1

Human resources
Development

12 34 5 6 7. -./

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?- @ A B.; < = > 9:

.G A F6 C< / 2 C? D @ - E
GA JG F6 F A 2 F A C3 H6 B . I6
. C?K J2

2
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P J O3 @. NO J
K R @ QR S 2 9T 2U @. V W A P O3 @ X
. ? K 2 Q . RZ [ \2 Y

.3 D [ \2 NO3 _- A R] ^ ]Z Q 3/2

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5

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What is Ceramic Tiles ?

cU bT 3

Jeddah, September 2005

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Wl R B . m S U
:F >R B . V GS 3 JQ < p J/ nTo @ X

:Majolica Tiles U -1
]R Q| / y z HRx 9 3 I B { 2 Q . = x -I H 1O U w A2
.(single fire or double fire - 9 Ro 2/ -K 2 9 ] GD U \T 2 ) Y2 E 2/

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 8

: Grees ceramic U m { ^ ‚ /-2

I B { 2/ 9 3- 2 Q 2/ X]|R = x ‡ ? -… †-A U „ { bT w A 2
. ]R | y z HRx 2( 2/ ) ˆE 9 3- @

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 9

: Gress Porcelain 9T „ Š-3

.Wl R B . „ S HRx 2 -Y X]|R = x -I H 32

:H Rx ?R
:Q < GK @ 9 S
. X> -1
.V{X 2/ „ S -2
. R • 2/ „ S 9 3- Œ \ @. { -3
.Ž -4
.W Rx -5

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 10

C A F6 -Y 2-> Q . RZ2 K 7-| Š †2• p R 6 7 . GS U p J• F3 NO3

.C A †2 @ - -. F6 R 21 GS C? . RZ C ‘ • 2 FJ • p R 2
: 9T m { 2U m { G x] ’ CS 2

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 11

: Grees ceramic U m Š
: ceramic tiles U Kw A
. Wl R B . m S 2 ”]|R 2/ Q =x -… ^ “ Q\T ?Jz w A

Q ?R -Y 2 QR A ^ ]Z ? (Read Body – cottoforte) K Q A \ Q @. . F3

.(White Body - SR ) X

B Š• F32 Q . K^Y GI2Q ? ? . ?š 9 • 2 .J ? K 9‡ GX6• F32

.R o

. T › X /2 ^ ‚ • 2/ 9 - 7 -| ‡ œ > W | \T ›

. 9 • B . š6 > U “2 Q . Š K^Y - _ 61 :

Co \T 5 1 ‘ K (Single or Dobell fire ) ˆ2 E 2/ ] 1 :@ I _ 6

. ž QY 8002 700 @ K^Y - 1 A 2 9 3- Q . H‚

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: Gress Porcelain 9T m Š
: (Porcelain stone ware tile) E J‡ 2/ 1 C ‡ 9 ‚ • 9T
HRx 2 -Y X]|R = x -I H 1O U B . . Œ 1O C ‡ 32
HRx 2 Q { 92 9 K• ”A F6 2/ ˆE 9 3- @ I B { 9: @S 2 Wl R B . „ S
.N ]R | Π\ @.
2/ F . ¡x| 32 ˆE 9 3- @ Q { 92 HRx 9T m { ›O - @2
.-A F6 ¡I

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:Q < V<TD H / @ 9T m { œ›

. ( X Q ) R › -1

.( @ ) F S -2

.(G )E S -3

.Feldspar (Q { Z ) 6 -4

@ F . N2 I 2 J ¤ £1300 B : Gx Q . K^Y - 1 2 B .• V{X H ‘ K

. A
. G›¦ 72 I 2 %5 _-A ‡ =x 2

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: 9T m { p J/
(1 † 6 ) “full body" G S bT -1
G] • B : B .• @ J A › ’2 „]J @ Q › bT 1:
. (salt and pepper) -J/ G] 6 5 p R O3 F6 GD-

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: Painted Tiles !" -2

. 9 3- p J œ > W | Q. 2/ Q6 Y : 9 3 I 9 3- Q> 9 3- bT
¤ G] • B : B .• @ G S . J Q K2 „J ?6 (1 † ] )9T R
. @3- Q …2 R o B Š• I F32 %20 › @ C. R 5 H ?6 9 3- bT /
. 7 . GS @ D % 80-70 \T G] z6

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.1 † ] @ R o G… 7 D @ QR S J 1 † ] @ R o G… 9 3- 5 6
. G I 9T :F GI‡U 6 O? J2
.p J• @ Kz 9T @ T > G… U :¤ 3T 72 I 9T 6

. •› 3T Q> 2 I J 1/ A › > ^ “ @› • F6 G A 9T UO

p] F 2 -? - E m I 4 9‡ R F -A Q6 \ - -> = xI 9T
.Q]›

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2/ QY 45 Q 2E ¤ ( - ] S ) " rectified " R Y 2 4zero joint. B Œ … ¡I 9 S 2

. 9 2-

. Y RS ?… ] 2 2- œ > J ›“ › 3 -. W | 9 3- 9T R ^l -. /

FA GS 2 [2 A . QA \ 2^E6@ 9 S ‘K ˆ 1 † ] 9T 9
. > 27D

.9 3- 2 „ / 2/ Œ A /2 •› ^ l S N › Q -| œ > W | 9T

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: (Fab ) 9T Y YE I
B /p 9 3- 9 HJ x @ •S 6 Š F32 9T > 29A 6 ‚: ?6-3
. S - 2/ > 3 I NO3 @ w-? 2 @ | GS 2/

^ ?Y › Q A œ > „ @ D 5 x B 2/ [ 2 H ‡ 5 x B 1 † ] 9T
. Honed B 2 F Y 92- 9 K• ”A F62 Y D ^ ‚ / 2/

. Q Y Y4 QI \ 92- 2 ž . R 9 3- 9T /
.( m • 9 ) ” 9T 5 x † A ‡ -A 9 † E @ E @ N 6 -A 1 p R O3

? F32 @> Ro:2 \T 5 > U “2 H @ QI \ w X @ x G• †2- ”A F62

.W šR

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9 S (salt and pepper ) -J 2 (full body ) 1 † ] 9T @ [2 ] •

9 • F6 CDE 2 [2 A GS 9 A 2 Q A \ ^ E 6 @ W z 1 † ] J S @ [2 A
.N -> QJ /2 b IR GSl F A 6 . RZ 9 / @ 9 S 6 -J/ :

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 20

: ?R 2 -Y •› 9T 2U @ A F6 wT D‡ y /

.F D 9T J-A Q / V<TD2 ( K 2/ X ) . J-1

.9T 2/ U › -3¤ X> I \-2
7/ ( ]> ) 9 6 ‚:2 Q Sl2 „ S N I 9 K• ”A w A 2(Breaking Load ) S …-4
.‡
3 -.2 Glazed or Unglazed (.... ¬ 2/ ^ l l) F] 2/ H ‡ ?> 9 › “:2 9 3- . J-5
.p J• ”A F6 Ql l 17 B : Gx -…
.(..... 3 Š2 7 x 9 ›¤ - ‡ ) Chemical Resistance < S 5 2 I -6
. Abrasion Resistance ( Q› > R 7 Y• – \ SJS › > ) 3‡ 2 I -7
.Scratch Hardness( m Q I /) ¬-| 2 I -8
.Resistance to Thermal Shock - G A -9
Anti Slip Resistance. [‡EJ‡ G A -10
(Surface Quality. ......†2/ œ|R ) FY | ?š -11
(Water Absorption. ) = x ‡ AJ -12
.(Rectified ) ¡I 2/ R -13
.(Polished or unpolished ) 9T F -14

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.U HRx .
The Making of
Ceramic tiles.

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 23

Production –La Production: ˆ J

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:The preparation of the mixture X> -1

. RZ F6 GD- 6 ‚:2 ^ > „J 2 œ< 4: G• œJ Y -. @ P A ‘K
. 3 Š2 ^ E 6 G• U

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Shaping: „ S :Shaping

Q |‚ „ S > H‚ ‘ K ?Y J: y œ I ?A‚ ( R A – @ ) 7 | ODz

m I œ K IK‡ y GS QR A / NO3 „ S ‘ K 2C / ² ›1200 B : Gx -… S 2 - 3
. „ S -R. R A GD F6 ? J † E ‘ > „J 2 GS 2

U “ m SAJ 2 S 2I \T -… ‘ K @ \T R] ^ ]Z ‘K@ ? „S .
. =x B.BK

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GA bT R 2C /C{ ›400-200 „ S V{‚ †-A 2 U %7-4 BI R6

.%20-15 †-A Gx -… F . F3 R6 (Traracotta › bT ) w A 2 Œ< -> F6

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 30

CKT ‘ > The Bisque ( \T -R ) \T C Y GD - XA V{X „ S -R.

.3 . 1: 2 bT C Y AJ F FY D V{‚ 1• 72 I GS

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 31

\T C Y F6 N {Z ]K G . 1 9 . B : \T C Y ¶ A 9 K• ”A F62*
\T 5 B . FI6/ „ S H‚ ( Y 2/ ]K) U 2 w A 2/ 1 > GS .
. F -R3 2/ 1 K GSl 2/ @ A C x

1E › B ) N -> . Y D w \: 2“ \T GSl GA Z D œ … p J• ”A F6 R32

.(Crazy

^ Œ \ @. -R 2/ \T 5 @. œ< pEJ2 œJ GIZ G• J o ^ . U R3

( ¬ IR ¤F -R3 GSl ¤C. J) F< ?R Q Sl -R 2 C H 3

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32

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: Draying W ] -3
B . -. 1O 2 Q ‡ 9 3- . GY @ Draying W ] . B : \T C Y ¶ A
. 9 3- 2/ 9 = x

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: Glazes and glazing 9 3- .-4

Q H w 1O F< ?R GS 2 ‘K -> F I Q . œAZ/ F3

.9 A

- ›‡ @ - -A ¤9 S ¤F. Rx ˆ YE ¤ FR x wE| G• @ - -A @ 9 S 9 3-
.% 50-40 †-A ? : w X 2 -Y C. J GS @> ( . Rx 9 • 2¤

_- A I K Y ¸]> œ \ „ … J > A I † D · „ 2• 9 3- . -
.^6 R 2W] E?Y/ @ ?Y2 D

A I F { F ¡… R R / 2/ 2 S ^Tš B.- E?Y/ A I B . 9 3- V Co

. G S 9 3-

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:@ …B: A NO3 C IR 2

@ F< S I ‡ B.G A H 2@A 9 \T .: B : 1 1O m • 9 3-

(... F] ¤ H ) F< ?R 9 3- 5 -> N 2- 1O 2 F< ?R 9 3- 2 \T C Y

.1 G … D• œ 2 9 z F< ?R 9 3- FJ • C I 2

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: 9 3- p J/
. 9:8 68 4 5 6 7 2-3" ' ( ) * +, - ./ 01 -A

.7 ( > * 6= ; / -* ! <3* - B

Rotary) FE B6E A"3B CD E6 ) /6 ? ' ( ) * +, - 8 ./ 01 -C

..D L . K* J 2-3" ' ( ) * +, - ./ 01 -D

.E >2" 68 R S" Q?) O -,P N >" ' ( ) * +, - 8 ./ 01 -E

6 [ DS> ' >Z " VD5 . A156 CDSX6 CD "Y D5 W 0 U 2/ VD5 :T L ! -F

.Qb 3 ! * X 1B ` a +1 ] ^_ Q \ 6 O "

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º ººººº º ººººº º ººººº

. A ^ ]Z 2
Ebaa House and the
incremental standards.

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 41

Bº . º . º º? D2 º?o > / ›2 ? 4? 9: -
º R] ^ ]ºZ @º º •S m º / B . …- U 2 9T w RZ/ D
: ?R 2

(Ente Nazionale italiano di Unificazion) UNI ‡ -

.9 1 F CEN (European Standard commission) 2 2• -

International Organization for Standardization, 6f/ ISO A -

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Water absorption -
y J -

.O "0 i3L j k1 S, W l6 7m /l 3 g h*:T \B6

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' >ooZ " .oo Aoo0,8 O o *P nooD* 3oopq ] o X o 1" o pE 6 rD D3oo o Coo09 ` soo\*
: + 1 t6 L * CSD CD*6E6`

Ariosrea Granit Iris EN Tiles

to
X 16% 10%- Wall ceramic
X} 20%
X >3% Floor ceramic
X 0,04
%

0,02%-0,04 0,04 <0.5% Porcelain

0,06% %

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Bending resistance O 1 ` 68 O S2 ` 6 -

Š oo B6 3ooo?S/ ˆ 6m ooW K-ooop Aooo0, oo ‰ oo‡ Aooo ˆ T †ooo/ Qooo ‡ Qoooa oog h* : T oo\B6 -
: + 1 2S A0, Fˆ 8 D 6 6f/` ' >Z Ž32* 2•/ Œ0: 68 2i0 /.B D

Blb - Blla - Bllb - group - Standards -

27 - 20 - 16 - ISO - EN -
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 Standards Standards
275 - 204 - 163 - - -
kg/mm2 Kg/mm2 Kg/mm2

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. O *P nD* 3pq ] 7 X 1" ' : ) s\* .D* C E

Ariosrea Granitto iris EN Tiles

X X 15N/mm2 12-15N/mm2 Wall ceramic
X X 55N/mm2 27N/mm2 Floor ceramic
55N/mm2 49N/mm2 55N/mm2 27N/mm2 Porcelain
561kg/cm2 500 kg/cm2 561kg/cm2 275 kg/cm2

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foo /6 Abrasion resistance. O o 1!` o 6 -

PEI ˜*
.b o?" ' L,) DW -" • 3Y_ 6 • aP : 5 . B S O 1! ! " K-3 6 g h* T \B
. : 21" t 6 FE L O " D‡hB š/ \10 T †/6 ( : 21"
: t6 L * Kœ Ž35 \ .: _ +X i!` ! Q \ ›! 1\/6

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• •1p` EN Group
4 ( i0 . D9? ŽSL1/6 tfS" ; - 6 • "5 +X • •13/ PEI I 1
Q^ " ŽSL1/6 tfS" Q : +X Q"\13/ PEI II 2
O S91p 6 * nD O YE8 X : +X • •13/ PEI III 3
Ÿ p_ 6 i, -" 6 Ÿm S> +X • •1p <p 1 gY PEI IV 4
O S91p 6 * 7 )" 6 \ .: _ X : +X + , gY PEI V 5

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Deep Abrasion Resistance pE 0 O 1!` 6

JD"0 pE 0 T ˜¡\B6

o \ .: o _ +ooX 3•/130 +ooX .oo, o /fB ` ˆ Aoo0, Žoo\?" 1" o * K-3oo ( +oo0Y) o lˆ o LD1 +oo!6
.Ÿ p_ 6

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op " 6 / R6 o• o 6 YEm Surface Hardness -

.(MOHS) ˜*
. • 3a8 7 ), A i3 SB6 Š " * Š B K-3 76 3a 3
. MOHS V ¥ • ] 13" ! JD"0 K-30 3S * 1)/6

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: R ˜* Š B6 Ÿ`f ` 6 Anti Slip Resistance

:+ 1 2S A0, Ÿ`f ` /6 l Ž32* D, Sk 3 Š p8 A0, n"3a

>3°,>10° R9
>10°,>19° R10
>19°,>27° R11
>27°,>35° R12
>35° R13

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.J 6 Stain Resistance-
: 3"^ • 3a8 n"3a6 J šD§SB m 6 /m D1,` šD§S1 m " K-3 6 g h* T \B6

. Db E œˆ Fˆ gD0, g§B ` K-p_ AA

. Db Eh‡ gD0, g§B K-p_ A
. -D3* E ‡8 g§B K-p_ B
.Q?)0 <D3 D¨1 g§B K-p_ C
.F Z• 5 7 { D

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54

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:Resistance to thermal shock -

: > ^Y { oz -
. °100 @ •›z > Y { H 5 oz Y

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 56

:5 2 > ] Flatness -

.G A @ - -A 2 5 w \/ m … 32

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 57

: \T w2 K A : … Dimension of the side -

. w \• › wT D‡ m … 32

:H Square ness -
°90 @. GI • \T 2 4 m … 32

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58

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 59

EN ISO norms for ceramic tiles-

Testing methods.
A 2 2 2• ^ ]Z – D [ \
( 2E ‡ 1: 9/ ) U

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EN ISO 10545 –Part 1

†2• E -10545 2E 9/

.U bT
.F<- † I 2 ^ R A

.U bT ^ R A † … -. I C ? ]Z NO3

R . G› ‘ > F< . GS ˆ J ?J @ @ 3 x…/ - -K GSl F6 HRx @ RA † I C?

.C A 2 W {

Qº 2 2‡ ^ ]ºZ ºI -º. I œ º> ”6 º 2/ † I : ? .y S mI 5‚ R A 7-I

: EN 163

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C º 9: Bºº : V º †2-ºº ”6 º y º / º? . 5ºº‚ ‘ºº > HRxºº Bºº : º 9: œºº º‚ 6 ºR A 9/

. F6 ”6 y / F6T HRx ? .:

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EN ISO 10545 –Part 2

FJ • E -10545 2E 9/

5 Y2 ( A • … )^ I - ->

@ - -A 2 D‡ O? ^ \T .œ 2U p J/ GS Z D ]Z NO3

GººS º 4 @ºº. › º GººI ‡ 9: Bºº . ^ 2 • @º º3 Š2 2 S º Gºº• º> 2 ºI …- NEº?Y‡

. † K•

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 63

( K-0>1 [ g k 68 : "3 7m /l[ Š 1 [ J* 1 [ m \*P am) Š D

© \ 6 t - +X m \*P am Š Da
.m I -K240 †-A ^ -K24 †-A 9 S 9: B . ^ -K @ -A m I

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 64

: "3 am Š Da
º3 •›/ @ º A 2 › º Hº b ºIJ Hº / @º m ºI OºD Co @ 2 @ A I @ R . †2/ ODz F32 › m …
. ›

T W_ 1p Š Da
. \T 24 @ 2 4 GS E› @ mI ¿-K B . ?Y G› OD B . . A‡ I m …

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 65

JD* 1 Š Da
. \T Y | 2E @ H… 2 G D 1/ m … 32
¤ Q R Q … -K2
À/L .100 : A m /B.
.Q R F3 À † 32 L:

K-3 O S2 68 Š B Š Da

: A • A † • › ^OD/ 40X40 5 B . ^OD/ „ nTo B . m I 2

.G A -K2 @ m I œ R› 2• C  m I H • w \ @ E› 2/ V 2/ m I :‡2/
.G A -K2 @ m I œ R› 2• C  m I H • w \ @ E› 2• w \• 2/ m I : J o
.G A -K2 @ m I œ R› 2• C  m I 9 xIR 2/ E H • w \• @ -K †T D‡ : • o

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K-3 7m Y Š Da

º -ºA Bº . º @ A º º à QAº‚ ”ºA Hº U º º K25 2• Hº º B. A Œ O3

. A A Œ Q Q R› F32¤ -K 2

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67

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 68

EN ISO 10545 –Part 3

‘ • E -10545 2E 9/

j k1 ` 3 Š Da

0,04mm2 @º. GºI ‡ 5 œ 2 ^ \T . FJ ->› œ 2U p J/ 6 S xx| F32

. 50 g @. R A 942 GI ‡ 9: œ † K 1z 2 @ ^ 5 2 FJ ->›

º. 5 º „º T ‡ ºI º I º Q 6 . F { B K \T H‚ ¤ 6 > 94 m … -A
. 94 m … 3-A 2 F6 ^ . H / -A B K . Ä ] Co @ 2 @ . -

: A œ > 5 Qx 1O

[( m2-m1)x100] /M1

6 > F6 94 :M1

\ > F6 94 :M2

EN 99 Q 2 2‡ ^ ]Z œ >

1 V{X A œ KC ANO3
:
. QI … 30 - 100 ± K Pa

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 69

EN ISO 10545 –Part 4

H E -10545 2E 9/

Determination of Modulus of Rupture and Breaking Strength S 2I m …

º3 º › º\T m ºI Bºº . º .‡ º › Qºº\T Bºº . º D‡ C º ¤U º p ºJ/ GººS xººx| Fºº32
:5‚

.2C / @ J 94 wX F GS 5‚ 3 ›@ .B. .‡ D‡ O3

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 70

: A S AJ 2• N … m I
Ê =3FL/2bh

@ R S …:F

C Â @ A @ † :L
C Â w \• @ . B . \T † \ B:

(QoT• b IR I w A ) EN 100 Q 2 2‡ ^ ]Z 5‚ 3 › D‡ O3

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 71

EN ISO 10545 – Part5

„ | E -10545 2E 9/
Impact resistance ^ -x D

m ººººººI Q º ºººº D Fºººººº3 º ºººº ^ º ººººR A ¤U º ºººº p º ººººJ/ º ºººº6 › Bºººººº . Œºººººº º ºººº D‡ Oºººººº3
:GS F6 3 › F >R B . D‡ 75mmX75mmX50 :F

Œº 9: œº m º … Eº?Y/ Bº . º .‡ (19± 0,05 )mm m ºI J-A N › B . - A D‡ O3

. R A E› B . V{X
. J • 2 B 2• @ … œ > J2 S NE?Y/ 1 D G>›

.p] ‡2 … B. .‡ ^‡ A @ - -A ^ -x D y KC

71
 72

EN ISO 10545 –Part 6

m E -10545 2E 9/

Resistance to deep abrasion .Unglazed tiles ] 5 • Œ A 3‡ G A 2 3‡ G A

.^ \T @ - -A B . Œ D‡ O32 A 5 • B . QI G< NO3
. ]Z œ > ^ 5 ? … C -I

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9 ººS ‘ºº > ºº 3‡ C ºº ¡ººI = ººI G]ºº / BºººI ‘ºº > ººI 4 ºº? Bºº . ººR A Hºº‚
@º Œ\ R -A QR . G› B . C Y O3¤ 3T Œ . 5X 150 -A ¤ N 100g/100
._ D• B : BR 2E

: A 3‡ …y KC

V=(ÌÍ/180-sinÍ) hd2/8

ÍÍ

sin Í /2-1/d mm2 E C K: V

(Ž ) 2- = I …: d

= I › :h

H I Œ .† \:I

^Y - H I 2 4: Í

EN 102 Q 2 2‡ ^ ]Z œ > I ^ D‡ NO3

73
 74

EN ISO norms for ceramic tiles-Testing methods

( 2E ‡ ;2 1 9: ) U A 2 2 2• ^ ]Z – D [ \

74
 75

EN ISO 10545 –Part 7

H E -10545 2E 9/ 1/

Resistance to Deep Abrasion Glazed Tiles . A /5 • Œ A 3‡ G A 2 3‡ G A

:F GS œ K. U p J/ G› B . Œ O3

75
 76

2 F80 ” • 7 R • - ›2 H ? I W | J-A ^ › D‡ @ X
GS º Z xºI 9 ºS 9: GS º 100 mmX 100mm m ºI @º ºR . º. 1-ºK @ Xº º D‡ O3
. FRA 5 5X 2 9 { ? . 5X

:F GS X > H‚ 2 R A W] D‡ -A

. 74T ¶ { F] ‚ > H‚

:F †2- B : šJ ¤^ B: 3‡ G A WRx F F3 3‡ ^ 2- -A6

76
 77

º ºººººººººººººººººººº A EN ISO 10.545 œ > A N 2• N 2 12000 -A ?> 3 C C F RA

. .H E F6 W šR G A CLASS 5

_ ºD/ ºI \ UNI EN 154 WºZ Fº ºI PEI method w ºA º 2• œº\ º D‡ O3 -A

6 GS º œ ºK ” º 9 º 61 CM [2-Rxº ºR A Hº‚ Qº … 7 ºšJ º A Fº Fº 7/ MCC B º
. 300 lux N ‚/2

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79

79
80

80
81

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EN ISO 10545 –Part 8

@ • E -10545 2E 9/ 1/

Liner Thermal Expansion F - G A w A 2• † 4

9/ œºº ºR A † º\2 º\T Eºº› @ºº ¡ººI 9: œºº ºR A ¤ F … ºl GS º º DT @ º R . Hºº‚2 œºº

.I NO3 † E 9/ œ H 5 K F62 6mm @. GI ‡ 9/ œ H I ¤ D‡ H œ R

. R A B . m K H‚ U “2 Q “ ^Y 5 D 6 Š F6 H‚ R A W] 9/ -A

: A 12 2 6 m2 10 X Í

Í= 1/LxAL/AT
- G … 6 { † \: L
D‡ …2 F6 † 4: AL
N > ^Y 4 : At

82
 83

EN ISO 10545 –Part 9

H E -10545 2E 9/

Resistance to Thermal Shock ÎY ] > ^Y { 2I

bT p J/ G› B . Œ D‡ O3

. D‡ G … 9 S U @ ^ K„ DB. D‡

£ 145 Bº : £15 @º Qº K ºY º Fº6 º ^ º ºA Qº J 2 QI ^ R A H‚2 F3 I

. % 10 @. - E ‡ =x R Q

.5 „ T ‘> 7 R • @ > QA Q\T / 5 B { H 5 K F6

@ A º [ º] 5Xº QºI … @ A RA 2^ A B . R A ¶ . -A @ > B › F6
.

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 84

EN ISO 10545 Part 10

lA E -10545 2E 9: 1/

Moisture expansion V | -

bT p J/ G› B . Œ D‡ O3

. D‡ G … Q 9 S U @ ^ KH B.- A D‡

Bº : º Cºo @º 2 Qº £ 550 ºK ºY - Hº‚ Cº 3,5 ¶ º.2 † \ C 10 QR . ODz \T V 2 @

. 6 { K Y

.^. nTo †TD @ ^‡ > G› F6 2 S 4? mI †

: A V | ^ { mI

1/L x 100

G … m I †-A 2 F { mI [ ] †-A : 1

FS † :L

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 85

EN ISO 10545–Part 11
.1 > E -105452E 9/ 1:

Crazing Resistance (1E ›) † Sl• {

QA 5 • B.Œ

. šR Š GZ• F3 F 5 • -. A 5 • 6›B.Œ D‡ O3

. GS o F32 N › \T 9 S ^‡ K F6 ‡: G S ^ \T DB.- A D‡

500 Kpa Gx 9: B : F - GS H] Ž F . Ž \ 4 ?Y F6 ^ \T H‚
¤ @ . - Q £159 1:

w Xº Cºo @º 2 \T 9: B : 9 S -I 6 { K B : Gx 9: B : V{X ”]| ÎY ] GS 2

. . pER 2 [ 4• † J •

.GS F6 { 2 [ ] 6 A @ A B . G? A NO3 @ ¶ {
GS º Fº6 º3 º › GZ > S 2 Gx> -… ŒI 2• G D 1/ U R3 9 › “: @ I NO? H E
:F

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86

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 87

EN ISO 10545 –Part12

. FJ • E -10545 2E 9/ 1/

Frost Resistance - K F6 {

.U p J/ 6 › F6 Œ D‡ O3

. > ^‡ A @ - -. F6 Q K2 - ^Y > „I BI F 2 T -A 32

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 88

EN ISO 10545 –Part13

. ‘ • E -10545 2E 9: 1:
Chemical Resistance ¶ K• oz

.U p J/ GS -A D‡ O3

ºJ › “: 50x50 Q Z xºI 2• º › Q º D º3 ^ ºR A -º.2 , º A Qº6 { K Y F6 D‡ C

: B . ^ D‡ C .QA {

:W Rx
: F] U K F6

Cºo 1 ºY º Fº6 7 º / „º D -º Cºo @º 2 7 º 12 3 -º… - NT./ ›O < S N / F6 R A H‚

: F †2- F6 3 › [ ] _ 2 W] Co @ 2 QI … 30 - F {

:H U K F6

º3 º › GS º Fº6 º { @ º 423 @ 2-º -> RE - 2 < S oz 5‚ 3 ›

:F †2- F6

88
89

89
 90

EN ISO 10545 –Part14

.H E -10545 2E 9/ 1:
Stain Resistance (HI AJ ) HI oz

.HI oz _- 5‚ 5 • B.Œ D‡ O3

Qº] šR 2 Q. º 24 -º -º Y GS 2 -A 5 B.^ „ D \T B . Œ Q / @ D G›
: F †2- J2- W šR @ - -A F6

class „ | _ _ ‡ 1O _ B : šR m I ] | ^ B . WRx D‡ P< J

. { -… -A 5 2 5

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91

:J

. W ]D 4 2/ XD HI -1
.† >› -2
.9 4 4 -3

:Œ W šR

.@D -1
. Q] ]K W šR -2
.Q Io W šR -3
.- ‡ - › G• Q … W šR -4

:šD§S1 O Yˆ

.1 -1
. Q] ]K W šR 12- W šR -2
.Q … W šR H FS J S W šR -3
. 3 Š2 - ‡ - › Q < › W šR -4

91
 92

EN ISO 10545 –Part15

. „ | E -105452E 9 1
H U 7 x 2=Z oz

EN Q 2 2‡ ^ ]Z F6 @ X Š9›Œ O3¤ U p J 6›B.Œ D‡ O3

ºI 7 º S 2 = ºZ º › - -> :7 šR ASTM C-895 Q S ‡ ^ ]Z Œ \ @. Y J:2

.7A -.: Œ\ R F6 G A bT † > O3 F6¤ ˆ YE B .

:F GS 5‚ 3 › W]Y2 WšJ ?> F 2 ^ \T nTo œ D‡ O3

. | @ Q œ R œ K B . - A 2 %4 F3 Q R /

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 93

EN ISO 10545 –Part16

.m E -10545 2E 9: 1:

Small color differences

9 F6 V {

EN Q 2 2‡ ^ ]Z F6 @ X Š9›Œ O3¤ U p J/ 6 › B . Œ D‡ O3
ºR A @ º 9 º Fº6 ^ º… 2 º] m º I R3 7 šR ASTM C-609 Q S ‡ ^ ]Z Œ \ @. Y J 2
m º I Bº .2 º D‡ Oº3 Fº6 N-º A / ºR A m º / Bº . º D‡ C ‘ > ¤ @ A B . ‡ QR .2
.9 •

ºR A 2 º º R A @ º QººJ I / C º ‘ºº > 4 º ? Oºº? HRxºº ^ º A œ º > N º A C º 4 º ? Oºº3

. x,y & z C … B A 2 Q Z‡

93
 94

EN ISO 10545 –Part17

.H E -10545 2E 9/ 1:

coefficient of friction [‡EJ‡ AJ

.EN Q 2 2‡ ^ ]Z F6 @ X Š9›Œ O3¤ U p J/ 6 › B . Œ O3

º 2 E 7Eº. @º. P ºJ [‡EºJ‡ 9: Bº . Qº R ^ ‚ • HRx B .¤ F< ?R 7-| R -Y C? 32
.¶ • 5 2 > 5 @

:[‡EJ‡ AJ m I [ \ H / A‚2 ]Z NO3

@º. [‡EºJT S R- › > m I 32 (BCR-Tortus) Q ^ ]Z @ Y D‡ O32 -1

. ?x>6 xI \T 5 B . C< … GS FS J S > EY Œ \
Bº . º3 Š2 w º 2 œº\ 5 º ^‡ K H Y B : A 32¤ m … 9422 (4S) F\ C Y Œ \ @.
. ¶ • B . œ› bT B . 2/ ^ | F6 5 •

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 95

. › > @. P R [‡EJ‡ m I ASTM C1028 Q S ‡ ^ ]Z @ Y D‡ O32-2

.5 2 -> 942 H (4S) F\ C YQ <…N …F. mI
.¶ • B . Q › 2/ ^ | F6 œ\ 2/ w Y 5 9 S 9/ :

Bº . º 2 7 º ‡ Bº F º GºY 9 º32¤ (DIN 51130) Qº J ‡ ^ ]ºZ @ Y D‡ O3-3

F º Fº6 AºZ -º ¡| º < ?R 2 E Q • C I p ] D‡ O3 @ P R ¤ U @ ’
. ? F H ‡ 9: B :
Qº I / º 2 E : m º I º IR NOº3 Fº6 ? . Q ‚ ‡ K H‚2 C F 2 E ¡>6 K NO3 F6 Co
P< º J OºDz ¤ º› > 2 9 S º º K Fº6 OºK „ º 1Oº ¡| º Qº I / ¶ • Bº . º E 6 º‚· B K2
.¶ • B. › @› • F6 „ 2 ^ | F6 D‡

º… º ›2 Eºº ? FººS -ººA †2-ººR Oºº32. Gxºº (4S) b º Bºº { †2-ººR 7 -| º ºR3 ºI º /-4
ºI NOº? Qº \ 2/ Qº6 Y º?J S º : ?xº>6 º Q ‚ T † x ‡ J [‡EJ‡ 9 S -R. x
. ^ | F6 2/ Q › / Q ‚ ‡ B . D‡ C

95
96

96
97

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98

98
99

99
100

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101

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102

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 1

USER’S GUIDE
7-| G

1
 2

INTRODUCTION
Since its early inception, Ebaa House endeavored to cope with the process of
national development both in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf
region. Ebaa House responded to the needs of development with an effective
strategy of supplying materials like ceramic, porcelain, sanitary ware and
kitchen ware. In conducting its business, Ebaa House follows an established
mission that consists of the following components:

- Products should be compliant with the stated national and

international standards of quality;
- Products should satisfy a wide spectrum of tastes and needs;
- Prices should be competitive through being satisfied with a
reasonable margin of profit;
- Setting up show rooms in centrally located sites with distinctive
presentation of items in major cities of the Kingdom and Gulf
countries.
- Maintaining sufficient stock that satisfies the needs of projects of all
sizes;
- Maintaining a cadre of professional engineers who are ready to
provide professional and technical advice;
- Honesty in business dealings.

2
 3

Based on these basic principles, Ebaa House has launched its business
activities and gained the confidence of international suppliers in a record time.
This confidence resulted in establishing agency relationships with a selected
number of major international manufacturers from Italy, Spain, UAE, Turkey
and China.

Be sure to contact us regarding any additional information you might

or contact us via www.ebaahouse.comneed and visit our site on Internet
or call to 050-324-9194. zfaleh@ebaahouse.come-mail at

We hope You may find this Guide useful to achieve an entirely

satisfactory installation.

3
 4

CHOICE OF MATERIAL

• Differences between porcelain stone and monocottura stoneware. Porcelain

stone has stood out from any other products existing in the market because of its
extraordinary technical and aesthetic characteristics, namely:

High breaking strength

Minimum water absorption
Frost resistance
Resistance to chemical attack
High impact resistance
Stain resistance
Full body coloring

4
 5

• Differences between displays and material actually received by customer.

Tiles on display show the material customer can expect. Pattern, shade and
movement can change as compared to displayed products.

5
 6

• Shade variation. In order to resemble natural stones, products have been

developed to show significant differences between tiles within the same shade lot.
The level of color shade variation is the parameter which shows the variation
which can be expected for a particular product. A scale from V1 to V4 is applied,
the first showing minimal differences among tiles and the latter random color
differences from tile to tile, so that one tile may have totally different colors from
that on other tiles. A deep explanation on this subject can be read in the Color
Shade Variation Guide included hereinafter.

• Frost Resistance. At present Ebaa hose . only manufactures porcelain stones and
therefore all our tiles can be installed outside, including areas subject to extreme
temperatures. It should be taken into accounts that as the trims have a high water
absorption they should not be installed outside.

6
 7

• Wear resistance. A scale called PEI which indicates the areas where a special
model can be installed considering the traffic, has been established for the glazed
products. This scale goes from 1 to 5 being the latter the strongest.

All the glazed porcelain stones manufactured by ebaa house show a 4 minimum
value which enables them to be installed in areas where traffic is intense.

Non-glazed porcelain stones are not included in this scale but they have a very
high resistance because of their great hardness and their full colored body.
Attention should be paid only to polished porcelain stones, avoiding abrasive
environments which may cause loss of shine.

7
 8

• Slip Resistance. series are suitable for exterior horizontal surfaces. Polished tiles
are not recommended for wet areas or areas where water may accumulate.

8
 9

BEFORE INSTALLATION

• Caliber. Ceramic tiles suffer important contractions during the firing process. As
they are manufactured with natural raw materials such contractions are not
constant and tiles of different sizes are obtained. For this reason material is
divided into groups of established sizes which constitute the different calibers.
You may find in the corresponding Annex the tables indicating the sizes of each
caliber for each format.
If several models are to be combined it is very important to verify all of them
have the same caliber as otherwise problems shall arise during installation.
Rectified products have only one caliper and they are identified on the cartons
with the words “single caliber”, “monocalibre”, “s/c”, “mc”, or"..".

9
 10

• Shades. Just like with sizes, tiles also change in pattern, color and movement.
Such variations give rise to the different shades. With each new production run
there appear new shades which are identified on the cartons with two numbers and
two letters (i.e. 27AB). Such shades shall be similar to those obtained in previous
productions but they shall never be equal, therefore it is necessary to buy all the
material to be installed at the same moment and to make provisions for eventual
substitutions to be made in the future (in the event of repairs in piping which may
render floor breaking necessary).

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 11

• Quality. Quality of material is printed on cartons with a “1” or “PRI” for first
choice and a “2” or “SEG” for the second choice. The selection of material is
carried out in a visual way to determine its aesthetic aspect and in an electronic
way to verify its dimensions and flatness. International standards establish as
acceptable a percentage of defects up to 5 % in first choice materials.

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 12

• Marks. During sorting, material is divided into different choices (first, second and
discard) and shades (majority, secondary and third). Such division is carried out
by marking the tiles with crayons or stickers which are then detected by the
packing machine. For this reason it is possible to find first quality materials with
marks because they may have corresponded to a secondary or tertiary shade
(majority shade is not marked). In order to avoid doubts on this subject marks
have been identified as follows:

1° Choice 1° Choice 1° Choice

Majority Shade Secondary Shade Tertiary Shade

2° Choice Discard

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 13

• Control of information printed on cartons at the moment of receipt. The

above paragraphs state the importance of coincidence among grade, shade and
caliber information printed on the cartons. Such control must be carried out when
the material is received in order to avoid problems in future as no claims shall be
accepted if the material has been already installed. If problems are observed do
not accept the consignment and contact your supplier.

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 14

• Control of the surface. Be sure that You are pleased with the material to be
installed and that it has no evident or visible defects. If such problems are detected
do not start installing and contact your supplier immediately. No claims shall be
accepted if material has been already installed. If tiles show color shade variation
it is convenient to spread a 3 or 4 s-m surface and to mix tiles of different boxes in
order to make a correct evaluation.

14
 15

• Installation surface. Be sure that ceramic material is installed on a leveled, flat

and hard surface and that it is completely clean and dry.

• Adhesive. All our porcelain stones must be installed using adhesives indicated for
very low absorption materials. Special adhesives, of latex modified type should be
applied in outside installations and in areas subject to sharp temperature changes
(under floor heating) to guarantee material adhesion and to absorb the expansion
differences between the substrate and the ceramic material. In order to have a
better guidance you should contact adhesive manufacturers.

15
 16

• Grouts. It is advisable to use flexible materials which should be able to absorb the
expansion differences between your porcelain stone and the substrate. Due to the
micro porosity all materials have, it is possible that some grout materials,
especially the strongly colored ones, present cleaning problems which get worse
when there is a great contrast between the tiles and the grout. In order to avoid
these eventual stain ability problems we recommend to carry out tests by
applying the grout on a piece of the material and using colors which are similar to
those of the tiles. Before applying grout it is advisable to spread a thin wax coat
over the surface of the tiles in order to make their cleaning easier. Wax should not
be spread on porcelain stone’s edges as it may render the adhesion of grout
difficult. As with adhesives it is convenient to consult grout manufacturers.

16
17

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• Back side glaze. Tiles have a white refractory glaze at the back side which is used
to avoid the adhesion of the tiles to kiln’s rollers during firing. Such glaze does
not represent any problem for installation.

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DURING INSTALLATION

• Mixing Effect. It is advisable to work at the same time with at least five cartons
of porcelain stone in order to reproduce the aesthetic effect which was aimed for
when the product was designed.

• Previous Presentation. Installing procedures similar to those of natural stones

should be used in case of materials with color shade variations, i.e. to combine tile
by tile and verify the aesthetic effect. It is important to point out that shade marks
and the inscriptions on the back side of tiles do not suggest at all how the
installation has to be done. Tiles should be installed in accordance with the above
mentioned procedure. If anomalies are detected, installation should be stopped
immediately and you should contact your supplier as no claims shall be accepted
if material is already installed.

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 20

• Joint. Minimum joint recommended in each material carton should be respected,

a 4 mm (1/4“) grout is recommended for all glazed tiles, both rectified and non
rectified. For the technical porcelain, polished or unpolished, a minimum joint of
2 mm (1/8”) is recommended to hide the small defects on the installation surface.
Your installer will know the proper procedure for the expansion joints. Joints
should be filled one by one never spreading the grout on the surface of the stone,
as this shall cause difficulties at cleaning, specially with series which have a
textured surface.

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 21

• Cuts. Wet saws are generally used when cutting tiles. It should be taken into
account that when materials with beveled edges are cut the new edges shall not
have bevel. Eye protection should always be worn when cutting or drilling
porcelain tiles.

• Drills. A diamond tip drill bit is used when drilling, one that is specifically
designed for cutting through ceramic tile, marble, granite, stone or other dense
materials using a drill with low speed. It is necessary to keep the tile and the drill
permanently lubricated.

• Adhesive. Adhesive’s open time stated by the manufacturer should be carefully

respected as this is the main cause for the popping up of tiles. Depending on the
kind of adhesive it is necessary to wait for drying during a determined period (in
general 72 hours) before grouts is filled. Consult your adhesive supplier for this
information.

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 22

• Inscriptions with markers. It is advisable to avoid the drawing of lines or

inscriptions with markers in the front side of non glazed porcelain stones, as it
may be difficult to clean. If necessary drawing shall be carried out on the back
side of tiles.

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 23

• Boxes should be kept in good conditions. This is a fundamental requirement

which must be fulfilled in order to be able to attend to eventual claims.

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24

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• Proper care during installation. In order to protect the surface of the tiles after
installation, we recommend to put a protective cover (paper, cartons) over the tiles
until the construction job is finished.

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AFTER INSTALLATION

• Initial Cleaning. All grout and construction dirt should be removed from the
surface of the tiles. In most cases, our tiles can be cleaned successfully by
scrubbing the installation with hot water and a neutral detergent. If the grout
material remains hydrochloric acid diluted at 10% or other products recommended
by the grout manufacturers may be used, but work should be done carefully as, in
general, this kind of products also affect grouts and marbles. Eye protection is
recommended.

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MAINTENANCE

• Cleaning. Cleaning of all ehaa house floors and tiles, glazed, polished or natural,
must be carried out by using water and floor detergents combined with
disinfectants or perfumes if desired. To make cleaning easier, all spills should be
cleaned as soon as possible. Allow the detergent to act on the soil load for a few
minutes before cleaning. After removing all the detergent, rinse thoroughly with
clean water.

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 28

• Waxes. Waxes or top finishes are not recommended as they form a coating that
deteriorates the floor aspect and entraps dirt making it more difficult to clean. If
You wish to apply such products it is advisable to remove them from time to time
with the products marketed by the same companies.

• Abrasives. It is specially recommended to avoid the use of abrasives for the

cleaning of polished porcelain stones. In order to keep their shine it is convenient
to keep them free from abrasive dirt, such as sand. In public places it is convenient
to put carpets for scraping sand off shoes at the entrance in order to avoid the
carrying of abrasives from outside which may damage the surface of tiles.

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 29

• Stain ability problems. All materials, of every and any nature (natural stone,
marble, granite, wood, metal, and rubber, plastic, glazed and non-glazed ceramics)
present a superficial micro porosity. In Ebaa house products such micro porosity
is practically null, however polished porcelain stone is treated with a hydro
repellent sealer to minimize eventual stain ability problems. Customer may repeat
the procedure or apply the product over non-polished tiles mainly when the tiles
are used in areas that are prone to excusive spills, such as printer’s installations, or
when light in color tiles are installed with dark colored grout or vice versa.
A proper penetrating sealer which fills the pores making the tiles impervious to
surface staining should be used .Consult our technical department before carrying out
such application.

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 30

Resistance to chemical attack. Our tiles are resistant to strong acid and alkaline
products except for the hydrofluoric acid which attacks all kind of glass or glaze.
We specially recommend to avoid application of this acid or its salts and
derivatives.

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 31

SHADE VARIATION INDEX

Manufacturers have directed their development efforts to make ceramic tiles that

resemble natural stones and in many cases they have succeeded as it is difficult to

distinguish between ceramic tiles and natural stones.

So, it stands to reason that the more that ceramic tile looks like stone, the more it
acquires natural stone characteristics, such as color, texture and shade variations.

The situation given, it was necessary to inform customer about the grade of color
shade variation he could expect from the product he was buying and then the
American Ceramic Tile Distributor’s Association (CTDA) published the Color Shade
Variation Guide which includes a grading of materials for floors within the following
categories:

V1 = UNIFORM APPEARANCE: Differences among pieces of the same production

run are minimal.

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 32

V2 = SLIGHT VARIATION: Clearly distinguishable differences in texture and/or

pattern within similar colors.

V3 = MODERATE VARIATION: While the colors present on a single piece of tile

will be indicative of the colors to be expected on the other tiles, the amount of colors
on each piece may vary significantly. For example “that little bit of color” on one
piece may be the primary color on the next piece.

V4 = RANDOM VARIATION: Random color differences from tile to tile, so that one
tile may have totally different colors from that on the other tiles. Thus, the final
installation will be unique.

V2 V3 V4
V1

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 33

cU bT 1:
Which Ceramic Tiles?

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 34

:Introduction -I
7 -| ‡ 2 p R WZ 3 2- F 2 U bT | w F ž] B . E › C E O3 F6
c 3 Š2 9 -Y2 ^ ‚ / bT ›

B K2 p2 U 2 †2 I 9 K• ”A F62 1 ‡ G…@ _ S H F6 ; Š W Z
. ? NO3 F6 -. H< 7 ? 2- 9 S 9 K• •› F62 œK Z

knowledge of the ceramic tiles Q . RZ [ \2 9T 2U › B . pT\‡ -A

. Õ _- 6 2 C<T p R - -> C E O3 F6 adequate

34
35

35
36

36
 37

R] ^ ]Z 2 types of ceramics C<T p R -> F R] • G› B . 7-| H \ 9/ -A

: @ @ ? @ • -. ž] - -> F 2 technical specification of the tiles \T

B.9 I WZ 2 œK Z¤ ^ ž 2 ^ -| ‡ 2 [ 2“• H Y 7 T F ^ R . -1
. ’ R B : C3 I 1O C<T D‡

U O ¤ ^ ž 2 ^ ^ -| ‡ 6 S <T 9 S 9: @S ^ R . 2/ -K 2 p J -Y ‡ 7 . GS -2
C WZ 2 œK Z U O ¤ FI R 2 E› 9 S 9/ œ G F< . GS 5 x 9/ @S ‡ ‘>
. I< 6 RA D‡ 9 S -R. G• • C3 D B . - ›z

37
 38

understanding and bT O? C? -| = |l• -. 2 C?] 9 S 9/ œ C<T D‡

bT p R G > U R3 9 S 9/ œ D/ GS assessment of the intended area of use
.Q\2 l2 Q C<T b R 2 < p J• 2 7-| 5 Y2 7 -| ‡ w A 2/ 7-|

. ? Y K2 ^ ž @ . D‡ -> Q I R G > • /2 C<T ž] D‡ C @ . R O?

. G• • bT -> G• • 7 -| ‡ 2 technical properties ^ ]Z B. .‡

38
39

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 40

: Types ³ _
_- 3 2- 6 2 9T 2U bT 3 ’ l P J O3 @ ‘ • C I F6 E › C
. GS ] | ? I 2 ?. Jz
^ R @ p J/ CX p J G› F6¤ ; R6 7 -| ‡ 2 U bT p J F6 ^ 6T D nTo R3 9/ I I>
. ? xK‡

GD-J 3-A 2 › p J• /- J¤ › GS ? . w A U “ 2 - -. p J/ W S C I O3 F6
. ;N-K B . p J GS G Z ]

: knowledge of the ceramic tiles adequate bT 1 2 FR] C I œ > C? IJ

40
 41

. Glazed or Unglazed +>-" 6 JD"0

:Glazed H
9 S B . - A ? › 1 . bT › 2• S -› 7-| -… H ‡ ˆ YE @ QI B { 5 2“ bT 3
.Q -|

41
 42

: Unglazed F]
.9 K• CšA S- H ‡2 \T C Y @. W | 2 @ D 2/ C. J Q> 1O bT 3 .

42
 43

rD D3 FE L1 +S> iD3 1
Technical-commercial classification of ceramic
tiles:
A ^ ]Z .‡ @ A ^OD/ Q – Q R6– . „ / B . FR C I O3 6 A C? @
@ Ro 2/ (single fired ) -K 2 | Ö 9 › “: -> Q 2 2‡ 2 ISO,EN
."monoporosa tiles" (Double fired)

I I \2 \T C Y = x J2 F] 2/ H Q> 9 › “: -> Q\T 7 -| 6

. H Rx ^ . @ 3 Š2 „ S 2

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 44

. ? G A @ ...... 10X10, 20X20, 30X30 m I 2 D/ 9 2/ ” :5 9 6

FY D 2/ F D ¤ C 10-8 › ^ ‚ / 2/ C 7 @. † K• GS GI ‡ › 9 -Y 7 -| ‡ 2
. IK‡ ›O w _ D/ ^ I 2

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 45

: With porous or compact body m S C ] ×2

? Q ž EY _ ‡ ‘ > - Y GS V{X ] | @ \T @ S @. Œ F6 J ›“ ›
=x R w A25 O3 †TD @ 1: 2 7-. B : 1 N 2- O3 1 A
. C3• G A " Water absorption"

.5 F< ?R @ S B . -. \T C J S NO3 A \2

45
 46

with red or white ¶ @ œ … 2/ ” • bT C Y

:/whitish body
” • 2/ ” • 9 5< l 6 ›¤ K ¤ ]Z ) \T . J -> ?J 2 7 | B . .‡
.1 D 7| 9 BI Q ] p J• ”A F6 HZ R

46
 47

" Œ R "w A ^ I 2 † Sl -A
The various shapes and sizes that is various
: "formats"
U 4 bT G• - IA •›/ p J/ R3 @S 2 2 A F3 ? . w A † Sl
2C 3 @ •›/ Gx -… ^ › 2 2C -60 ’ • B : GxJ 9/ B : " Mosaic"

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FY | 2 F D - † A T 9 - 2/ ^ ‚ • bT
For floor or wall covering ,for indoor and
: /outdoors
2/ 9 -Y 9 › principal destination ˆ | 2/ GD - 7-| 9S D/ 1 2 ‚ C I
. Q . H Rx C 7 -| ‡ œ > S B K 2/ ^ ‚ /

‡ { ¤^ ‚ /G A (red single firing ) -K | K‡ bT † • G B .

. A O3 9 K• ”A 7-| "monocottura"

‡ "monoporosa" Â w A (glazed single-fired tiles) H N-K | bT :

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: rD D3 • •1p fY šZ6
Brief description of the principal types of
ceramic tiles:
: majolica S
double fir glazed tile : earthenware
. b {X 2 9 FY | 5 ¤ P YE J • 2 \T C C. B 2• ¤ @ | RI

. C? - 6 J › “/ †2- ”A F6 -Y -… z R F ‡ U O3

¤ - -> - › 2 ^ J S @ R Q ›H G › .J B . GS U R \ 1 > -…

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Q I œ Š 2 F D - 9 -Y bT -A 32 "bisque" 9 1 2C W{ p ; < S bT
. 15x15 ,15x20,20x20

. glaze crazing  w A -> Š 5 p Q> 2 15-25% F3 QZ x J

-- A " Rapid-firing kilns" 1- I ˆ2 E Ž @ X QY J VD
"Rapid double firing "

C ‡ bT QR. ” A 21980 7 . OR U › Q -| @ ->6

. (glazed single-fired tiles : monoporosa)

: Cottoforte tiles F 6 ›U
Emilia-Romagna region T I R F6 VI6 HRx 32 F U 3
. 71970 7 . B 1960 7 . F6 Q ?l J ›¤ VI6 F D - 9 - 7 -| T -A p Q> < 3

F D - 7 -| T -A Q S J S AJ F6 - Y 15x25,15x25,20x20.20x30 m I QY J: 9 › RI
S -› Q A 2

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: pressosmaltatura E6 1 3/ *
pressed tiles ,glazed in single fire ( H )m S U 3

: white body : terraglia -A0Y DB

double fir glazed tile
¤b {X C Y2 ¤b {X ” C @ | I -A

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sD* i3L* FE •X 68 +Xf^ rD Dp

: Earthenware white body tiles
.( G H X |] ) Y2 E @ | QY J: W S p ] ‡ -Y W S p R O3
2 Soft Earthenware white body tiles@ wT D‡ :
. Hard Earthenware white body tiles

. P YE G … ” Q\T / C - ] 2 7 R{ 2 7 S B . 1 > N ?x 3
. monoporosa @ 6R šJ QY J: G…. F D - 9 - 7 -| T 15x15 F3 6 ^ I

: Red Single fire and monoporosa tile ]R | m2 J ” C U

¤15% B : Gx =x AJ H 5 QA Rx C

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Feldspar ( Q { Z N - ] ¤ - -> - › 2 ” • ( clays F S ) @ @ 9 S U O3

¤
. JQ … =x -… 3 U O3 NE 2

. F D 9 -Y bT 2 ^ ‚ z› 5 x ?6 = x T Q -… J

: 7 . GS p J• ”A CS 2

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” • 2 J U
( monoporosa whitish )
( glazed single-fired tiles)

J /@ clay R .) - -> 92- R @ 9 S C ¤ ]R | 2“ U O3

.( J 62
9 S CX _ D/ V<TD2 ¤P B : 5 ] 1 @ ˆ - C 9 U 3 Yields
¤FY D2 F D ^ ‚ / bT › Q -| CšA feldspars - ] ¤ sand G 2
. 30x30,40x40,20x20 6 ^ I
. F D bT › G A 10% = x -I J

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Klinker tiles SR ›
Glazed or unglazed with a variously colored body generally compact
. 9 • -A N-K 2 | \ F] 2/ H m S U

•›• 7 • NO3 F6 ] | > Z/ Ž . F6 … @ •S W S Y2 E |

3 › ]R | F6 9 • 2 bT C Y -.: ^ A 2 … 6 šJ -|
. Y2 E | @ ˆ J: ] › G… cottofote tiles F6 † >

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oz HJ QA S - ›‡ @ - -A 2 QJ @ QR S ¤ m S Õ1 b ] U
¤ resistance to mechanical and thermo-hygrometric FS J S
¤ H 2 F] 5 F D - 2 FY | 7 -| T -A

12x24,20x20,30x30… Q - I / ^ I 6 ¤ˆ YE @ QI … QI B {
.5 w \/ F6 7-| QJ B K -IA F -R? Q ›

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: Terracotta Tiles B : B
unglazed tiles Red and porous body ,extruded

(In Italian "Cotto"). m S 9 K F] Q> › U

This tile is also known as "rustic terracotta" or "Florentine terracotta"
¤25x25,30x30,20x40,40x60 ^ I 6 › FR J 6 2/ @ | J › J K/ w A 2

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.m S K QJ .2 9 9 F] ?6 (red single fire tiles "cottororte ")Â › „ 32

U “ B : W‚/¤ H X /2 6 ?R F] - -. ^ R ( J 2 7 D 9 /) < 9 •
. ] | 9 z ¤ F D bT › › bT HRx • -K2. SR S bT B K2 H ›
. \ I. OR J › F . Rx NO3 B . ^/ \ F ^ { šJ2
› w RZ/ ^z R6¤ G A @ 3 Š2 > ^ Y - oz Y 2 9 • ; •› ^ { -I6
A @› • F6 ? -| „SA N 2- O3 "modern cottoforte and red single fire tiles"

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: Red Stoneware Tiles K• U

unglazed tiles ,red compact body ,pressed

F] m S K• 9 U
. F] Q> GZ• F

F. Rx 7 -| ‡ 2 FY D2 F D ^ ‚ / bT › 7-| 10X20… F3 Q I 2 K 39
. 3 2 [‡EJ AJ ˆ > F A @› • 2

O? Red Stoneware 2/ Stoneware P R O? 2 "WORK SIZES" C p 2 P R 7 . GS P R

.Q Z ] 5X C 2 K QR S • C œ
. 3-4% F?6 =x J /

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:Porcelain Stoneware Tile pE *

generally ( Unglazed tiles with white or colored support)

9 z 6 29 F] 32 QJ 2/ X Q @ 9 S -A V<TD @ 9 S 9T 7 . GS
. •›
( J R\ ^ | S l)^ | \n>/ J ^ \2 N D‡ ^ R F6 P J/ 9T
( CERLab)

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C Q62 A / “The worldwide network of national ceramic laboratories"

m / B . 0,5% @ G… = x -I m S 9T bT ¤ Centro cermico Bologna
. F] 2• H 9 S 9/ @S B .• S J S ^ ]Z ^ “ ISO 10545.3 ^ ]Z

Q- I /^ I 6 32 QS J S ^ ]Z C3z 7| @ V D 32
100X60…. ’ z 6 B K2 5X10,10X10,20X20,30X30……

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