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A Presentation

On

“ALCOHAL FUEL”

Presented By –
Lalit Singh
B.Tech (CH-3rd yr.)
0700451026
F.E.T.R.B.S. College, Agra
Introduction
 There is nothing new in the use of alcohol as a motor fuel.
In 1872, when Nikolaus Otto invented the internal combustion
engine, gasoline was not available.
 Ethyl alcohol at 180-190 proof was the specified fuel. The
model "T" Ford was designed to run on the available crude
gasolines, alcohol, or any combination of the two.
 Alcohols in general and ethanol, in particular, make
excellent motor fuels. The reason alcohol fuel has not been
fully exploited is that, up until now, gasoline has been cheap,
available, and easy to produce.
 This is a very important 5 or 10% because it can be
renewed each year, and each gallon of alcohol produced will
save a gallon of oil.
History of Ethanol
Production
• Ethanol’s first use was to power an engine in 1826, and
in 1876, Nicolas Otto, the inventor of the modern four-
cycle internal combustion engine, used ethanol to power
an early engine.

• Ethanol also was used as a lighting fuel in the 1850s, but


its use curtailed when it was taxed as liquor to help pay
for the Civil War.

• Ethanol use as a fuel continued after the tax was


repealed, and fueled Henry Ford’s Model T in 1908.

• The first ethanol blended with gasoline for use as an


octane booster occurred in the 1920s and 1930s, and
was in high demand during World War II because of fuel
shortages.
• Today’s ethanol industry began in the
1970s when petroleum-based fuel became
expensive and environmental concerns
involving leaded gasoline created a need
for an octane.

• Corn became the predominant feedstock


for ethanol production because of its
abundance and ease of transformation into
alcohol.

• Federal and state subsidies for ethanol


helped keep the fuel in production when
ethanol prices fell with crude oil and
gasoline prices in the early 1980s.
• This also helped spawn the “Minnesota Model”
for ethanol production, in which farmers began
producing ethanol to add value to their corn
(Bevel, 2008).
• Minnesota Model was an agreement between
local public and private parties who work to
keep profits in the community by providing jobs
(and the economic benefits associated with
population) and adding value to agricultural
products while strengthening rural communities.
• Ethanol’s use as an oxygenate to control
carbon monoxide emissions, encouraged
increased production of the fuel through the
decade and into the 1990s.
Method Of Production
• Fermentation
a. From Sucrose Substrate
b. From Waste Sulfite Substrate Of Paper Mills
c. From Starch Substrate

• Petroleum Processing
a. Catalytic hydration of ethylene
b. Etherification and hydrolysis of ethylene
c. Oxidation of Petroleum
Quantitative Requirement
Basis: 1Ton Of 100% Alcohol And 90% Yield From Total Sugar
• Molasses(50-55% Total Sugar) 5.6 ton
• Sulfuric Acid 27kg
• Ammonium Sulfate 2.5kg
• Coal 1.5ton
• Process Water 1.2ton
• Cooling Water 50ton
• Electricity 35KWH
• Plant Capacity 10-100 Ton/day
Physical Properties

• Ethanol is a colorless liquid with a pleasant


smell. It is completely miscible with water
and organic solvents and is very
hydroscopic.

• Melting Point -1150C


• Boiling Point 780C
• Specific Gravity 0.79.
Chemical Properties
• Combustion of Ethanol
Ethanol burns with a pale blue, non luminous flame to form carbon dioxide
and steam.
C2H5OH + 3O2 ==> 2CO2 + 3H2O Ethanol
• Oxidation of Ethanol
Ethanol is oxidized
• with acidified Potassium Dichromate, K2Cr2O7, or
• with acidified Sodium Dichromate, Na2Cr2O7, or
• with acidified potassium permanganate, KMnO4, to form
ethanol, (i.e. acetaldehyde).

– [O] C2H5OH ==> CH3CHO + H2O Ethanol The ethanol is further


oxidized to ethnic acid (i.e. acetic acid) if the oxidizing agent is in
excess.

– [O] CH3CHO ==> CH3COOH Ethanol Ethnic Acid The oxidizing


agent usually used for this reaction is a mixture of sodium
dichromate or potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid which
react together to provide oxygen atoms as follows.

– Na2Cr2O7 + 4 H2SO4 ==> Na2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3[O]


• Dehydration of Ethanol
When ethanol is mixed with concentrated
sulphuric acid with the acid in excess and
heated to 170 degC, ethylene is formed. (One
mole of ethanol loses one mole of water)
– H2SO4 C2H5OH ==> C2H4 + H2O 170
degC When ethanol is mixed with concentrated
sulphuric acid with the alcohol in excess and
heated to 140 degC, diethyl ether distils over
(two moles of ethanol loses one mole of water) .
– H2SO4 2 C2H5OH ==> C2H5OC2H5 +
H2O 140 deg
• Reaction of Ethanol with Sodium
Sodium reacts with ethanol at room temp to
liberate hydrogen. The hydrogen atom of the
hydroxyl group is replaced by a sodium atom,
forming sodium ethoxide.

– C2H5OH + Na ==> C2H5ONa +


(H2( Apart from this reaction, ethanol and
the other alcohols show no acidic properties.
• Esterification of Ethanol
Ethanol, C2H5OH, reacts with organic acids to
form esters.
– H(+) C2H5OH + CH3COOH ==>
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Uses of Ethanol
• In the manufacture of alcoholic drinks, e.g.
Vodka, etc.,
• As a widely used solvent for paint, varnish and
drugs,
• In the manufacture of ethanol, (i.e.
acetaldehyde), and ethnic acid, (i.e. acetic acid),
• As a fuel (e.g. in Gasohol),
• As the fluid in thermometers, and
• In preserving biological specimens.
ETHANOL WORLDWIDE
• Brazil and Sweden are using large quantities of ethanol as a fuel.

• India is initiating the use of ethanol as an automotive fuel. Based on


experiments by the Indian Institute of Petroleum, a 10 percent ethanol
blend with gasoline and a 15 percent ethanol blend with diesel are
being considered for use in vehicles in at least one state.

• Brazilian ethanol is made mainly from sugar cane. Pure ethanol (100%
ethanol) is used in approximately 40 percent of the cars in Brazil.

• In France, ethanol is produced from grapes that are of insufficient


quality for wine production.

• Prompted by the increase in oil prices in the 1970s, Brazil introduced a


program to produce ethanol for use in automobiles in order to reduce oil
imports.
Ethanol in India

• India imports nearly 70% of its annual crude


petroleum requirement, which is approximately
110 million tons.
• The prices are in the range of US$ 50-70 per
barrel, and the expenditure on crude purchase
is in the range of Rs.1600 billion per year,
impacting in a big way, the country's foreign
exchange reserves.
Annual Fuel Ethanol Production by Country
(2007–2009)
Top 10 countries/regional blocks
(Millions of U.S. liquid gallons per year)
World Rank Country/Regio 2009 2008 2007
n
1 United State 10,750.00 9,000.00 6,498.60
2 Brazil 6,577.89 6,472.00 5,019.00
3 European 1,039.52 733.60 570.30
Union
4 China 541.55 501.90 486.00
5 Thailand 435.20 889.80 79.20
6 Canada 290.56 237.70 211.30
7 India 91.67 66.00 52.80
8 Colombia 83.21 79.30 74.90
9 Australia 56.80 26.40 26.40
10 Other 247.27
World Total 19,534.99 17,335.29 13,101.70
Refrences
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.google.com
 www.alcohalfuel.edu.in
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