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The universe can be a very strange place. While groundbreaking ideas such as
quantum theory, relativity and even the Earth going around the Sun might be
commonly accepted now, science still continues to show that the universe contains Subscribe
things you might find it difficult to believe, and even more difficult to get your head
around. 7003 Facebook »
4502 Twitter »
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every particle has a minimum energy, called “zero-point energy,” which you
cannot get below. Remarkably, this minimum energy doesn’t just apply to particles,
but to any vacuum, whose energy is called “vacuum energy.” To show that this
energy exists involves a rather simple experiment– take two metal plates in a 73 stluaF
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vacuum, put them close together, and they will be attracted to each other. This is thguoT
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caused by the energy between the plates only being able to resonate at certain
frequencies, while outside the plates the vacuum energy can resonate at pretty
much any frequency. Because the energy outside the plates is greater than the
Categories
energy between the plates, the plates are pushed towards each other. As the plates
get closer together, the force increases, and at around a 10 nm separation this effect
Art & Literature (94)
(called the Casimir effect) creates one atmosphere of pressure between them.
Because the plates reduce the vacuum energy between them to below the normal
Bizarre (141)
zero-point energy, the space is said to have negative energy, which has some
unusual properties.
Crime & Mystery (60)
One of the properties of a negative-energy vacuum is that light actually travels Entertainment (145)
faster in it than it does in a normal vacuum, something that may one day allow
people to travel faster than the speed of light in a kind of negative-energy vacuum Fact & Fiction (91)
bubble. Negative energy could also be used to hold open a transversible wormhole,
which although theoretically possible, would collapse as soon as it was created Food & Health (51)
without a means to keep it open. Negative energy also causes black holes to
evaporate. Vacuum energy is often modeled as virtual particles popping into History (129)
existence and annihilating. This doesn’t violate any energy conservation laws as
long as the particles are annihilated shortly afterwards. However, if two particles Leisure & Travel (89)
are produced at the event horizon of a black hole, one can be moving away from
the black hole, while the other is falling into it. This means they won’t be able to Miscellaneous (163)
annihilate, so the particles both end up with negative energy. When the negative
energy particle falls into the black hole, it lowers the mass of the black hole instead Movies (178)
of adding to it, and over time particles like these will cause the black hole to
evaporate completely. Because this theory was first suggested by Stephen Hawking, Music (102)
the particles given off by this effect (the ones that don’t fall into the black hole) are
called Hawking radiation. It was the first accepted theory to unite quantum theory People & Politics
with general relativity, making it Hawking’s greatest scientific achievement to date. (139)
Religion (51)
www.lumosity.com
One prediction of Einstein’s theory of general relativity is that when a large object
moves, it drags the space-time around it, causing nearby objects to be pulled along
as well. It can occur when a large object is moving in a straight line or is rotating,
and, although the effect is very small, it has been experimentally verified. The
Gravity Probe B experiment, launched in 2004, was designed to measure the
space-time distortion near Earth. Although sources of interference were larger than
expected, the frame-dragging effect has been measured to an uncertainty of 15%,
with further analysis hoping to reduce this further.
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The expected effects were very close to predictions: due to the rotation of the Earth,
the probe was pulled from its orbit by around 2 meters per year, an effect purely
caused by the mass of the Earth distorting the space-time surrounding it. The probe
itself would not feel this extra acceleration because it is not caused by an
acceleration on the probe, but rather on the space-time the probe is traveling
through–analogous to a rug being pulled under a table, rather than moving the
table itself.
8 Relativity of Simultaneity
The relativity of simultaneity is the idea that whether two events occur
simultaneously or not is relative and depends on the observer. It is a strange
consequence of the special theory of relativity, and applies to any events that
happen that are separated by some distance. For example, if a firework is let off on
Mars and another on Venus, one observer traveling through space one way might
say they happen at the same time (compensating for the time light takes to reach
them), while another observer traveling another way might say the one on Mars
went off first, and yet another might say the one on Venus went off first. It is
caused by the way different viewpoints become distorted compared to each other in
special relativity. And because they are all relative, no observer can be said to have
the correct viewpoint.
This can lead to very unusual scenarios, such as an observer witnessing effect
before cause (for example, seeing a bomb go off, then later seeing someone light
the fuse). However, once the observer sees the effect, they cannot interact with the
cause without traveling faster than the speed of light, which was one of the first
reasons faster-than-light travel was believed to be forbidden, because it is akin to
time travel, and a universe where you can interact with the cause after the effect
makes no sense.
7 Black Strings
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One of the longest outstanding mysteries in physics is how gravity is related to the
other fundamental forces, such as electromagnetism. One theory, first proposed in
1919, showed that if an extra dimension is added to the universe, gravity still exists
in the first four dimensions (three space dimensions and time), but the way this
four dimensional space curves over the extra fifth dimension, naturally produces
the other fundamental forces. However, we cannot see or detect this fifth
dimension, so it was proposed that the extra dimension was curled up, and hence
became invisible to us. This theory was what ultimately led to string theory, and is
still included at the heart of most string theory analysis.
Since this extra dimension is so small, only tiny objects, such as particles, can move
along it. In these cases, they ultimately just end up where they started, since the
extra dimension is curled up on itself. However, one object that becomes much
more complex in five dimensions is a black hole. When extended to five
dimensions, it becomes a “black string,” and unlike a normal 4D black hole, it is
unstable (this ignores the fact that 4D black holes eventually evaporate). This black
string will destabilize into a whole string of black holes, connected by further black
strings, until the black strings are pinched off entirely and leave the set of black
holes. These multiple 4D black holes then combine into one larger black hole. The
most interesting thing about this is that, using current models, the final black hole
is a “naked” singularity. That is, it has no event horizon surrounding it. This
violates the Cosmic Censorship Hypothesis, which says that all singularities must
be surrounded by an event horizon, in order to avoid the time-travel effects that are
believed to happen near a singularity from changing the history of the entire
universe, as they can never escape from behind an event horizon.
6 Geon
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As is best shown in the equation E=MC2 , energy and matter are fundamentally
connected. One effect of this is that energy, as well as mass, creates a gravitational
field. A geon, first investigated by John Wheeler, in 1955, is an electromagnetic or
gravitational wave whose energy creates a gravitational field, which in turn holds
the wave itself together in a confined space. Wheeler speculated that there may be a
link between microscopic geons and elementary particles, and that they might even
be the same thing. A more extreme example is a “kugelblitz” (German for “ball
lightning”), which is where such intense light is concentrated at a particular point
that the gravity caused by the light energy becomes strong enough to collapse into
a black hole, trapping the light inside. Although nothing is thought to prevent the
formation of a kugelblitz, geons are now only believed to be able to form
temporarily, as they will inevitably leak energy and collapse. This unfortunately
indicates that Wheeler’s initial conjecture was incorrect, but this has not been
definitively proven.
The type of black hole most people are familiar with, which has an event horizon
on the outside acting as the “point of no return” and a point singularity of infinite
density on the inside, actually has a more specific name: a Schwarzschild black
hole. It is named after Karl Schwarzschild, who found the mathematical solution of
Einstein’s field equations for a spherical, non-rotating mass in 1915, only a month
after Einstein actually published his general theory of relativity. However, it wasn’t
until 1963 that mathematician Roy Kerr found the solution for a rotating spherical
mass. Hence, a rotating black hole is called a Kerr black hole, and it has some
unusual properties.
At the centre of a Kerr black hole, there is no point singularity, but rather a ring
singularity—a spinning one-dimensional ring held open by its own momentum.
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There are also two event horizons, an inner and outer one, and an ellipsoid called
the ergosphere, inside which space-time itself rotates with the black hole (because
of frame dragging) faster than the speed of light. When entering the black hole, by
passing through the outer event horizon, space-like paths become time-like,
meaning that it is impossible to avoid the singularity at the centre, just like in a
Schwarzschild black hole. However, when you pass through the inner event
horizon, your path becomes space-like again. The difference is this: space-time
itself is reversed. This means gravity near the ring singularity becomes repulsive,
actually pushing you away from the centre. In fact, unless you enter the black hole
exactly on the equator, it is impossible to hit the ring singularity itself. Additionally,
ring singularities can be linked through space-time, so they can act as wormholes,
although exiting the black hole on the other side would be impossible (unless it was
a naked singularity, possibly created when the ring singularity spins fast enough).
Traveling through a ring singularity might take you to another point in space-time,
such as another universe, where you could see light falling in from outside the
black hole, but not leave the black hole itself. It might even take you to a “white
hole” in a negative universe, the exact meaning of which is unknown.
4 Quantum Tunneling
However, when the particle is faced with a small-enough barrier (around 1-3 nm
wide), one which conventional calculations would indicate is impenetrable by the
particle, the probability that the particle will simply pass through that barrier
becomes fairly noticeable. This can be explained by the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle, which limits how much information can be known about a particle. A
particle can “borrow” energy from the system it is acting in, use it to pass through
the barrier, and then lose it again.
3 Cosmic Strings
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Shorty after the Big Bang, the universe was in a highly disordered and chaotic
state. This means that small changes and defects didn’t change the overall structure
of the universe. However, as the universe expanded, cooled, and went from a
disorderly state to an orderly one, it reached a point where very small fluctuations
created very large changes.
This is similar to arranging tiles evenly on a floor. When one tile is placed unevenly,
this means that the subsequent tiles placed will follow its pattern. Therefore, you
have a whole line of tiles out of place. This is similar to the objects called cosmic
strings, which are extremely thin and extremely long defects in the shape of space-
time. These cosmic strings are predicted by most models of the universe, such as
the string theory wherein two kinds of “strings” are unrelated. If they exist, each
string would be as thin as a proton, but incredibly dense. Thus, a cosmic string a
mile long can weigh as much as the Earth. However, it would not actually have
any gravity and the only effect it will have on matter surrounding it would be the
way it changes the form and shape of space-time. Therefore, a cosmic string is, in
essence, just a “wrinkle” in the shape of space-time.
Cosmic strings are thought to be incredibly long, up to the order of the sizes of
thousands of galaxies. In fact, recent observations and simulations have suggested
that a network of cosmic strings stretches across the entire universe. This was once
thought to be what caused galaxies to form in supercluster complexes, although
this idea has since been abandoned. Supercluster complexes consist of connected
“filaments” of galaxies up to a billion light-years in length. Because of the unique
effects of cosmic strings on space-time as you bring two strings close together, it
has been shown that they could possibly be used for time travel, like with most of
the things on this list. Cosmic strings would also create incredible gravitational
waves, stronger than any other known source. These waves are what those current
and planned gravitational wave detectors are designed to look for.
2 Antimatter Retrocausality
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Antimatter is the opposite of matter. It has the same mass but with an opposing
electrical charge. One theory about why antimatter exists was developed by John
Wheeler and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman based on the idea that physical
systems should be time-reversible. For example, the orbits of our solar system, if
played backwards, should still obey all the same rules as when they are played
forwards. This led to the idea that antimatter is just ordinary matter going
backwards in time, which would explain why antiparticles have an opposite charge,
since if an electron is repelled while going forwards in time, then backwards in time
this becomes attraction. This also explains why matter and antimatter annihilate.
This isn’t a circumstance of two particles crashing into and destroying each other; it
is the same particle suddenly stopping and going back in time. In a vacuum, where
a pair of virtual particles are produced and then annihilated, this is actually just one
particle going in an endless loop, forwards in time, then backwards, then forwards,
and so on.
While the accuracy of this theory is still up for debate, treating antimatter as matter
going backwards in time mathematically comes up with identical solutions to
other, more conventional theories. When it was first theorized, John Wheeler said
that perhaps it answered the question of why all electrons in the universe have
identical properties, a question so obvious that it is generally ignored. He suggested
that it was just one electron, constantly darting all over the universe, from the Big
Bang to the end of time and back again, continuing an uncountable number of
times. Even though this idea involves backwards time travel, it can’t be used to
send any information back in time, since the mathematics of the model simply
doesn’t allow it. You cannot move a piece of antimatter to affect the past, since in
moving it you only affect the past of the antimatter itself, that is, your future.
It is not strictly science, but rather a very interesting set of mathematical theorems
about logic and the philosophy that is definitely relevant to science as a whole.
Proven in 1931 by Kurt Gödel, these theories say that with any given set of logical
rules, except for the most simple, there will always be statements that are
undecidable, meaning that they cannot be proven or disproven due to the inevitable
self-referential nature of any logical systems that is even remotely complicated.
This is thought to indicate that there is no grand mathematical system capable of
proving or disproving all statements. An undecidable statement can be thought of
as a mathematical form of a statement like “I always lie.” Because the statement
makes reference to the language being used to describe it, it cannot be known
whether the statement is true or not. However, an undecidable statement does not
need to be explicitly self-referential to be undecidable. The main conclusion of
Gödel’s incompleteness theorems is that all logical systems will have statements
that cannot be proven or disproven; therefore, all logical systems must be
“incomplete.”
The philosophical implications of these theorems are widespread. The set suggests
that in physics, a “theory of everything” may be impossible, as no set of rules can
explain every possible event or outcome. It also indicates that logically, “proof” is a
weaker concept than “true”; such a concept is unsettling for scientists because it
means there will always be things that, despite being true, cannot be proven to be
true. Since this set of theorems also applies to computers, it also means that our
own minds are incomplete and that there are some ideas we can never know,
including whether our own minds are consistent (i.e. our reasoning contains no
incorrect contradictions). This is because the second of Gödel’s incompleteness
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theorems states that no consistent system can prove its own consistency, meaning
that no sane mind can prove its own sanity. Also, since that same law states that
any system able to prove its consistency to itself must be inconsistent, any mind
that believes it can prove its own sanity is, therefore, insane.
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After I read the first two items my brain went on strike citing difficult
working conditions. We did some negotiating and it has agreed to start
working again on the condition that I read only one item per hour with
the time in-between dedicated to less strenuous topics.
1 reply Reply Report
I've read about most of these, but unfortunately not being able actually
understand the math involved really inhibits a full, true understanding of
them. This list was a great introduction to these ideas without getting too
bogged down with specifics. The only problem I had was the extension of
Godel's Theories to the sanity of the human mind. Misappropriation, if I
ever saw it.
Interestinggg. Just went through the list for now.. Some of these i'll
definitely look into later!
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This list was wonderful! A pleasant and concise rundown of some of the
most baffling things physicists have to tackle with their grey matter
today.
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I remember reading in a pop-science quantum physics book about how
easily negative energy effects turn up in experimental observations, and
even how the negative energy can even be manipulated in various ways -
the professor (he was a guest writer for one small section of the book)
even talked about a simple theoretical method of creating a 'beam' of
negative energy, which worried him because although he could find no
fundamental logical contradiction that would stop the effect from being
created in the real world, the beam would slowly evaporate matter in its
path into nothingness, which is obviously a heinous breach of mass-
energy conservation.
4 replies Reply Report
Great list :D
#1 seems like an excuse to not do a proper job if I ever saw one :P
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whoosh
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'For example, if a firework is let off on Mars and another on Venus, one
observer traveling through space one way might say they happen at the
same time.' - Well, if it'd have been me, I would have just enjoyed the
fireworks and not worry about the silly question of which happened first.
I would rather they don't happen samultaneously. That way I could enjoy
both. :D
Also, 'The type of black hole most people are familiar with' sounds
something like the black hole around the corner of the street that we pass
everyday on our way to work.
'It might even take you to a “white hole” in a negative universe, the exact
meaning of which is unknown.' Sounds kind of religious, doesn't it? Hell-
heaven and all.
I guess I got a little carried away. Nice list. Didn't get much of what was
written but I commend the effort that must have been put behind it. And
yes, Gödel’s incompleteness theorems reminds me of Catch-22. I wonder
if Joseph Heller knew about it.
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+23
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plum13sec 3 weeks ago · +23
I've gone to space a few times. Fairly cheap too. ab0ut $20 an eighth.
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If I had my time over again, which may one day be feasible, I would
teleport myself back to my high school physics class and actually pay
attention.
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I'm sure this is a brilliant list, and I did try to read it but unfortunately
I'm just not clever enough and felt like I was reading a text book.
I believe the strangest thing about the universe is that it exists at all...
I am always fascinated with the amazing minds that these people must
have to develop theories like those in the list.
3 replies Reply Report
I can honestly tell that I understand nothing in this list. But thank you
anyway for the effort.
2 replies Reply Report
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whereisbrock 3 weeks ago · +2
really interesting , just hard to process , no.2 really blew my mind . A lot
of this list was also on that show stephen hawkings universe . If fact if you
read this in a robot voice i wouldn't tell the difference . Well done!! After i
play the BONGo later ill re-read .
2 replies Reply Report
5) Kerr holes correspond the vortex rings in AWT. White holes are
actually quasars, which are emanating too much radiation.
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vacuum, forming the portion of vacuum foam with negative curvature,
which condensed during Universe formation. They should exhibit a weak
antigravity effects, which are the most pronounced at the case of
lightweight particles, like anti-neutrinos. The anihillation of particles
correspond the collision of pair of chiral vortex rings in vacuum fluid
from perspective of AWT
1) helps them to continue in their useless research and take the money
for it from the rest of society like alchemists of medieval era
Wowee, some of this went straight over my head, and even more
frighteningly, some made sense.
Great head hurting list!
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Cool List!
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Question for the physicists - I thought they were chucking string theory
in favor of some oscillating donut affair? and is that related to the Kerr
black hole?
5 replies Reply Report
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DylnFreGris 3 weeks ago · +3
Woot! I actually knew one of these! I didn't think I would know any of the
list items based on the first few entries.
When I started reading I thought this was going to go way over my head
but I kept up with it fairly well. Now to let it sink in. :)
Interesting list.
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This is the best list I have seen in a long time, and I must say, there have
been some good ones lately. But this is right up my alley. #3 seems to me
the most interesting. I have read about it a number of times and still can't
get enough! Excellent list!
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its a little disapointing have the knowledge we never know the Cosmos
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One of the best articles I've read in a long time! Very good job Jeff
Johnson!
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i expected something interesting but those graphs are kind of boring but
it is strange i guess
1 reply Reply Report
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noahratcl 35p 3 weeks ago · +2
I have a headache from reading this list but I'm not sure if I do
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I understood 9, 2, and 1 pretty well, but the rest of it..... SO far over my
head. Glad I never had to take physics in high school. It's like geometry,
only science-y.*shudders* I don't think I could've gotten drunk before
class every day, and still have passed, the way I did with chemistry. 8D
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Not sure if this problem has already been addressed, but whenever I
attempt to access the November 2010 lists through the archives link, I
receive the following message:
"Something is missing...
We don't seem to be able to find what you are looking for. Here are some
important site links which might be what you are looking for.
Alternatively, you can search with Google below or visit some of our
most popular lists"
I'm using Firefox so I don't know if that could be part of the problem. I
can still access the November info through the Categories - Latest Lists
link and I don't see it for any of the later lists. Just wanted to let you know
the problem was out there in case no one else has run into it. Thanks.
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Holy crap.
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I want, so bad, to understand what I just read. I'll have to re-read it after
a bit because it really is an interesting list. I'd say it's well written too but
I'm pretty ignorant on the subject so this could all be BS and I'd never
know.
3 replies Reply Report
you missed Paul Dirac for #2, pretty much predicted anti-matter 30
years before they found it.
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blaine 3 weeks ago · 0
In the string theory he says the strings don't have gravity and later he
says they have hue gravitational fields....which is it
1 reply Reply Report
I (think) I understood most of it, I can tell you know a lot about this
subject and it was well researched.
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I really enjoyed this list. I found the frame dragging and relativity of
simultaneity especially interesting. Kudos!
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Say you are on planet Venus & the bomb is on planet Mars But you are
closer to Mars then Venus. According to their theory I should see the
bomb explode first then see you pressing the button to explode it? But
what about the time it takes for the signal to reach the bomb. Shouldn't
that make it so that no matter where you are observing from you always
see the you pressing the button first, then seeing the bomb explode?
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Great list. I LOVE learning about Black Holes so reading number 5 was
really interesting.
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Yes, simultaneity is relative. No, you can not observe a bomb exploding
before the fuse was lit. The fastest something can be graphed on a
Minkowski diagram is at a 45 degree angle, which would be the speed of
light. So, the fuse could only communicate to the bomb as fast as light
and no faster. 45 degrees is too much slope for something to happen after
its cause, no matter how Lorentz transformed it is. So, no matter how fast
the "fuse" burns, and no matter how long the fuse is, it will never burn its
way to the bomb faster than light, and it will never appear to happen after
the bomb explodes, no matter how fast the observer is moving. Ever.
If you moved at the speed of light, the most transformed the event could
become is either: the fuse is lit and the bomb explodes at the exact same
time because time collapsed in one direction (and also, every event in
the universe, from beginning to 'end', collapses into that single moment,
no big deal), or the fuse is frozen in time and the bomb never explodes
because time is collapsed in the other direction. You will never see the
cause after the effect.
Now, if something happened simultaneously (and wasn't relying on one
thing communicating to another thing), and you were travelling through
space while observing it, thus transforming spacetime around you, you
could observe it happening not simultaneously, and what's more, you
wouldn't just be observing it that way, it will actually be that way, but just
for you.
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Great List,
Math and science are weird. Does this mean that we can travel through
time?
3 replies Reply Report
Interesting list science has come a long way in the last 2 or 3 decades, as
a layman on the subject I cant even scratch the surface trying to
understand these graphs - pressures etc.
The list was well researched and written, everyone to his own I suppose.
Thanks Jeff.
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@scottsh115 3 weeks ago · +1
Thanks for your great blog post. As you can see, I am a fan:
http://labs.blogs.com/its_alive_in_the_lab/2010/1...
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I was pleased to see Gödel at #1. Just a few hours ago I finished reading
Gödel's Proof, edited by Hofstadter.
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What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate
supported on the back of a giant tortoise.
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Interesting stuff. I'll have to read over some of these agin to fully grasp
the concepts, but number 2 seems a little ridiculous.
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There are videos for all this weird anomalies that make it a lot easier to
understand.
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Post more list like this one... We needs knowledge!!! KNowledge about the
Universe! Do my research for meh!!!! Go now J Frater!
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Yes, well, science wasn't my forte!!! Good, so I don't have to live with
these 10 question marks!!! lol
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this is pretty much carl sagan's "cosmos: a personal voyage" in a nut
shell...Should have included something about fractals IMO..theyre
everywhere...in a sense everything is infinitely rough NO?! YES!
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awesum list, my heads hurting all rite... its amazing how scientists can
give so much explanation from almost nothing, eg. black holes - the
closest thing to proof is two photos - of a distant star cluster taken before
and after, where the second shows a few misaligned pixels indicating
where stars have dissapeared... and from that we now have full blueprints
for a black hole, with ergospheres, time dialations, event horizons, etc...
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Most interesting list I've read in quite a while. Some of these theories I've
heard mentioned, while others I am completely new to. It was very fun
being able to read a little more about these concepts and some of the
implications on the universe. Look forward to more like this! I'll will have
to bring this into science class to debate/discuss.
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GREAT list, cheers for the swathe of new information I just absorbed :)
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PETER..."the term "moving" doesn't really make sense with regards to the
entire universe. I assume you mean moving as in like how we move
through space relative to something else? the trouble is that the universe
is not "inside" any 3-dimensional space and does not take the shape of a
3d object we can relate to physically, but it is in itself the entirety of
space that we move around in"
Despite the name, the grandfather paradox does not exclusively regard
the impossibility of one’s own birth. Rather, it regards any action that
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makes impossible the ability to travel back in time in the first place.
2 replies Reply Report
These latest lists have been great and this one has been the greatest ever!
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I've studied science and I don't mind admitting that I have always had a
problem getting my head around the physical realm. In particular, I
didn't get the 'Black Strings' theory and 'adding a 5th dimension', What??
So, just how does one add a dimension? I mean where is the 4th
dimension? I only know of x,y,z!
Also, the idea of things being strings as small as protons but incredibly
dense? Or 'Anti-matter'? I like to think about why things are and what
creates them and many other ponderous questions, and I'm not too
abashed to say I'm 'smarter than the average bear', but what the £$%*
leads someone to think about matter opposing matter...err, sorry, anti-
matter??? Oh dear, I think I need to go and lay down.........
Benny, actually 'lost' was a casimir and maxwell fan. Awesome list by the
way. Managed to describe in simple terms some very complex material :)
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Well this list went straight over my head, I would have enjoyed it if I
understood anything that was written. Next time maybe it could be
simplified so the average human can join in. Well done anyway and
thanks for the headache, now back to Star Trek for me.
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