Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A person who works on another persons land only as a labourer without exercising
any supervision or direction in cultivation, for wages in cash, kind or share such as
share of produce”.
BPO:
• Major corporations in the US and Europe are outsourcing their back office
operations to India to save costs.
• Although these jobs usually are not directly IT-related, their data-based
orientation often means that they require IT departmental support to be
successfully outsourced
BENEFITS:
ADVANTAGES:
1. SALARY
2. Qualification
3. Clean work
4. Growth-flexibility to change jobs easily
5. On job training
6. Medical insurance
7. Opportunity to work overseas
8. Call center employees may be able work from home now .
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Odd working hours.
2. Family life.
3. Health issues.
4. Abusive clients.
5. Age factor.
6. Social issues/alcohol consumption.
7. Future trend.
TYPES:
1.HORIZONTAL 2.VERTICAL.
KPO:
• KPO Industry is handling more amount of high skilled work other than the
BPO Industry. While KPO derives its strength from the depth of knowledge,
experience and judgment factor; BPO in contrast is more about size, volume
and efficiency.
FUTURE:
• Evalueserve Study
• Skilled Manpower – Countries like India, China, Taiwan, and Philippines has
abundance of well educated and professionally trained human resources.
Child labour refers to the employment of children (who are 5-14 years age) at
regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by
many international organizations and is illegal in many countries.
• Physical hazard
• Cognitive hazard
• Emotional hazard
• Social hazard
Moral hazard
• Parental illiteracy
• Social apathy
• Ignorance
• Mills
• Chimney sweep
• Coal mines
Child labour today: Child labor is most rampant in Asia with 44.6
million or 13% percent of its children doing commercial work
followed by Africa at 23.6 million or 26.3% which is the highest rate
and Latin America at 5.1 million that is 9.8%
Child labor and hunger is one of the principal social illnesses in my country.
There are many institutes, organizations, public departments and
international organizations like UNICEF whose main objective is to prevent
child labor. They have many steps to prevent it and I have some ideas that
can help.
First, many children left their homes in a way to avoid the abuse that they
are victims of from their parents. To prevent this bad treatment, the
government could help give conferences to the parents about child labor and
the consequences that it brings. In this way, we can help prevent other
children running away from home and living as homeless children.
Another option could be to build homes for those children that are living in
the streets. They will be sent to these homes and they would not have to live
outside. In this way we can help prevent children from any abuse that they
can suffer in the streets. In these homes, children are not supposed to work;
they can study and learn a career, and they will get a better job and a future.
Child labor is a very serious problem. Politicians should make laws to prevent
child labor and find solutions. Children are our future and we have to take
care of them if we want a better future.
CONCLUSION:
CONSTRUCTION LABOUR:
NATURE OF INDUSTRY:
• Construction laborers can be found on almost all construction sites.
• Such as:
Building,
Highway,
• Employees require:
Physical strength,
Training and
Experience
• Work They Do
• They remove trees and debris, tend pumps, compressors and generators, and
build forms for pouring concrete.
• Laborers also tend machines; for example, they may mix concrete using a
portable mixer or tend a machine that pumps concrete, grout, cement, sand,
plaster, or stucco through a spray gun for application to ceilings and walls.
• Jackhammers;
• Earth tampers;
WORK ENVIRONMENT:
• They may lift and carry heavy objects, and stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl in
awkward positions.
SHIFTS:
• They may also experience weather-related work stoppages at any time of the
year.
• In some parts of the country, construction laborers may work only during
certain seasons.
EMPLOYMENT:
EARNINGS:
= $12.93
• Houses,
• Apartments,
• Factories,
• Offices,
• Schools,
• Roads, and
ACTIVITIES:
• New structures,
• Site preparation,
• Maintenance,
• Repair, and
INDUSTRY ORGANIZATION:
construction of building
➢ contractors
WORKING CONDITIONS:
CONTRACT LABOUR:
➢ The act came into force from 10 February 1971. it extends to the
whole of India.
(b) The work is incidental to and necessary for the work of the
factory;
2) Registration of Establishment:
a) Incidental
b) Perennial nature.
6) Penalties:
DISEASES:
1. Physiological fatigue
2. Mental fatigue
1. Mental Environment:
A bad working atmosphere with hot conditions will feel discomfort and
fatigue. His efficiency will decrease and he will not be able to take interest in
the work
2.Illumination:
3.Hours of work:
Generally, the working hours should be distributed uniformly over the
week. A worker should get atleast one weekly holiday so that he can
enjoy on that day, and feelings of fatigue and boredom from his mind
are removed, and thus he may return on duty as fresh in next week.
When there is too much noise and vibrations it will produce mental
fatigue and reduce the efficiency of the worker. However, noise cannot
be stopped totally for a running machinery but can be reduced by
enclosing the source of noise, use of baffles and sound proof materials
etc.
1. Fencing of Machinery
2. Work on or near machinery in motion
3. Devices for cutting off power from running machines in emergency shall be
provided.
4. Casing of machinery
5. Hoists and lifts
6. Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting tackles
7. Revolving machinery
8. Excessive weights
9. Protection of eyes
10.Precautions against dangerous fumes
11.Precautions against Fire
Welfare Provisions
1. Washing Facilities
2. Sitting Facilities
3. First-Aid Appliances
4. Canteens
6. Creches
7.Welfare Facilities.
Industrial health:
The modern concept of industrial hygiene differs from the traditional concept.
The latter is concerned with the “the mere absence of an ascertainable
disease or infirmity,” while the modern concept refers to “the health which is
the outcome of the interaction between the individual and his environment.
He is healthy who is well adjusted”.
The objective of I.H is the prevention of disease and injury rather
that the cure disease. It involves a programme of health conservation and
prevention of occupational diseases.
“On the one hand, efficiency in work is possible only when an employee is
healthy; on the other hand the industry exposes him to certain hazards which
he would not meet elsewhere and which may effect his health.
Biological hazards:
Occupational Diseases.,
For E.g; Cable makers, lead pipers makers, painters, plumbers etc.
• Lead poisoning,
• Phosphorous poisoning,
• Manganese poisoning,
• Mercury poisoning,
• Arsenic poisoning,
• Benzene poisoning,
Chrome ulceration,
• Antrax.
• Silicos.
• Asbestosis.
• Toxic Anemia.
✔ Telegraphist’s cramp
✔ Begassoise.
Scope:
India
“Child” means a person who has not completed fourteen years of age.
Without any prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions, the rules
for health safety may provide for all or any of the following matters namely.
Lighting
Drinking water
Artificial humidification
Urinal
Spittoons
Fencing of machines
The central Government by notification in the official gazette may constitute a child
labour technical advisory committee to advice Government for the purpose of
occupation and processes to be included in the schedule. The committee shall
consist of a chairman and such other members not exceeding ten. It can meet as
often as it likes to carry on its business. The committee is empowered to constitute
one or more sub-committees for general or any specific function.
The appropriate Government by notification in the official gazette can make rules
for the proper enforcement of the Act. Such rules may provide for all or any of the
following matters;
a) The term of office and the manner of filling casual vacancies of and the
allowances payable to the chairman and members of the child labour
technical advisory committee.
Social security:
• The underlying philosophy of social security is that the state shall make itself
responsible for ensuring a minimum standard of material welfare to all its
citizens on a basis wide enough to cover all the main contingencies
1. Compensation
2. Restoration
3. Prevention
SCOPE:
Justice.
• Medical care
• Sickness benefit
• Unemployment benefit
• Family benefit
• Maternity benefit
• Invalidity benefit
• Survivor’s benefit
➢ The worker does not have resources required to face the risks caused by
sickness, accidents, unemployment and old age. During that time social
security helps to over the period of adversity.
➢ The need for social security is realised not only toafford the needy workers
protection against the adversities of life, but also for the overall development
of the state.
1.social assistance
2.social insurance
Social assistance:
Example:
Social insurance:
Example:
Group insurance
provident fund
➢ The making of climate for industrial security in India started from the 10th
session of the international labour conference held in 1927 in which two
conventions and recommendations were adopted for social security in the
country.
➢ India, as a ‘welfare state’ is expected to take care of the citizens from the
‘cradle to the grave’.
➢ In this realization , the constitution of India lays down that the state shall,
within the limits of its resources and development, make effective provisions
for securing public assistance in event of unemployment, old age, sickness
and disablement.
➢ Among the schemes, old age assistance scheme are the most important.
The government of India has made the various enactments from time to time. The
important among them are
This act is the first planned step in the field of social security in India
The main objective of this act is to provide social insurance for workers.
Coverage: The act covers all workers whos e income do not exceed Rs 6500 /
month.
The main objective of this act is to afford the retired workers financial security by
the way of provident funds, family pension, deposit linked insurance coverage.
Coverage: The act covers workers employed in a factory in any industry.
Coverage: The act is applicable to all establishments not covered under the
employees state insurance act, 1948.
Benefits: From 1st February, 1996 a women worker is entitled to grant of leave with
wages for a maximum period of one month cases of illness arising out of
tubectomy.
Benefits: under act, on completion of five years of service the employees are
entitled to gratuity payable at the rate of 15 days wages for each completed year of
service.
DISABILITY:
Disability and poverty are intricately linked. Disability causes poverty and
poverty exacerbates disability – people with disabilities are among the
poorest and most vulnerable.
Global estimates indicate that at least ten percent of the world’s population
lives with some form of disability.
Asia Region, a vast number of people are disabled and lack basic support
such as access to social safety nets, education, health services, and gainful
employment.
IN INDIA:
DISABILITY POLICY:
EDUCATION:
Provide free education for every child with disability below age 18
Promote integrated education and special schools for children with special
needs
HEALTH:
EMPLOYMENT:
HELP AVAILABLE:
Physically disabled can get income–tax benefits, passes for travelling in trains
and state transport buses
➢ Programmers
➢ Systems analysts
➢ Technical writers
➢ Academic professionals
➢ Researchers
➢ Lawyers
➢ Teachers
➢ Scientists
➢ Students.
Who is a knowledge worker:
Knowledge workers are
Highly motivated
Self- thinking
Self-acting individuals who do not work merely for the sake of money
Work as an energizer as far as they are concerned and they strive for
excellence in both professional and personal life.
They tend to be loyal not to their organizations, but to their professions; they
seek out and thrive on excitement and challenges.
Knowledge workers form the core of a learning culture as they have the
ability to acquire, apply, create and share knowledge.
Management Of Knowledge Workers:
Knowledge workers are believed to produce more when empowered to make
the most of their deepest skills.
They can often work on many projects at the same time. They know how to
allocate their time.
They can multiply the results of their efforts through soft factors such as
emotional intelligence and trust (Francis Fukuyama, Manuel Castells).
The Knowledge Age
It is described by Charles Savage in "Fifth Generation Management."
The first wave was the Agricultural Age with wealth defined as ownership
of land.
The second wave, the Industrial Age, wealth was based on ownership of
Capital, i.e. factories.
The third wave ,Knowledge Age wealth is based upon the ownership of
knowledge and the ability to use that knowledge to create or improve goods
and services.
Hierarchy Of Knowledge Work:
Knowledge work (e.g., writing, analyzing, advising)
Knowledge functions (e.g., capturing, organizing, and providing access to
knowledge)
Knowledge processes (preserving, sharing and integration)
Knowledge management programs link the generation of knowledge
Knowledge services
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT:
THE EXCHANGE:
Withdrawal of effort
Employees
Focusing on the quality and fairness of work relationships likely to play a key
role in enhancing positive psychological well-being
WORK ADJUSTMENT:
WORK MALADJUSTMENT:
If you want to develop yourself truly, you should be able to adjust and
also maladjust, to different kinds and levels of reality.
TRUST IS…
Take risks
CONFLICT:
COMMITMENT:
ACCOUNTABILITY:
Peer Pressure is the most effective and efficient means of keeping high
standards.
Ways to assist: publish goals and standards for all to see; frequent progress
reports; team rewards
RESULTS:
This is the ultimate dysfunction: ego and individual growth and status
The established goals and standards must be the focus. It is not the
individual, department, group BUT the team that succeeds.
WORK NATURE
Is more productive
Is happier at work
Drinking
Taking drugs
Eating
Problem- focused
Job redesign
Job rotation
Reduction of uncertainty
Job security
Telecommuting
Emotion-focused
Organizational support
Skill variety
Promote teamwork and skill sharing across work units and locations
Empower individuals and teams to make decisions that affect quality and
Task identity
customer satisfaction
Task significance
Effective processes for hiring and career progression
Feedback
from job
STAGES OF EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT
HONEYMOON STAGE
CRISIS STAGE
SIGNS OF STRESS:
• Chest pain, irregular heartbeat. • Nervous habits (e.g. nail biting, pacing).