular spot at the anterior level of the eyes
 EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
Trunk
Mid – dorsal line – prominent line that divides the
body symmetrically
Hump – prominent protrusion in the mid part of
the trunk
Cloacal opening – common to both digestive tract
and urogenital system.
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
 EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
Trunk – merges with the body
- bears a forelimbs and hind limbs
Cavities in the body
Cranial cavity – houses the brain
Orbital cavity – encloses the eye
Nasal cavity – pair which open into the mouth
Buccal cavity – encloses tongue and teeth
Spinal cavity – encloses the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity – encloses heart and lungs
Abdominal cavity – encloses visceral organs
 RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE
FROG
Based on this respiratory system of the frog
can be divided into three main types
• Cutaneous respiration
• Buccal respiration
• Pulmonary respiration
 RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE
FROG
 Cutaneous respiration is the gaseous exchange
between the skin of the frog and the external
environment –water and air.
 The skin of the frog is supplied with blood capillaries.

 The skin contains glands called the cutaneous glands,

which secrete mucous.
 This keeps the skin always moist and retains a thin
film of water underneath the surface of the skin.
 RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE
FROG
 This condition enables the exchange of air between
the blood vessels and the outside environment.
 They also resort to cutaneous respiration when they
undergo either hibernation or aestivation.
RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE
FROG