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rcHcsufrsm; &Sdaeonf[k oHk;oyfygonf/

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pdrfhaomiSg txl;u@tjzpf zefqif; wifqufvdkufygonf/

aumif;aom tem*wftwGuf tmrcH&ygrnf/

armu©ynma&;r*¾Zif;
Ekd0ifbmv 2010
 trSwf(4)
C ontents
November 2010

uAsmu@
rdk;[def;(om;*sme,fausmf)? aeEG,f? ESif;cg;rdk;? aumif;uifudk? rkd;vdIifn? ololtdrf

umwGef;u@
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jynfwGif;ESihf e,fpyfynma&; owif;

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44 aemifwpfacwfvli,frsm;twGuf qef? *sKHESihfyJ at;ukdukdat;
46 taumif;qkH;ausmif; Nidrf;at;qm,m
48 0g;&ifhudk0g;EkywfwJhacwf armifausmif;om;
52 rdrd&& xdxd&S&S q&ma|;
58 rdbajc&mxyfumeif;vQuf armifarmifvwf 191
61 OD;aESmufudk ysufpD;apaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;

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62 usaemf raMunufwJh tarh&JU oif&dk; okoQif

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twGif;yef;csD oD[armifarmif? xG#fatmif? 117 AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDtwGuf tu,f'rpfynma&; &Jjrifhausmf
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editors@maukkha.org
maukkha@gmail.com
www.maukkha.org 122 UNESCO, EI, Unicef, UNDP tMuD;tuJwkdY\ o0PfvTm
uAsm
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aqmif;yg;
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138 pdwftm;eJY tvkyfvkyfjcif; a&T[oFm
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143 q&mh *kPfaus;Zl; arpdk;
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160 q&mESihf acwfa&pD; 0if;jrihfarmif

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178 woufwmql; vlAdkvf
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 tzGihfuAsm

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vlomqkH;wm usefwm r½IH;bl;
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5
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6

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8
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rkd;vdIifn

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qHa&;(tkid t f m)ausmif;om;wpfO;D uvnf;ausmif;0if;
xJu tifwmeufawGu q&m q&mrawGyJ okH;vkdY&w,f/
usaemfwkdYu pmwrf;twGuf NrdKUxJoGm;NyD; vkyf&wm/ aeY
pOf pmoifvkduf NrdKUxJu tifwmeufqkdifoGm;vdkufeJY
oufouf tcsdefukef aiGukefyJ}[k ajymonf/
2000 ckESpfrS pwifNyD; oHvQifNrdKUwGif ta&SUydkif;
wuúodkvf? ajrmuf'*kHwGif '*kHwuúodkvf? vdSKifom,m
wGif taemufydkif; wuúodkvf? ajrmuf'*kH &GmomBuD;wGif
pD;yGm;a&; wuúodkvf pojzihf &efukefNrdKU jyif wpfae&mpD
cJGwnfxm;cJhonf/ wuúodkvfrsm;wGif pmMunfhwkdufr&Sd?
tifwmeufr&Sd? teD;tem;wGifvnf; tifwmeufqkdif
r&Sdyg/ jrefrmtifzkdwuf&JU 2010 ZGefv pm&if;t& &efukef
NrdKUv,fwGif tifwmeufqkdif 511 qkdif&SdNyD;? NrdKUjyifywGif
17 qkdifom&Sdonf/ 1
(11 Mo*kwf? 2010)
15
 jrpfBuD;em; wuúodkvf ausmif;tkyfu pma&;rtmm;&GufqJG yg;½dkuf
ucsifjynfe,f? jrpfBuD;em; q&mrBuD; a':
wuúodkvf ausmif;tkyf q&mrBuD; cifoDwm&JU ½dkif;
a':cifoDwmu olYpma&;rwpfOD;udk pkdif;wJh tjyKtrI
twef;0if&rnfh q&mwpfOD; tac: udk ausmif;om;
vTwf&m csufcsif; oGm;rac:ojzihf rsm;? pma&;rsm;
em;&GufqJG yg;½kdufcJhonf/ omru a'ocH
wuúodkvf pma&;wpfOD;u rsm;uyg raus
]em;qJGNyD; yg;udk½dkufcJhwm em;uyfyef reyf jzpfaeMu
xm;wJhae&mxdoGm;vdkYaoG;xGufNyD; onf/ ,ckudpö rwkdifrDuvnf; touf 40ausmf&Sd a':cifoD wmrSm
aq;½kHoGm;jy&w,f/ q&mrBuD;u AkdufcJGNyD; uav; arG;cgp tjcm;pma&; *syefEkdifiHrS ½ku©aA' (Ph.D) &&SdcJhNyD;
tysdKBuD;? ZDZmaMumifw,f/ t&ifu r wpfOD;udk pmtkyfrsm; twif;o,f jrpfBuD;em; wuúodkvfokdY 2009 ck-
vnf; jyóemawG jzpfayr,fh tjyif ckdif;&m AkdufcJGxm;aom 'Pf&mr ESpfwGif ajymif;a&TUvmoljzpf onf/1
raygufMum;bl;? tckrS}[k ajymjyyg usufojzifh xkd pma&;r aq;½kH jyef (14 Mo*kwf? 2010)
onf/ wufcJh &onf/

&efukefpD;yGm;a&; wuúodkvf ygarmu©\ &ufpufrI

&efukefpD;yGm;a&; wuúodkvf (&GmomBuD;)wGif
Zlvkdifv 29 &ufaeYu rkd;&moD opfyifpdkufyJG usif;y
cJhonf/ rkd;onf;xefpGm&Gmojzihf tenf;i,fom pkduf
ysdK;jzpfonf/ Zlvkdif 30 &ufaeYwGif ygarmu© OD;uHaZmfrS
aemuf&ufrsm;wGif &GmomBuD; e,fajr&Sd ynma&; 0ef
xrf; ta,muf 30 tm; usef&Sdaom opfyif 2000 udk
wpftdrfaxmifvQif tyif 80 EIef;jzihf pkdufysdK;&efrSm
Mum;onf/
0efxrf;tdrf,mae rdom;pkrsm;wGif e,fajrXme
rS tvkyform;rSL;&JU om;jzpfolwpfa,mufrSm v,f
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udkufcH&ol 0efxrf;rdom;pk0if vli,ftwGuf tcsdefrSD onf/
aq;½kHydkY&ef ausmif; um;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; cGihfrjyKaom ygarmu©csKyrf StokbulaiGtwGufoifMum;a&;
aMumifh aq;½kHydkY aemufuscJhNyD; Mo*kwfv 2 &ufaeYwGif ESihf pDrHXmerS t&m&Sdrsm;udk aumufcHckdif;&m ulaiGusyf
uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/ ESpfodef;ausmf &&SdcJhonf/ xkdaiGxJrS wuúokdvfrS pdkufxm;
Mo*kwfv 4&ufaeY a&a0;okomefwGif oN*ÐK[f aiG wpfodef; ig;axmifusyfudk EIwf,lcJhonf/ usyfwpf
pOf tcef;iSm;c? a&cJwkdufxm;c? tavmif;o,f,lc? rD; odef;av;aomif;ig;avmifxJrS &ufvnfjyKvkyf&ef usyf
oN*dKvfc pkpkaygif; ukefusonf/ vli,ftokbtwGuf ig;aomif;omay;NyD; usefaiGudk ygarmu©csKyf ,lxm;cJh
a&a0;oGm;&ef ausmif;rSum;wpfpD;om ay;cJhonf/ um; onf/1
rvkHavmufojzihf jyifyrS um;wpfpD;vQif usyfwpfaomif; (16 Mo*kwf 2010)

16
 tajccHynmausmif;om;rsm; jrefrmpm wwfuRrf;rItm;enf;
tajccHynm oif
,laeaom ausmif;om;
tcsdKUrSm jrefrmpmbm om
&yf wwfuRrf;rItm;enf;
csufrsm; &Sdojzihf ,if;
bmom&yfjzihf us½IH;ol
rsm; &SdvmMuonf/
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rSefokH;rSefjzpfaom pmvkH;
aygif;owfykHrSefuefrI? t
okH;tEIef;rSefuefrI? 0gus
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tNidrf;pm; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;wpfOD;rS ajymqkdcJhonf/
]uGefysLwm tifwmeufeJY wjcm;bmompum;
awG vdkufpm;wmaMumifh jrefrmpmnHhzsif;ukefwmawmh
rjzpfoifhbl;/ tckvkyfief;cGif a&mufaewJh bJGU&qdkwJh vl
i,fawGrSmawmif jrefrmpm qif;&Jvmwm awmfawmf
qkd;w,f/ udk,fhbmompum;yJqkdNyD; ayhgayghavsmhavsmh
rvkyfoifhbl;/ ydkNyD;ydkifEkdif uRrf;usifrI&SdzkdYvdkw,f/ q,f
wef;ausmif;om;wpfa,muf rSwfpkvSefMunfhawmh
xkdif;tu©&m rGeftoHxGuf pmoifMum;rI ausmif;om;rdbrsm; qE´jy
xkdif;EkdifiH? uefcseyl&Dc½dkif? pHcavyl&DNrdKUe,f? 0if;
u&Gmausmif;wGif xkdif;tu©&mjzihf rGefpum;toHxGuf
pmoifMum;rIudk rauseyfMuaom ausmif;om;rdb 300
eD;yg; qE´jycJhMuonf/
]uREkfyfwkdY om;orD;rsm;onf <uufrsm;vdk tprf;
oyfcH rjzpfvkdyg}tp&Sd xkdif;bmomjzihfa&;om;um uef
cseyl&Dc½dkif xkdif;ynma&;Xme0efxrf;rsm;odkY aqG;aEG;
wifjycJhMuonf/ odkYaomf vufaxmufc½dkifynma&;rSL;
pkyDwdcGefzwf'Du ,ckynma&;tpDtpOfrSm xkdif;tpdk;&
ay:vpDjzpfNyD; vkH;0zsufodrf;r&aMumif;? vuf&SdoifMum;
a&;pepfudkom jyefvnftokH;jyK&rSmjzpfaMumif; qE´jy
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajymqkdcJhonf/
qE´jyyGJavhvmol xkdif;-jrefrm bmomjyefq&m
udkwifOD;u ]qE´jyolawGu xkdif;tmPmydkifawGudk &Sif;
q&mBuD; yDrkd;eif;&JU ]wuf
usrf;}qkdNyD; rSwfxm;wm
pm vkH; aygif;u ]wuf
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xkd ausmif; q&mBuD;rS ajym
jyonf/
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xl;xGufolOD;a&xuf ESpf
pOf xuf0ufausmf enf;
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aumif; pGma&;om;Ekdifjcif; r&Sdjcif;aMumihf[k q&mBuD;u
qkdonf/
,aeYacwfwGif vli,frsm;rSm acwfopfenf;ynm
rsm;aemufvdkufvsuf&Sdjcif;aMumihf rdrdwkdYbmompum;
ESihf pmaywGif tm;enf;vmaeaMumif;? tajccHausmif;
rsm;wGifuwnf;u jrefrmpm rSefrSefuefuefa&;wwf
ajymwwfatmif tav;teufxm; oifMum;ay;oihf
aMumif; armu©udk ajymqkdcJhonf/1(31 Mo*kwf 2010)
&Sif;vif;vif; rajymEkdifcJhbl;? trSefu rGeftu©&meJY rGef
pmay oifMum;aewm r[kwfbJ xkdif;tu©&meJYa&;NyD;
rGefvdk toHxGufwJhpepf jzpfaewmudk xkdif;tmPmydkif
awG oabmaygufatmif rwifjyEkdifcJhbl;/ 0if;u&Gm[m
xkdif;ajray:rSm&SdwJh rGef&Gmjzpfw,f/ xkdif;tpdk;&u rGefpm
oifMum;cGihf jyKvkdufayr,hf xkdif;tu©&meJY jzpfaew,f}
[k ajymonf/
0if;u&Gm tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif yxrwef;rS
wwd,wef;txd xkdif;tu©&m rGeftoHxGufpepfjzihf
2008-2009 ckESpfrS pwifcJhonf[k oifMum;a&;wm0ef
cH EkdifpGrf;axmifuvnf; &Sif;jyonf/ ]xkdif;tu©&m rGef
vdktoHxGufzwfcdkif;wm obm0rusbl;? rGefpmayvnf;
ysuf? xkdif;pmayvnf; ysufr,fhudef;yJ/ rdbawGvnf;
oabmrwlMubl;} [k xkdif;-rGef pmayuRrf;usihfol
17
Ekdifatmifydkifu okH;oyfonf/ jrefrmjynfzGm; rGefwkdif;&if;om; trsm;pk aexkdifMuNyD;
0if;u&Gm tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;om; tdrfajc wpfaxmihfig;&mausmf &Sdonf/1
OD;a& wpfaxmihfig;&mausmf &Sdonf/ tqdkyg aus;&GmwGif (10 pufwifbm 2010)
xkdif;EkdifiH w&m;0ifaexkdifcGihf rSwfykHwifvwfrSwf&Sdol

ppfawGNrdKUwGif ausmif;raeEkdifaom uav;ta&twGuf rsm;jym;vm

&ckdifjynfe,f? ppfawG qifajczkH;&yfuGufrsm;&Sd
tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif rdbrsm; qif;&Jusyfwnf;rIaMumihf
ausmif;EIwfxGufoGm;&aomuav;i,fta&twGuf
wdk;yGm;vmaeovdk teD;tem;&Sd bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;
rsm;wGif ausmif;tyfESHaom uav;ta&twGufrSm
txl;ojzihf rsm;jym;vmaeonf/
ppfawGNrdKU? qifajczkH;&yfuGufrsm;jzpfaom t
aemufqwf½dk;us? ta&SUqwf½dk;us? atmifcsrf;omESihf
rif;'&m;csdwfaus;&Gmrsm;wGif tpdk;&rS zGifhvSpfxm;aom
rlvwef;ausmif;rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; ausmif;0ifaMu; t
ygt0if tjcm;ausmif;aMu;rsm; ay;aqmif&aomaMumihf tajctae a&mufoGm;Muwmayhg}[k ajymonf/
uav;rsm;ausmif;rS EIwfxGufcJh&Nyd; teD;tem;&Sd bkef; ZrÁL&wem bkef;awmfBuD;ynmoifausmif;rS q
awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;odkY ajymif;a&TUtyfESHMuonf/ &mi,fwpfOD;u ]tckbkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm uav;ta&
ausmif;om;rdbwpfOD;u ]usaemfwkdY qwf½dk;us twGuf 300 eD;yg;awmif &SdaeNyD/ ausmif;&yfwnfa&;u
acsmif;wavQmuf&Sd &yfuGufawGrSm vufvkyfvufpm; awmh ppfawGNrdKUay:u tvSL&SifawG xnhf0ifwJhaiGeJY &yf
awG rsm;Muw,f/ tvkyftudkifvnf; tqifrajywJht wnfaewm/ q&m q&mrawGtwGuf ausmif;om;wpf
wGuf tvkyfvufrJh t&rf;rsm;aew,f/ xrif;eyfrrSef OD;pDu vpOf 500 usyf aumufygw,f/ trsm;pkuawmh
wJholawGvnf; tm;BuD;yJ/ 'Dawmhom; orD;awG ausmif; rxnfhEdkifygbl;} [k ajymjyonf/1
xm;zkdYudpöxuf xrif;eyfrSefatmifpm;zkdYu ydkta&;BuD; (14 pufwifbm 2010)
w,fav/ uav;awG trsm;pkvnf; ausmif;raeEkdifwJh

18
 urÇm hq&mrsm;aeYudk jynfwGif;ESihf xkdif;-jrefrm e,fpyfausmif;rsm;wGif usif;y
atmufwkdbmv 5 &ufaeY? urÇmhq&m
rsm;aeY (World Teacher's Day)udk q&m q&mr
rsm;? ynma&; 0efxrf;rsm;? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
uav;i,f oef; aygif;rsm;pGmjzihf wurÇmvkH;wGif
ESpfpOf crf;crf;em;em; usif;yMuonfh tpOftvm
&Sdnf/
2010ckESpftwGufurÇmhq&mrsm;aeYaqmif
yk'frSm ]jyefvnfxlaxmifrI q&mrsm;ESihf tpjyK}
(Recovery begins with Teachers!) [k EkdifiH
wumynma&;tzJGUBuD; (EI) u owfrSwfxm;
cJhonf/
NyD;cJhwJhESpf zHGUNzdK;NyD; pufrIEkdifiHrsm;wGif pD;yGm;
a&; rwnfNidrfrI tusyftwnf;rsm; jyefvnfemvH
xlatmif vkyfzkdY &Sdaeovdk? a[wD ajrivQifESihf yg
upöwefa&BuD;rIuJhokdY obm0uyfab;rsm; jyefvnf
wnfaqmufzkdYtwGuf ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm; tcef;
u@rSm txl;ta&;ygvQuf&Sdonf/ jyefvnfxlaxmif
rIrsm;udk q&mrsm;ESihf tpjyKzkdY a<u;aMumf&if; tusyf
twnf; 'ku©&Sd&m ae&ma'orsm;odkY q&m q&mrrsm;rS
OD;aqmif0dkif;0ef; Mu& ygrnf/
&efukefwkdif;? wHGaw;NrdKU? usL&Sifq&m OD;atmifaz
uvnf; ]awGUqkHaqG;aEG; wkdif;jynfat;}qkdwJh aqmif
yk'fukd &SyftusÐaemufausmwGif a&;om;NyD; 5&ufaeYu
vlpnfum;&mae&mrsm;wGif qE´azmfxkwfcJhonfrSm
av;pm; *kPf,lzG,f jzpfygonf/ ]apwem? 0goem? tepf
emeJY emokH;emru tepfemcHaewJh jrefrmq&m q&mrrsm;
tm;vkH;udk tpdk;&u *kPfjyKoihfw,f/ qif;qif;&J&J ae
ae&wJh tNidrf;pm; q&m q&mrBuD;awGudk yifpifvpm
wdk;jr§ihfay;oifhw,f}vkdY awmif;qkdcJhonf/
xkdif;-jrefrme,fpyf rJaqmufNrdKUwGifvnf; urÇmh
q&mrsm;aeY tcrf;tem;udk ]jrefrma&TUajymif;q&mrsm;
tzJGU} (BMTA)u BuD;rSL;NyD; ]'dkY BMTA}oDcsif;jzifh zGihf
vSpfcJhonf/ xkdif;EkdifiH? wyfcfc½dkiftwGif;&Sd jrefrma&TUajymif;
ausmif; 62ausmif;rS q&m q&mr 400ausmf wufa&muf
cJhonfhtwGuf xl;jcm;aom tcrf;tem; jzpfcJhonf/
BMTA OuúX q&mref;a&TESif;? q&mr a'gufwm
ausmif;q&mrsm;tm; urÇmhq&mrsm;aeY
trSwfw& vufaqmifypönf;rsm; ay;aepOf
pifoD,marmifwkdYrS urÇmhq&mrsm;aeY usif;y&jcif; &nf
&G,fcsufESihf q&m q&mrrsm; tcef;u@ tvGefta&;
BuD;ykH? q&mrsm; usihf0wfodu©mESihf *kPfaus;Zl;udk azmfjy
&if; q&maumif;? q&mjrwfrsm; ay:xGef;zdkY vdktyfae
aMumif; ajymqkdoGm;cJhonf/ xkdYaemuf touf 50txuf
q&mBuD;? q&mrBuD;rsm;udk *kPfjyKvufaqmifrsm; ay;
tyfjcif;? wufa&mufvmaom ausmif;rsm;odkY *kPfjyK
vufaqmifrsm;ay;tyfjcif;? AGAPE ausmif;om;av;
rsm;rS pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrIazmfjyaom rD;&xm;oDcsif;jzihf
azsmfajzjcif;? q&m q&mr toD;oD;rS rdrdwkdY ausmif;rsm;
wGif BuKHawGUae&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk BMTA odkY wif
jyjcif;jzihf tcrf;tem;udk pnfum;pGm usif;yEkdifcJhMu
onf/
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q&mrrsm;udk *g&0 ed0gw xm;wwfaom vlUtzJGUtpnf;
jzpfonf/ q&m q&mrrsm;udk txifao;jcif;onf rdrd
tem*wf? rdrdrsdK;quf tem*wfESihf wkdif;jynftem*wf
udk txifao;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ ,ckESpfrSpNyD; urÇmhq&m
rsm;aeY a<u;aMumfoHvkdyif jrefrmjynfjyefvnfxlaxmif
a&;twGuf q&m q&mrrsm;ESihf tpjyKMuygpkdY[k wdfkuf
wGef; qEjyKMuaMumif; od&onf/
(6 atmufwkdbmv 2010)
19
 wkdif;&ifom;vli,frsm; tvkyftudkifESihf ynmoiftcGifhtvrf;twGuf NrdKUBuD;rsm;odkY ajymif;a&TU
jynfe,ftoD;oD;&Sd wkdif;&if;om; vli,frsm;
onf rdrdwdkYaexkdif&m NrdKUESihf aus;vufrsm;udk pGefYcGmNyD;
NrdKU BuD;rsm;odkY ajymif;a&TUrI ,ckESpfrsm;wGif ydkrdkrsm;jym;vm
onf/ t"dutaMumif;rSm tvkyftudkif tcGihftvrf;?
pDyGm;a&; tcGihftvrf;ESihf ynmydkrdk oif,lEkdifa&;twGuf
rdrdZmwda'orsm;udk pGefYcGmcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/
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twGufyg/ e,fausmif;awGrSm q&mawGu rNrJbl;/
aemufjyD; vli,fawG aq;okH;pJGwmvGwfatmif rdb
awGu ajymif;Muwm/ pD;yGm;a&;udkvnf; a'ocHawG
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xuf w½kwf? ukvm;awGu ae&m,lvmMuvkdYyg}[k
jynfe,frsm; t"du pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSm pdkufysdK;
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a&;vkyfief;jzpfond/ ,cktcg obm0ywf0ef;usifESihf
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&efukefwkdif;twGif; &Srf;? u&if? &cdkif? ucsif? csif;?
avmuf rjzpfxGef;rIrsm; BuKHMu&onf/ wEkdifwydkif
rGefpwJh vlrsdK;rsm;rSm rdom;pkvdkuf ajymif;a&TU rI ta&t
vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; vlrsdK;jcm; pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;u
wGuf rsm;jym;vmonf/ tcsdKUrSm wpfOD;csif; t&ifajymif;
vTrf;rdk;csKyfudkif vmMuonf/
a&TUNyD;? aemufrS rdom;pkudk ac:,la&TUajymif;cJhMuonf/ Ekdif
(atmufwkdbmv 4&uf 2010)
iH&yfjcm; xGufvkdaom vli,frsm;twGuf BudKwifjyif
qifrIrsm;vkyfzkdY &efukefudk a&muf&Sdvmjcif;vnf; jzpf

rkd;n§if;NrdKUrS ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; "m;xkd;cH&

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olY&JUausmif;a&SUrSmyif rl;,pfaq;0g; okH;pJGwJh
vli,fwpfa,mufrS "m;eJYxkd; jcif;udk atmufwkdbmv
18 &uf? wevFmaeY rGef;vJGydkif;wGif cHvdkuf&onf/
xkd;oGm;wJhvli,frSm ausmif;om;rsm;qDrS vdkufvH
aiGn§pfaeol jzpfonf/
cif;jzpfwJhaeYu *sif;azmwl;wkdYtzJGU[m pmar;yJGajzNyD;
"m;eJYxkd;oGm;wmudk udk,fwkdifrsufjrifawGUcJhol rkd;
xGufvmwJh uav;awGqDuae aiGn§pfawmif;cHyg
n§if;NrdKUcHwpfa,mufu ]"m;eJYxkd;oluawmh *sif;azmwl;
w,f/ ausmif;0if;xJu *dwfaygufrSm aq;vdyfaomuf
vdkYac:wJh rwl; jzpfygw,f/ ausmif;0wfpkHeJY vmvmNyD;rS
NyD; xkdifaewJh tJ'Daumifav;udk ausmif;q&mBuD;u
ydkufqH&SdwJh uav;awGudk Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; aiGawmif;yg
ausmif;vkHNcKHa&;twGuf ppfaq;zkdY ac:,lw,f/ tJ'DrSm
w,f/ olu rl;,pfaq;0g;okH;pJGzkdY aiGn§pfwmyg/ tJ'D t
aumifav;u olYqDrSmygvmwJh"m;eJY q&mBuD;&JU &if0udk

20
xkd;ygw,f/ q&mBuD;u vSnhfvkdufawmh aemufausmukd
xkd;rdoGm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ tckq&mBuD; rdk;n§if;aq;½kHrSm
twGif;vlemtjzpf aq;ukoae&ygw,f}[k ajymjycJh
onf/
xkda'owGif touf 15ESpfrS touf 20ausmf
vli,frsm;rSm rl;,pfaq;okH;pJGaeMuNyD; bdef;jzLudk t
aMumxJ xkd;oGif;wJhvli,fawGu trsm;pkjzpfaeonf/
ausmif;teD; ywf0ef;usifrSmrl;,pfaq;0g;udkay:ay:xif
'½kdif;y&ufwDu,feJY jrefrmjynf wuúodkvf ynma&;
jrefrmjynfwGif; wuúodkvfrsm;wGif vufawGUavh
vmcGihf parcticals rsm; r&Sdoavmuf enf;yg;aeaMumif;
pkHprf;od&Sd&onf/ txl;ojzihf vufawGUtxl;jyK bmom
&yfrsm;jzpfonfh odyÜHESihfenf;ynm bmom&yfrsm;wGif
oifMum;aeonfh q&m q&mrrsm;\ t&nftcsif;? oif
Mum;a&;vkyfief; tawGUtBuKHtm;enf;rIrsm;? vkdtyfonfh
oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;&Sm;yg;rI? "gwfcJGcef;ypönf;rsm; r
vkHavmufrIrsm;? rD;jywfvyfrIrsm;aMumifh wuúodkvfrsm;
wGif vufawGU parcticals rsm;udk csefvSyfxm;ae&onf/
enf;ynmwuúodkvf (armfvNrdKif)rS tpm;tpm
ESihf"mwkaA'tif*sifeD,moifwef;aemufqkH;ESpfausmif;
olwpfOD;u armu©odkY ,ckvkd ajymjycJhygonf/ ]ausmif;
rSm wufcJh&wJh NyD;cJhwJhESpfawG wavQmufvkH;rSm vuf
awGUtcsdefawGqdkwm tawmfudk enf;yg;ygw,f/ tcsdef
Z,m;xJrSmawmh &Sdwmayghav/ 'gayrJY "mwfcJGcef;ypönf;
awGu rpkHwm&,f? MuyfrwfrItm;enf;wm&,f? tjzpf
avmufom vkyfMu&w,f/ pmawGUoDtkd&DeJY vufawGU rQ
watmif avhvmcGihf tvkHtavmuf r&&SdMubl;}/
xif a&mif;0,faeNyD;? ausmif;wm0ef&SdolawGu ouf
qdkif&mudk wkdifMum;cJhayr,fh xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;
,lwmrsdK; rawGU&bl;[k NrdKUcHrsm;u ajymonf/
rkd;n§if;NrdKUwGif okH;pJGaewJh rl;,pfaq;0g;awGu
awmh w½kwf-jrefrme,fpyfzufu vmwm&Sdovkd? zm;
uefY ausmufpdrf;wGif;a'ozufuvnf; 0ifvmjcif;jzpf
onf/1
(22 atmufwkdbm 2010)
rauG;aq;wuúodkvf wwd,ESpf ausmif;om;
wpfOD;uvnf; '½dkif;y&ufwDu,frsm;jzihfom cJGpdwfbm
om&yfwkdYudk avhvmae&aMumif; &ifzGihfajymjycJhygonf/
]rauG;aq;wuúodkvf vufawGUavhvmrIawGudk wDAD
zefom;jyifay:rSmom Munfh½IMu&w,f/ aeYausmif;wuf
aeayr,fh ta0;oifvkdyJ/ [dk; &efukefwkdYuaevSrf;NyD;
vufawGUudk vkyfjywmudk Munfh&wm/ '½dkif;y&ufwDu,f
dry parcticals ayghav/ em;rvnfvnf; jyefar;vkdYu r
&bl;/ udk,fwkdif vufawGUavhvmcGihfr&Sdawmh t&rf;cuf
ygw,f/ pdwf0ifpm;p&m raumif;ovkd ynmvnf;&oifh
oavmuf r&bl;/}
ppfbufqkdif&m enf;ynmwuúodkvfrsm;ESihf ppf
aq;wuúodkvfwkdYwGifrl ausmif;om;ta&twGufvnf;
enf;yg;onfhtjyif vufawGUavhvmcGihftwGuf ypönf;
rsm;? oifaxmufulrsm;udk tvQHy,f yHhydk;xm;aMumif; o
wif;&&Sdygonf/1
(24 atmufwkdbmv 2010)
21
 rJ½kHrSL; ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;? BuHhzHGUygwD tEkdifr&vQif ta&;,lcH&zG,f&Sd
jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;rSm Ekd0ifbmv
7&ufaeY usif;yrnfh a&G;aumufyJGudk pdwf0ifpm;rI
r&Sdaomfvnf; rJ½kHrSL;rsm;tjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf
ay;&rnf jzpfonf/ ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;udk rJ½kHapmihf
rJa&wGufcsdefESihf rJvmxnhfaom a'ocHrsm;udk tul
tnDay;zkdYESifY vkHNcKHa&;wGif yg0ifzkdY ckdif;jcif;jzpfonf/
pm;0wfaea&; rvkHavmufí usL&Sifay;NyD;
pm;0wfaea&; ajz&Sif;ae&onfh q&m q&mrrsm;rSm pdwf
ygrI r&Sdaomfvnf;? txuftrdefYudkremcHvQif e,f
ajymif;a&TUjcif;? usL&Sifvdkifpifodrf;jcif;ESihf trsdK;rsdK;
aESmuf,Suf cH&jcif; rsm;jzihf Ncdrf;ajcmufcHxm;&onf/ aMumif; Ncdrf;ajcmufxm; onf/
u&ifjynfe,fESihf rGefjynfe,frsm;wGifvnf; u&ifeDjynfe,f vdGKifaumf? 'Darmqdk;? z½l;qkd;
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;udk ac:,lNyD; rJrsm;a&wGufykH? NrdKUe,frsm;&Sd ynma&;0efxrf;rsm;onf BuHh ckdifa&;ygwDrS
a&G;aumufyJG Oya'? aumfr&Sifwm0efrsm;ESihf ywfouf 0ifa&mufta&G;cHzkdY tvkt,uf pm&if;ay;aeonf[k
NyD; BudKwifoifwef;ay;rIrsm;? tprf;avhusifhrIrsm; &SdcJh uEÅm&0wDwkdif;rf owif;Xmeu azmfjyonf/ ausmif;
onf/ odkYaomf BuHhcdkifa&;ygwD rJtEkdifr&cJhvQif? rJ½kHrSL; q&m q&mrrsm; a&G;aumufyJGESihf BuHhzHGUygwDrS 0ifa&muf
rsm;tjzpf wm0efay;cH&aom ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm; ta&G;cHa&; ½IyfaxG;aeaomaMumihf ausmif;rsm;wGif
ESihf &yfuGufaus;&GmOuú|toD;oD;udk tvkyfjzKwfjcif;? q&mrsm; r&SdbJ vpf[maeonf[k od&onf/
'PfaiGcsrSwfjcif;ESihf axmif'Pftxd tjypfay;Ekdif (29 atmufwkdbm 2010)

w½kwfr,fNydKifyJGwGif yavmifausmif;ol wwd,qk&

w½kwfe,fpyf a&TvDNrdKUü atmufwkdbmv 1 &ufaeYrS
3&ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhonfh 10Budrfajrmuf w½kwf-
jrefrm aqGrsdK;aygufazmf tvSr,fNydKifyJGü oQrf;jynf
(ajrmufydkif;)rS yavmiftrsdK;orD;av;u wwd,qk
&&SdcJhonf/
touf 22 ESpft&G,f uGwfckdifol rpdk;aEGonf
a&TvDa&muf jrefrmukefonfrsm;tm; udk,fpm;jyKí
,ckv 2&ufESihf 3&ufaeYrsm;u erfharmif; (ac:) a&Tv
jrpfab;wGif usif;yonfh tvSr,fNydKifyJGü jrefrmtvS
r,f 5OD; tygt0if pkpkaygif; tvSr,f 44 OD;ESihftwl onf vm;½dI;wuúodkvf wufa&mufaeonfh jrefrmpm
,SOfNydKifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,ESpf ausmif;oljzpfaMumif; od&onf/
,ckv 10&ufaeYu a&TvDNrdKU? [def;&Sif;a[mf (15 atmufwdkbm 2010)
w,fwGif qkay;yJGtcrf;tem; usif;ycJhNyD; olronf
qkaiGtjzpf w½kwf,GrfaiG 20000 qGwfcl;&&Sdonf/ olr

22
 uav;u@


qGrf;csufxpdkY vlav;&,f
em&DMunhfygYuG,f/


iSufi,fjrnfvdkY a&mifeDjrL;
MunhfzdkYvdkygbl;/

 oajyoif;wJh oMuFefcsdef?
MunhfygY jyu©'def

 0if;xdefa0vdkY ydawmufjrL;
MunhfzdkYvdkygbl;/
rif;ok0Pf
(armifacG;zdkY uAsmrsm; pmtkyfrS
ul;,lazmfjyonf/)


0if;umxdefum? vrif;omonf
rdk;jymcGifxJ rSeftdrfqGJ/


Mu,fawGMu,fawG? jydK;jyufa0onf
a&Tva&mifxJ pdefvnfqGJ/


rSeftdrfMuD;u vif;xdefxdef
pdefb,ufu wvufvuf

 rdk;jymjymxuf rdk;jymxuf
aEGn vjynhf&uf
nGefYat; (tif;0)
(pHy,faps; uav;uAsmrsm; pmtkyfrS)

23
 ausmif;wufoGm;zkdY [efa&;jyif
tNrJ olyg0if
ykckH;wGif ar;wifcsdwf
vrf;rSm wa&;tdyf/

vG,ftdwfuav; xawmhuGm
ausmif;udk a&mufvdkYvm
wkdYem;rSm tNrJ&Sd
vkdwm xkwfay;\/

tvkdufodwJh ausmif;oGm;azmf
pmoif&mrSm aysmf
wkdYrsm;ac: ausmif;awmfom;
]armifvG,ftdwf}wJhAsm;/
av;pdk; (a';'&J)

bJOav;vkd vkH;wkH;wkH;eJY
tNyKH;av;u cspfpzG,f
ypfvkdufwkdif;rSm vJroGm;bl;
axmifvsufom;av; &Sdaew,f/

b0qkdwm c&D;Murf;aygh
yifyef;wJhtcg BuKHvdrfhr,f
qkH;½IH;jcif;[m a&mufvmwwfvkdY
pdwf"mwfruszkdY vdkygw,f
pdwf"mwfus&if yef;wkdifa0;ayhg
ypfwkdif;axmifav; twk,luG,f/

vJ&ifxNyD; us&ifwufvkdY
a&SUqufMupdkY ZJGeJY&,f
wkd;wufr,f wkd;wufr,f/
armifarmifNidrf;at;

24
 uav
;yHkjy
if

tufaewJh ]tkd;uav;}
uav;wkdYa& ....
[kd;a&S;a&S;wkef;uayghuG,f ..
jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;a'ou aus;&Gmwpf&Gm
rSm armifynmqkdwJh a&xrf;orm; vli,fav;wpfOD; &SdcJh
ygw,f/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;vSwJh olwkdY&GmrSm vkdtyfaewJh bkef;
awmfBuD;ausmif;wpfausmif;eJY pmoifausmif;wpfausmif;
udk vli,fawG&JU tiftm;eJY pkaygif;wnfaqmufEkdifcJhMu
w,f/ ausmif;aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;wJhtcgrSmvnf; a0,sm0pö
twGuf tvkyfwm0efawGudk &Gmvli,fav;awGuyJ ukd,f
pDcJGa0,lMu&wmayhgaemf/ ]ukodkvfa&;rdkY raES;wuf<u?
uav;awG&JU ynma&;rkdY tm;vkH;0dkif;0ef;ulnDMu&r,f}
vkdY cH,lxm;MuwJh vli,fawG r[kwfvm;/ a&xrf;orm;

uav;u@
armifynmav;[m &Gmtjyifbufu prf;acsmif;av;
xJrSmaeYpOfaeYwkdif;a&cyfxGuf&owJh/&GmOD;bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;eJY pmoifausmif;twGuf a&jznhfay;wJhwm0efudk ,l xm;&olyg/

uav;wkdYa& .........
armifynmav;[m qkdif;xrf;eJY a&tdk; 2vkH;udk o,fydk;ygw,f/ a&tkd;wpfvkH;uawmh temtqmr&Sd? r
zdwfrpifbJeJY a&tjynfh o,f,lay;EkdifcJhw,f/ 'kwd,a&tkd;rSmawmh tv,favmufrSm uJGtuf&mav; &SdaeowJh/
a&xrf;o,fvm&wJh vrf;aMumif;wpfavQmufrSm a&awG zdwfpifukefwmayhg/ tJ'DtwGufaMumihf ausmif;udka&muf
wJhtcgrSmawmh 'kwd,a&tdk;xJrSm a&wpf0ufom &SdawmhwmayhguG,f/ 2ESpfavmuf MumwJhtxdudk a&o,fwkdif;
tdk; 2vkH;xrf;&ayr,fh wpftkd;eJY wpf0ufom o,fay;EdkifcJhw,fav/ yxr a&tkd;uawmh tjypftemtqmuif;NyD;
a&tjynhf o,fay;EkdifwJhtwGuf *kPf,l0ifh<um;vdkY aeygw,f/ olu 'kwd,a&tkd;ukd tckvdk ajymcJhygw,f/
]a[h .. igu rif;xufydkomw,fuG/ aeYwkdif;yJ a&tjynfho,fay;Ekdifayr,fh rif;uawmh wpf0ufom vkyf
Ekdifwm/}
'kwd,a&tkd;av;[m bmrSjyefrajymEkdifbJ pdwf"mwfusqif;vkdYom ae&wmayghuG,f/ &Suf½THUtm;i,fpdwf
vnf; jzpfaerdowJh/ uav;wkdYrSmvnf; pdwfnpfp&mawG &Sdovm;[if/

uav;wkdYa& ...
wpfaeYawmh prf;acsmif;av;eHab;rSm armifynm[m a&tdk; 2vkH;udkcsNyD; tarmajzxkdifae&if; prf;acsmif;
av;&JU a&pD;oHeJY om,mvSywJh ½Icif;awG Munfh½IcHpm;aecJhygw,f/ uav;wdkYaum prf;acsmif;av;&JU a&pD;oHudk em;
qifzl;Mu&JUvm;/ prf;acsmif;av;awGu uav;wkdYudk wpfckck ajymjycsifaeMuw,f/ BuKHwJhtcgrSm em;axmifMunfhyg
uG,f/
acwåtem;,lNyD;wJhaemuf armifynmav;[m a&jznhfawmhr,fvdkY jyifqifaewkef;rSm 'kwd,a&tkd;av;
u tckvdk awmif;yefpum; ajymjycJhowJh/

25
 ]ukdynmcifAsm; .. usaemf trsm;BuD;udk pdwfraumif; jzpfrdygw,f/ &Sufvnf;&Sufw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf udk
ynmudk awmif;yefygw,f/ usaemfh&JU tm;enf;csufudk cGifhvTwfygcifAsm}
]bmjzpfvkdYvnf; a&tkd;av;&JU? rif;u bmawGpdwfnpfae&wmvJuGm/ usaemfhudk ajymjyprf;ygOD;}
armifynmu jyefar;wJhtcgrSm 'kwd,a&tkd;av;u 0rf;enf;yufvufeJY tckvdk jyefajzygowJh/
]NyD;cJh 2ESpfvkH;rSm &GmOD;ausmif;eJY pmoifausmif;twGufudk usaemfu aeYpOf a&wpf0ufom o,fay;EkdifvkdY
yg/ usaemfhrSmu uJGtufaewJh tm;enf;csuf&Sdavawmh tjynfhro,fay;EkdifvkdYygAsm/ udkynmvnf; tifeJYtm;eJY BudK;
pm;o,fydk;ayr,hf BudK;pm;oavmuf tjynfhr&bl; r[kwfvm;}
tJ'Dvdk Mum;vdkuf&awmh armifynm[m a&tdk;
av;&JU cHpm;csufudk pmemoem;rdygowJh/ uav;wkdYaum
pdwfnpfwJhtcgrSm b,folawGudk jyefajymjyjzpfovJ[if/
tif;ayhg .. em;vnfwwfwJh oli,fcsif;awGeJY rdb? q&m
q&mrawGukd zGihfajymjy&rSmayhguG,f/
armifynmu a&tkd;av;udk MuifMuifememeJY p
um;wpfcGef; jyefajymcJhygw,f/
]uJ a&tdk;av;a& tcsdefvifhawmhr,f/ wkdYawG
tck&Gmausmif;awGqDudk jyefMuwJhtcgrSm &Gmvrf;wpfavQmuf
rSm zl;yGihfa0qmaewJh yef;vSvSav;awGudk MunfhoGm;Mu&
atmifaemf/}

uav;wkdYa& ...
trSefygyJ/ prf;acsmif;av;eHab;uae &GmxJzuf
udk 0ifvmwJhvrf;wpfavQmufvkH;rSm odyfvSwJh ta&mifpkH yef;rsdK;pkH[m zl;yGihfa0qmaevkdufMuwm/ uav;i,fawG?
rdef;rysdKav;awGeJY &Gmol&Gmom;awG[mvnf; yef;tvS awGudk Munfh½IcHpm;aeolawG? bk&m;rSmuyfzkdY? pmoif
ausmif;tvSqifzkdYeJY q&m q&mrawGudk vufaqmifay;zkdY cl; ,laeMuolawGeJY &GmvkH;uRwfudk aysmf&TifaeMuw,f/
oeyfcg;bJMum;vdrf;xm;wJh rdef;rysdKav;awG[mvnf; a&mif pkHyef;awGyefvkdY qnf;qmcsdefrSm
tvS<u,faejyefw,f/
armifynmeJY a&tkd;av; 2vkH;wkdYvnf;yJ &Gmol&Gmom;awGeJYtwl yef;tvSawGudk cHpm;&if;? MunfEl;aysmf&Tif
MuowJh/ pdwfnpfaewJh a&tkd;av;vnf; olYtjzpfudk cPavmufarhaysmufNyD; aysmf&Tifaewmayhg/ uav;wkdYaum
yef;av;awGudk cspfw,frkdYvm;/ vrf;qkH;vkdY &Gmausmif;awGqDudk a&mufjyefawmh a&uzdwfpifcJh&wmeJY wpf0ufyJ
usefawmhwmrkdY pdwfnpf&NyD/ 'geJY a&tdk;av;[m armifynmukd xyfNyD;awmif;yefpum; qkdjyefw,f/ armifynmu t
ckvdk &Sif;jycJhw,fwJh/
]'Dr,f a&tkd;av;&JU ... apmapmu &Gmv,fvrf;ay:rSm yef;rsdK;pkHawGMum; aysmf&TifaeMuwJh &Gmol&Gmom;awG
udk toifawGUw,fr[kwfvm;/ wkdYvnf; aysmfMu&w,faemf? vrf;eHab;u yef;yifav;awG? yef;yGihfav;awGaMumihf
yg/ rif;&JU tkd;rSmtufaewJh[mav;&Sdwmudk usaemf tpwnf;u odw,fcJhygw,fuGm/ tJ'DtwGuf usaemfpdwful;&
NyD; tokH;csvdkufwmyg/ vGefcJhwJh 2ESpf wkdYtvkyf pwifuwnf;uaygh/ a&o,fvm&wJh &Gmvrf;wpfavQmuf rif;&Sdae
wJhzufawGrSm yef;rsdK;aphav;awGudk ysdK;BuJxm;cJhw,f/ wkdYawGaeYwkdif; a&cyfcsdef prf;acsmif;av;qDu &Gmtjyefvrf;
rSm rif;u a&avmif;ay;jyefw,f/ 'DvdkeJY odyfrMumcifrSm yef;awGzl;yGihfa0qmvmwm tckqkd&if 2ESpfawmif &SdNyDyJ/
&Gmol&Gmom;awGuyef;tvSawGaMumihfpdwcf sr;f ajrMh uw,f/tdrrf mS &GmOD;bk&m;rSmyef;ylaZmf&if;ukov dk ,
f Ml uw,f/
&Gmom;vkvifi,fawGu &GmolvkHrysdKawGudk vufaqmifay;zdkYeJY pmoifcef;wGif;? pm;yJGay:wifzkdY yef;awGcl;Muw,f/

26
wu,fvkdY a&tkd;av;om ykHrSeftwkdif; a&tjynfh o,f,lEkdifcJhr,fqkd&if tckvdk &GmudktvSqifzkdY b,fvG,f
vdrfhrvJ/ rif;&JUaus;Zl;aMumifh tm;vkH;aysmf&TifMu&wmyguGm/}
armifynmu tckvdk tus,fw0ifh &Sif;jyvdkufwJhtcgrSmawmh a&tkd;av;[m tvGefrSudkyJ auseyfpGmeJY
oabmaygufvdkufawmhw,f/ c&D;vrf;qkH;txd a&tjynfhro,fEkdifcJhayr,fh olYrSmvnf; *kPf,lp&m&SdaeNyD r[kwf
vm;/ ykHjyifav;uawmh 'DrQygyJuG,f/
uav;wdkYvnf; arQmfvihfcsufyef;wkdifudk avQmufvSrf;aewJh c&D;vrf;rSm pdwfrnpfMuygeJYaemf/ tm;enf;
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27
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rdwfqufvdkufygw,f/

29
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30
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31
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33
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avmifpmrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;aMumihf obm0ywf0ef;usifESihf av
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34
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ed'gef;
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;
awmfvSefvSIyf&Sm;rI ESihf 'Drdkua&pDvIyf&Sm;rI wdkufyGJwdkYwGifvnf;aumif;?
tem*wf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf &mwGifvnf;aumif;? jynfolvlxk
wpf&yfvHk;\ EdkifiHa&; todtjrifESihf Edkf;Mum;wufMuGrIrSm tc&m usonf/
f
zGYHjzdK;wdk;wufjyD; jidrf;csrf;aoma'o jzpfvmap&eftwGufvnf; jynfolvlxkonfom y"me
jzpf\/ OD;aqmif wdkufyGJ0if&mwGifjzpfap jynfolwdkYrS a&G;cs,frnfh acgif;aqmifrsm;? EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;rSm rnffol
wdkYenf;/ rnfonfh t&nftcsif;rsm; yg&Sdoihfygoenf;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifpGrf;&Sd&ygvdrfhrnf/ jynfolY
tusKd;udk o,fydk;rnfh jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk a&G;cs,f&efrSm tm;vHk;wGif wm0ef&Sdonf/ 'Drkdua&pD
EdkifiHa&;twGuf txufwef;tqihfrsm;wGif avhusihfay;&rnfh ta&;MuD;aom oifcef;pmwpfckjzpf\/

oifcef;pm tpDtpOf ausmif;oifcef;pm tpDtpOf

(1) twef;pvQifpcsif; wpfcef;vHk;ESihf ed'gef;udk aqG;aEG;yg/

uav;u@
(2) ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;xJrS EdkifiHa&;orm;vkyf&ef
bmom&yf - usihf0wfeDwdESihf EkdifiHom;ynma&;
&nfrSef;csuf&Sdolrsm;udk ar;jref;yg/ twef; - txufwef; (9-10 wef;)
(3) a&G;cs,fxm;aom tvkyftudkifwpfcktaejzihf oifaxmuful - pm&Gufydkif;rsm;? ydkpwmpm&GufMuD;
tb,faMumihf EdkifiHa&;orm; vkyfvdkonfudk &Sif;jyMuygap/
(4) wpfwef;vHk;ESihftwl]EdkifiHa&;} ESihf ]EdkifiHa&;orm;} udk
tcsdef - 1 em&D cGJ
t"dyÜg,f zGihfqdkMu&ef/ ]ynm&Sif}? ]tufwD;Apf}?
]jynfol}? ]awmfvSefa&;orm;}? ]EdkifiHa&;orm;} ESihf ]vlrI0efxrf;orm;} wdkYtMum; wlnDcsuf? uGm[jcm;em;csuf?
vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;ESihf tuefYtowfwdkYudk aqG;aEG;yg/ Oyrmay;yg/ acwfwkdif;wGif tjrJwrf; vdktyfaeolrsm;yifjzpf
aMumif;vnf; aqG;aEG;yg/ &SdaeOD;rnfholrsm; jzpfaMumif; aqG;aEG;yg/ udk,fpD wefzdk;&Sdolrsm;jzpfaMumif;udk t"duxm;
aqG;aEG;yg/
(5) 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;ynm&yfESihf ywfoufjyD; tusOf;csKyf aqG;aEG;yg/ txl;ojzihf 'Drdkua&pD EkdifiHom;wkdif;
em;vnfwwfod&rnfh ynm&yfjzpfaMumif; tav;teuf aqG;aEG;oihfygonf/
(6) jynfoludk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;? jynfolrS w&m;rQwaom enf;jzihf a&G;cs,fcHxm;&jcif;? jynfolESihf wom;wnf; ? xyfwl
usjcif;wdkY\ oabmobm0udk aqG;aEG;yg/
(7) rdrdukd,fudk ]EkdifiHa&;orm;} [k uifyGef;wyf,HkrQjzihf EkdifiHa&;orm; rjzpfEkdifaMumif;udk &Sif;jyyg/ axmufcHaom jynf
ol? udk,fpm;jyKaom jynfolwdkYrS a&G;cs,f wifajr§mufrSomvQif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif jzpfaMumif;&Sif;jyyg/
(8) ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;rS av;pm; tm;usaom jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;? wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; ?
urÇmhacgif;aqmifrsm; taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;ygap/
(9) tb,faMumihf av;pm; tm;usMuonfudk ar;jref;yg/ olwdkY vdkcsifaom EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif;wpfOD;\
t&nftcsif;wdkYudk pm&if;jyKpkyg/ pm&Gufydkif;rsm;wGif aqmhyifjzihf a&;rSwfapjyD; twef;a&SU eH&HwGif tESHUtjym;uyfxm;yg/
(10) wpfcef;vHk;udk 3-4 OD; pD yg0ifaom tkyfpki,frsm;zGJ Yay;yg/
(11) q&mrS wpfwef;vHk;taejzihf jyKpkxm;onfh ]EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif;] t&nftcsif; pm&if;xJrS tkyfpktwGif;
tESpfoufqHk;? ta&;MuD;qHk;jzpfonf[k ,HkMunfaom tcsuf (3) csufpDudk a&G;xkwfjyD; &Sif;vif;csufESihf twl
aqG;aEG;Muygap/ tkyfpki,frsm;tvdkuf aqG;aEG;jyD;ygu olwdkY ,HkMunfcsuf wdkYudk twef;a&SUodkY xGufjyD; &Sif;jyMuygap/

35
 oifudk,fwkdif ysKd;axmif&rnfh EdkifiHa&; orm;aumif;
oif\ pdwfMudKuf EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif; avhusihfcef; pm&Guf eHygwf -1
wpfOD;udk a&G;cs,fay;yg/ 'Drdkua&pD EkdifiHa&; oifcef;pm
rnfonfh pHwefzdk;rsm;? t&nftcsif;rsm; trnf twef;
udk arQmfvifhxm;ygoenf;/ ausmif;

&Sif;vif;csuf

&Sif;vif;csuf

&Sif;vif;csuf

wpfzuf pmrsufESmwGif &Sdaom pHwefzdk;ESihf

t&nftcsif;rsm;xJrS oifhpdwfMudKuf 3 ckudk
a&G;xkwfyg/
tb,faMumihf ESpfouf&onf? ta&;MuD;
onfudk &Sif;vif; aqG;aEG;yg/

armu© ynma&; r*¾Zif; - 'Drkdua&pD ynma&; oifcef;pm pmpOf (1)

EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif; tvkd&Sdonf
36
 'Drdkua&pd ynma&;? 'Drdkua&pD EkdifiHawmf
a&&
tvGef S ft
n
cHpm;
zswfvwfrI &Sdo jrif a0zef pdwf"gwf
jzpf& l vG,fol cHEdkifol
&Sdonf rn
f wufMuGol

o
f du©m &dk;ajzmi yGifhyGifh rdrdudk,fudk
*kP Sdol fh vif;vif;
usef;rmwJY ol
& ol ESdrfhcsol
orm;
av
av ;pm;
tvkyftay: f mu vkyf&J
rsuf&nf rusol &yfwnfcsu fol
opöm&Sdol cdkifrmol udkif&J ol

uav;u@
m;vHk;
tjcm;olrsm; [mo uav;rsm;t
zefwD;wwfol xufxuf ausmif;aeEdki
fa&;
rS twl,lzG,f OmPf&Sdol jrufjruf&Sdol fol
aqmif&GufEdki
jzpfol

qGJaqmif tajrmftjrif
t&yfjrifhol pmem? Muifem
pnf;&Hk; OmPf&Sdol MuHhcdkifol wwfol
wwfol

aiG aMu; tepfem bmomw&m; ,HkMunf tmPm

tvGJoHk;pm; cHEdkifol &dkao avmufol xufol
rvkyfol udkif;&dIif;ol

cspfjrw
w&m; vufawGU fEdkf;
acsmarmvSyol bGJU&? ynmwwf av;pm;
rQwol usol zG,fjzpfo
l

37
 emrnfausmfyef;csDq&mr jzpfcsifol a0[if a&TGUajymif;jrefrmuav; tvkyform;av;wpfOD;&JU
orD ; emrnf u d k
rtd`E´ma0[ifcefY vdkY
ac:ygw,f/ toufu
11 ESpfyg/ arG;zGm;&m
Zmwd uawmh bDvl;
uRef;? acsmif;qkH NrdKUe,f?
rGefjynfe,f jzpfyg
w,f/ orD;&JU rdbESpfyg;
rSm azaz OD;armifOD;ESihf
arar a':oZifwkdY jzpf
NyD; tck orD; tefwD
a':oZifa|;EkdifeJY twl
rJaqmufNrdKUrSm aeygw,f/ orD; tck xkdif;[Gmzkdif ausmif;rSm
'kwd,wef;rSm ynm oifMum; aeygw,f/
xkdif;ausmif;rwufcifwkef;u a&TUajymif; jrefrm
vSnf;bD;ausmif;rSm wwd,wef;txd ynmoifMum; cJhzl;
ygw,f/ jrefrmausmif;uae xkdif;ausmif; wuf&jcif;
uawmY xkdif;EkdifiHrSm aewJhtwGuf xkdif;ausmif;udk ajymif;
wufoifYw,f xifvkdYyg/ orD; xkdif;ausmif;rSm wuf&wm
aysmfw,f/ jrefrmausmif;rSm pmoifMum; aewkef;uqkd
pma&;? pmzwfrsm;w,fav/ pmr&&if q&mru ½dkufao;
w,f/ tckorD;wufaewJh xkdif;ausmif;rSmu yef;csD?
vufrI? tu? tm;upm;wkdYudk aeYtvkduf oifay;w,f/
pmoifwJhtcg wDAGDeJY oifwJhtcsdefawGvnf; &Sd
w,f/ NydKiyf JGawGvnf; vkyfay;w,f/ ausmif;rSmvkyfwJh
NydKifyJGwkdif;rSm orD;qk &&SdcJhw,f/ orD;,SOfNydKif&wJh trsm;pk
uawmh xkdif;EkdifiHom; ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG jzpfyg
w,f/ ausmif;rSm 'kwd,wef;&JU twef;acgif;aqmifvnf;
jzpfygw,f/ ausmif;rSmusif;ywJh tcrf;tem;awGrSm orD;
u jrefrmtuESihf xkdif;tuukd oifjyay;&ygw,f/
paeaeYeJY we*FaEGaeYawGrSm Studio Xang
AMCP (Maesod) wGif zGihfxm;wJh tEkynmoifwef;rSm
wufaeygw,f/ orD;&JU tem*wf&nf&G,fcsufuawmh
tausmfMum;qkH; yef;csDq&mraumif; wpfa,muf jzpfcsif
w,fav/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
38
&ifzGihfpum;
om;emrnfarmif
atmif x G e f ; 0if ; yg/
om; touf 14 ESpf
jzpfygw,f/ om;[m
i,fi,fwnf;u ck
t&G,ftxd tazudk
rjrif z l ; cJ h y gbl ; /wpf
cgwpfav vrf;oGm;
&if; om;vdk&G,fwl
awG rdbawGeJY oGm;
wmjrif&ifvkdY tarh
udk ar;Munfhawmh
om; ukd,f0ef 5 vrSmwif tazu ydk;xdNyD; qkH;oGm;w,fwJY/
om;rSm armifESr ig;a,muf &Sdygw,f/ om; ckESpf
ESpfom;t&G,frSm &GmrSm tvkyftudkif&Sm;yg;vdkY om; taru
om;orD;ig;a,mufudkac: NyD; xkdif;EdkifiH? rJaqmufjrdKUudk ajymif;
a&TUvmcJhygw,f/ om;wdkY rdom;pk tm;vkH;ukd om;tudkBuD;u
&&m tvkyfudk vkyfudkifjyD; &SmazG auR;ygw,f/ om;
tpfudkBuD;u ajcaxmuf wpfzufroefol jzpfygw,f/ om;udk
vnf; ausmif;xm;ay;ygw,f/ tckawmh rJaqmufrSm tvkyf
tqifrajyvkdY awmvrf;uaeNyD; befaumufudk ol
wufoGm;cJhw,fav/
'gaMumifh om;tck ausmif;uaexGufNyD; yef;&H
tvkyfudk vkyfaeygw,f/ vkyftm;cuawmh wpf&ufudk
udk;q,f bwf &ygw,f/ tckom;rSm vwfrSwfr&SdvkdY
tvkyfem;ae&w,f/ vwfrSwfr&SdolawGudk ola|;u tvkyf
rqif;ckdif;awmh pm;0wfaea&; tqifrajybl;av/ om;&JU
rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tck om; uefpGef;&Guf cl;a&mif;
ae&ygw,f/ om; ausmif;aecsifayr,fh rdom;pk pm;0wfae
a&;u ta&;BuD;wmaMumihf tvkyfvkyfae&ygw,f/
om;eJY&G,fwl ausmif;wufaewJh oli,fcsif;rsm;udk
ausmif;wufcGifY &aewJYtcsdefrSm ynmudk BudK;pm; oif,l
MuygvdkY om;wkdufwGef;vdkufygw,f/
 twk,l avhvmp&m
zGJU EGJU a&;oD - jrefrm pmpDpmuHk;
aus;vuf naecsrf;
naeqnf;qmcsdef
aerif;BuD; taemufzuf edrfhqif;aeykHjrifuGif;
aumif;uif&Sd wdrfwdkY\ ½Icif;
awmpOfawmwef;jrifuGif;
aus;iSufrsm; tdyfwef;jyefMuykH
naecsdef jrpfjrifuGif;
&SifOwårausmf\ awmvm;
tusnf;wefvScsdefjzpfykH
aevkH;BuD; 0ifoGm;onfh jrifuGif;
rdrdtjrifESihf cHpm;rI
wpfaeYwmukefqkH;í wpfnodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;
awmhrnfh tcsdefumvonf naeqnf;qmcsdef jzpfyg
onf/ a'gif;zvf0gaerif;BuD;onf ta&SUrdk;ukyf puf0kdif;
BuD;rS pwifxGufay:vmNyD; MoumoavmuBuD;udk wpf
aeYwm tvif;a&mifay;onf/ ta&SUrdk;ukyfpuf0kdif;rS t
aemufrdk;ukyfpuf0dkif;qDodkY wjznf;jznf; wa&GUa&GU c&D;
ESifonf/ MoumoavmuBuD;ukd wpfaeYwm tvif;
a&mifay;NyD;aemuf taemufrkd;ukyfpuf0kdif;atmuf epf
jrKyfaysmufuG,fNyD; wpfnwm tem;,lawmhrnf jzpf
onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf tvif;a&mifrsm; uG,faysmufí
tarSmifodkYa&mufawmhrnfh tul;tajymif; tcsdefumv
onf naeqnf;qmcsdef jzpfygonf/ þuJhodkYaom
tul;tajymif;umv naeqnf;qm\ obm0½Icif;
rsm;um; MunfEl;vGrf;armp&m aumif;vSygonf/
naeqnf;qmcsdef\ tprSm a'gif;pMuFmaerif;
BuD; taemufbufawmpOfawmwef;uav;rsm;odkY edrfh
qif;a&muf&Sdvmcsdefjzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf ae0ef;
BuD;udk rsufpdjzihfwnfhwnhfMunhfí puf0dkif;ykHo@mef
jrif&csdef jzpfonf/ aejcnfwpfaxmif tvif;a&mifwkdY
azsmhawmhvmonf/ aerif;BuD;\ tvif;a&mifonf
aMu;0ga&mifrS aMu;eDa&mif? aMu;eDa&mifrS vdar®mfa&mif
odkY wjznf;jznf; rodrom ajymif;vmonf/ aepuf0kdif;
BuD;\ t0ef;onfvnf; ao;&mrS BuD;BuD;vmonf/
taemufodkY edrhfíedrfhíqif;av ae0ef;BuD;\ t&G,f
yrmPu BuD;íBuD;ívmav jzpfonf/ a&Tvifyef;
t&G,frS paum0dkif;? a&Tpaum0dkif;rS a&TvSnf;bD;t&G,f
yrmPodkY wkd;wkd;vmonf/ þtcsdefwGif ae0ef;BuD;qDrS
tvif;wef;wdkYonf MoumoavmuBuD;udk a&T&nf
oGef;avmif;ay;onf/ wpfaeYwm wm0efxrf; aqmifNyD;
aemuf wpfnwm cJGcGm&rnfhtcsdefwGif aerif;BuD;u
EIwf qufvufaqmiftjzpf MoumoavmuBuD;tm;
a&T0wf&nf NcKHvTrf;ay;ouJhodkY &Sdonf/
uav;u@
þuJhodkY naeqnf;qmcsdefwGif taemufbuf
rkd;aumif;uifü vIyf&Sm;ajy;vTm;aeaom wdrfwkduf?
wdrfawmif? wdrfpOf? wdrfrQifwkdY\ ½Icif;rSm yef;csDqef
vSygonf/ vIyf&Sm;aeaom wdrftrsdK;rsdK;udk naeqnf;
qm ae0ef;BuD;u ta&miftrsdK;rsdK; qifoay;aeonf/
wpfcgwpf&H wdrfrnf;ndKwkdufwdkYu &Sifaerif;BuD;udk
ydwfuG,fwm;qD;í avmuBuD;ESihf jcm;ypfonf/
xkdtcg aerif;BuD;u wdrfrnf;ndKwkdufwkdYudk
a&Tem;uGyfí avmutjrifwGif tvSqifay;onf/
wdrftxltyg; tenf;trsm; ykHo@mef trsdK;rsdK;udkvkduf
í ta&miftrsdK;rsdK; qifayonf/ wdrfawmifpOfwef;
BuD;jzpfvdkuf? awmwef;BuD;jzpfvkduf? wdrfO,smOfjzpf
vkduf? wdrfa&tkdifBuD;jzpfvkdufESihf rdk;jyma&mifaumif;uif
aemufcHwGif toGiftrsdK;rsdK; awGU&onf/ wdrfwkdY\
ta&mifwkdYuvnf; ndKvdkuf? jymvdkuf? &Dvdkuf? rIefvdkuf?
vdar®mfa&mifajymif;vkduf? r&rf;a&mifajymif;vkduf? c&rf;
a&mifajymif;vkdufESihf a&mifrsdK;pkHjc,foaeonf/ rkd;jym
a&mifaemufcHwGif naeqnf;qma&mifu qvkdufxkd;
ay;aeaom vIyf&Sm;aeonfh wdrfwdkY\ jrifuGif;onf
vIyf&Sm;touf0ifaeaom yef;csDum;BuD;ESihfyif wlao;
awmhonf/ þodkY naeqnf;qmcsdef wdrfjrifuGif;wkdY
udkMunfh&if; &SifOwårausmf\ awmvm;yg wdrfzGJUudk
owd&rdygonf/ &SifOwårausmfu ...
39
 ]wdrfndKrdv’m? wdrfqlumESihf
wdrfjyma&m,Suf? r&rf;zufí
wdrfoufwHYa&mif? t0gabmifwGif
arSmifcJhwcg? jymcJhwcsdKU
ndKcJhwvD? &DcJhwzkH
rIefcJhwcsuf? ,k*efxufu
av;bufvkH;NcKH? wdrf*VKefvnf;
e*g;½kHa<uU? &efcsif;awGUaomf
cdk;aiGUvTwfNydKif? *kPfcsif;qkdifcJh}
[k a&;zJGUcJhygonf/ naeqnf;qmcsdef wdrfjrif
uGif;udk touft0ifqkH; zJGUqkdEkdifaom uAsmjzpfygonf/
naeqnf;qmcsdef\ ½Icif;rsm;wGif awmpOfawm
wef;uav;rsm;\ jrifuGif;onfvnf; ½IarmzG,fjzpf
onf/ aea&mifwdkuf½dkufusa&muf&m ta&SUbuf&Srf;½dk;
rawmifwef;BuD;u jymjymvGifaeonf/ ae0ef;aemuf
cHaMumifh aea&mifuG,faeaom taemufbuf awmif
pOfwef;uav;rsm;u rdIif;rdIif;ndKUaeonf/
awmifpOfawmifwef;uav;rsm;\ xdyfwGifum;
xkH;jzLazG;azG;ESihf apwDuav;rsm; nae&D aejcnfwGif
zl;jrif Ekdifonf/
naeqnf;qmcsdefwGif awmifwef;ndKU ndKUqDrS
awmrD;avmifNyD; xGufay:vmaom rD;cdk;rD;aiGUwkdYonf
txufodkY wvlvlwufaeonf/ awmifckd;awmifaiGU?
awmrD;cdk;awmrD;aiGUwkdYonf aumif;uif&Sd wdrfwdkufwdkY
ESihf a&m,Sufaygif;pyfoGm;onf/ aemufcHae a&mifjcnf
aMumifh rD;cdk;aiGUwkdYonf a&Tckd;a&TaiGUrsm;tjzpf jrifawGU&
onf/ ]awmifcdk;ESifh wdrf? a&m,Sufvdrfí wdrfESihfawmif
cdk;? awmifudkrdk;í} wdrfcarmuf aqmifxm;aom awmif
pOfawmifwef;jrifuGif;rSm naeqnf;qm\ yom'½I
cif;wpfck jzpfygonf/
naeqnf;qmcsdef awmifwef;ndKUndKU jrifuGif;rSm
vnf; MunfEl;vGrf;armzG,f aumif;vSygonf/ nae&D
aejcnfatmufwGif awmwef;ndKU ndKUqDrS awmaumif
rsm;\ wGefusL;oHrsdK;pkHudk Mum;&onf/ awmwef;buf
qDrS ..
]orifuawmuf? acsua[mufESihf
arsmufuBudK;acG? a'gif;tkd;a0}
[k wGefusL;oHwdkYudk Mum;&onf/ awmwef;pyf
uav;qDrS ]wul;ul; .. wul;ul;}[laom csdK;uloHom
40
omudkvnf; Mum;&onf/ xkdtcsdef awmwef;ndKUndKU
aemufcHwGif tdyfwef;wuf&ef jyefvmaom aiGAsdKif;jzL
wpftkyfudkvnf; tpkvdkuf wa&GUa&GU ysHoef;aeonfudk
jrif&onf/ awmwef;ndKUtxufodkY jrihfwufoGm;aom
tcg qnf;qma&mif aiGAsdKif;jzLrsm;tjzpf jrif&onfrSm
MunfEl;zG,fjzpfonf/ wpfaeYwm 0rf;pma&;twGuf
pm;usuf&Sd&modkY oGm;a&muf&SmazG pm;aomufNyD;aemuf
tcsdefwefí tdrfjyefvmaom jrifuGif;yif jzpfonf/
tcsdefwefvQif rdrdtodkuf? rdrdttkH&Sd&mokdY jyefvmavh
&Sdaom aus;iSufwkdY\oabmudk tm;usrdao;awmh
onf/
naeqnf;qmcsdef½Icif;rsm;wGif woGifoGifpD;
qif;aeaom jrpfa&jyif jrifuGif;uvnf; wpfrsdK;tvS
qifvsuf &Sdonf/ wNidrfhNidrfhpD;qif;aeaom jrom;a&
jyifwGif naeqnf;qm\ aea&mifqifovkdufaom
tcg a&TjrpfjyiftoGifokdY ajymif;oGm;onf/ nae&Dae
jcnf wkduf½dkufusa&mufí jrpfjyifrS a&TwHvQyfrsm;
NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf awmufyvmonf/ tnmqefarmf awmf
MuD;u jrpfaMumif;wpfavQmuf txufodkY qefoGm;
onf/ atmufjynfpke f &GufavSBuD;wpfpif;u jrpf at-
mufodkY pkefoGm;onf/ armfawmfBuD;ESifh avSBuD;jzwfoGm;
&m vrf;wpfavQmuf a&,ufyef;yGm; jzLjzLazG;azG;x
oGm;NyD;? vdIif;vkH;rsm; vIyf&Sm;usef&pfonf/ iSuforÁmef
uav;rsm;uvnf; jrpf\ [kdbufurf;ESihf onfbuf
urf;? vl;vmacgufwkHYul;oef;aeonf/ udkwHig-
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Muufí ig;zrf;aeonfrSm yef;csDqefvSaom
jrifuGif;yifjzpfonf/
]tkd .. ig;Muif;awGqef
ig;wefawG aomifajcOD;rSmv
udkwHig a&,mOfpD;ygvkdY
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qnf;qmudk tvSqifay;vsuf&Sdygonf/
jrpfjyiftxuf naeqnf;qma&mifwGif [oFm?
pifa&mf? iSufuav;rsm; ysHoef;jrL;wl; aeMuonfrSm
vnf; MunfEl;zG,fjzpfonf/ jrpfjyifESihf qufpyfaeaom
ae&mwGif oJaomifjyif? oJaomifjyifxufwGif wHigwJ
uav;tcsdKUudk jrifawGU&onf/ oJjyifonf a&Ta&mif
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onf/ naeqnf;qmcsdef aea&mifonf Moumo avm
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oJaomifjyifESihf jrpfa&,mOf qufpyfaeaom nae
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Owårausmf\ ...
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yk'fudkyif owd&rdao;awmhonf/
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0wf½kHNcKHxm;aom MoumoavmuBuD;tjzpf vSypGm
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urÇmBuD;ESihf wpfnwm cJGcGmcgeD; EIwfqufvuf aqmif
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awmwef; ndKUndKUatmufodkY tpu av;wpfponf
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tvif;a&miftpGef;av; awmifpOfawmwef;xdyf use f
aecsdefonf MunfEl;vGrf;armzG,f taumif;qkH;tcsdef
jzpfygonf/
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epfjrKyfí vkH;0uG,faysmufoGm;aomfvnf; aumif;uif
wGif aea&mifu jzefYMuufqJ? rkd;aumif;uifjymjymvGifrS
a&mifjyefjzihf avmuBuD;udk wwfpGrf;orQ tvif;a&mif
ay;í tvSqifqJ? ae0ef;BuD;udk rjrif&awmhaomfvnf;

jrif&onf/ rkd;&moD? rkd;wdrfrsm;? rkd;pufrkd;yef;rsm; oGef;cs
aeaom a&mifpkHum;BuD;ozG,f awGUjrifEkdifonf/ nae
qnf;qmcsdefonf &moDra&G; &SdorQobm0avmu
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r&Sdawmh/
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uifjymaemufcHwGif awGU&qJyif/ wjznf;jznf;ESihf t
vif;a&mifNcKHvTm ½kwfodrf; ½kwfodrf;ívmawmhonf/
tvif;a&mif ½kwfodrf;oGm;onfESihftrQ r[l&ma&mifu
vTrf;NcKH vTrf;NcHKí vmonf/
MoumoavmuBuD;onf wjznf;jznf;ESihf vif;
&mrSrSdef? rSdef&mrSrIef? rIef&mrSrdIif;? rdIif;&mrS ndKU? ndKU&mrS
ndKvmonf/ aumif;uifwGif Mu,fpifuav; wpfvkH;
ESpfvkH; NydK;jyufvif;vufonfudk jrif&csdefonf nae
qnf;qm\ ed*kH;urÜwf tqkH;owfyif jzpfygonf/ þn
aeqnf;qm\ obm0½Icif;rsm;tm; MunfEl;vGrf;arm
zG,f aumif;vSyg ownf;/ /

ynm tvkyfNrJol
tvkyfudk tNrJvkyfolonf tvkyfudkpJGí tvkyfüaysmfojzihf tvkyfrvkyf&vQif raeEkdifouJhodkY
jzpfav&m?
xkduJhokdYaom yk*d¾KvfrsdK;onf vlowå0gwkdY rSD0JaomufokH;&ef
rukefcef;Ekdifaom
tvdr®mprf;a&wGif;BuD;rsm;ESihf wlMuavonf/

v,fwDq&mawmf

41
 English Essay for High School students

Herbal medicine Threat

Experts on climate change have recently suggested that around a quarter of the world's land
plants and animals may be wiped out in 50 years' time if something is not done to constrain the
damaging effect of global warming. This is perturbing news, but climate change, with the resultant
change to habitats, is not the only threat to their survival that animals and plants face. In some
cases, the behaviour of human beings is imperilling their existence.
We are probably more aware of the damage done to animals than to plants. Even the very
earliest of human beins were hunters, relying on animals for food and clothing. Later, some animals
were hunted for commercial gain, as elephants for ivory. In time, the scale of this hunting got out of
hand and there began to be a number of endangered species. Legislation is often in place now to
delimit or proscribe such hunting, but it is difficult to implement this effectively.
Less attention has been paid to the effect of human activity on plants. Yet, for many years
people have been plundering and raiding woods, fields and river banks for wild flowers, such as
snowdrops and daffodils, to take home and transplant to their gardens. A boost in popularity in
gardening has seen as corresponding increase in wild-flower gathering, roots and all. Most viewers
rush to garden centres for material for their instant garden, but some rush to the countryside.
It is not only gardeners who pose a threat to plants. According to environmentalists, thou-
sands of species of wild plants are being wiped out because of an increase in the popularity of
herbal medicine. The plants are being over-harvested.
The statistics are alarming and many proponents of herbal medicine will be shocked to hear
that their favoured form of healing is having such a devastating effect on the world's flora. It has
been reported that up to one-fifth of the species which are used in the herbal medicine industry are
being harvested to the point of extinction. Two-thirds of the plants used in herbal medicine are still
harvested in the wild, rather than being specially cultivated.
The problem is likely to get worse unless mass cultivation of some of these plants begins.
More and more people are turning to herbal medicine as an alternative to conventional medicine,
partly because of the side effects associated with some of the treatments involved. But our plant life
is paying a terrible price for this.

Constrain uefYowfonf? csKyfcs,fonf/ • It is important that formal art lessons do not

This is a formal word meaning to limit or re-
strict. Either of these simpler words or a syn-
onym for them can be used instead of the formal
word:
• The architect's design for the new building
is bound to be constrained by the tightness
of the building budget.
• The architect's design for the new building
is bound to limited by the tightness of the
building budget.
• It is important that format art lessons do not
constrain the natural creativity or imagina-
tion of the children.
restrict the natural creativity or imagination
of the children.
delimit abmifcwf uefYowfxm;onf/
This is a formal word meaning to fix the limits of
something:
• Residents feel that the polices should take
more vigorous action against the teenage
thugs, but the law delimits the power of the
police in such circumstances.
• Residents feel that the police should take
more vigorous action against the teenage
thugs, but the law establishes the limits of
police power in such circustances.

42
flora a'ocHopfyifrsm;
This is a formal or technical word meaning
plants and it can be replaced by the simpler
word, or by the phrase plant life, in non-techni-
cal contexts:
• Mike is interested in botany and is looking
for a book on the flora of Australia.
• Mike is interested in botany and is looking
for a book on the plant life of Australia.
•
hand, get out of hand xdef;rEkdif? odrf;r&tajctae
This is cliche which indicates that a situation is
no longer manageable. The cliche can be re-
placed by an expression such as get out of con-
trol or become unmanageable:
• Some of the marchers were using violence
and police were concerned that the protest
was getting out of hand.
• Some of the marchers were using violence
and police were concerned that the protest
was getting our of control.
imperil tEÅ&m,fjzpfaponf/
This is a formal word meaning to put in danger.
It can be replaced by an expression such as en-
danger, put in danger or put at risk:
• People who drink and drive imperil other
people's lives.
• People who drink and put at risk other peo-
ple's lives.
Implement taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufonf/
This is a formal word meaning to put something
into effect or action:
• The school authorities have drawn up a bul-
lying strategy, but it has yet to be imple-
mented.
• The school quthorities have drawn up a bul-
lying strategy, but it has yet to be put into
effect.
• We do not plan to implement the suggested
changes to the timetable until next term.
• We do not plan to put the suggested changes
to the timetable into operation until next
term.
perturbing pdwftaESmihft,Sufjzpfaom
This is a formal word meaning giving rise to
worry or concern. It can be replaced by a simpler
word such as worrying, disturbing or alarm-
ing.
• It is perturbing that there is still no news of
the missing climber.
• It is worrying that there is still no news of
the missing climber.
proponent axmufcHtm;ay;ol
This is a formal word meaning someone who
supports an idea or course of action. It can be
replaced by a simpler word, such as supporter,
backer, advocate or promoter, or the sentence
can be reworded using a verb:
• The MP is proponent of free further educa-
tion for all.
• The MP is a supporter of free further educa-
uav;u@
tion for all.
• The MP promotes free further education for
all.
proscribe w&m;0if ydwfyifwm;jrpfonf/
This is a formal word meaning to forbid some-
thing. It can be replaced by a simpler word such
as forbid or ban:
• This is a list of the drugs which have been
proscribed by the Athletics Federation.
• This is a list of the drugs which have been
banned by the Athletics Federation.
• This dictator has proscribed all political
meetings.
• The dictator has forbidden all political
meetings.
43
 aqmif;yg;

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wdkYESifh MuHK&awmhrnf/
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aexdkifMurvm;? w&kwfykHpHESifh aeMurvm;/ ar;cGef;
wpfckuawmh vlom;wdkY wHcg;0ü a&mufaeygavNyD/
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jcif;udk jyefvnfpDppfzkdY vdkvmNyDqdkwm usaemfwdkY tao
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vdk ckdifjrJoGm;rnf/
vlaMumifh ysuf&onfjzpf&m vlujyefjyifjcif;
jzifh jyefaumif;vmaponfh enf;wpfenf; om&dSonf/
vltay:wGif wm0ef&dSonf/ oHudkoHzsuf oHacs;wuf?
vludkvlzsuf vlYurÇmysuf[kom qkd&ef&dSawmhonf/
rvkyfu tjypfjzpfjyD;? vkyfvQif aumif;oGm;rnf/
udk,fcsif;pm;w&m;udk ywf0ef;usifu awmif;
qkdaeNyD/ BuD;oludk&dkao? i,folukd oem;? &G,fwludk
av;pm; qdkaom jrefrmh&kd;&m tqdktrdefYonf þacwf
awmif;qdkrIESifh tH0ifcGifus jzpfvSonf/ jrefrmrsm; jref
rm jyefyDozdkYvdkvmNyD[k ajym&awmhrnf/ EkdifiHjcm;rS a&m
*gydk; tusihfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;í acwfvnf;rSDap jrefrm
vnf;qefap[k jzpf&awmhrnf/ ywf0ef;usifuawmh
xdkokdY awmif;qdk aeygavNyD/
,ckacwfurÇmonf vlYaMumifh vlYurÇmysuf
rnfh urÇmwpfcktjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;cJhNyD/ vlom;rsm;

44
ykHpHa[mif;? enf;ema[mif;rsm;ESifh aeír&awmh/
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qifjcifaexdkifrSom vlom;wdkY rSDckdtm;xm;&m u
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a[mif;rsm;udk ajymif;ypfzdkY vdkvmNyD/ r[kwfapbJ? pdwfudk urÇmtwGuf aexdkifaom
urÇmudkysufapaom taMumif;t&if; ESpfck&dS
pdwftjzpf ajymif;vJ aexdkif&rnf[k qdkvkd&if;
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&if;tjrpf avsmhenf;&Sm;yg;vmrIESifh wd&pämefrsm;? opf jzpfonf/ ,cif u pdwfrSm rdrdtwGuf vkyfudkif
yifrsm; rsKd;wkH;aysmufuG,fvmrI jzpfonf/ 'kwd,wpf aom pdwfjzpfonf/ ,ckpdwfrSm urÇmtwGuf
ckrSm puf&kHrsm; pufu&d,mrsm; ,mOfrsm;rSxGufaom vkyfudkifaom pdwfjzpfonf/ urÇmtwGuf vkyf
umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'f tqdyf"gwfaiGU jzpfonf/ yxr udkifaom pdwfESifh r[kwfygu rdrdonf vlowfrI
wpfckudkEkdifu 'kwd,udk EkdifzkdY vrf;yGifhoGm;rnf/
a&t&if;tjrpfudk xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif&ef t
usL;vGefaom vlowform; jzpfoGm;onftxd
wGuf a&udk acRwmokH;pJG&rnf/ Oyrm- qeftpm; *sKHudk &J&J0Hh0Hh qefYxkwfawG;&J &rnf/...
ajymif;pm;rnf/ trJom;tpm; tmvl;udk ajymif;pm; rnf/
vlMuHvQif bmrQrcHEkdif? owdESihfaexdkif&if; tEÅ&m,f
}}
taMumif;&if;rsm;udk wpwpNzdKcs oGm;rnfqdkvQif
rjzpfEkdifp&mr&dS/
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&rnf/
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a&t&if;tjrpfESifh wd&pämef opfyift&if;t
avQmhcs ypfrnf/
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vJoGm;NyD jzpfaomaMumifh umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'f tqdyf
opfyifrsm;udkvnf; wzufrS pepfwus ckwf
aiGUudkvnf; xdef;csKyfrIzufodkY OD;wnf ajymif;vJ vm
,lokH;pJGovdk wjcm;wzufrSvnf; arG;jrLapmifha&Smuf
Ekdifonf/ a&t&if;tjrpf ouf&dSwd&pämef opfyifawm
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awmifwdkYESifh umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'f tqdyfaiGYxkwfvkyf
qdku xdktEÅ&m,fESpfckudk xdef;csKyfoGm;Ekdifrnf/ urÇmr
rIwdkYrSm urÇmysufpD;a&;ESifh qufEG,fae&m a&? ouf&dS ?
ao urÇmraMuawmh/
opfyifwdkYtwGuf xdef;csKyf&if;jzifh tqdyfaiGYxdef;csKyf
t"du twm;tqD;rSm vlüyif&dSaeonf/ vl
jcif;vnf; wygwnf; yl;wJGygvmp&m &dSonf/ ESpfckaygif;
\avmbESifh vl\tm&kHcHpm;vGefuJrI wkdYjzpfonf/ w
rdum urÇmonf usef;rmvmzdkY aocsmoGm;NyD/ aemif
cGef;wnf; ajym&aomf xdef;csKyfaexdkfifjcif; jzpfonf/
wpfacwf wufvli,f om;orD;rsm; twGuf &wwf
pdwfudk xdef;csKyfaexkdifyg[k ajym&onfrSm
at;p&m jzpfvmrnf/
a,bl,s usvGef;vSonf/ enf;enf;xyfjznfhajymrS ydkí
aeYpOfpm;okH;rIudk ,aeYrSpí pwif jyifqif
&Sif;vif;oGm;rnf/ tjcm;r[kwf? pdwfukdrdrdtwGuf
&efom &dSawmhonf/
aexdkifaom pdwfr[kwfapbJ? pdwfudkurÇmtwGuf
at;udkudkat;
aexdkifaom pdwftjzpfajymif;vJ aexdkif&rnf[k q kdvk d
&if; jzpfonf/ ,cif u pdwfrSm rdrdtwGuf vkyfudkifaom
pdwf jzpfonf/ ,ckpdwfrSm urÇmtwGuf vkyfudkifaom
pdwfjzpfonf/ urÇmtwGuf vkyfudkifaom pdwf
ESifh r[kwfygu rdrdonf vlowfrIusL;vGefaom vl

45

rdwfaqGrsm;? rdbrsm;ESihf vkyfazmfudkifzuf
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;u rMumcP þar;cGef;udk
ar;jref;wwfMuonf/ ] 'DNrdKU &JU taumif;qkH; jrefrm
ausmif;u b,fausmif;vJ} [lí jzpf\/ usaemfu
vnf; ,ckvkdyif tpOfjyefvnf ajzMum;wwfonf/
]taumif;qkH;ausmif;qdkwm r&dSao;bl;/ urÇmay:rSm
vnf; b,frSmrSudk r&dScJhao;bl;/} tcsKdU Za0Z0g jzpf
ukefMuonf/ tcsKdU rSm rausreyf/ rdrd\ ausmif;udkdrS
taumif;qkH;[k ,lqxm;onfh rdbrsm;ESifh q&m
q&mrrsm;rSmvnf; rmefrcsEkdifao;/ usaemf xyfrH &Sif;jy
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awG;awmp&mvnf;ygNyD; wefzdk;tm;jzifhvnf; ydktuJ
jzwf&m a&mufygr,f/ uav;awG? ausmif;om; awG[m
46
taumif;qkH;
ausmif;
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oif,lavhvmrI tawGYtMuHKawGudk &&Sdae&JU vm;/}
vufawGYrusaom arQmfvifhcsuf
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vnf ay;Ekdifygonf/ ausmif;tay:wGif olwdkYrS þodkY
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ESifh ywfoufNyD; ausmif;rSmvkH;0wm0ef&Sdonf/ taumif;
qkH;ausmif;onf tjcm;ausmif;rsm;xuf ydkrdkxda&muf
pGm vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;&dSonf} rdbrsm; od&dSoifhonfh t
a&;BuD;aom tcsufwpfcsufudk axmufjyvdkayonf/
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onf atmif jrifrnfh vlom;wdkYudk tqifajyacsmarGU pGm
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taumif; qkH;ausmif;} [k ,lqonfh ausmif;rsm;wGif
wufa&mufaeMuonfh uav;rsm;pGmwdkYrSm ausmif;
vTwfvQifvTwf csif;yif usL&Sif (odkYr[kwf) tydkcsdefrsm;odkY
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tcsdefydkrsm;pGmay;NyD; usL&Sifwufa&mufMu&onfh
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avhusifhcGifh ydkdrdk &dSonfh oabmudk axmufjyjcif;ESifh
tdrfrSwm0ef,lEkdifrIudk em;vnfapvdkíjzpfonf/
b0wGif atmifjrifaom? tqifajyaom ol
rsm; jzpfvmap&efftwGufrSm ausmif;wpfckwnf;ESihf r
vkHavmufEkdifyg/ þtcsufudk em;rvnfEkdifonfh rdb
rsm;rSm ausmif;rsm;onf olwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk xif
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bDvf*dwfESifh befumvfqefwdkYuJhodkY arG;xkwfay;
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tcsdefay;Muyg\avm/
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vmvdkrIwdkYESifh ywfoufNyD; oifhwifhaom tawG;tjrif
&dSxm;Muolrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ þrdbrsm;rS vIHU
aqmfrI&dSaom ynmywf0ef;usifukd tdrfwGifjzpfapjcif;
ESihf t&nftaoG;rDaom oif,lavhvmjcif; tawGUt
MuHKwdkYudk xdawGU&&dSapjcif;jzifh uav;\ ÓPf&nfzHGU
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oif,lavhvmrI c&D;vrf;twGuf rdbrsm;rS wufwuf
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rIwdkYudk pdwf0ifwpm; vkyfaqmifMu\/
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onf uav;\ atmifjrifrIrSm rdbrsm;ESifh tdrfwGif;
ynma&; yHhydk;rI tajctaersm; tay: ydkrdkwnfrSDaeonf
[laom rSefuefonfh tjrifukd cH,lxm;Muolrsm;yif
wnf;/ ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;oif&dk;ñTef;
wrf;wdkYwGif t"dutm;jzifh rlrwnf[kvnf; (rSefuef
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wdkYtwGuf rsm;pGmta&;ygcJhavonf/
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orD;jzpfol tD;'pfudk ynma&;twGuf vIHUaqmfrI t
aumif;qkH;jzpfrnfh ywf0ef;usifudk zefwD;xm;ay;cJhav
onf/ tD'pfarG;uif;p uwnf;uyif *EÅ0ifaw;*Dwudk
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rsm; a&G;cs,fajymqdkonf/ ykHjyu'fjym;rsm; tokH;jyKNyD;
pum;vkH;opfrsm;udk aeYpOf avhusifhoifMum;ay;onf/
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EkdifcJhonf/ ig;ESpft&G,fwGif b&pfwdefeDum pG,fpkHusrf;
47
twJGJtm;vkH;udk zwf½INyD;pD;avNyD/ 6 ESpf orD;t&G,fwGif
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wuúodkvfwGif tqifhjrifhocsFmjy q&mrwpfOD; jzpfae
avNyD/
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udk zefwD; xm;&dSay;cJhonf/ aw;*Dw? uav;ynma&;
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onf/ udk;ESpft&G,fwGif uif;b&pf Level pmar;yJGudk
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wGif A Level atmifjrifcJhNyD; atmufpzdkY'fwuúodkvfodkY
toif 12 ESpf t&G,fwGif wufa&mufcGifh &&dScJhonf/
rdbrsm;rS ar;oifhonfh ar;cGef;
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xl;cRefrIwdkYrSm tdrfrSm tpjyKjcif;ESifh i,fpOfuwnf;u
yif tcGifhtvrf; &&dSjcif;wdkYjzpfaMumif; awGU jrif&ygrnf/
ausmif;rS yHhydk;ulnDrIjzifh atmifjrifrI &&dSrnfudk apmifhpm;
arQmfvifhaernfhtpm; jrefrmrdbrsm;onf rdrdwkdY udk,f
wkdifyif tdrfrStpysKd; ulnDyhHydk;rIay;&ef txl;ta&;BuD;
onfudk odjrifem;vnfoifh\/ txl;ojzifh ynma&;
wefzdk;rsm; usqif;ae&onfh þumv0,f tdrfESifh rdb
wdkY\ tcef;u@rSm uav;i,f\ tem*wfynma&;
twGuf ydkíyif tc&musaeawmhonf/ rdbjzpfonfh
rdrdwdkY tydkif;\ txl;ta&;ygrIudk oabmaygufoifh
ygonf/
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wm0ef&dSrIudk rajymcifrSm wdkY&JU uav;ynma&; atmif
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48
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trIi,fatmif i,faomtrI yaysmufatmifvdkY r&dSbl;/
zm;zm;,m;,m; raeEkdifwmeJY bmr[kwfwmav;udk
awmif ykHBuD;csJUawmhwmyJ/ rdbac:rvm&if ausmif;
tkyfBuD;&kH;wifrwJh/ wifaygY/
aZmfxufwdkYuvnf; q&mrrdkY &kdufvdkufwm
omcHrSm 'DvdkNcdrf;ajcmufwmrsKd; vkH;0rBudKuf/ ausmif;
tkyfBuD; &kH;ruvdkY NrdKU e,fynma&;rI;&kH; wifvdkufyapOD;?
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usKd;aew,frodygbl;?qlaqmifhNyD;awmhxGufoGm;vdkuf
wm? ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;uvnf; wef;ac:awmhwmyJ/
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qifajcay;zdkY bmrSBudKrpOf;pm;&ao;/ tazajymbl;wm
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q&mawGudk 5 usyfpDeJY taz ta,mifaqmifay;zdkY

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q&mawGuvnf; taz ygvdkY ajymvdkufowJh/
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q&mrBuD;ajymwm cH&owJh/ aemuf ausmif;rSma&m
tdrfrSmyg t½dkufcH&owJh/
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a,mufxJ ajymyg&apcifAs} vdkY ajymvkdufawmh q&m
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tawmfudk pdwf0ifwpm; jzpfoGm;wJhykH/
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twdwfawGay;NyD; b,fvdkrSefwmwkef;[} wJh/ ] raeYu
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a,mufa,mufrsm; jrifoGm;rvm; pkd;&drfykH [kd'DMunfh
49
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rif;eJYawGY&if igaygufNyDuGm? 'DaeYa&m bmajymvJ} [kdwGuf'DwGuf vkyfvdkufawmh uRefawmfu av;wpfvkH;
] 'DaeYu aeYcif;rSm od&rSm q&mBuD;? ausmif;qif;rS
uRefawmfoGm;&rSm}/ ] at; 'Dvdkvkyf? bmajymvJ od&if
q&mBuD;qD zkef;quf? a&mh-- 'gu q&mBuD; zkef;eHygwf ?
q&mBuDd; xdk;csdef&atmif ESpfem&D rxdk;cif qufaemf?
rif;twef;ydkif q&mrvnf; q&mBuD; Munfhajymvdkfuf
r,f? rif;uvnf; uvefuqefawmh rvkyfeJY Mum;vm;?
oGm;oGm;? aeYvnfom zkef;qufzdkY rarheJY}
q&mBuD;ac:vdkY &kH;cef;oGm;NyD; jyefvmwJh t
wef;ydkifq&mr rsufapmif;wcJcJeJY rausrcsrf; jzpfaeykH
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wmu ESpfem&D rxdk;cif q&mBuD;udk ajymzdkY twdwfwck
pOf;pm; rddzdkYvkdw,f/
q,fhESpfem&D ausmif;qif;NyD; aeYcif;usawmh
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bmwJhvJ } ]vufESpfacsmif; axmifjyw,f q&mBuD;} }
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- ig aygufw,fuG? ig;&mbdk; ESpfywf vdkufwmavuGm?
rif;wkdYtdrfa&m aygufMuvm;? [kdaeYu okH;wpfudk opf
wkH;jywm oabmraygufMubl; qdkawmh 'DaeYawmh &Sif;
atmif jyrSmyJqdkNyD; &kd;&dk;yJawG;vdkufwmuG/ a&mh'DrSm
ydkufqHESpfaxmif? wpfaxmifu rif;rkefYzdk;,l? aemuf-
wpfaxmifu q&mqD zkef;qufzdkY}
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ta[mif;om;awGeJY MunfhvdkY/
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50
aZmfxufwpfa,muf csJxdk;wwfaeNyD xifukefMua&m/
BudKufa&m/ 'geJY ] uHxrf;vmNyD;&if vSHxrf;vmwm quf
jrif&r,f ajymygw,f q&mBuD;} vdkY owif;ydkYvdkufa&m/
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52
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53
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54
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i,f NidrfoGm;vkdY owdxm; MunfhrdvdkufwJh tcsdefrSm q&m
u olY&JU wkd;wdrfaewJhtoHjzifh pmoifaeygNyDaum/ tJ'D
tcgusrS ausmif;om;csif; vufwkdYNyD; aemufwef;u
ausmif;om;awG tm;vkH;[m a&SUqkH;wef;awGqD rdef;u
av;rsm;eJY &ovdk usyfnyfxkdif? wcsdKUvnf; rwfwyf&yf
ESihf q&moifaewJh raeYu tmcdrd'ded,mrudkyJ jyefoif
ae&ygawmhw,f/ 'D tmcdrd'd ed,mrudk oifaewm 3 v
avmuf&SdNyD/ ausmif;om;awGu tJ'Dq&mudk tmcdrd'd
vdkY emrnfay;xm;ygawmhw,f/
]] q&mawG[m ausmif;om;BuD;awGygyJ
qkdwJh pum;&yfuav;u q&mawG bmvkyf
ae&r,f qkdwm ñTefjyaeygw,f? tNrJavhvm
zwf½I ae&ygr,f .... EIef;jzihf ukdufnDaom ar;cGef; yrmPudkomar;yg/
}}
pdwf&Snfonf;cH q&mh[efyef
q&m[m rdrdoifMum;r,fh bmom&yfudk ydkif
EkdifrIr&Sd? r&Sif;rvif;ESihf ausmif;om;udk oifjyaer,fqkd
&if ynmay;wmESihfrwlyJ 'ku©ay;wmom jzpfygvdrfhr,f/
ausmif;om;awGrSm r&Sif;rvif; em;rvnfjcif;aygif;rsm;
pGm xyfNyD;ynmvdkcsifpdwfrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;apEkdifyg
w,f/ pdwfykdif;qkdif&mudk 'ku©ay;rdovdk jzpfwJhtwGuf
q&mrSmvnf; ukokdvfr&? tukodkvfjzpfoGm;rSm jzpf
w,f/ pdwf&SnfpGm BudK;pm;&Sif;vif;ay;vkdpdwf &Sd&ygr,f/
wcsdKUq&mrsm;qkd&if rdrdbmom&yfudk &Sif;jy
wmxuf nmvufuvnf; wNydKifeuf a&;w,f/
b,fzufu dusterudkudik x f m;w,f/&Si;f jywmvnf;Ny;D ?
a&;wmvnf; NyD;wmeJYwcgwnf; a&;xm;wmawG
zsufvkdufawmhwmygyJ/ tJ'Dvkd &Sif;jywmESihf
a&;jywmuvnf; tawmfav;jrefw,f/ ausmif;om;
awG em;vnfzkdY odyfrvG,fvSbl;/ ausmif;om;awG
vku
d ful;r,fBuaH wmhr&Sdawmhbl;/tJ'DvdktjzpfrsdK;vnf;
a&SmifMuOfMuzdkY vkdyg r,f/
ar;cGef;xkwf&mrSm
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf jyefvnfqef;ppfcsuf
vkdygr,f/ 'gudk vpOfESihf ESpf0uftprf;pmar;yJGrsm;? twef;
wifpmar;yJGrsm; xm;&SdNyD; ppfavhppfx &Sdygw,f/ ar;cGef;
xkwfol q&monf ar;cGef;xkwf&mrSm twef;tvdkuf
uav;rsm;&JU vkdufavsmnDaxGaom ar;cGef;udkom ar;
zkdY vdkygr,f/ q&m*kPf? orm;*kPf? q&mpGrf;jy?
ynmpGrf;jywJh ar;cGef;rsdK; rjzpfzkdY txl;a&SmifMuOfyg/
uav;rsm;&JU aumif;? oifh? nHh twef;tpm;rsm;ESihf
ar;cGef;[m rQwaezkdY vdkygr,f/ awmfwJh uav;awG
csnf;om ajzEkdifr,fh ar;cGef;rsdK; 'grSr[kwf tvGef
vG,fulapr,fh ar;cGef;rsdK; vnf; rjzpfap&ygbl;/ aemuf
ar;cGef;udk owfrSwf cGihfjyKcsdeftwGif; uav;&JU a&;om;
tcsdefESihf tqrwef rsm;jym;aeaom ajzqkdap&rnfh
ar;cGef;rsdK; xkwfjcif;udk a&SmifMuOf&ygr,f/ rdrdxkwfrnfh
ar;cGef;rSm pmvkH;aygif; rrSm;apzdkY? rar;tyfaom tar;
rsm;? ESpfcgxyfaom ar;cGef;rsm; (ar;cGef;&JU txufrSm
ar;NyD;om;udk atmufzufrSm jyefar;xm;ykHrsdK;) udk owd
xm;NyD; txyfxyf zwfNyD;rS tacsmowfyg/ ar;cGef;yg
pmvkH;rsm; xif&Sm;ygap/ pmar;yJGcef;wGif; a&mufrS
aemufuvdkufNyD; pmvkH;aygif; jyifwmwkdY? rxif &Sm;pmvkH;
udk vkdufNyD; ajym&wmwkdY[m pmajzolausmif;om;
twGuf taESmifht,Suf jzpfapygw,f/
pHjyq&m
q&mq&mrawG&JU 0wfpm;qif,if tjyift
qif[mvnf; wynfhrsm;udk a&SUaqmifvrf;jyzkdYtwGuf
txl;ta&;ygwJh tcsufygyJ/ q&mwpfOD;[m ,Ofaus;
wJh trlt,m? tajymtqkd? taetxkdif pHjyjzpfzkdY vkdyg
w,f/ wynfhrsm;&JU twk,lp&m jzpf&ygr,f/ ,Ofaus;rI
udk odem;vnfzkdY? vkdufemwwfzkdY ausmif;om;awGudk jy&
55
ygr,f/
q&mqdkwJh ae&m[m wynfhawGudk oGefoif
qkH;rvrf;jy&rnfhae&mudk a&mufaewmyg/ ] Do as I
say, don't do as I do} ]igajymovdkvkyf igvkyfovkd r
vkyfeJY}qkdwJh ykHpHrsdK; vkyfvdkYr&ygbl;/ zJ½dkufaeus zcifu
½kyfykHum;csyf zJxyfwwfwJh olYom;udk tJ'DvkdraqmhzkdY
wm;jrpfqkH;rEkdifyghrvm;/ t&ufpJGaewJh zcifu olYom;
udk t&ufraomufzdkY qkdqkH;r&if 'Duav; vkdufemEkdifygh
rvm;/rdbeJq Y &mqkw d mrdro d m;wynfu h kdwk;d wufatmif
ajrawmifajr§mufay;wJh pnf;urf;&SdwJh vl,Ofaus;jzpf
apa&;twGufudkyg xnhfoGif;pOf;pm; tajz&Sm&r,fh ol
awGyg/ aumif;&mvrf;ñTefzkdY rdrdukd,fwkdif pHjyaumif;
wpfa,muf jzpfaeygap/
q&mqkdwm udk,fhwynfhawGudk ausmom;&if
om;rcJGjcm;bJ? qufqHoGm;&r,hf ckHobmywd wpfOD;yg/
'Duav; igeJYcifvkdY trSwfwkd;ay;w,f/ ighudk vmuef
awmhoGm;vkdY olYudk ykdapmihfa&Smufw,f/ OD;pm;ay;w,f
qkdwmrsdK; rjzpfoifhygbl;/ jynfwGif;u q&mwcsdKU&JU vkyf
&yf erlemav; ay;yg&ap/
'Dq&mru usL&Sifay;w,f/ olYtwef;u u
av;awG olYqDrSm usL&Sifwwfw,f/ olYqDusL&Sifwwf
wJh uav;xJuyJ? yxr? 'kwd,? wwd, &w,f/ rwwf
wJhol r&bl;/ olYqD rwwfwJh uav;u wu,fawmfay
r,fh r&bl;/ tvGefqkH; pwkw¬avmuf tJ'Dvkd/ 'gayr,fh
ausmif;wpfausmif;eJY wpfausmif; NydKifMuwJh xl;cRefpm
ajzNydKifyJGawG &Sdvmw,f/ tJ'Dvdk ausmif;udpöjzpfvm
awmh olYqDusL&Sif,lwJh uav;awG tomxm;vkdY ckeu
wu,fawmfwJh uav;udk tokH;csNyD;? ausmif;udk,fpm;
xl;cRefNydKifyJGudk 0ifapw,f/ twef;wifvkd pmar;yJGrsdK;ukd
olYqDu usL&SifwwfwJh uav;udkay;NyD;? tjcm;olqD r
wwfwJh uav;awGudk oGm;rjyzkdYudkvnf; tBudrfBudrft
xyfxyf rSmMum;Budrf;armif; wwfygao;w,f/ awmfwJh
uav;u ar;cGef;r&vJ ar;cGef;&wJh uav;xuf ajz
EkdifwmygyJ/
udk,fhuav;u[kwfwmr[kwfwmtyxm;/
ESpfpOfq&mqDu usL&Sif,l? ESpfpOfqk&vkdY *kPf,lauseyf
aeMuwJh rdbawGuvnf; &Sdao;oAsm/ teEÅ*kdPf;0if
rdbeJY q&mrsm;&JU tjzpfudkvnf; MunfhMuygOD;/ aemuf
56
wpfcku e0rwef;uswJh uav;udk aemufqufwJG pm
ar;yJGajzckdif;NyD; tatmifay;wJhpepfyg/ ajzvdkYuawmh
atmifNyD;om;yJ/ aemufqkH;awmh tm;vkH;udk tatmif
ay;vkdufwmyJ r[kwfvm;/ 'gqkd pmar;yJGudk bmjzpfvkdY
rsm; tcsdefukefppfaewmvJ/ tukefvkH; atmifNyD;om;yJ
[m/
oifMum;jcif;enf;ynm
oifMum;jyojcif;[m tEkynm wpf&yfygwJh
(Teaching is an Art) q&mwpfOD;u rdrdoifvkdwm
awG w0BuD;ajym? udk,fhwynfhtajctaeudk rpl;prf;bJ
b&dwfrtkyfEkdifatmif ajymaevkdY rjzpfygbl;/ udk,foif
wmrsm;oGm;&if uav;awGudk tm½kHav;bmav; vTJ
ay;NyD;? &,fp&mav;awG &SmBuHajymay;yg/ udk,fajymwm
rsm;vdkY tDoGm;wmrsdK;? em;r0ifwmrsdK; &Sdr&Sd? y&dwfowfudk
pl;prf;MunfhwwfwJh tavhvnf; wwfxm;zkdYvkdygw,f/
rdrdqDokdY? rdrdñTef&m oifykef;qD wpfckckqDukd wynfhrsm;&JU
rsufvkH;rsm;aum? pdwfudkyg ndKU,l zrf;pm;ac:NyD;rS oifcef;
pmudk poifyg/
wcsdKUu rsufvkH;awmh a&mufaumif;a&muf
r,f? pdwfuwpfae&m/ ausmif;aeaysmfí pmawmf&r,f
qkdwJh aqmifyk'fuav;&Sdw,f/ ukd,hfwynhfawG pmoif
&if aysmf&TifpGm? pdwfygvufyg yg0ifEkdifatmif b,fvkdpGrf;
aqmifrvJ/ 'gawGuawmh udk,fydkif t&nftcsif;ESihf
vkyfouf tawGUtBuKHay:rSm wnfrDvmjyefygw,f/ q&m
&JU toH[m rmrae&bl;/
q&m[m wynfhudk ukd,fhom;orD;awGvkd o
abmxm;NyD;om;rkdY rdbu om;orD;tay: *½kPmtMuif
emay;wJh arwåmxm;wJh toH? wynfhawGtay: &ifxJu
ESpfESpfumum ay;zkdYvkdygw,f/ ajr§mufpm;csD;jr§ifhvdkwJh o
abmobmawGay;zkdY vdkygr,f/ apwemygayr,fh toH
rm&if uav;qkdwJh Eke,fwJhtawG;u oabmrus? t
vdkrusjyefygbl;/ q&mESihfwynhf pmoifMum;&mrSm (mu-
tual respect) tjyeftvSef av;pm;zkdY vdkygr,f/ q&mu
vnf; oifMum;csdefudk tcsdefrDvmjcif;? pmoifcsdeftjynfh
rcdkruyf oifMum;ay;jcif;? ysufoGm;wJh tcsdef&Sd&if jyef
jznfhoifjcif;? wynfhtay: pdwf&Snfjcif;awG[m wynfh
rsm;ESifh&if;ESD;rI &Sdjcif;awG[m q&mu wynfhtay: av;
 yef;w,f? oabmrSm rxm;zkdY&,fyg/ wpfvrS ausmif;
ydwf&uf b,fESpf&ufvkdYwGufwmawG? b,faeYausmif;
ydwfrvJ? b,faeYcGihf,lNyD; em;&ifaumif;rvJ/ ausmif;
ydwf&ufenf;wJhvtwGuf pdwfraumif;jzpfaewmrsdK;
[m q&mwpfOD;rSm r&SdoifhwJh tawG;awGygaemf/ pmroif
jzpfwJh pmroifjzpfwJh aeYawGrsm; &ifxJrSm [mwmwmeJY
wpfckck vdkaeovdkrsm; jzpfwwfygovm;/ tJ'gqkd tkdau
ygyJ/
q&mqkdwm wkdif;jynfwpfjynf&JU yJhudkif&SifyJ/
urÇmhvlom;awG&JU OD;pD;vdkYqkdvnf; rrSm;bl;/ q&mqkd&if
tcsdefESihftrQ wynfhrsm;twGuf tvkyfrsm;aeol/ 'g
aMumifh tar&duynm&SifwpfOD;uawmh ]vkyfief;axGjym;
q&m0wå&m;}vkdY qdkrdefYygw,f/
[ufe&Dtuf'ifqkdoluawmh ]q&mqkdonf
rSm xm0&ol\ pGrf;aqmifcsufurl tydkif;tjcm; r&Sd}wJh/
urÇmhq&mrsm;aeY aqmifyk'fwpfckuawmh ]at;csr;fom
pm;jcif;awGjzpfNyD; wynfhav;pm;rIuaum q&moif ,mvSyaomurÇmBuD;jzpfvmap&eftvif;wHcg;zGifhay;
ay;wm tywfwukwf vkdufemjcif;? pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm q olrSm wkdYq&m}wJh/ 'gaMumifhvnf; Ak'¨bmomt,lrSm
&mudk q&mrSef;od ½dkaojcif;? pnf;urf;vkdufemjcif; awG bk&m;ESihf w*dkPf;wnf;xm;wmayhg/ 'DavmufBuD;jrwf
ygyJ/ wJh *kPfyk'fudk udk,fhq&mwkdY xdef;odrf;MuygpdkYAsm/
q&mwynfh tjyeftvSef av;pm;rI&Sd&if oif
jyjcif;ESihf oif,lwwfajrmufjcif;? ar;jref;jcif; ESpf&yfp q&ma|; (BHSOH)
vkH; txl;atmifjrifEkdifygw,f/ pmoif&mrSm armw,f?

tcGihftvrf;awG zefwD;yg
vli,fawGudk igwkdYavQmufcJhwJh vrf;twkdif; vkdufavQmuf
MuvdkYajym&if obm0rusEkdifawmhbl;av/ jzwfoef;&wJh acwf
csif;u wlrSrwlMuawmhwm? udkvdkeDpepfqkdwm r&Sdawmhygbl;Asm/
urÇmBuD;u ajymif;oGm;ygNyD/ touf 20 eJY 35 ESpf Mum;u
vl i,fawGudk usaemf tBuHay;csifwmu udk,fhb0wkd;wuf&m wkd;
wufaMumif; tcGihftvrf;awG tpGrf;ukefzefwD;MuygvdkY/ b0&JU pdef
ac:rIwkdif;udk wkefYjyefEkdifzkdY vli,fwkdif;rSm t&nftcsif; tjynfht0
&Sdapcsifw,fAsm/
vDuGrf,l
(pumFylacgif;aqmifBuD;)

57
 wcsdefwkef;u r*¾Zif;wtkyfrSm usaemfh ol
i,fcsif; uAsmq&mav; (tJ'Dwkef;u olu q,fwef;
ausmif;om;yg)a&;wJh uAsm&Snfwyk'fxJu yg'av;
wck jzpfygw,f/ olYuAsmu olYZmwde,fajr v,fo
rm;awG&JU b0taMumif; o&kyfazmfuAsm jzpfygw,f/
ib (pma&;q&m armifxif&JU v,form;Zmwfaumif)?
udkaq;&dk; (qifjzLuRef;atmifodef;&JU 0w¬Kwdk wcsKdUrSm
yifwdkifygwwfwJh v,form;Zmwfaumif)wdkYvdk vlpm;
awGjzpfaMumif; olzGJUoDygw,f/ tpOftquf v,fo
rm;awG&JU om;orD;awG[m rdbajc&mudk xyfeif;NyD;?
v,form;awGtjzpfeJY b0qHk;oGm; Mu&w,fvdkY olcH
pm;cJhygw,f/
usaemfh oli,fcsif;u NrdKUrSm ausmif;ae
ol jzpfayr,fh? olYrdbawGu {&m0wDjrpfcGJ wck&JU
urf;eab; v,fawmrSm arG;? v,fawmrSm aexdkif
MuolawGyg/ v,f{u (30)avmufydkifwJh v,form;
awGjzpfNyD;? csrf;omwJh v,form;qdkwJh tqifht
wef;xJrSm ygolawG jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; v,f
armifarmifvwf
58
vkyfvdkY&wJh 0ifaiGeJY? jzpfnSpfNyD; usaemfholi,fcsif;udk
NrdKUrSm ausmif;xm;Edkifwm jzpfygw,f/
v,f 10 {u-12 {u avmufomvkyfwJh
tvwfwef;pm; v,form;awG? qif;&Jtqifh v,fo
rm;awG (v,f 10-{uavufvkyfayr,fh? uRJEGm;
odkYr[kwf 0rf;pmwdkY? rsKd;pyg;wdkY rvHkavmufolawG/ v,f
5-{uavmufomvkyfNyD;? udk,fhv,f udk,fvkyf&wJh
tvkyf&ufawG&JU tyrSm tcpm;vkyf&olawG)eJY v,ful
vD(csrf;omwJh v,form;awGqDrSm rdk;&moD v,fxGef
csdefeJY aqmif;&moD pyg;&dyfodrf;csdefawGrSm yifwdkif t
vkyform;tjzpf tvkyfvkyf? tJ'D&moDESpf&moD
&JU Mum;umvawGrSm jruf&dyf? EGm;pmauR; EGm;ausmif;
vkyf&olawG) vlwef;pmawGtzdkY om;orD;awGudk rl
vwef;tqifh ausmif;rSmawmif jywfawmif;? jywf
awmif; odkYr[kwf w0ufwysufavmufom xm;Edkif
Muygw,f/
awm&Gm rlvwef; ausmif;awG&JU pm&if;0if
ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;wufwJh tajctae udkMunfh
rdbajc&m
xyfumeif;vsuf
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wef;awGxJrSm ausmif;om;pHkwmudk awGY&ygw,f/ 'g
awmif v,fxGefcsdefrSm rdbawGeJYtwl v,fwJqD
ajymif;oGm;&muae ausmif;udk aeYpOf vmwufMuwJh
ausmif;om;awG &SdaewmaMumifh jzpfygw,f/ ysdK;EIwf?
aumufpdkufcsdef 0gqdk? 0gacgifv (ZlvdkifvaESmif;ydkif;eJY
Mo*kwfv) awGrSm wcsKdUuav;awGu rdbawGudk w
zufwvrf;uae 0dkif;ul ay;Mu&ygw,f (xrif;ydkYwm?
nDi,f nDri,fav;awGudk xdef;ay;wmawG)/ oD
wif;uRwf vjynfhausmfvdkY pyg;&dyfcsdef(oDwif;uRwf
ausmif;ydwf&uf&Snf ukefqHk;NyD;? ausmif;jyefzGifhcsdef)p
jyefawmh qif;&Jtqifh v,form;eJY tvwfwef;pm;
v,form;awG&JU om;orD;awG[m v,fxJudk
rdbawGeJYtwl ajymif;a&GUoGm;&NyD;? pyg;&dyf? uav;xdef;?
ig;&Smzg;&Sm pojzifh rdbudk ulMu&jyefygw,f/ tJ'D
tcsdefrsdK;rSm ]ausmif;vmwufwJh ausmif;om; OD;a&[m
q,fhav;ig;a,mufavmufom &Sdwwfw,f} vdkY
pm&if;0ifausmif;om; 150 avmuf&SdwJh awm&Gm
ausmif;wausmif;&JU ausmif;tkyf q&mBuD; wa,mufu
ajymzl;ygw,f/ pyg;&dyfodrf;NyD;csdef w qufwufEdkifwJh uav;awG&JU rdbtrsm;pk[m csrf;
ydkYwGJvv,f (azaz:0g&Dv)avmufrSom ausmif;om;
trsm;wumh trsm;pk[m ausmif;jyef wufEdkifMuyg
w,f/ wESpfwm pmoifcsdefumv ukefqHk;vkeD;csdefrSom
ausmif;jyefwufEdkif Mu&Smwmyg/
'Dawmh 'Duav;awG[m pmoifESpfwESpfrSm
ausmif;ac:Budrf w0ufjynfhatmifawmif ausmif;wuf
EdkifMuwm r[kwfbl;qdkwmudk awYG&ygw,f/ olwdkYu
trsm;pk jzpfaeawmh q&m? q&mrawGu a&SmifvTJvdkY
r&wJh tajctaeudk em;vnf oabmaygufaom
tm;jzifh twef;wwef;rSm 2ESpfavmufaeNyD;wJh
ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol wcsKdUudk (aumufaumuf
awGxJu auG;auG;av;qdkwmvdk) twef; wifay;Muyg
w,f/ 'gayrJY twef;wifay;vdkY r&avmufatmif
t&nftcsif; edrfhvGef;aewJh uav;awGu trsm;pkyg/
'Duav;awG&JU rdbawGuvnf; olwdkY o;orD;awGudk
ausmif;qufxm;a&; udpörSm vufavQmh vdkufMuyg
awmhw,f/ ]aopm&Sifpmav;avmuf wwf&if awmf
ygNyD} vdkYom auseyf vdkufMu&ygw,f/ tm;rwef
]]'DaeYvkdumvrsdK;rSmqkd&ifqif;&Jom;awGtzdkY
yrmP renf;vSwJh ausmif;0ifaMu;eJY
tjcm;aMu;trsdK;rsdK;udk wwfEkdifzkdY qdkwmuvnf;
{&mr tcuftcJBuD;yg/ 'DvkdeJY olwkdYrdbawGeJYtwl
eif;jym;jzpfaewJh uav;awGcrsm ... }}
awmhvnf; rmefavsmh&HkuvGJvdkY bmrsm;aum wwf
EdkifOD;rSm wJhvJ/
'gaMumifh v,form; &Gmw&GmrSm&SdwJh rlv
wef;ausmif; wausmif;&JU twef;vdkuf ausmif;om;
OD;a&udk Munfhvdkuf&if twef;BuD;oGm;av ausmif;om;
OD;a& enf;oGm;av jzpfNyD;? rlvwef; aemufqHk;ESpf (pwk
w¬wef;) ausmif;om;OD;a&[m pm&if;&Sd ausmif;om;
OD;a& pkpkaygif;&JU 10 &mcdkifEIef;&Sd&if awmfvScsnf&JUvdkY
qdk&ygr,f/ pwkw¬wef;txd atmifjrifpGm ausmif;
omwJh v,form;awG? vufrIynmtvkyf vkyfolawG
(yef;bJorm;? pufcsKyform;? qefpuf tvkyform;
pojzifh)eJY aps;a&mif;olawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ om;orD;
ynma&;twGuf a&SU½INyD;? om;orD;udk v,fxJrSm r
cdkif;&ufyJ BudK;pm;yrf;pm; ausmif;xm;ay;wJh tvwf
wef;pm; v,form;eJY qif;&Jtqifh v,form; w
csKdUvnf; ygwwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;yg/
qif;&Jayr,fh udk,fhom;orD; ynma&;t
wGuf xifwvHk;eJY ausmif;xm;ay;Mu&SmwJh rdbrsKd;
awGudk NrdKUae vufvkyfvufpm; qif;&Jom; awGxJ
rSmvnf; awGYEdkifygw,f/ vlwef;pm; uGm[csuf ydkNyD;
odom xif&Sm;wJh NrdKUausmif;awGrSm qdk&if 'Dvdku
av;awGtzdkY ausmif;ae&wm awmfawmfrsufESm i,f
&Smygw,f/ qif;&JwJh rdom;pkrSm arG;zGm;vmcJhNyD;
udk,fa&udk,faoG; csKdUwJhMu (EdkYpdkYuav;i,fb0 OD;
aESmuf odkYr[kwf OD;acgif;cGH wnfaqmufwJh umvrSm
tm[m&jynfhatmif rpm;cJh&wmawG? tjyif;zsm;NyD;
aq;0g;aumif;aumif; rukEdkif cJhwmawG? vdktifr
59
jynfhvdkY vIyf&Sm;pdwf 'emotion' rSm raumif;wJh wkefY
jyefcsufawG cHpm;cJh&wmawGaMumifh jzpfygw,f)
wJhtjyif ynma&;eJY ywfoufvdkYvnf; rdbawGu
vrf;nGefMuyfrwf ray;EdkifMuygbl;/ NyD;awmh ausmif;
0wfpHkwdkY? ausmif;oHk; pma&;u&d,m wdkYudkvnf; trsm;
eJY wlwlwefwef jznfhqnf; ay;EdkifMuwm r[kwfygbl;/
'DaeYvdk umvrsKd;rSmqdk&if qif;&Jom;awGtzdkY yrmP
renf;vSwJh ausmif;0ifaMu;eJY tjcm; aMu;trsKd;rsKd;udk
wwfEdkifzdkY qdkwmuvnf; {&mr tcuftcJ BuD;yg/ 'Dvdk eJY
olwdkY rdbawGeJYtwl eif;jym; jzpfaewJh uav;awGcrsm
rlvwef; tqifhudkawmif rausmf jzwfEdkifMuwJh
tjzpf[m &dk;aeygNyD/ taMumif; aygif;oifhvdkY wOD;wav
rlvwef; tqifhudk vGefcJhwmawmif tv,fwef;
txufqifh(7-wef;? 8-wef;)udk ausmfEdkifw,f qdkwm
cRif;csuf oabmavmufyg/
txufrSmqdkcJhwJh qif;&JwJh v,form;eJY
v,fulvD om;orD;awGxJqdk&if rlvwef; tqifh
atmif uav;awGtzdkY tv,fwef;tqifhudk quf-
wufzdkYqdkwm rjzpfEdkifwJh udpöBuD;yg/ bmaMumifh
vnf;qdkawmh? NrdKUwufausmif;om; wa,muf&JU
ausmif;ae pm;p&dwf[m wESpfvHk;aevdkYrS pyg;ay:
csdefav;rSmom ydkufqHav; tenf;tusOf;avmuf
vHk;ueJcJueJ jrif&wJh v,fulvDeJY qif;&Jtqifh
v,form; rdom;pkwpkvHk;&JU pm;p&dwfxuf rsm;ae
vdkYygyJ/ rdrdwdkY&GmeJY teD;qHk;&GmBuD; w&GmrSm&SdwJh
tv,fwef; ausmif;wdkY? wGJbuf tv,fwef;
ausmif;wdkYudk &Gmuae aeYcsif;jyef ausmif;oGm; wuf
zdkYawmif rjzpfEdkifygbl;/ rjzpfEdkif&wJh taMumif;awG
trsm;BuD;&SdwJh teuf ta&;BuD;qHk; taMumif;uawmh
rdom;pk&JU touf&Sif&&Hk &yfwnfa&; twGufawmif
'Drlvwef; atmifNyD;p touf 10 ESpf? 12 ESpft
&G,fuav;&JU ]vkyfpm}udk r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaevdkYygyJ/
qif;&JwJh rdom;pkrSm arG;zGm; BuD;jyif;vmwJh
'Dvdkuav;awGtzdkY olwdkYtay: &ufpuf Murf;MuKwfNyD;?
tn§mtwmuif;wJh avmuBuD;xJrSmudkyJ touf
&Sifjzpfatmif rdbawGeJYtwl ukef;&kef; aeMu&&Smyg
w,f/ olwdkYb0awGu r&SLEdkifru,fEdkif jzpfaewJhb0?
rcsdrqHh cHpm;ae&wJh b0awGyg/ 'DvdkyHk 'Dvdkenf;eJYom qdk
&if b0rSm olwdkYu olwdkY rdbawG&JU ajc&m
udk xyfeif;aeMu&NyD;? olwdkYuarG;vmr,fh olwdkY&JU
om;orD; awGuvnf; olwdkY&JUajc&mawGudk xyfeif;Mu
OD;rSmaygh/ 'gayrJY 'Db0vrf;aMumif;[m olwdkYudk,fwdkif
pdwfvdkvuf& a&G;cs,fcJhwJh vrf;aMumif; r[kwf
wmuawmh aocsmygw,f/ rdbawG rqHk;yg;cif uwnf;
u rdbawG&JU ]tarG}udk vSvSBuD; &&Sdydkifxm;Mu
olawGyg/
'g[m avmuBuD;&JU jzpf&dk;jzpfpOf w&m;yJvdkY
Oyau©m jyKae& rSmwhJvm;/ yef;aygif;w&m yGifhygap/
armifarmifvwf

pOfqufrjywf oif,la&;
tajymif;tvJjrefonfh acwfBuD;wGif ,cifuvkd ynm&yfwpf
&yfjzihf woufwmynm&Sd rjzpfEdkifawmhyg/ bJGUvufrSwfwpfckonf w
oufwm xrif;pm;vufrSwf r[kwfawmhyg/ þtajctaewGif tqifh
jrifhynmoifMum;a&;e,fy,f us,fjyefYvmygonf/ wuúodkvfrsm;tae
jzihf bJGU&rsm;? bJGUvGefrsm; arG;xkwfay;½kHESihf wm0efraus/ pOfqufrjywf
ynmoifMum;a&; (continual learning)twGuf vrf;zGihfay;rIrSm ta&;
wBuD;wm0efjzpfvmonf/
Mary Louise Kearney
(Director of the UNESCO)

60

OD;aESmufudk ysufpD;apaom
taMumif;w&m;rsm;
(1) pum;enf;jcif;
todÓPftawG;tac:ydkif;ygwJh pum;pjrnf
rsdK; ajymay;jcif;aMumifh OD;aESmuf&JU pGrf;&nfudk wkd;wuf
apygw,f/
(2) pdwf0ifpm;wuf<upGm pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIr&dSjcif;
pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif;[m OD;aESmufudkavhusihf
ay;zkdY taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f/ OD;aESmufudk
wuf<uapwJh pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIawG vkyfray;&if OD;aESmuf
udk usHKUapygw,f/
(3)usef;rma&;raumif;csdefrSm OD;aESmufudk tokH;jyKjcif;
usef;rma&;raumif;csdefrSm (OD;aESmufokH;&wJh)
tvky fjyif;xefpGmvkyfwmrsdK;? pmusufpmzwfwmrsdK;awG
[m OD;aESmuf&JU pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIawGudk avsmhusapovkd
OD;aESmufudkvnf; ysufpD;apygw,f/
(4) tdyfcsdefrSm acgif;udk zkH;tkyfxm;jcif;
acgif;udkzkH;tkyfNyD;(acgif;NrD;NcKHNyD;) tdyfjcif;tm;
jzihf umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'fawG pkpnf;rIudk wkd;vmapNyD;
atmufpD*sif pkpnf;rIudkawmh avsmhusapwmaMumifh OD;
aESmufudk ysufpD;apwJh tusdK;qufudk &apygw,f/
(5) tdyfcsdefrvkHavmufjcif;
tdyfpufjcif;[m OD;aESmufudk tem;&apyg
w,f/ tdyfcsdef rvkHavmufwmrsdK; a&&SnfjzpfvmwJhtcg
rSm OD;aESmuf&JU qJvfawG aoqkH;wJhEIef; jrifhrm;vmapyg
w,f/
usef;rma&;
(6) avxknpfnrf;jcif;
OD;aESmuf[m ukd,fcE¨mrSm atmufpD*sifudk t
rsm;qkH; tokH;jyKwJh tpdwftydkif; jzpfygw,f/ npfnrf;wJh
avudk ½IoGif;jcif;tm;jzihf OD;aESmufudk atmufqD*sif
axmufyHhrI avsmhenf;apNyD; OD;aESmuf&JU pGrf;aqmif&nf
udk usqif;apygw,f/
(7) tcsKdrsm; vGefuJpGmpm;jcif;
tcsdK"mwfawG vGefuJaecJh&if y½dkwdef;"mwfeJY
tm[m&awGpkyf,lrIudkt[efYtwm;jzpfapNyD;tm[m&
csdKUwJhapwJhtjyif OD;aESmufzHGU NzdK;rIudkyg taESmuft,Suf
jzpfapygw,f/
(8) aq;vdyfaomufjcif;
aq;vdyfaomufjcif;aMumifh OD;aESmufudk usHKU
apovdk t,fvfZkdif;rm;a&m*g (vl&JU rSwfÓPfeJY pOf;pm;
qifjcifEkdifpGrf;awGudk usqif;apwJha&m*g)yg jzpfvmEkdif
ygw,f/
(9) vGefuJpGmpm;aomufjcif;
vdktyfwmxuf ydkpm;aomufjcif;aMumifh OD;
aESmuf&JU aoG;vTwfaMumawGudk wif;rm;apNyD; pdwfpGrf;
&nfudkyg usqif; apygw,f/
(10) reufpmrpm;jcif;
reufpm rpm;olawG&JU aoG;xJrSm oMum;
"mwf ydkenf;wwfygw,f/ tJ'g&JU tusKd;quf taeeJY
OD;aESmuftwGuf vkHavmufwJh tm[m& r&awmhbJ
OD;aESmuf&JU pGrf; &nfudk usqif; apygw,f/
61
 uAsm&Snf
b0&JU aeenf;xkdifykHawGudk
oif½dk;wpfckvkdom a&;ay;xm;cJh&if
tckqkd usaemfhrSm jyefxkwfMunfhvkdY tqifajywmaygYtar
tpuwnf;u raumif;cJhawmh
taESmif;uvnf; tvJvJ tuJGuJGyg tar
tarr&SdawmhwJhaemuf
usaemf avQmuf&wJh a[m'Dvrf;awG
&Snfvsm; a00g;aevkdufykHrsm;
rkd;ukwfpuf0kdif;em;u wdrfcdk;oufwefY wHwm;yg tar
taroifcJhwJh tarh&JUausmif;
b0udk pmvkH;aygif;enf;u p
usaemfuvnf; enf;enf; t awmh
usaemfhudk tar tm;r&cJhbl; r[kwfvm;
ynmawG rwwfayr,fh
om;wpfa,muf&JU pdwfudk tarzwfcJhwm
aA'ifq&mawG cefYrSef;wGufcsufwmxuf
ydkvdkYawmif aooyfvSycJhygw,f tar
'Dom;&JU 'Dpdwf"mwf
62
i,fxdyfudk wufaewJh a'gow&m;awG
'Dom;udk taecufapwJh
olrsm;xufydkwJh avmbw&m;awG
ae ae&wmu awmtkH csKHMum;
usaemfrSef;cJhwmu bkHzsm;&JU txuf
'Dom;udk taoowfrSmu
'Dom;&JU twåawGyJwJhvm;
em;vnfzkdY... tm;ri,fzkdY
pdwf&SnfzkdY... odyfrawzkdY
onf;cHzkdY... enf;rSefzkdY...
..............
a&TOwJhbJ
&OD;r,fvkdY xifaeao;&if
&ifudkcJGNyD; &Smcsif&SmwwfwJh vlrkdufawG&JUtaMumif;
vlqkdwJh emrnfwyfNyD;
vlawGMum;xJrSmae
tqDudkpm;NyD; tom;udkrsdKwwfavwJh
vlYobufMuD;awG&JUtaMumif;
[kd;.. tjrifhudk a&mufzkdYtwGuf
wufzkdYroifhwJh tcsdKUaom avSum;awGtaMumif;
taruawmh axmif;axmif;xatmif
ajymjycJhwmygyJ tar....
od&JUvm;tar
a&cHajrcHu aumif;ayr,fh
tarpdkufwJh rsdK;aphu rrSefbl;
usaemf &SifoefcsifchJwmu
acgif;pOfwpfrsdK;eJYb0 tar&JU....
]csrf;ajrhom,mwJh b0wpfcktwGuf
a[monfh awmif,mu om;wpfoufpm;rukefbl;
a[monfhrSm ckdif;EGm;wpf&SOf;
v,fxJqif;zkdY ryl&bl;
a[monfhrSm 0ufrdwpftkyf
om;wpfoufvkH; xkwfpm;vdkY&w,f
a[monfhrSm avSi,fwpfpif;
om;cif;ig;cif;yJ &Sm&Sm
b,f&Gmudk b,fvkdoGm;oGm;
ighom; rsufESmri,fbl;aygh}
 ][m;..[m;.. [m;.. [m;.. azmif;wmu wpfcg
a&Tjynfat;w&m;awGvm; tar ydefwmu tcgwpfaomif;
taray;wJh awmif,mtvkyf ygvmwJh wufusrf;pmtkyfawGawmif
usaemfzwfwJh wufusrf;pmtkyfrSm rygbl; usaemf a&mif;pm;vdkY ukefNyDaum tar
EGm;awGeJYae&if &THUpifwmxuf bmrsm;wkd;wufrvJ
taray;wJh 0ufrdwpftkyf ork'´&m 0rf;wpfxGmwJhvm; tar
wpfoufvkH; [if;pm;vkyfvkdY r&bl; wu,fwrf; AkdufqmwJhtcg
taray;r,fh avSi,fwpfpif; pMum0|mawmif ruygbl; tar&,f
usaemfu jrpfxJqif;NyD; ig;&Sm&rvm; iwfwmudk &Sufp&meJY vJpm;&wmvnf; tcgcg
Munfhprf;ygY tar tarhudkawmh tm;emygw,f
'Daumifu wHigem;vnf; raebl;
rkqkd;em;vnf; roGm;bl; ywf0ef;usif usaemhftem;rSmvJ
tem*wfudk zGihfxm;wJh tdrfrufwHwm;udk avQmufNyD; tNrD;usuf&if tNrD;0g;
yef;wkdifudk ta&mufoGm;r,fhaumifAs} acgif;usuf&if acgif;pm;r,fholawG rsm;vGef;vkdY
tm;ukefxkwfNyD; oGm;cJhwmawmif
]awmrSmae.. awmrSmBuD; a[m'Dae&mxufydkNyD;
usaemfhb0u awmrSmrNyD;bl; b,fc&D;rS reD;ao;bl; tar
vifuGef;udk tarodovm;
opfvkH;tdrfukd tarodovm; ]'Dr,fighom;
tdrfjzLawmfudk tarodovm; csrf;omcsifvGef;tm;BuD;wm[m
usaemfuawmh oGm;rSmyJtar} i&Jjynfudk tvnfoGm;zdkY
ezl;udk xkH;wkdYwmeJY twlwlyJ}qkdwJhpum;
cGihfvTwftar tckrS jyefMum;a,mifrdw,f tar
tJ'Dwkef;u tdrfrufawG weifhwydk;udk
arQmfvihfcsuf wayGUwydkufeJY vG,fydk;xm;wmqkdawmh taroifcJhwJh tarh&JUausmif;
tarh&JU idkjcif;w&m;awGvJ b0udk pmvkH;aygif;enf;up
usaemfhem;xJ b,f0ifygawmhrvJ tar&,f usaemfu enf;enf; tawmh
tJ'Dwnf;u tar usaemfhudk
tjrifhudkrSef;awmh tm;r&cJhwm r[kwfvm; tar
tusuvnf; Murf;w,ftar
usaemfwufwJh tJ'DavSum;rSm i,fi,fwkef;u wufcJh&wJh
vuf&ef;u rygbl; tar tarh&JU b0pmoifausmif;rSm
aysmfatmifvnf; raewwf
tckawmh usaemf oif½kd;rukefcif ausmif;xGufcsifcJhwJh tarh&JUausmif;om;
usm;&JawmxJrSmyg tar wu,fawmh
EGm;oif;uJGav; usaemfhtwGuf ausmif;ysuf&ufuvnf; rsm;w,f r[kwfvm; tar
csdKNrdefr,fxifwJh tdrfrufawGuvnf;
cg;oufvkdY oGm;cJhygNyD tar... b0&JU aeenf;xkdifykHawGudk
oif½dk;wckvkdom a&;ay;xm;cJh&if
NrdKU BuD;BuD; jyBuD;BuD; tckqkd usaemhfrSm jyefxkwfMunfhvkdY tqifajywmayhg tar../
rm,mrD;awG xdefxdefnD;aewJh neufawGrSm
us&mZmwf½kyfudk BuKHovkdu&if; okoQif

63
 txl;u@
Special Feature
tEk&oynma&; art education

A*sDatmifpdk;
ormorwf
odef;Edkif
acsmtdEG,f
0ifhxef;
tEkynmbmom oif&dk;nTef;wrf;
tifwmAsL; - q&mra'g0f pwl'D,dkZif;
olYtjrif? olYtawGY
64
 ½kd;&myef;csD
ta&SUurÇmwvTm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;?
taemufurÇmwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? yef;csDavmuwGif
½dk;&myef;csD (Traditional) ESihf ½kd;&mvGefyef;csD (Non-
Traditional) [lí u@ydkif; cJGjcm;í &Ekdifygonf/
ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;pvkH;yif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m aumif;
vSygonf/ usaemhftaeESihfvnf; ESpfrsdK;pvkH;udk ESpfNcdKuf
í vufvSrf;rDoavmuf ESpfrsdK;pvkH;udk avhvmrdyg\/
½kd;&mvGefyef;csDoabmrSm awmfvSefaom t
awG;tac:rsm; vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;a&;qJGaom oabm
rsm;? yk*¾vdu t,ltqrsm; jyif;xefwwfí a&;enf;a&;
[ef? a&;p&mtaMumif;rsm;rSmvnf; rsm;jym;axGjym;vS
ojzihf usaemf wrifcsefvSyfíxm;cJh&NyD;? ½kd;&myef;csD t
aMumif;avmufom a&;om;vdkygonf/ ]tb,fhaMumihf
cifAsm; ½dk;&myef;csDukd a&;om;vdkoenf;}[k wpfpkHwpf
a,mufu usaemfhudk ar;vmcJhaomf ]vlwkdif;ESihf eD;pyfvkdY
ygcifAsm}[kom ajzMum;vdkygonf/ taMumif;rlum; ½dk;
&myef;csDonf omrefjynfolwkdY\ tokdif;t0dkif;rS xGuf
ay:vmaom vlwkdif;twGuf zefwD;rI tEkynmypönf;jzpf
í jzpfygonf/ (A traditional art is the creative ex-
pression of a society) &Sif;pGmqkd&vQif ½dk;&myef;csD
onf ½dk;om;onf/ vlwkdif;ESihfqkdifonf? vlrsdK;udk ukd,f
pm;jyKonf/ *syefjynfrSmqkdvQif *syef ½dk;&myef;csD?
w&kwfjynfrSmqdkvQif w½kwf ½dk;&myef;csD? jrefrmjynf
rSmqkdvQif jrefrm½dk;&myef;csD &SdouJhokdY urÇmay:&Sd
wkid ;f jynftoD;oD;wGif rdrw d v Ykd rl sKd ;bmomp½ku
d t
f vku
d f
½dk;&mrsm; tcdkiftrm&SdMuavonf/
½dk;&myef;csDonf vlrsdK;\ ,Ofaus;rI tpOfBuD;
ESihf wom;wnf;ygvmNyD; wkdif;jynf\ a&ajrobm0?
bmomtawG;tac:wkdY\ taiGUtoufrsm;jzihf xkHrTrf;í
aeayonf/
xkdYjyif ½dk;&myef;csDonf vufrItwwfynm
(Craftsmanship)ESifhvnf; uif;uGmír&ay/
xkdYaMumifhvnf; ½dk;&myef;csDonf (Art)
tEkynmESifh (Crafts) vufrIynm ESpfrsdK; aygif;pyf
xm;jcif;[k qdkMuayonf/
pifppf Traditional &dk;&m[k qdk&mwGif yef;csD?
yef;yk? ydokumwdkYudk yl;wJG awGYjrif wwfzkdYvnf; vkd
ygonf/
a&S;a&S;tcguqkdvQif þtwwfokH;rsdK;pvkH;
udk ½dk;&morm;wkdif;u wwfuRrf;avh &Sdygonf/ ½dk;&mjrwf
65

]]
wdkif;jcm;ESifY tqufoG,frsm;vmaom ,aeY
EdkifiHwumwGif &dk;&myef;csdppfppfwdkY ae&mrSm
wpwp EG,f;e,faeayonf/ a&S;u *syef
&dk;&myef;csDjrif&HkrQESifY *syefyef;csD[k
odEdkifcJY aomf vnf; ,ckwjznf;jznf;... opf (Non-Traditional)orm;rsm;twGufrl þtcsuf
}}
Ekd;olwdkYonf tao;i,fqkH;aom vlwdkif;okH;pJGaeonfh
yef;uefcGufa,mufrsm;rStp? tBuD;us,fqkH;aom t
aqmuftODrsm;txd jyKvkyfzefwD;Mu&mü ESvkH;om;u
tEkynmapwem tjynfht0 cGeftm;&&Sdygonf/ bm
omw&m; udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIü apwemxufoefoljzpf
NyD;? bmomw&m;\ wefcdk;awmf teEÅ (Spritual and
the power of divine) pdwfydkif;qkdif&m ,kHMunfrIrsm;jzihf
tvkyfvkyfoGm;Mu&ygonf/
xkdYtwGuf ESvkH;om;u apwemaMumifh ÓPf
qef;Mu,f&ygonf/ ÓPfqef;Mu,fojzihfvnf; uHqef;
Mu,fonf[k ½dk;&morm;wkdY qkd½dk;&Sdygonf/
½dk;&myef;csDonf urÇmOD;tp a&S;ya0oPD ESpf
aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm *latmif; vlrsdK;&SdpOfuyif vufqifh
urf;vmaom oabmudk aqmifygonf/
(Primitive Man) a&S;ausmufeH&Hrsm;ay:wGif
a&;qJGcJhaom yef;csDrsm;? xkdvlrsm; xkvkyfcJhaom yef;yk
rsm;udk avhvmygu ½dk;&m\oabmudk awGU&SdEkdifayrnf/
4if;wkdY ,kHMunfudk;uG,f&mtaejzihf wef;cdk;
awmf&Sifrsm;? ewfrsm; ponfwkdY\ ykHyef;oP²mefudk
oauFw trsdK;rsdK; xkvkyfudk;uG,fxm;Muonfudkvnf;
aumif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf 4if;wkdYaeYpOf zrf;qD;pm;aomuf
Muaom om;½kdif;wd&pämefwdkY\ ykHyef;oP²mef trsdK;rsdK;udk
,ckacwf aq;pD&ifonfhoabmrsdK;jzifh ,Mwmacs "mwf
½dkufbdouJhokdY ausmufeH&Hrsm;ay:wGif a&;qJGxm;cJhMu
onfrsm;udk awGU jrifjcif;tm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? (Tradi-
tional Art) ½kd;&myef;csDonfvnf;aumif;? (Primitive
66
Art)ESihf (Magic)wdkYonf a&S;vlwkdY\ yef;csDrS tpkjyKvm
onf[k qkdEkdifayrnf/
þwGif ½kd;&myef;csDü (Symbolism) oauFw
oabmtrsm;qkH; yg0ifvQuf&Sdonfudkum; usaemfwdkY
owdjyK&ayvdrfhrnf/
xkdYjyif ½kd;&myef;csDü apmifhpnf;tyfonfh abmif
rsm;? pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;? jy|mef;csufrsm; owfowfrSwf
rSwf &Sdonfudkvnf; awGU&ayonf/ tawG;opf? tjrif
onf rsm;pGmrS zDvmusaeayonf/
½kd;&myef;csDq&monf obm0udk avhvmonf/
obm0rS em,lonf? qnf;yl;onf/ odkY&mwGif obm0
udk ykHwlul;csjcif; r[kwfbJ yef;csDq&m\ pdwfwGif xif
[yfvmonfh cHpm;rI tm½kH½kyfudk tEkynmoabm ouf
0ifvmatmif oauFwrsm;jzihf wifjya&;qJGavh &Sdyg
onf/
okdYwifjy&mü rdrdvlrsdK;? rdrdywf0ef;usif? rdrd
bmom"avhxkH;wrf;rS jy|mef;xm;aom taiGUtouf?
taoG;ta&mif? tuGefYtñTefY? t,ltqwkdYjzihf a0qm
aeatmif wifjyjcif; jzpfayonf/
wkdif;jcm;ESihf tquftoG,frsm;vmaom ,
aeY EkdifiHwumwGif ½kd;&myef;csDppfppfwkdY\ae&mrSm wpfp
wpfp EGrf;e,faeayonf/ Oyrm-a&S;u *syef ½kd;&myef;
csD[kqkdvQif jrif½kHrQESihf *syefyef;csD[k odEkdifcJhaomfvnf;
,ckwjznf;jznf; taemuf,Ofaus;rI tjzmjzmwkdY\
vTrf;rkd;jcif; wpfpwpfp cHpm;&aomtcgwGif taemuf
wdkif;[efrsm;om *syef yef;csDum;rsm;wGif awGU &wwfNyD;
*syef yef;csDum;rsm;[lí qkd&efcufcJívmacsNyD/
þenf;ESifESif wkdif;jynftoD;oD;wdkYwGifvnf;
rdrdwkdY ½kd;&m,Ofaus;rI"avhrsm;rSm ysufjym;pjyKvmwkdif;?
wkdif;wpfyg;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm; vTrf;rkd;jcif;udk cH&vQuf&Sd
onfudk awGU jrifEkdifayonf/
a&S;acwfESihf ,ckacwfwGifvnf; rwlEkdifyg/
a&S;vlrsm;onf rdrdaexkdif&m wkdif;jynf\ jy,k*f
vu©Pmrsm; jzpfMuaomfvnf;? ,ckacwfonf rdrdbm
vlrsdK; qdkonfudkyif rdrdukd,fwkdif rajymEkdifaom acwf
yif jzpf onf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap ½dk;&myef;csD? ½dk;&mtEkynmudk
jrwfEkd;olrsm;urlrsdK;cspfpdwfjzihftepfemcHxdef;odrf;oGm;
aeMurnf[k xifygonf/
jrefrmh½dk;&myef;csDukdpdwf0ifpm;rdolrsm;twGuf
]vrf;½dk;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif} qkdbdouJhodkY acwf
ESihf,SOfaom tawG;tac:jzihf ½dk;&mudk avhvmEkdifMuap
&ef tcsuftcsdKUudk wifjy&ayonf/
jrefrmh½dk;&myef;csDudk avhvm&mwGif
(u) a&S;q&mwkdY\ tu©&ma&;enf;
( c ) a&S;q&mwkdY\ rsOf;a&; aq;jc,fenf;
xkdYjyif uacsonfwkdY\ [eftrlt&mrsm;ESihf
a&S;yef;&H? yef;ykq&mwdkY\ enf;rsm;udkyg twk,kavhvm
&ygonf/
avhusihfcef;rsm;taejzihfvnf; vl½kyfykH (tcsdK;
tpm;)udk ususee avhvm&ayonf/ jrefrmonf jref
rm tcsdK; a&S;uyif &Sdygonf/ Oyrm - rsufESmqkdvQif rsuf
ESmwpf0uf? abmifwpf0uf qkdouJhodkYyifjzpfNyD;? qHxkH;
ykH? t0wftpm; tokH;taqmifrsm;rSpí tajccHAdokum
ynm&yfrsm;udkyg avhusihfcef;,lí vuf[ef? ajc[ef? rk
j' trsdK;rsdK;? udk,f[eftaetxm;rsm;yg tao;pdwf avh
vm&ygonf/
4if;yif a&? ajr? av? rD; "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdYjzihf
zJGUpnf;xm;tyfaom a&ajrawmawmif? opfyifyef;ref
rsm;vnf; olYrlESihfol &Sdaeojzihf avhvmqnf;yl;tyf
onf/
jrefrm'DZkdif;rsm;udkrl
(1) ausmufpm
(2) aypm
(3) ,Gef;xnf
(4) rSefpDa&Tcs
(5) yef;wdrf? yef;wOf;
(6) yef;yk
(7) yef;&H
(8) a&Tcsnf? aiGcsnfxkd; tEkynmwdkYwGif avh
vmEkdifayonf/ avonf/ xkdokdY &SmazGavhvmpDppfMuaomtcg yk*Hjynf
Zmwfedygwfawmf? &mZ0ifwkdYrStp ,if;wkdYESifh rS aq;a&;um;rsm;? rEÅav;acwfqDu qif;oufvm
pyfvsOf;aom xD;okH;? eef;okH;[efrsm;udkvnf; ywfywf aom yk&ydkufjzLrsm;wGif&Sdonfh rifa&;t½kyf? aq;a&;t
eyfeyf avhvmtyfayonf/ xkdYjyif [efopfudkvnf; ½kyfrsm;? ,Gef;xnftrsdK;rsdK;wGifyg&Sdaom aus;iSufwd&pämef
wnfaxmif&ef [efa[mif;udk &SmazGavhvm pDppfMu& rSpí Zmwfedygwf½kyfpkHrsm;? wefaqmif;jyóm'fwkdYwGif

67

xkvkyfqif,ifxm;aom yef;qJGyef;awmif; twGefYt
wufuEkwfcsufrsm; ponfwkdYukd tvG,fwulyif awGU
&jrif&avonf/ tqkdyg a&S;uvuf&mtppfrsm;ESihf a&S;
vuf&mppfrS aygufyGm;vmaom tpOftvm raysmuf
uG,fao;onfh vuf&mrsm;udk tajcjyKum trsdK;om;
[efopfudk wnfaxmifvQif jzpfEkdifzG,ftaMumif; &Sd
onf[k ynmonftrsm;u ,kHMunfudk;pm;Muav
onf/ odkY,kHMunfudk;pm;Muonfhtwkdif;vnf; yef;csD
um; trsm;udk trsdK;om;yef;csD[efopftjzpfESihf a&;qJG
NyD; a&;qJGqJ? a&;qJGvwåHU jzpfonfudk awGU&ayonf/ t
rsdK;om;wkdY tm;&ESpfoufzG,f udpöBuD;wpf&yfaywnf;/
þt&mwGif ta&SUwkdif;,Ofaus;rI tEkynm
&yfBuD;rsm; ul;vl;qufoG,f aygufyGm;ysHUESHYcJhaom orkdif;
udk okH;oyfoifhayonf/ tdE´d,\ ,Ofaus;rI tEkynm
&yf trsdK;rsdK;onf ajrmufodkYvm;aomf wdAufjynf? yg
upöwefjynf? rGef*kdvD;,m;jynfwkdYodkYvnf;aumif;? ta&SU
odkYvm;aomf w½kwfjynf? *syefjynf? udk&D;,m;jynf? jref
rmjynf? xkdif;jynf? uarÁm'D;,m;jynf? tif'dkeD;&Sm;uRef;pk
rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;?awmifodkYvm;aomfoD&dvuFmuRef;
odkYvnf;aumif; ysHUESHYoGm;cJhNyD;? wpfzef w½kwfjynfrsm;rS
68
]]
t&yfom; tEkynm&yfonfomvQif uGsEkfyfwdkY
vlrsKd;\ vlrsKd;pkqdkif&m wu,fY ,Ofaus;rSI
jrefrmYp&dkufudk ay:apEdkifvdrfYrnf/ xkdt&yfom;
ynmrS trsKd;om;yef;csD[efopfudk wl;azmfjyif
qifEdkifvQif...
}}
tEkynm&yfrsm;udk tdE´d,om;rsm;u jyefvnfxlaxmif
,lMuí w½kdwao avhvmvkdufpm; jyKpkMujyefonfudk
vnf; awGU&onf/
4if;aemuf Oa&mywkdufom;rsm; ta&SUwkdif;odkY
vma&muftkyfpdk;MuaomtcgwGifrl NAdwdoQ,Ofaus;rI
tEkynm&yf tenf;i,fonf tdE´d,jynf? jrefrmjynf?
oD&dvuFmuRef;? yoQL;uRef;qG,fwdkYokdY ul;vmvTrf;rkd;
vmavonf/ jyifopftEkynmonf jyifopfydkif tif'dk
csdKif;em;udk vTrf;rkd;onf/ 'wfcsfvlrsdK;wkdY\ ,Ofaus;rI t
Ekynmonf tif'dkeD;&Sm; uRef;pkrsm;udk vTrf;rkd;onf/ xkd
okdY tdE´d,tEkynmü Oa&mytEkynmrsm; 0ifa&muf
vTrf;rkd;cdkufwGif wkdif;&if;om; rd½dk;zvm tEkynm&yfBuD;
rsm;rSm uG,fywdrfaumoGm;&ravmuf cHvkdufMuay
onf/
xkdokdY wkdif;&if;om; tEkynm&yfrsm; wkdif;&if;
jynf&if;wGif wdrfaum&ravmuf cHae&cdkufwGif Oa&my
wkdufom; yef;csDynm&SiftcsdKUonf w½kwfyef;csD? *syef
yef;csw D u
Ydk kdavhvmMuumolw\ Ydk Oa&mytEkynmvuf
&mwkdYwGifta&SUwkdif;tm&Svuf&mwdkYudkBudKMum;BudKMum;
xnhfoGif;um vuf&mopfudk zefwD;Muonf/ Oa&my
wkduf rsufarSmufacwf yef;csDum;rsm;udk avhvmvQif t
a&SUwkdif; tEkynmESihf tvGefeD;pyfonfudk awGU&í ta&SU
wkdif;tEkynm\ tawG;tac: t,ltqrsdK;udkvnf; t
rsm;tjym; awGUEkdifonf[k qkdMuavonf/
þodkYjzihf tEkynmrsm;onf wpfjynfu wpf
jynfudk vTrf;rkd;í ½kd;&mvuf&mrsm; wdrfaumyaysmuf&
onftxd jzpfcJhMu&aomfvnf;? rnfonfh EkdifiHjcm; y
a,m*rsdK;\ taESmihft,SufrsdK;udkrQ rcHpm;&bJ rdrdbm
om wpfbmomwnf; qdwfqdwfNidrfNidrf tpOfrjywf p
cef;ac:onfh t&yfom; tEkynm&yfrsdK;um; ae&mwkdif;
wGif &Sdayonf/
tdE´d,emrnfausmf yef;csDq&mBuD; wpfOD;jzpf
ol *sifreD½dGKif; (Jamini Roy)\ yef;csDum;rsm;rSm 4if;
(Folk Art)udk trsdK;om;[efopfjzihf xkwfazmfa&;
qJGjcif;jzpfí rsm;pGmemrnfausmfMum; ESpfoufol rsm;av
onf/
jrefrmjynfwGif t&yfom; tEkynm&yfudk bk
&m;aps;ü awGU jrifEkdifayonf/ a&Twd*kHapmif;wef;&Sd ukef
pkHqkdifrsm;wGif zkd;0½kyfuav;rsm;udk awGU&rnf/ xkdt½kyf
uav;rsdK;udk uREkfyfwkdY\ bkd;ab;bDbifrsm;vnf; awGU
cJh&NyD? cspfcJh&NyD? upm;cJh&NyD/ opfom;ESihfvkyfaom aZmf*sD
½kyfuav;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/ tusÐeDeDuav; 0wfí
EIwfcrf;arT;? rkwfqdwfarT;rsm;udk xm;onf/ BudK;qJGwwf
vQif awmifa0S;uav;xrf;um ujyEkdifonf/ yg;pyfNyJ
um udkufrnfh[efjyifaeaom usm;½kyfudkvnf; uREkfyf
wkdY cspfcifwkef;yif/ ajcav;bufESihf ZufudkvIyfEkdifonfh
jrif;½kyfuav;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ xkdt½kyfrsm;atmufü
cif;usif;xm;aom uwfaMu;? uGrf;n§yf? zvm;? cGuf? Zm
*emwkdYudk MunfhygOD;/ olwkdYtay:rSm yef;cufyef;EG,f t
ajymuftpuftrsm;udk vSypGm azmfxm;onf/ þonf
vnf; t&yfom; tEkynm&yfjzpfonf/ tqif;o@mef
tajymuftuGuf ta&;tcif;wdkYudkom awGU&onf r
[kwfao;/ aq;a&mif pyfykH[yfykHudkvnf; awGU jrifEkdif
ao;onf/ jrif;½kyfrSm tjzL? twGefYtvdrf? tauGUt
aumuf? rsufvkH;? rsufqefponfwkdYudkum; tpdrf;a&mif?
tjyma&mif? teufa&mifwkdYESihf jc,foxm;onf/ jrif;\
obm0ta&mif wpfckrQrygay/ odkYaomf uREkfyfwkdY\
rsufpdwGifudk;½dk;um;,m;rEkdif/bmaMumifhvJpOf;pm;zG,f
&Sdonf/ wpfaxmifhwGif csdwfqJGxm;aom EGm;pnf;ukef;?
jrif;pnf;ukef;wkdYu aq;a&mif teD? tjymwdkYudk Munfhyg
OD;/ aeom;wus&Sdonf[k qkd&ayrnf/ xkdbk&m;aps;u
qkdifrSxGufvmí A[ef;aps;u tkd;qkdifudk0ifMunfhygOD;/
tEkynm\ tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfMuayonf/ tkd;BuD;rsm;
udk MunfhygOD;/ twGefYtpdwf? tpif;taMumif;? tuGuf
tajymuf ½dkufESdyfxm;aom 'DZkdif;ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK;rSm t&yf
om; tEkynmyifjzpfonf/ þodkY a&wGufjy&vQif rsm;
pGm&SdayOD;rnf/
xkduJhodkYaom opfom;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 0g;jzihf
vnf;aumif;? &TUH jzihfvnf;aumif;? aMu;oHowåKwkdYjzihf
vnf;aumif; t&yfom; tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk vSnf;
aeavSatmif;jrif;aZmif;rusef t&yfwkdif;wGif aeYpOf
ESihf trQ awGU&ayonf/ a&SmifírvGwf[kyif qkd&ayrnf/
þvuf&mwdkYum; uREkfyfwkdYvlrsdK;\ yifudk,fpGrf;&nf? yif
udk,ftBudKufrS xGufay:vmMuonfjzpfí EkdifiHjcm; ,Of
aus;rI MoZmtawmfuif;onfudk awGU&ayrnf/ vlrsm;
pk vlxk\ tonf;pJGvuf&mrsm; jzpfayrnf/ vlxkESihf
teD;pyfqkH; jzpfonf[k qkd&ayrnf/ xkdvuf&mrsm;wGif
aq;a&mifESihf aumufaMumif;wkdYrSm ½dk;om;ay:vGif
&J&ifhayonf/ eDeD&J&J? 0g0gxdefxdef paom a&mifpkHvGif
rsm;ESihf vlxk\pdwf "mwfudk qJGaqmifayonf/
xkdYaMumifh trsdK;om; yef;csD[efopfudk wnf
axmif&ef BuHpnfBudK;pm;Mu&mwGif tpOftvmrysuf
qufvufvkyfudkifvQuf&Sdaom uREkfyfwkdY\ (Folk Art)
ac: t&yfom;tEkynm&yfudkvnf; txl;avhvmvkduf
pm;oifhonf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ t&yfom;tEkynm&yf
onfomvQif uREkfyfwkdYvlrsdK;\ vlrsdK;pkqkdif&m wu,hf
,Ofaus;rI jrefrmhp½dkufudk ay:apEkdifvdrfhrnf[k xifpm;
rdygonf/ xkdt&yfom;ynm&yfrS trsdK;om;yef;csD[ef
opfudk wl;azmfjyKjyif jyifqifEkdifvQif aumif;jrwfaom
okckr tvS&wemwpfyg;onf urÇmhtv,fwGif trsm;
\ av;pm;jcif;udk cH,lum xGufay:vmEkdifvdrhfrnf[k
arQmfvihfrdygonf/
A*sDatmifpdk;
(&dk;&mrSonf acwfopfodkY-'kwd,tMudrf
pmtkyfrS aumuf EIwfazmfjyygonf/)
69
 yef;csD? yef;yk? pmay? &dk;&m*Dw? &kyf&Sif
ponfh tEk&owkdYonf wkdif;jynfwjynf? vlrsKd;wrsKd;\
orkdif;? ,Ofaus;rI? vlrIwefzdk;? "avhp&kdufESifh
vlom;zHGYNzdK;wdk; wufrItm; udk,fpm;jyKaom pHcsdfef
pHñGef;rsm; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf vlYtzJGYtpnf;\ vl
rIa&; jyóemrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; pdefac:rIrsm;udk rSefuef pGm
azmfxkwf&ifqdkifjcif;jzifh w&m;rQwrI udkay;Ekdifonf/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd azmfaqmifay;Ekdifonf/ xdkYjyif tEk&o
tEk&oynma&; wwfyGefrI
acsmtdEG,f
onf wkdif;jynf\ ,Ofaus;rI "avhrsm;ESifh ordkif;wdkYudk
xif[yfaponf/
w&m;rSQwrIESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;
w&m;rQwrI\ t"dyÜg,f tESpfom&udk ausmif;
om;vli,frsm;tm; od&Sdem;vnfapjcif;onf xdkvli,f
wdkYudk urÇmhEkdifiHBuD;om;rsm; jzpfvmap&ef avhusifh
jyifqifay;jcif; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh tEkk&oynma&;
onf ynm&Sif aygvdkz&Ja& Paulo Freire ajymaom
a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;qi f jcifÓPf Consciousness
udk zHGYNzdK;wdk;wufap&ef oabmxm;tajymif;tvJ wpkH
70
w&mudk wnfaqmufay;onfh ud&d,mwck jzpfygonf/
a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;qifjcifÓPf Critical
Consciousness udk tokH;jyKí urÇmYEkdifiH BuD;om;rsm;
jzpf maomtcg vli,frsm;onf ¤if;wdkYEdkifiH\ EkdifiHa&;ESifh
vlrIa&; zHGYNzdK;wkd;wufrI u@rsm;wGifomru urÇmh
tcif; tusif;wGifyg yg0ifaqmif &GufEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;qifjcifÓPf Critical
Consciousness qdkonfrSm urÇmhavmu taMumif;
udk eufeufeJeJ avhvmod&dSNyD; vlrIa&;ESifh EkdifiH
a&;qefYusifbuf t,l0g' y#dyu©rsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkY
od&dSonfhtay: tjrifrsm;udk azmfxkwf avhvmEkdifjcif;
udk qdkvdkonf/ od&dSem;vnfrIrsm; tay:wGif tajccHum
rdrdb0tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;aom t&mrsm; (Oyrm-
rSm;,Gif;aomEkdifiHa&;pepf) udk wGef;vSefvmEkdifjcif;udk
qdkvdkonf/
tef;z&efY a&;aom rdfef;uav;wpf a,muf\
aeYpOfrSwfwrf; ´Ann Frank: The Diary of a
young Girl ` udk txufwef; taxGaxGynm a&;
General Education wGif tEk&opmay Literature
tjzpf jyXmef;xm;onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf twGif; Oa&my
wGif [pfwvm\ emZDwyfrsm;u *sL;vlrsKd; ajcmufoef;
cefY udk rD;avmif wkdufoGif; (Holocaust) tpkvdkuf
tjyHKvkduf owfjzwf cJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif e,fomvefü
13 ESpfceffYom &dSao;aom tef;ESifhrdom;pk onf
*sL;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&um emZDrsm;u vkdufvHow-
fjzwfaomaMumifh xGufajy; wdrf;a&Smif ae&onf/
tef;rdom;pkESifY tjcm;tdrfeD;csif; rdom;wpfpk? *smref
oGm; q&m0efwOD;wdkY qkHrdMuNyD; &kH;w&kH;\
txyfckd;cef;uav;rS zdkifrsm;xnfhxm;aom bD&dkrsm;
Mum;xJwGif yifyef;BuD;pGm aMumufvefYwMum; ESpfESpf
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77
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78
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tjriftm&kH usufpm;jcif;eJY tjyeftvSef wifjyrIawG
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79
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qdkwm&,fudk od&dSapr,f/ olwdkYajymwJh pum;twdkif;
twdtus jyefajym&if em;axmifygw,f qdkwJh
t"dyÜg,fyg/ tjcm;pum;vkH;awGeJY jyefjyifNyD; ajymwJh
tcgusawmh em;vnfoabm aygufygw,fqdkwJh
t"dyÜg,fyJaygh/ wu,fvkdY em;vnfrI vJGoGm;&ifvnf;
olwdkYu q&mukd jyefjyifay;Ekdifao;w,f/} Mum;&onhf
pum;rsm; tay:rSm tjcm;pum;vkH; okH;NyD; jyefvnf
ajymqkdrI\ tusKd;aus;Zl;&dSykHukd uav;oli,f
jyKpkapmifha&Smufol yef;csD q&mrBuD;u ajymjycJhonf/
bufvdkufrIr&dSbJ jyefvnf ajymqdkjcif;udk
qdkvdkygonf/ aumufcsufcs? a0zefrIrsm;udkvnf; BudKqkd
vufcHoifhonf/ wef;wl wefzdk;xm; oifhygonf/
aumufcsufcsrIwkdYudk jyefvnf jyifqifay;jcif;ESifh
jznfhpGufjcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfoifhyg/ odkYrSom ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm; taejzifh olwkdYtay:wGif wefzdk;
xm;rIudk em;vnfcHpm; Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/ uRrf;usifaom
q&mq&mrrsm; taejzifh ausmif;om;rsm;\ tajzrsm;
&Sif;vif; wdusap&ef vrf;ñGef ulnDEkdifyg vdrfhrnf/
trSm;jyifqifay;jcif;rsm;udk tpOftjrJ
rvkyfjcif;jzihf ausmif;om;rsm;onf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
ajymqdkwifjycGihf &&Sdapygonf/ bmompum;pGrf;&nf zGHU
jzdK;ap&ef rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKygvdrfhrnf/
q&mrS ausmif;om;rsm;\ rwlnDaom pOf;
pm; awG;awmcsufrsm;\ tquftpyfwdkYudk axmufjy
ay;Ekdifygonf/ pOf;pm;awG;awmcsuf wpfckrSaeí
tjcm;aom awG;awmcsuf wpfckodkY qifhuJ ajymif;vJ
EkdifNyD; t"dyÜg,frsm; ay:xGuf &&dSvmykHudkvnf; &Sif;jy
Ekdifonf/
]t"dutcsufuawmh pdwful; pdwf
oef;awG&JU ta&GU oabm? qifhuJ jzpfwnfrIo
abmudk oifMum;ay;Ekdifwmyg/ 'Dvdkqdk&if yxr
qkH;pdwful;? pOf;pm;rIrSmwif &yfwefYraebJ tjcm;aom
jzpfEkdifacsawGudk wGufqrdvdrfhr,f/ olrsm;awG&JU
aqG;aEG; wifjycsufawGudk em;axmifjcif;[m rdrd&JU
avhvmrIudk ydkrdk tm;aumif;apEkdifNyD; pOf;pm;csuf
awGudkvnf; ydkrdk a0qm aprSmyg} a':yef;{u&DrS tMuHjyK
vrf;ñGefxm;onf/
80
tjriftm&kHcHpm;rIjzifh pOf;pm;awG;awmrIenf;vrf;rsm;
VTS \ wefzdk;rsm;
ausmif;oif&kd;ñGef;wrf;\ tpdwftydkif;ESifh
oifMum;enf;vrf; wpfc kjzpfonff/
 tEkynm zefwD;csuf vuf&mwdkYudk tokH;jyKNyD;
a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;awG;awm rIpGrf;&nf critical
thinking? qufqHa&; pGrf;&nf communication? ESifh
tjriftm&kH cHpm;wwfrI pGrf;&nf visual literacy wdkYudk
avhusifh ysKd;axmifjcif; jzpfonf/
 tEkynm&kyfykHvTmrsm; visual art tay:wGif
]] ..'Dvdkqdk&if yxrqHk;pdwful;?pOf;pm;rIrSmwif
&yfwefYraebJ tjcm;aom jzpfEdkifacsawGudk
wGufq rdvdrfhr,f/ olrsm;awG&JU
aqG;aEG;wifjycsufawGudk em;axmifjcif;[m rdrd&JU
avhvmrIudk ydkrdk tm;aumif;apEkdifjyD; ...
}}
pl;prf;jcif;ESifh t"dyÜg,f zGifhqkdjcif;wdkYudk ausmif;om;rsm;
udk,fwdkif xJxJ0if0if yg0ifjcif;? pOf;pm;awG;awmjcif;?
wifjy aqG;aEG;jcif;wdkYjzifh oifcef;pmudk wnfaqmuf
jcif; jzpfonf/
 ausmif;om;rsm; pl;prf;avhvmrI pGrf;&nf?
usKd;aMumif; oufao&SmazGvdkpdwfESifh rSef;qtajz
xkwfEkdifpGrf;wdkYudk wdk;wuf zHGU NzdK;aponf/
 ½IyfaxG; cufcJonfh jyóemrsm;twGuf jzpf
Ekdifacs tajztrsKd;rsKd;udk &SmazGvdkpdwfESifh pGrf;&nfudk
ysKd;axmif ay;onf/
 tjyeftvSef av;pm;rI &dSaom? 'Drdkua&pD
enf;usaom? pkaygif;0dkif;0ef;í jyóemwdkYudk
ajz&Sif;wwfaom tavhtusifhrsm;udk pmoifcef;rsm;
twGif; avhusifh ay;&mvnf; a&mufonf/
 xdkrSwqifh pmoifcef;rsm;udk ausmfvGefNyD;
 ausmif;ESifh &yf&Gm vlYtzJGUtpnf;rsm;twGif; a&&Snf
tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;ESifh vdkvm;tyfaom 'Drdkua&pD
pHwefzdk;rsm;udk &&dSaprnf/
 EIwfajympGrf;&nf ysKd;axmif avhusifhrI? pOf;pOf;
pm;pm; ajymqdkwwfrI? wuf<upGm yg0ifvkyfaqmif
rIESihf ajymqdk wifjyrIrsm;udk pDukH;a&;om;jcif;jzifh EIwf
ajymrSwqifh ta&;pGrf;&nfodkY ul;ajymif; avhusifh
ay;Ekdifonf/
 ausmif;okH; bmompum;rSm rdcifbmompum;
r[kwfaom uav;i,frsm;ESifh oif,l avhvmrI txl;
tcuftcJ&dSolrsm; twGufvnf; atmifjrif EkdifpGrf;udk
arQmfrSef;Ekdifonf/
 ausmif;om; vli,frsm;\ b0ESifh jycef;? jy
wdkufrsm;ESifh tEkynm vuf&mypönf;wdkYudk qufpyf Ekdif-
pGrf;? tav;xm;vdkpdwf? tokH;jyK vdkpdwfrsm; &&dSapNyD;
olwdkY\ &SifoefrIwGif ydkrdkt"dyÜg,f &dSvmaponf/
aemufqufwGJ tokH;csEkdifrIrsm;
tjriftm&kHjzifh pOf;pm;awG;awmrIpGrf;&nfwdkYudk avh
usifhoifMum;jcif;
(ADGwDtufpf)rSm tEkynm bmom&yfudk oif
Mum;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) jywdkufwpfckck (odkYr[kwf)
tEkynmjycef; wpfckckodkY vnfywfjcif;wdkY jzifhomvQif
abmifcwf rxm;oifhyg/ q&mq&mrrsm;taejzifh
tjcm;aom bmom&yf toD;oD;wGifvnf; tcGifhtcg
oifhovdk aygif;pyf xnfhoGif; tokH;jyK Ekdifygonf/ odyÜH?
vlrla&;? bmompum; ponfh ausmif;oif&kd; bmom&yf
Isamu Noguchi (Japanese)
toD;oD;wGifvnf; oifMum;enf; wpfck taejzifh
tokH;jyKoifhonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh &moDOwk ajrykHydkpwm?
av`yGefxJwGif ESHaumif\ awmifyH cwfaeonfh "gwfykH?
awmifukef;av;ay:wGif wnfxm;udk;uG,faom apwD
jzLjzLav;rsm; ponfwdkYjzifh ADGwDtufpf VTS
oifMum;enf;udk aygif;pyf tokH;jyKEkdifonf r[kwfyg
avm/ txufyg tEkynmjycef;wGif ar;jref;cJhonfh
ar;cGef; 3 ckudk ar;jref;jcif;jzifh wpfwef;vkH; yg0ifaqG;aEG;
Ekdifygrnf/ uAsmwpfyk'f? odkYr[kwf tjcm;aom zwfpm
wpfckckudk zwf½IMuNyD;onfh aemufwGifvnf; txufyg
enf;vrf;wdkYudk toHk;jyK oifMum;Ekdifyg onf/
csKyfíqdk&aomf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tEk
ynmvuf&m? ypönf;wpfckckudk Munfh½IapNyD; tEkynm
ykHpH? pwkdif? tokH;jyKonfhenf; (wufued)? ESifh
acwfouú&mZf? tcsdefumv ponfwdkYudk ar;jref;jcif;
tjyif tjriftm&kH cHpm;rIjzifh pOf;pm; awG;awmrI
enf;vrf; VTS udk tokH;jyKNyD; oifMum;jcif;yif jzpf
onf/ &ocHpm;rIESifh tEkynm ordkif;aMumif;tjyif
ydkif;jcm;a0zef pOf;pm;awG;awmrIpGrf;&nf? qufqHa&;
pGrf;&nf? tjriftm&kHqkdif&m cHpm;wwf odEkdifpGrf; wdkYudk
vnf; zHGU NzdK;apEkdifygonf/
þodkYqdkvQif jrefrmEkdifiH ausmif;ynma&;
oif&dk;ñGef;wrf;rsm;wGif tEk&o ynma&;bmom&yf\
tcef;u@ ydkrdkxif&Sm;? xda&muf ay:vGif vmEkdifrnf
[kvnf; arQmfvifh rdygownf;/ /
odef;Ekdif
81
xdkif;
,ck aqmif;yg;rSm csLvmavmifaumif; w
uúodkvfrS ygarmu© trf;zdkif; wD;&efpef (Ampal Tiran
asar) u tm&Sydpdzdwf tEk&o ynma&; nDvmcHwpfck
wGif xdkif;&dk;&m tEkynm? xdkif;vlxk\ vl aerIb0?
tjyKtrl p&kdufvu©Prsm;? xdkif;tEkynma&;ESifh
xkdif;,Ofaus;rI wefzdk;rsm;taMumif; wifjyrSIrS xkwf
ESIwfcsuf jzpfonf/
aemufcH
xdkif;EkdifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIzHGY NzdK;rIwdkYrSm
taemufwkdif; todynmay: trsm;BuD; wnfrSDxm;
82
,Ofaus;rI 0daoo wefzdk;rsm;ESifh
tEk&o ynma&;
0ifhxef;
onfh pufrIvkyfief;ESifh enf;ynmwdkY tay:wGif txl;
jyKxm;onf/ xdkvrf;vJGaeaom zHGY NzdK;a&;ykHpHu cRwf
acsmfaom NrdKU jyjzpfxGef;rIESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif ysuf
qD;rIwdkYuJhodkY BuD;rm;aom jyóemrsm;udk tusKd; quf
jzpfvmapNyD; vlxk&JUb0 t&nftaoG;udkyg xd
ckdufvmcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh ,cktcg xdkif;wdkY\ udk,fydkif
'óe? udk,fydkif ,Ofaus;rIESifh yifudk,fa'ocH tody
nmudk jyefvnf apmaMumMunfhzdkY tcsdefusaeNyD jzpf
onf/
,Ofaus;rIwpfckonf tjrJ tvIyftcwfrsm;
ESifh 'dkif;erpf jzpfaeNyD;? ordkif;qdkif&m vkdtyfcsuf tajct
aeopfrsm; ay:xGufvmwdkif; jyefvnf teufzGifhqdkMu
zdkY vkdtyfygonf/ tajctaeopfwdkYtay: rlwnfí vl
om;wdkYonf ,Ofaus;rI &if;jrpfwdkYudk jyefvnfzGifhqdkjy
o ae&ygrnf/ &dk;&mtpOftvm ,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk wD
xGifzefwD; tokH;csEkdif&rSm jzpfovdk? wpfzufuvnf;
pdefac:rI topfrsm;ESihf &ifqkdif&wJh tcgwdkif; ,Ofaus;rI
wdkYudk qufvuf &Sifoefatmif BudK;pm;&rnf jzpfonf/
ordkif;wavQmuf jyifyMoZmvTrf;rdk;cH&rI?
Ncdrf;ajcmufcH&rI rnfrQyif &dSapumrl rddrdwdkY&JU yifudk p
&dkufoGifjyif vu©P&yfrsm;udk xkdif;trsKd;om; 0daoo
tjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;jrJ jzpfonf/ 1880 rS 1925 txd
tkyfpkd;cJhonfh bk&if 0csd&m0wfu trsKd;om; wefzdk;t
wGuf tajccH a'gufwkdiftjzpf ] EkdifiHESifYvlrsKd;? bmom
a&;? oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepf } qdkonfh tifpwD usL;&Sif;
oHk;ckudk csay;cJhonf/ xdktifpwDusL;&Sif; okH;ck atmuf
wGif acwftqufquf xdkif;EkdifiH\ pnf;vkH;rI? vkHjcHKrI?
wm0ef,lrIESifh zHGHYNzdK;rIrsm; txdkuftoifh &&dScJhNyD;?
,ckaemufydkif;wGif 'Drdku&ufwpf tpdk;&pepfudkyg pwk
w¬ajrmuf tifpwDusL;&Sif;tjzpf aygif;xnfhcJhonf/
acwfNydKif xdkif;trsKd;om; Oy"d&kyf jr§ifhwifa&;
twGuf 1976 ckESpfwGif 0efBuD;csKyf ygarmu© xm;eifu
vdkif;0dcsrf;u xkdif;,Ofaus;rI tarGESihf *kPfodu©mudk u
av;ESifh vli,fvl&G,frsm; wef;zdkod&dSatmif Identity-
Project wpfckjzifh pwifcJhonf/ ya&m*suf&JU t"du
vkyfief;rSm twdwf ESifh vuf&dS awmf0if bk&ifh rdefYcGef;rsm;
jyefYESHapzdkY? vlrI a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh zHGYH NzdK; a&; vkyfief;rsm;
us,fjyefY apzdkY? ] ,lY,efxdkif;} vdkYac:aom xkdif;vlrsKd;wdkY
b0aeenf;xdkifenf; tpD tpOfrsm; jyefYESHapzdkYyif jzpf
onf/
1977 ckESpfwGif National Identity Board
tzJGYu awmf0ifbk&ifh zHGYNzdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm;taMumif;?
xdkif;EkdifiHESifh xdkif;vlxk\ tjyKoabmaqmifNyD;
aumif;rGefonfh oGifjyifvu©P&yfrsm;taMumif;? vlrI
zHGYNzdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm; twGuf bmoma&;rS tjyKoabm
aqmif tusKd;jyKEkdifrnfh tcsufrsm;taMumif; jynfoludk
w&m;0if xkwfjyefay;cJhonf/
xdkif;,Ofaus;rI udpörsm;twGuf ta&;ygqkH;
tzJGY rSm ynma&;0efBuD;Xme jzpfvmNyD;aemuf jynfwGif;
ESifh EkdifiHwum tqifhrsm;wGif tpdk;&? yk*¾vdu yl;aygif;
NyD; ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; zHGY NzdK;a&;ESifY jr§ifhwif
a&;rsm; qufwkdufvkyfvmcJhonf/ xdkif;trsKd;om;
ynma&; rl0g' csrSwfonfh The Office of the Na-
tional Education Commission (ONEC)
uvnf; xdkif; vlrsKd;wdkY&JU todynmudk okawoe vkyf
NyD;? ynma&;pepfwGif xkdif;tawG;tac: tjrJ&Sifoef
aeapzdkY oifwef;rsm;? tpdk;& taxmuftyHhrsm;
ay;vmcJhonf/
,Ofaus;rI trSwf0daoo zGifhqdkcsuf
,Ofaus;rI (culture) qdkwJh a0g[m&tay:
tjrif½Iaxmifh trsKd;rsKd;jzifh zGifhqdkcsufrsm; &dSaomfvnf;
ynma&;wGifrl rEkóoaA'ESihf ZD0aA' tjrifESpfcku
ae zGifhqdkMuonf/ rEkóaA' t"dyÜg,ft& ,Ofaus;rI
qkdonfrSm ] b0aexdkifrIudk rQa0jcif;} (a shared
way of life) jzpfonf/ ZD0aA'qkdif&mt& ,Of
aus;rIudk ] BuD;xGm;ap aomt&mrsm; twGuf Mum;cH}
(a medium for growing things) tjzpf
&nfñGef;xm;ygonf/
tJ'D zGifhqdkcsuf abmifrsm;t&qdkvQif ,Of
aus;rI udk owfrSwfxm;aom vltkyfpk (okdY) vlxkt
Mum;&dS &SifoefaexdkifrI ykHp(H the pattern of living)
tjzpf jrifMunhf Ekdif ygonf/ xdk&SifoefaexdkifrI ykHpH
twGuf oufqkdif&m vltkyfpkrS tarGtjzpf
vufcHxm;aom pHwefzdk;rsm;? ,kHMunfcsufrsm;? tjrif
rsm;? t,ltqrsm;jzifh &S,f,mvkyfNyD; zHGYNzdK;vmaponf/
,ck avhvmcsufwGif wpfEkdifiHvkH;&dS vltrsm;pku
twkdif;twm wpfcktxd vufcHxm;onfh wefzdk;rsm;ESifh
,kHMunfcsufrsm; tygt0if trsKd;om;a&; tqifh&dS ,Of
aus;rIudk zGifYqdk wifjy oGm;ygrnf/
wqufxJyif nation qkdaom pum;&yfrSm
t"dyÜg,fqdkvdk&if; 'dG[ jzpfaeonf/ ,Ofaus;rI? &dk;&mt
pOftvm? ordkif; ponfhwdkYESifh qufpyfxm;onfh ] vl-
rsKd;} udk qdkvdkwm jzpfovdk? wpfzufwGifvnf; EkdifiHa&;?
pD;yGm;a&;? ppfa&; tiftm;wkdYESifh wnfaqmufxm; onfh
]trsKd;om; EkdifiH} (nation- state) twGuf okH; EIef;wm
jzpfaejyefonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh 'kwd,t"dyÜg,fwGif ]
vlrsKd;} oabmu ygNyD;om;vnf; jzpfaewwfjyefonf/
tvm;wl ] trsKd;om;a&;0g'} (nation
lism) onfvnf; vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;\ Zmwdykn *kPfrme
udk ajymwmjzpfovdk? trsKd;om;EkdifiH wpfEkdifiH\ tif tm;
*kPfj'yfBuD;jrifhrIudk trTef;wifjcif; jzpfaejyefonf/
owdxm;zdkY&mrSm taemufESifh ta&SU rS EkdifiHawmftif
tm; jr§ifhwifvdkaom armf'ef trsKd;om;a&;0g'onf t
pOftvm &dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm; twGuf tEÅ&m,f &dSae
onfqdkaom tcsufyif/
] &dk;&mtpOftvm} [laom tokH;EIef;onf
vnf; ] armf'efEkdifaZ;&Sif;} [laom pum;ESihf tjrJa-
jzmifhajzmifh qefYusif aewwfonf/ &dk;&mtpOftvmudk
ta[mif;tjrif;oabm ? t EIwfoabm jrifNyD;? armf
'efEkdifaZ;&Sif; twGuf &dk;&mtpOftvm 0ifpGufp&m
r&dS[k xifrSwfMuonf/ trSefu &dk;&mtpOftvmESifh
armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;tMum; qufEG,frIudk [mrdkeD jzpfap
&rSm jzpfNyD;? 'dkif,m vufwpfusus a0zefqef;ppf tokH;
cs&rSm jzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m trSwf0daoo
83
(cultual identity) udk xdef;odrf;zdkYtwGuf azmfjyyg
qkdvkdcsuf tm;vkH;rS b0ykHpHudk t[wfnDnD Munfh
jrifzdkY vdkygrnf/
b0aexkdifrIESifh p&dkufobm0
xkdif;vlrsKd;wdkY&JU b0rSm arG;zGm;onfrS aoqkH;
onftxd Ak'¨bmomu xdkif;,Ofaus;rIESifh vlrIzJGYpnf;
rSItwGuf trsm;BuD; xnfh0ifay;xm;NyD;? xkdif;vlrsKd;\
identity ESifh ,Ofaus;rIudk qufvuf o,faqmifzdkY
jzpfaponf/
xkdif;vlrIqufqHa&;wGif wnfNidrfat;aq;rI
udk *½kjyKonf/ tjyifyef;tm;jzihf a'go?
rESpfNrdKUrI?taESmuft,Sufay;rI azmfjyjcif;udk
r,Ofaus;? r&ifhusufrItjzpf
jrifwwfMuonf/ pdwfcHpm;csufudk csufjcif;
zGihfrcsbJ xdef;csKyfNyD; tNyKH;jzifh azmfjyEkdifzkdY
oGefoifxm;onf ...
xkdif;vlrIb0 vlrIqufqHa&;wGif wnfNidrf
at;csrf;rIukd *&kjyKonf/ tjyifyef;tm;jzifh a'go? rESpf
NrdKUrl? taESmuft,Sufay;rI azmfjyjcif;wdkYudk r,Ofaus;
rI? r&ifhusufrItjzpf jrifwwfMuonf/ pdwfcHpm;csufwdkY
udk csufcsif;zGifhrcsbJ xdef;csKyfNyD; tjyHK;jzifh azmfjyEkdifzdkY
xdkif;,Ofaus;rIu oGefoifxm;onf/ yk*¾dKvfa&; wkduf
&dkuf y#dyu© jzpfrI? t&Suf&aprIwdkYudk a&Smif&Sm;NyD; Ekdifvkd
rif;xuf jyKrlrIESifh &kefY&if;Murf;wrf;pGm qufqHrIudk t
xiftjrif ao;wwfonf/
txufatmuf qufqHaom bk&ifpepfykHpH
jzpfaomfvnf; wpfOD;csif; vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifawG;ac: rI
individualism p&kdufvu©Prsm;udk xdkif;wdkYwGif
trsm;BuD; jrifawGYEdkif onf/ xdkwpfOD;csif; 0g'ykHpHu
vlYtzJGYtpnf; tiftm; MuHckdif BuD;rm;apzdkYtwGuf
84
tm;enf; csufvnf; jzpfay: apwwfonf/ txl;ojzifh
EkdifiHa&; vlrIa&; pD;yGm;a&; vIyf&Sm;rIwGif rdrdESifhrqdki-
fovdk zmod zmom pdwf"gwfukd jzp fay: aponf/
odkYESifhwkdif ,Ofaus;rIESihf &kd;&mtpOftvmudk
,kH, kHMunfMunf jrwfjrwfEkd;Ekd; udkifpJGxm;onfh xkdif;vl
rsKd;wkdYrSm xdkif;0g' (Thai-ism) jzpfvmNyD; EkdifiHa&; t
usyftwnf;ESifh obm0ab;rsm; usa&mufonfh t
cgwkdif; tcsif;csif; &dkif;yif;ulnDpdwfrsm; jywwf
Muonf/ xdkYaemuf xkdif;vlrsKd;wdkY\ vlrIb0 oGifjyifrsm;
xJwGif eufeuf½Idif;½Idif; pJGepfaeonfh vu©P&yf wpf
ckuawmh wkywwfaom tavhtusifhyif/ txl;ojzifh
xdkif;&kd;&m tEkynmrsm;wGif taemufwkdif; vuf&m
wkrSD;xm;rIudk trsm;BuD; awGY&dSEkdifonf/
ynma&;
taemufynma&;pepf rusifhokH;rDtxd xdkif;
ynma&;rSm ] tdrfoifynma&;? bkef;BuD;ausmif; ynm
a&;ESifh eef;wGif;ynma&;} qdkonfh tifpwD&Sif;okH;ck ykHpH
jzpfonf/ rdbawGu uav;rsm;ukd tdrftvkyf? vlrI
wefzdk;ESifh &dk;&mtpOftvmrsm; oifay;onf/ bkef;BuD;
rsm;u pma&;pmzwf? usifh0wfeDwdESifh Ak'¨bmomukd oif
Mum;ay;onf/ eef;wGif;wGifrl trsKd;om; *EÅ0iftEkynm
bmom&yfrsm;tm;vkH; zHGYNzdK;apzdkY? xdef;odrf;zdkY enf;em
aygif;pkHudk oifMum;ay;onf/
rsufarSmufumv xdkif;EkdifiH&JU ta&;BuD;wJh
ynma&;vIyf&Sm;rI wpfckudkawmh 1999 ckESpfwGif pwif
cJhonf/ Zlvkdifv 1&ufaeYwGif atmufvTwfawmfrS t
wnfjyKcsuf rlMurf;udk Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeYwGif xkdif;
bk&ifrif;jrwf blrdabmvfrS eef;wGif; trdefYxkwfjyef
csuftjzpf tcrJh roifrae& udk;ESpfoif ynma&;udk
aMujimcJhonf/
trsKd;om;ynma&;pepf Oya'\ ta&;BuD;
aom tcsufrsm;xJrS wpfckrSm tydk'f 17 &Sd? udk;ESpfwm
roifrae& ynma&;wGif tEk&o (Art) udk t"du t
odynm e,fy,fBuD; ig;ckxJrS wpfcktjzpf xnfhoGif;
xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ Art todynmacgif;pOf atmuf wGif
yef;csD *Dw paom tEkynmrsm;? bmoma&;? ,Of aus;rI?
tm;upm;? xkdif;todÓPfynmESifh xdkt odÓPfynm
tokH;csrIwdkY yg0ifonf/
oif&kd;ñGef;wrf;wGifvnf; tEk&oudk bm
om&yfBuD; wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/ tEk&o
bmom&yfwGif tjriftm&kH tEkynm (Visual art )?
o&kyfwifqufrSItEkynm (performing arts)ESifY
*DwwdkY oHk;ck yg0ifonf/ xkdokH;ckpvkH;rSm ,Ofaus;rI
tarGtESpfwdkYtay: tav;uJrIESifh wDxGifzefwD;rIwdkY
aygif;pyf xm;onf/ visual art rSm tjriftm&kHtEkynm?
ordkif;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIwdkY qufEG,fcsufudk em;vnfcHpm;
wefzdk; jzwfwwfapzdkY jzpfonf/
rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef; tEk&oynma&;
oifMum;rIwGif tEkynm zeffwD;rIESifh qufqkdifaom pwl
'D,dk vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk t"duxm; oifonf/ pmoifcef;
ywf0ef;usifwGif tEkynm vIyf&Sm;rIrsKd;pkH wifquf
EkdifzdkY jzpfonf/ odkYaomf vlYtzJGYtpnf;&dS a,bl,s tajc
taeESifh ausmif;om;&JU vufawGYb0Mum; uefYowfrI
xm;&dSonfh tEkynm vIyf&Sm;rI jzpfonf/ tEk&o oif
&dk;ñGef;wrf; &nf&G,fcsufwGif tEk&oudk aeYpOf vlrIb
0wGif tokH;csEkdifa&;? wefzdk;tuJjzwfEkdifa&;udk OD;pm;
ay;xm;onf/
odkYESifhwdkif xdkif;pmoifcef;rsm;wGif ausmif;
om;trsm;pkrSm tm&SEkdifiHrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;vdkyif
tjyKcHykHpHESifh EIwfqHGYtaewwf onf/ q&mu bmñTef
Mum;rvJ bmzwfckdif;rvJ rnfonfhtdrfpm ay;rvJqdk
wmudk apmifhaewwfjrJ jzpfonf/ ar;cGef;ar;zdkYESifh pmoif
cef; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif yl;aygif; yg0ifzdkY tjrJ csDwkHcswkH jzpf
aewwfonf/
tEkynm
xkdif;EkdifiH\ tEkynmykHpHrsm;rSm &Snfvsm;
aom ordkif;aMumif;ESifhtwl xif&Sm;vSonf/ xdkfif;tEk
ynmwGif rGef? crm? tdEd´,? w&kwfwdkYESifh taemufwdkif;
MoZmrsm; vTrf;rdk;vsuf&dSNyD;? rdrdudk,fydkif tEk&o zHGY NzdK;
a&;twGuf tajccHrsKd;pkH &,lxm;onf/ tEkynm ykHpH
rsKd;pkHudk jyKjyifrGrf;rH&if; udk,fydkif xkdif;tEkokckr &oy nm
tjzpf zefqif;xm;onf/
xdkif;&JU xl;jcm;aom tEkynmykHpH trsKd;rsKd; wGif
yef;yk? ausmufqpf&kyf aMu;&kyfpaom owåKykHoGef; vkkyf
ief;? ydokumvkyfief;? yef;csD? vufrIynmtrsKd;rsKd; ESifh
yef;twwfwdkYrSm xif&Sm;onf/ &dk;&myef;csDwGifvnf;
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI identity udk o&kyfazmf a&;qJG
wwfMuonf/
xkdif;yef;csDa&;qJGrIwGif ykHo@eftrsKd;rsKd;&dS
aomfvnf; tqifhav;qifh cJGjcm;xm;onf/
tdkif'D&,fvpfZif? tkdif'D&,fvpfZifESihf &D&,fvpfZif
aygif;pyfrI? &D&,fvpfZif? qm&D&,fvpfZif wdkYjzpfonf/
yxrtqifhtwGuf tjrifhqkH;ykHpH a&;qJGrI
wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif? ewfjynfajcmufxyf ponfESifh
bk&ifrsm;taMumif;udk pdwful; a&;qJGMuonf/
'kwd, tqifhwGif tqifhjrifh vlwef;pm;ESihf
bmoma&; 'óersm;udk azmfjyzdkY twdwfrS ul;ajymif;
vmwJh &dk;&m aemufudk yef;csDq&mrsm;u vdkuf Muonf/
wwd, tqifhwGifrl yef;csDq&mrsm;u om
refvlxkESihf olwdkYywf0ef;usif vlYtzJGYtpnf; tajctae
wdkYrS &&dSvmaom tawGY tMuKHrsm;udk cHpm; a&;zJGYMuonf/
xkdtqifhwGif pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;? ywf0ef;usiftm0go
(artmosphere)? ordkif;? b0ae xkdif[efrsm;? "avh
xkH;pHrsm;? twdwfrS &dk;&m tpOftvmrsm;udk o&kyfazmf
Muonf/
pwkwåtqifhwGifrSm;,Gif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk
owday;onfh taejzifh aMumufrufzG,f pdwfajcmu
fjcm;zG,f jrifuGif;rsm;? i&JbkHom;rsm;ESihf avmui&J
85
taMumif;rsm; a&;qJG Muonf/
xkdif;&dk;&m yef;csD t,ltqrsm;wGif Ak'¨bm
om? obm0ywf0ef;usifwdkYESifh qufpyfaeaom vl
om;tjyKtrl? b0aexdkif[efwdkYjzifh ywfoufaeonf/
&dk;&m yef;csDudk t,ltqtm;jzifh ig;rsKd; cJGjcm;xm;onf/
(1) vlom;tjyKtrlrsm;ESifh olwdkY twGif;pdwf
obm0/ xkda&;om;csufwGif tcspf? trkef;? avmb?
a'goESihf oem;MuifemrIwdkY yg0ifonf/ Oyrm? wdkufyJG
jrifuGif; wpfckwGif pdwfcHpm;csuf tDrdk;&Sif; trsKd;rsKd;udk
xif[yf aponf/
(2) vlom;xktMum;u tjyKtrlrsm;/ Ak'¨
bmomay: tajccHonfh &dk;&myef;csDa&;qJGrIwGif vlY
tzJGYpnf;&dS vlxk&JU tppftrSef b0udkvnf; a&;qJGMu
onf/ bk&if? eef;wGif;? omref vlxkwdkYMum;rS trsKd;rsKd;
aom qufqHa&;ykHpHudk azmfjy Muonf/ tcsKdU yef;csDum;
rsm;wGif omrefvlxk&JU aysmf&TifrI 0rf;enf;rI p&dkufvu©
Pmrsm;? ya&my&nfvkyfaeykHrsm;? uav;rsm; aqmh u
pm;aeykHrsm;udk azmfjywwfMuonf/
(3) vlxkESihf olwdkY ywf0ef;usifMum;rS tjyK
trlrsm;/ obm0 ½IjrifuGif;rsm;ESihf vlzefwD;aom t
aqmuftOD; vuf&mrsm;udk azmfjyonf/
(4) i&JBuD;&SpfxyfESihf avmui&J tygt0if
vufawGYvGef vlom;tjyKtrlESihf ,kHMunfcsufrsm;/
(5) vlYtzJGYtpnf;twGif;&dS vlom;&JU pm&dwå
weffzdk;rsm;? tjyKaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ b0
a[mif;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onfh aumif;rI raumif;rI
rSwfwrf;rsm;/
txufyg tcsufwdkYudk MunfhvQif xkdif;&dk;&m
yef;csDtay: Ak'¨'óeESifh ,kHMunfrIo'¨gpdwfu vTrf;
jcHKxm;onfudk awGYjrifEkdifonf/
acwfNydKiftEkynm
1993 ckESpf xdkif;EdkifiHwGif tvuFmqdkif&m
tEkynm Fine Arts Academy xl axmif cJhcsdef rSpí
rsufarSmufacwf tEkynm pwif cJhonf[k qdk&ygrnf/
tEkynm oifwef;twGuf tajccHrlrsm;uawmh obm0
w&m;eJY &kd;&m tEkynmwdkYudk avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/
ajz&Sif;zdkY tcuftcJqkH; jyóemrSm tu,f'rD
86
ausmif;twGuf oif&kd;ñGef;wrf; a&; JGjcif; jzpf\/
&dk;&mtwGuf ykHaotxyfxyf avhusifhae
vdkYvnf; topfxGufvmrSm r[kwfovdk? xkdif;tEkynm
0dnOfuae xGufajy;NyD; taemufwkdif;ykHpH tvGwfwkrSD;
aevdkYvnf; rjzpfyg/ xdkYaMumifhyif tEkynma[mif;udk
okawoevkyf&if;? obm0w&m;ESihf vufawGYe,fy,f
uae vwfqufaom zefwD;rIrsm; ay:xGufzdkY qkH;jzwf
csufcscJhMuonf/
twdwfu &dk;&m yef;csDrsm;rSm yef;csDq&mawG &JU
bmoma&;,kHMunfcsuftay: a&mifjyef[yfxm;onf/
twdwfwGif yef;csDq&mrsm;ESihf vlxk\ vdktifawmifhw
rIrsm;rSm enf;yg;vSonf/ ,aeYacwfwGif &kyf0 w¬K
vdktifqE´ESifh wdk;wufvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;u jrefqefvGef;
aeonf/ yef;csDum;wpfcsyfudk yef;csDq&mu pufESifh
vSnfhxkwfvdkufovdk NyD;ajrmufapNyD;? vuf&mzef;wD;
csufwGifrl touf0dnmOfu aysmufqkH; aewwfonf/
twdwfvuf&mrsm;vdkyif rsufarSmufacwf
tEkynmrsm;wGifvnf; jzwfoef;aeaom acwfvlom;
xk&JU touf0dnmOfudk zefqif; xnfhoGif;ay;EkdifzdkY vdkyg
rnf/ tEkynm&Sifwpfa,mufonf rdrdMuHKawGY jzwf
oef;ae&aom ywf0ef;usifu vIHYaqmfvmwJh tDrdk;&Sif;
rsm;udk omrefvlxuf tm&kHEl;nHhcHpm; wwf&rnf/ t
xl;ojzifh NrdKU jyrsm;? armf'efEkdufaZ;&Sif;rsm; tay: cHpm;rI
wGif twdwfu EkdifiHjcm; MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudk txifao;
rIrsm;rS vrf;cJGxGuf&rnf jzpfonf/
taemufwkdif; OyrmvdkygyJ? armf'efoifMum;
enf;pepfwGif vli,frsKd;qufopfrsm;udk tajccHusNyD;
urÇmavmuwpfckvkH; jcHKikHrdaomtcsufrsm; wwf
ajrmufap&rnf/ xkdtcsufu xkdif;wdkY\ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
tajymif;tvJudk eufeuf½Idif;½dIif; ykHazmfay;aeonf/
armf'eftekynm oifMum;a&;wGif yef;csDq&mvufopf
wdkYtzdkY twdwf*EÅ0ifo&kyfazmfa&;abmifwdkYrS vGwf
ajrmufap&ygrnf/ todynm us,f0ef;rIu pdwf
ul;pdwfoef; e,fy,fudk csJU xGif Ekdifap&rnf/
&v'ftjzpf xdkif;vli,f tEkynm&SifwdkYwGif
rdrdudk,fydkif t,ltqrsm;ESifh oufqkdifaom zefwD;rIt
opfrsm; qmavmifrGwfodyfvmzdkY jzpfonf/ vlxk&JU
vufiif; wefzdk; tuJjzwfcsufrsm;udk ausmfvGef zefwD;
Ekdifrnfh &J0Hhaom vuf&mopfrsm; ay:xGufvmzdkY jzpf
onf/ xkdif;EkdifiH&dS vlwdkif;wGif pdk;rdk;xm;aom udk,fydkif
ordkif;opfudk xif[yfaprnfh r&dSrjzpf vuf&mrsm;
ay:xGufapzdkY jzpfonf/
ynma&;rsufESmpmwGifvnf; taemufrS
vmaom odyÜHenf;us okawoe vkyfxm;onfh tEky
nm oif&dk;pmtkyfrsm; wefzdk;udkvnf; avQmhrwGufoifh
yg/ ta&SU wkdif;om;wdkYtaejzifh twdwfu olwdkY pdwf
xJwGif &dSdxm;aom 'óe tjrifrsm;udkom tokH;cs a&;
qJGavh &dScJhonf/ ynma&;qdkonfrSm vlxkpdwfzJGYpnf;rI
twGuf t"dutcsuf jzpfjcif;aMumifh? ,cktcg t
aemufESihfta&SU tkdif'D,mrsm;udk orrQwpGm oifMum;
ay;zdkY vkdtyfaeonf/
tEk&o ynma&;
xdkif;EkdifiHwGif vlom;xkrSm ,Ofaus;rItarG
udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufzkdYom ta&;ygwmr[kwf?t
rsKd;om; ,Ofaus;rIudk jyefvnfcHpm;wifjyrI? a0zefydkif;
jcm;rIrsm; twGufvnf; ta&;ygonf/ armf'efacwf&JU
pdefac:rIrsm;udk t[yfrSDzdkYtwGuf vlxkudk,fwkdifu tEk
ynm cHpm;zefwD;EkdifpGrf; &dSMu&rnf/
xkdif;trsKd;om; idintity ykHazmfzJGYwnf&mrSm
,Ofaus;rI tiftm;tjzpf Ak'¨bmomESifh Ak'¨&JU
udk,fusKd;rzuf tepfemcHrIrsm;udk pHerlem ,lMuzdkY jzpf
onf/ tMurf;zufrI avsmhyg;apa&;? obm0 ywf0ef;
usifrsm;udk wefzdk;xm; apmifha&Smufa&; ?yk*¾dKvfa&; quf
qHrI? tjrifoabmxm; rwlrItay: onf;cHEkdifpGrf;&dSa&;
wdkYudk bmoma&; tajccH &dk;&m tpOftvmrS ,lNyD; acwf
opfykHpHESifh jyefvnfzGifhqdk wifjyvmMuonf/
ausmif;oif tEk&oynma&; twGuf t,l
tqrSm uav;awGudk vlaerIb0ykHpHtoD;oD;&dS tEky
nm vuf&mrsm;udk cHpm;wwf? wefzdk; tuJjzwfwwfap
zdkYESifh vlYtzJGYpnf;wGif tEkynm tcef;u@ ta&;BuD;ykH
udk tav;*&kjyKMuapzkdY jzpfonf/
tEkynm tarGtESpfrsm;udk avhvm oif,l
jcif;jzifh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;onf twdwf-
ypöKyÜef&dS ,Ofaus;rI tarGrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom tEky
nm tm;xkwfrIrsm;udk wefzdk;xm; xdef;odrf;csifpdwf &dS
vmMurnf/ ppfrSefaom tEk&otod &&dSoGm;vQif
udk,fydkif zefwD;csifpdwfrsm; udef;atmifvmrnf/ vlYtzJGY
tpnf;&dS tEkynm tcef;u@udk avhvm od&Sdvdkuf
&aomtcg tEkynmqdkwm omrmefjzpf&yfrQ r[kwfbJ?
&ifqdkifMuHKawGY&aom b0enf;vrf; wpfcktjzpf jrif
wwf? tm&HkcHwwfvmrnf/
,Ofaus;rI tm;vkH;wGif yg0ifaeonfh vl
awGY&JU cHpm;csufrsm;udk uav;awG owdjyKvmatmif
tjriftm&kH ykHpHrsm; (Visual forms) udk oifMum;ay;
&rnf/ tjriftm&kH cHpm;rIrsm;rSwqifh rdrdonf vlYt
zJGYtpnf;0if jzpfaMumif;? vlYtzJGYtpnf;&JU identity udk
wefzdk;xm;zdkY vdkaMumif;ESifh rdrdudk,fydkif identity rsm;
vnf; zefwD;xnfh0if ay;zdkYvdkaMumif; uav;rsm; em;
vnfvmatmif ulnDay;&rnf/
uav;rsm; ,Ofaus;rItay: em;vnf od&dS
vmjcif;u tEkynmtwGuf olwdkYqDrSm jcm;em;aom
wkefYjyefcsuf trsKd;rsKd; &&dSvmaprnf/ olwdkY &if;ESD; ESpf
oufaom &kyfykHrsm;? oauFwrsm;? 'DZkdif; t&nftaoG;
rsm; xGufvmrnf/ tkyfpkA[kdjyKpdwfESifh rdrdA[kdjyKpdwf ESpf
87
rsKd; pvkH;aom pdwftm;wuf<urIrsm; ay:xGufvmrnf/ rsm;udk pdwful;jzifh ajc&mcHMunfhaom jzpfpOf jzpfonf/ r
,Ofaus;rI tajymif;tvJtwGuf i,fpOfuwnf;u wljcm;em;aom qdk'ft&G,ftpm;? tokH;jyK ypönf;rsm;? wJ
rddrdudk,fwkdif yg0ifcsifpdwfrsm; udef;atmif vmrnf/ cedrsm; pwmawGudk a&G;cs,fNyD; rdrdcHpm;csufESihf tvkyf
,Ofaus;rI identity eJY ywfoufwJh tEk&o udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wifjyEkdifzdkY &SmazGMunfhjcif; jzpf
oifcef;pma&;qJGa&;rSm uav;awGqDrS pdwf0ifpm; onf/
wkefYjyefrI trsKd;rsKd; &&dSzdkY wJced trsKd;rsKd;udk okH;Ekdifygonf/
xdkYtjyif tEk&o q&mrsm; taejzifh ausmif;
(1) oauFw0g'ESihf *,ufteuf &SmazGrI ( ol ausmif;om;ESifh q&mtMum; qufEG,fcsufudkvnf;
exploring symbolism and connotation) / /o pOf;pm;oifhonf/ q&mrsm;a&m ausmif;om;yg olwdkY
auFw&JU qdkvdkcsufuawmh tjriftm&kHjzifY vufcHod&dSwJh &dSaewJh ynma&; ywf0ef;usifudk nd§EIdif;qufpyf ,lwwf
t&m&mwdkif;tay: oauFwxkwfwwfzdkY/ uav;awG zdkYvdkrnf/ wcsKdU q&mrsm;u xdkif;vlrI obm0,Ofaus;
i,fpOfrSm MuHKawGYae&wJh taMumif;t&mawG? rdom;pk rIrsm;udk tuJay;vGef;aomtcg tEkynma&; yef;wdkif
jzpf&yfawG? bmoma&; xkH;wrf;pOfvmawG? a'oESifh jzpfonhf avmu obm0&orsm; cHpm;wwfzdkY twGuf
EkdifiH&dS &dk;&mtpOftvmawGudk oauFw eJY t[efYtwm; jzpfap wwfonf/
odjrifcHpm;wwf zefwD;wwfzdkY jzpfonf/ 'Dae&mwGif owdxm;zdkY wpfckrSm txuf
(2) tquftpyf taMumif;t&m tajct atmuf tpOftvm ykHpH&dSaom xdkif;q&mwynfh quf
ae (context) udk owdjyKrdapzdkY/ /tajctae wpf&yf&JU qHa&;udk jyefvnf okH;oyfzdkY jzpfonf/
aemufcH oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;udk od&dSapzdkY jzpfonf/ tay:,H q&m wynfh vkyf&dk;vkyfpOf 0wfaus
context wGif tcsdefjy (temporal context) ? ae&mjy wef;aus trlt,m jy&kH ESihf r&/ wynfhrsm;u q&mudk
(spatial context)? vlrIYjy (social context) wdkYyg &kyfykdif; pdwfydkif; av;pm;rI jy&rSm jzpfovdk? q&muvnf;
0ifonf/ umv? tcsdef? ae&m? qufqHa&; ?wefzdk;? olwdkYtjyKtrlwkdif;twGuf av;pm; wm0ef,lrI &dSae&
vufawGYusrI pwJh taMumif; tquftpyfrsm; aemuf ygrnf/ wynfhrsm;&JU av;pm;rI&&dSzdkYtwGuf q&mrsm;&JU
uG,frS vlrsm; jzpf&yfrsm; t&m0w¬Krsm;udk jrifwwfMu aumif;jrwfaom t&nftcsif; (merit) rsm;u ta&;
&rnf/ ygvSonf/ tEk&o oifMum;a&;wGif q&mwynfh
(3) xyfwlcHpm;Munfhjcif;ESifh pdwftuGmt tjyeftvSef av;pm;rIu tEkynmopf ,Ofaus;rI
a0; xdef;xm;jcif;(empathizaing and maintaing opfrsm; zefwD;ay:xGef;apzdkY tc&m usaeonf/
psychic distance)/ / tajctaersm;tay: rdrdtm&kH aemuf xkdif;,Ofaus;rI&JU tm;omcsuf t rSwf
tm;vkH;udk ypfvTwfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ tajctaewpfck wpfckrSm ] at;jraom ESvkH;om;} (cool heart)
udk rdrdzmom pdwful; ykHazmfMunfhNyD; rdrdtm&kH wGif p&dkufobm0 &dSrIjzpfonf/ xdktcsufonf oifhwifh
t&m&mudk toufoGif;Munfhjcif; jzpfonf/ empathy avsmufywfaom tajctae zefwD;zdkY tjrJtokH;us
vkyfief;wGif oufrJht&m0w¬K wpfckudk rdrdudk,fwdkifu onf/ tEkynm vkyfief;wpfckwGif ppfrSefaom cHpm; csuf
olYae&m0ifNyD; vdkufvH cHpm;Munfhjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ azmfjyEdkifzkdYtwGuf? jyify aexdkifrIwGif rdrd&JU t vG,fwul
oifhwifh avsmufywfaom pdwfydkif;qkdif&m tuGmta0; pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk csKd;ESdrfzkH;zd orm"dxm;Ekdif&rnf/
xlaxmifrIrsm;yg vdktyfvmonf/ "r®"dXmefusrIESifh 'gaMumifh q&mawGu olwdkY ausmif;om;awGudk tEkky
yk*¾v"dXmefusrIwdkY tMum; csdefcGifvQm nDrQatmif (a nm tvkyfrsm;rSmawmh cHpm;csufESifh tdkif'D,mawG vGwf
bala nace between total objectivity and tatal vGwfvyfvyf azmfxkwfzdkY tm;ay;&rnf/
subjectivity) xdef;nd§ xm;&rnf/ ] jidrfoufaom ESvkH;om; } xm;&dSrI t,ltq
(4) rSef;qjcif; (speculating)/ /tjriftm onf tEk&o oifcef;pmtwGuf ta&;BuD; vSonf/
&kHykHpH&JU ta&;ygrIudk aumif;aumif; ykHazmfEkdifzdkY oJvGefp pmoifcef;twGif; tkyfpkzJGY vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif ausmif;

88
om;rsm;tMum; oifhwifhavsmufywfaom tjyeft vSef
vlrIqufqHa&; &&dSzkdY ta&;BuD;onf/ rdrdt,lt qESifh
tdkif'D,mrsm;udk wnfwnfNidrfNidrf azmfjyEkdifpGrf;&dSzdkY vdk
tyfovdk? tjcm;olrsm;&JU tjrift,ltqrsm;udk vnf;
av;av;pm;pm; oif,lzdkY vdkrnf/
jidrfoufaom ESvkH;om; xm;&dSaom?
xdyfwdkufwdk;vmrnfh vlrIa&; jyóemrsm; twGuf
pdk;&drfylyefrIr&dSaom? tvG,fwul a'goxGufjcif;
r&dSaom wefzdk;BuD; tEkynmESihf ,Ofaus;rI vkyfief;opf
rsm; ay:xGuf vmrnf jzpfonf/
jidrfoufaom ESvkH;om; p&dkufvu©PmESifh
twl xkdif;vlxk&JU wpfOD;csif; todpdwf (individua
listic sence) rsm;udkvnf; tEk&o ynma&;xJ
tusKd;&dS&dS xnfhoGif; EkdifzdkYvkdrnf/ wpfOD;csif;&JU
vGwfvyfaom pdwf0dnmOfonf 'Drdkua&pD vlYtzJGYt
pnf;twGuf aumif;rGefaom tajccH tkwfjrpf jzpfonf/
xdkY aMumifhyif tEk&o q&mq&mrrsm; taejzifh ausmif;
om;rsm;&JU wdk;wufrIudk jr§ifhwif&mrSm xkdif;,Ofaus;rI
trSwfvu©Prsm; (traits) rS oifhavsmfrI rSeforQudk a&G;
cs,f tokH;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/
xdkif;&JU ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tEkynmrsm; t
euf eH&Haq;yef;csDonf ta&;ygvSonf/ cE¨mudk,f t
jyKtrl [efyeftaetxm;? &dk;&m"avhxkH;pHESihf t0wf
tpm;? &dk;&mtu paomo@efawGrS eH&Haq;yef;csDudk
ajymifajrmufpGm a&;qJGazmfjyMuonf/ eH&Haq;yef;csD&JU
xl;jcm;csufwpfckrSm [efyeftrlt&mudk azmfjyjcif;jzifh
pdwfcHpm;csuf p&kdufobm0 wdkYudkyg wifjyEkdifpGrf; jzpf
onf/ cE¨udk,f vuf[efajc[ef bmompum;onf
bJav;urS pddwfcHpm;csuf tajctae azmfjyrIrsKd;ESifh
wlvSonf/
xdkYaMumifhyif xkdif;,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtrsKd;
rsKd; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY ydkrdk½IjrifEkdifrIudk OD;wnfapzdkYESifh
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI identity jrifhrm; ckdifrmvmapzdkY
twGuf tEk&oynma&;udk t&dSeft[kefjr§ifh aqmif&Guf
zdkY vdktyfaMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
rl&if;pmwrf; &nfnGef; Cultural Identity and Art
Education in Thailand by Ampai Tiransar ,
Ph.D

acwfa[mif;acwfopf ynma&;pepf
acwfa[mif;ynma&;pepf\ tBuD;rm;qkH;aom qkd;usdK;wpfckrSm vlwkdif;twGuf udkufnDrI&Sdjcif;?
r&Sdjcif;udk rpOf;pm;bJ tm;vkH;twGuf wajy;nD owfrSwfxm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ acwfopfynma&; pepf
rsm;onf xkdtm;enf;csufudk jyKjyifzdkY trsdK;rsdK; BudK;pm;Muygonf/
acwfopfudkom OD;pm;ay;aom ynma&;pepfwGifvnf; qkd;usdK;rsm;&Sdygonf/ txif&Sm;qkH; qkd;usdK;
wpfckrSm tjrifusOf;ajrmif;NyD; ta0;odkY rjrifjcif;jzpfonf/ ynma&;\ &nf&G,fcsufwpfckrSm ypöKyÜefumvwpf
ckwnf;ay:wGifom pdwftm½kHudk xm;&Sdjcif;tm; y,fzsufypf&ef jzpfonf/
acwfopf\ 0g'jzefYrIrsm;udkom ,kHMunfNyD; udk,fhudk,fukd txifBuD;pdwfrsm;? wukd,faumif;pdwf
rsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ udk,fhacwfudk tjcm;acwfrsm;ESihf EdIif;,SOfavhvmcGifh r&&Sdojzihf udk,fhacwfudk a0zefEkdif
pGrf; r&SdMuyg/

qm &pfcsufvpfAif;pwkef;
t*Fvdyf tEkokckrynm&Sif

89
 tEkynma&;
oif½dk;nTef;wrf;

tEkynm bmom&yf
The Arts
tEkynmbmom&yfqkdonfrSm
tEkynmbmom&yf The Arts wGif oif,lavhvm&rnfhe,fy,frsm;rSm atmufygwkdYjzpfMuonf/
(1) *Dw
(2) tu
(3) yef; (10)rsdK;ESifh 'DZkdif;ynm
(4) tdrfwGif;rI? b0wGufwmuRrf;usifp&m
(5) pmMunfhwkduf tokH;jyKjcif;
(6) rD'D,m

ta&;BuD;ykH
þtEkynmbmom&yf\ tcsdKUaom oif,lavhvm&rnfhe,fy,frsm; (acgif;pOfBuD;rsm;) udk ,cifumvrsm;
wGif wJGzufoif½dk;taejzihf xnhfoGif;í avhusihfoifMum;jcif;rsm; &SdcJhonf/ okdYaomf jrefrmEkdifiH\ tajccHynma&;
wGif xda&mufatmifjrifpGm vkyfaqmifEkdifjcif; r&Sdonfudk avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ þbmom&yfrSm tjcm;aom bm
om&yfrsm;ESihf oif,lavhvmrIe,fy,frsm;enf;wl ynm&yfwefzkd;rsm;ESihf vufawGUtokH;0ifjcif;rsm; rsm;jym;vSay
onf/ oufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyftudkifrsm;txdvnf; ykHazmfxm;&Sdonfudk avhvmawGU&SdEkdifonf/ txl;ojzihf
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;\ pGefYOD;wDxGifzefwD;vkdpdwf (Creativity)ESihf a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif; (Criti-
cal Thinking)\ pGrf;&nfrsm;udk þbmom&yfe,fy,fwGif rsm;pGmavhusihfysdK;axmif ay;Ekdifygonf/
odkYjzpfygí þbmom&yfudk txifu& bmom&yfBuD;wpfck (t"duoif,l avhvm&rnfh e,fy,fwpf&yf)t
aejzihf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;zJGUpnf;rIwGif xnhfoGif;xm;&Sdonf/ rlvwef;atmufqihfrsm;wGif tcsdefrsm;rsm;jzihf avhusihf
oifMum;ay;oihfygonf/ rlvwef;txufqifhESihf txufwef;atmufqifhwkdYwGif ykHrSefyif&if;bmom&yf tqifht
wef;jzihf tcsdefZ,m;wGif txifu& xnhfoGif;í oufqkdif&m txl;jyKq&m q&mrrsm;jzihf avhusihfoifMum;ay;&
rnf/ tcsdKUaom ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf txufwef;txufqifhwGif bmomwJGrsm;jzihf txl;jyKaom
oifwef;rsm;? oufarG;0rf;ausmif; aumvdyfrsm;wGif 0goemESihf pdwfyg0ifpm;rIt& qufvufavhvmqnf;yl;EkdifMu
rnfjzpfonf/

90
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; oif,lavhvm&rnfh e,fy,frsm;
(1) *Dw
ed'gef;
*Dw[lonf toHjzifhvnf;aumif; (odkYr[kwf) wl&d,m oHpOfrsm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? pdwfcHpm;rIrsm;udk ,SOfwGJ
aygif;pyfvQuf oHpkHrsm;? ykHo@mefrsm;jzifh azmfjyaom vSyonfh tEkynmwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/

&nfrSef;csuf
*DwtEkynmoifMum;&jcif;jzihf uav;rsm;onf *DwtEkynmESihf aeYpOfvlrIb0&SifoefrItMum; qufpyfrI
udk odem;vnfNyD; wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ ½dk;&m*DwESihf EkdifiHwum*DwwkdYudk xdawGUcHpm;jrwfEkd;wwfvmap&ef &nf&G,fjcif;
jzpfonf/ xkdrSwpfqifh uav;wdkY\ *Dwqkdif&mtjrifESihf wDxGifzefwD;rIwkdY us,fjyefYvmap&rnf jzpfonf/

&nf&G,fcsuf
1 *DwzefwD; wDxGifrI pGrf;&nf&&Sdvmap&ef/
1 *DwtEkynm\ wefzkd;udk od&Sdem;vnfí jrwfEkd;wwfvmap&ef/
1 wpfOD;csif;pD\ cHpm;csufudk azmfxkwfwifjywwf&ef/
1 *DwtEkynmudk tzJGUvdkuftwlwuG pkaygif;zefwD; wDxGifwwf&ef/
1 EdkifiHwumtqihfrD *Dwtjzpf pepfwus zefwD;Ekdif&ef/
1 wkdif;&if;om;tvkduf ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm;rS qif;oufvmaom aw;*Dw ykHo@mef trsdK;rsdK;udk od&Sdem;vnf
NyD; udk,fwkdifujy oDqkdwifqufwwf&ef/
1 *Dwt*Fg&yfrsm;\ tajccHa0g[m&rsm;ESihf *DwoHpOftrsdK;rsdK;udk A[kokwtjzpf od&Sdap&ef/
1 tajccH*DwoauFwrsm;udk em;vnfNyD; a&;wwf? zwfwwf&ef/
1 wkdif;&if;om;½dk;&m wl&d,mrsm;ESihf EkdifiHwumokH; wl&d,mrsm;udk tjrif? tMum;jzihf cJGjcm;od&Sd&ef/
1 ½dk;&mtpOftvm aw;*Dw\ aemufcHorkdif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIudk odjrifNyD; tjcm;aom *DwykHpH Style rsm;jzihf
qufEG,faerIudk pl;prf;&SmazGwwf&ef/
1 oDcsif;qkdjcif;? wl&d,mwD;rIwfjcif;ESihf uckefvIyf&Sm;jcif;rsm;twGuf tajccHenf;emrsm;udk
wwfajrmuf&ef/
1 *DwoHpOfrsm;udk pepfwus cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmNyD; em;axmifwwf&ef/
1 *DwwifqufrIrsm;udk tao;pdwf okH;oyfwwf&ef/
1 vlrIb0twGif; *Dwukd ESpfoufjrwfEkd;wwfNyD; cHpm;aysmf&Tifwwf&ef/
1 uGJjym;jcm;em;aom ,Ofaus;rItoD;oD;&Sd aw;*Dwrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;? us,fus,fjyefYjyefY em;vnf
cHpm; wwfvmap&ef/
1 q&m q&mrwkdY\ uGyfuJrIjzihf *DwoHpOfrsm;udk tcsufusus zefwD;zJGUqkdwwf&ef/

(c) tu
pnf;csufudkufnDaom udk,fum,vIyf&Sm;rIjzihf t"dyÜg,fwpfrsdK;rsdK;udk azmfaqmifNyD; ykHoP²meftrsdK;rsdK;ESihf

91
ujywifqufjcif;jzpfonf/ vlrIa&; yJGvrf;obifrsm;?
Zmwfobif? vlrsdK;pkrsm;ESihf oufqkdif&m bmoma&; yJG
awmfrsm; wGif ,Ofaus;rItvdkuf tuya'omrsm;jzihf
wifqufMuavh&Sdygonf/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;
onf tuudk wDxGefzefwD;csufrsm;? qef;opfcsufrsm;?
wifqufcsufrsm;? jyefvSefavhvmcsufrsm;jzihf rdrd\
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? tjcm;olrsm;? tjcm;aom
(wkdif;&if;om;ESihf EkdifiHwum) ,Ofaus;rIrsm;\
tursm;udk pkHpkHnDnD avhvmMuyg onf/
(C) yef;q,frsdK;ESihf 'DZkdif;ynm
yef; 10 rsdK; twwfynmoifMum;jcif;
yef; 10 rsKd;rSm jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ ½kd;&mtpOf
tvmt& ,Ofaus;rItwGif; wnf&SdaecJhonfrSm ESpf
aygif;axmifESihfcsDí MumjrifhcJhNyDjzpfonf/ EkdifiHawmf\
a'otoD;oD;wGif þynm&yfrsm;jzifh ,Ofaus;rIudk
xdef;odrf;jcif;ESihf b0toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyft
udkiftrsdK;rsdK; vkyfudkifaeMujcif;rsm;udk txift&Sm; awGU
jrifEkdifonf/ ausmif;ynma&;\ tEkynmbmom&yf
wGif þyef;q,frsdK;udk oifMum;oihfonfh e,fy,f
&yfrsm;taejzihf xnhfoGif;jcif;rSm rsm;pGmoifhavsmfvS
ayonf/ rlvwef;tqifhrSpí tqifhwkdif;wGif oifh
awmfudkufnDrnfh oifcef;pmrsm;udk zefwD;Ekdifygonf/
xkdYtjyif e,fajra'otvdkuf xif&Sm;onfh tvkyf
tudkifrsm;\ tajccHtaejzihfvnf;aumif;? ½dk;&m,Of
aus;rIudk xdef;odrf;jcif;taejzihfvnf;aumif;? pGefYOD;
wDxGif zefwD;vdkpdwfudk ysdK;axmifjcif;taejzihfvnf;
aumif;? tajccHynma&;wGif xnhfoGif;jcif; jzpfyg
onf/ obm0xGufukefypönf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKNyD;
qef;opf wDxGif &onfjzpf&m o,HZmwrsm;\
tokH;0ifrIESifh twwfynm&yfrsm;tvkduf aygif;pyfí
vlrItodkif; t0dkif;\ tajccHvkdtyfcsufrsm;udk
jznhfqnf;ay;jcif; oabmobm0udk xJxJ0if0if
odjrifcHpm;em;vnfEkdif ap&efvnf; jzpfonf/
zefwD;rI tEkynm\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom
yef; 10 rsdK;twwfynmonf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wkdY\ 0daoo½dk;&m
twwf ynm jzpfonf/ 4if;wkdYrSm -
92
1 yef;csD- ykHqJG? aq;a&; twwfynm
1 yef;yk- ½kyfvkH;azmf? tajymufxk twwf ynm
1 yef;yJ - oHxnfvkyf twwfynm
1 yef;wdrf- a&Txnf? aiGxnfvkyf twwfynm
1 yef;&H - tkwfpD twwfynm
1 yef;awmh- t*Faw twwfynm
1 yef;warmh- ausmufqpf twwfynm
1 yef;yGwf- yGwfcH twwfynm
1 yef;wOf;- aMu;oGef;? aMu;cuftwwfynm
1 yef;,Gef;- ,Gef;ajymufxkd; twwfynm
yef; 10 rsdK; (odkYr[kwf) zefwD;rI tEkynm bmom&yfrsm;\
ta&;ygrI
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; todynm? uRrf;
usifrI? pm&dwåESihf &ocHpm;wwfrI? wefzkd;xm;wwfrI
wdkYtwGuf jyKpkysdK;axmif&mwGif zefwD;rI tEkynm\
tcef;u@rSm txl;ta&;BuD;ygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;\ rd½dk;zvm zefwD;rItEkynm
vkyfief;jzpfaom yef; 10 rsdK; twwfynmudk wynfh
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oifMum;ay;jcif;? 'DZdkif;
ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK;udk udk,fwkdif wDxGifzefwD;apjcif;jzihf
ausmif;om;rsm;onf wDxGifBuHqrI t&nftaoG;
wkd;wufjrihfrm;apNyD; twwfynmrsm;ESihf &if;ESD;uRrf;
0ifrIudk &&Sdapygonf/ Oyrm - wynfhausmif;om;rsm;
onf yef;csDynmoifMum;ay;jcif;jzihf pdwful;ÓPfudk
&ifhoefapNyD; rSwfÓPfudkvnf; ydkrdkzHGU NzdK;apygonf/
zefwD;rI tEkynmoifMum;jcif;jzihf odrIe,fy,fwGif
yg0ifaom taMumif;tusdK;qyfpyfí pOf;pm;EkdifrIESihf
&oe,fy,fwGif yg 0ifaom &ocHpm;rIrsm; jynfhpkHaom
tcg uRrf;usifrIe,fy,fwGif yg0ifaom ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;
jcif;? OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKvkyf jcif;? wDxGifzefwD;jcif; (cre-
ativity)? vkyfief;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;wkdYudk aqmif&Guf
vmEkdifapygonf/
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
1 ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; bufpkHynm wwf
ajrmufap&ef/
1 tajccHypönf;rsm;jzpfaom opfom;? oHxnfESifh
aMu;xnfypönf;rsm;jzihf tuRrf;0ifrI &Sdap&ef/
1 omrmeftao;pm;pufESihf pufypönf;rsm;? vuf
vkyfud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk udkifwG,ftokH;
jyK&mwGifuRrf;usifrI pGrf;&nf&&Sdap&ef/
1 ausmif;jyify&Sd &yf&Gma'oESifh aetdrw f w Ydk Giv
f uf tjyif þbmom&yfonf uav;rsm;\ wDxGif zefwD;
awGUvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaeonfh vlrIpD;yGm;a&; vdkpdwfESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufvkdpdwfwkdYudk ysdK;axmif
b0 wGif qufpyftokH;jyKoGm;Ekdif&ef/
(C) tdrfwGif;rI bmom&yf? b0wGufwm uRrf;usifp&m
t"dyÜg,fzGihfqkdcsuf
tdrfwGif;rIynm&yfonf ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
rsm; (rdef;uav;rsm;ESihf a,musfm;av;tm;vkH;)twGuf
wefzkd;&Sdonfh bmom&yfwpfckjzpfygonf/ twdwfum
vrsm;wGif rdef;uav;rsm;ESihfom oufqkdifonf[lí
t,ltq rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGifrl rdef;
uav;rsm;twGufomrubJ a,musfm;av;rsm;t
wGufyg tm;vkH;twGuf oifMum;ay;oihfonf[lí
vufcHvmMuygonf/ þbmom&yfonf uav;rsm;\
A[kokw? pGrf;&nfrsm;ESihf tjrif oabmxm;rsm; zHGU
NzdK;wkd;wufapí olwdkY\ b0&Sifoefa&;? rdom;pk
b0&Sifoefa&;ESihf vlrItodkif;t0dkif;\ &Sifoefa&;wkdY
twGuf taxmuftulrsm;pGm jzpfapygonf/
þbmom&yfwGif
1 usef;rmaomb0twGuf tpm;tpmESihf tm[m&
wefzkd;rsm;ESihf pDrHcefYcJGwwfrI/
1 aeYpOf0wfpm;qif,ifrIESihf tokH;taqmifrsm; t
wGuf txnftvdyfESihf ukefMurf;rsm;/
1 pm;? 0wf? aea&;twGuf vdktyfonfh tajccHvlokH;
ukefypönf;rsm;\ tokH;0ifrIwefzkd;rsm;udk od&Sd em;
vnfí rdrdESihfrdom;pk\ vdktyfcsufrsm;ESihf aMumfjim
rsm;\ 0g'jzefYcsDjcif;rsm;ukd od&Sdem;vnfap&ef/
rdom;pk0ifrsm; pkaygif;aexkdifMuaom tdrfwpf
tdrftwGif;ü pm;0wfaea&;? ynmoifMum;a&;? usef;
rma&;? oma&;ema&;paom vlrIudpörsm;udk vlom;wdkif;
rvJGraoG BuKHawGUMu&ygrnf/ rdrdwdkY\ b0&Sifoef
&nfwnfa&;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEkdif&eftwGuf tdrf
wGif;rI bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;&ayrnf/ om"u
tm;jzihf rkefYrsdK;pkHjyKvkyfjcif;? [if;rsdK;pkH csufjyKwfjcif;?
t0wftxnfrsm;csKyfvkyfjcif;? yef;tvSjyifjcif;? vuf
rIxnfrsm;jyKvkyfjcif; ponfwkdYonf vufawGUb0
wGifvnf; tokH;0ifonfh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yf
rsm;jzpfojzihf tdrfwGif;rIynmudk ausmif;wGif bmom&yf
wpfcktaejzihf xnfhoGif;oifMum;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkY
ay;Ekdifavonf/
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
(1) ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onftdrfrIudpöqkdif&m
twwfynm? todynm&yfrsm;udk acwfESifh avsmf
nDpGmavhvmod&Sd uRrf;usifwwfajrmuf&ef/
(2) rlvwef;? tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif tdrfwGif;rI
ynm&yfqkdif&m oifcef;pmrsm;udk pmawGU vuf
awGU oifMum;jyoEkdif&ef/
(3) ausmif;jyify ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf taxmuftuljyK&ef/
(4) uav;rsm;onf vkyftm;wefzkd; cspfjrwfEkd;í tm;
vyfcsdefudk tusdK;&SdpGm tokH;cswwf&ef/
(5) ,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmaumif;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;
apmihfa&Smufwwfaom rsdK;qufopfvli,frsm;
arG;xkwaf y;&ef/
(6) rdrd wwfajrmuf uRrf;usifaom todynmt
wwfynmrsm;jzihf a&muf&mt&yfa'owGif us&m
wm0efudk aus>yefpGm xrf;aqmifwwf&ef/
93
(7) ausmif;ol ausmif;om;aumif; yDoí wkdif; jynf\ oifMum;&rnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;
tusdK;udk wwyfwtm; yg0ifulnDumurÇmh t (1) tm[m&jynfh0pGm csufjyKjcif;ynm
qifhrD wufvSrf;Ekdif&ef/ (2) tyfcsKyf yef;xkd;ynm (pufcsKyf? vufcsKyf
xkd&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzihf ausmif;rsm;wGif bmom trsdK;rsdK;)
&yfwpfcktaejzihf xnhfoGif;oifMum;Ekdif&ef vkdtyf (3) vufrItEkynm
onf/ (4) uGefysLwm twwfynm
(5) arG;jrLa&;? pdkufysdK;a&; tajcH
oifMum;&jcif; OD;wnfcsufrsm;
(1) rdom;pk0ifwkdif; usef;rma&;ESihf nDñGwfpGm tm[m& jynfh0pGm csufjyKwfjcif;ynm
aexkdifpm;aomuf? 0wfpm;qif,if&ef vdktyfonfudk 1 [if;csufenf;trsdK;rsdK;/
em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef/ 1 taMumfaMumfenf; trsdK;rsdK;/
(2) ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;onf wkdif;&if; 1 tokyfokyfenf; trsdK;rsdK;/
om;tpm;tpmrsm;udk tm[m&jynfh0wpGmESihf odyÜHenf; 1 rkefYvkyfenf; trsdK;rsdK;/
usNyD;acwfrDwkd;wufaom tajccHcsufjyKwf enf;ynm 1 azsmf&nfazsmfenf; trsdK;rsdK;/
rsm;udk em;vnfí wwfajrmufuRrf;usif&ef/ 1 rD;vGwftpm;tpm pDpOfenf; trsdK;rsdK;/
(3) vlwpfa,muftwGuf aeYpOfvkdtyfaom
tpm;tpmESihf tm[m&jynfhpGm csufjyKwfjcif;taMumif;
od&Sd&ef/ tyfcsKyfyef;xkd;ynm
1 tyfcsKyfpufjzihf t0wftxnftrsdK;rsdK; csKyfjcif;/
(4) tajccHcsKyf½dk;rsm;ESihf tvScsKyf½dk;rsm;udk cJG
1 vufjzifh t0wftxnftrsdK;rsdK; csKyfjcif;/
jcm;csKyfvkyfwwfí tcsdefrDcsKyftpkwfoufomykHudk em;
vnf&ef/
(5) tdrfwGif;rIbmom&yfwGif yg0ifaom tcsuf vufrItEkynm
tjyKwf? tcsKyftvkyf Zmxkd;yef;xkd; ynmrsm;rS 0goemyg 1 puúLacgufjcif;ynm
onfudk OD;pm;ay;oifMum;wwfajrmufjcif;jzihf touf 1 ta&mifcs,fjcif;ynm
arG;0rf;ausmif;rI jyKEkdifap&ef/ 1 tvSwefqmqifjcif;ynm
(6) pufjzihf wDxGifjyKvkyfxm;aom vlokH;tdrf 1 yef;tdk;xkd;jcif;ynm
okH;ypönf;rsm;xuf vufjzifhwDxGifvkyfudkifxm;aom 1 ydkYpu'fjyKvkyfjcif;ynm
vufrItEkyynmypönf;rsm;\ wefzkd;udk ydkrdkod&Sdem; 1 odk;arT;xkd;jcif;ynm
vnfí uRrf;usifpGm aqmif&Gufvkyfudkifwwf&ef/ 1 vnfqJG? em;uyf? vufaumufjyKvkyfjcif; ynm
(7) td r f w G i f ; rI v uf r I y nm&yf r sm;onf 1 tavtvGihfypönf;rsm;jzihf vlokH;? tdrfokH;ypönf;
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;\todÓPfzHGUNzdK;wkd;wufrI? rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;ynm
wDxGifBuHqrI? jzwfxkd;ÓPfrsm;udk jzpfay:aponfh 1 a'oxGuy f pön;f rsm;jzihf vlo;Hk tdro
f ;Hk ypön;f rsm;
tjyif? rdrdywf0ef;usif wkd;wufrIudk jzpfap&ef/ jyKvkyfjcif;ynm
(8) jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wdkY\ ½dk;&mtpm;tpm 1 jcif;? awmif;&ufvkyfief;ynm
rsm;? tokH;taqmifrsm;ESihf tdrfwGif;rI ynm&yfrsm;udk 1 yef;csD? aumuf½dk;yef;csDynm
avhvmcGifh&&Sdjcif;jzihf ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIudk wefzkd;xm;í 1 uGefysLwmynm
rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfrsm; udef0yfaeap&ef/ 1 arG;jrLa&;twwfynm
1 pdkufysdK;a&; twwfynm

94
 twef;ESihf tqifhtvkduf tywfpOf pmoifcsdef
wGif xnhfoGif;í oifhavQmf&mtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk
vkdtyfonfh uRrf;usifol q&m q&mrrsm;cefYtyfí
avhusihfoifMum;ay;Ekdifygonf/ touft&G,fESihf
twef;tvkduf oifcef;pmrsm;udk a&G;cs,fí tajccH
rsm;udk oifMum;ay;jcif;onf wDxGifzefwD;jcif;pGrf;&nf
udk zHGU NzdK;apygonf/ ywf0ef;usifESifh a'owGif; &&SdEkdif
onfh ypönf;rsm;? ykHpHwljyKvkyfEkdifonfh ypönf;rsm;? tokH;
jyKEkdifonfh pGefYypfypönf;rsm;ESihf tjcm;aom tvG,fwul
&&SdEkdifonfh oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKí oif
cef;pmrsm;udk zefwD;&rnfjzpfonf/
(i) pmMunfhwkduf tokH;jyKjcif;
21 &mpk todynmacwfwGif pmMunfhwkdufrsm;\
tcef;u@rSm vGefpGm us,fjyefYívmonf/ pmMunfh
wkdufrsm;udk tokH;jyKí rdrdbmomavhvm
qnf;yl;Ekdifonfh tavhtusihfjzihf b0wpfoufwm
ynma&; tawG;tac:rSm vGefpGmacwfpm;vQuf&Sdonf/
þtavhtusihftajccHudk i,f&G,fonfh rlvwef;rS p
wifumjyKpkysdK;axmifay;oifhygonf/ ausmif;wkdif; wGif
pmMunfhwkdufxm;&Sdí vdktyfonfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk
tpOfjznhfqnf;ay;&rnf/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;
udk wpfwef;vkH;taejzihf pmMunfhwdkufodkY tygwfpOfac:
aqmifí pmtkyfiSm;&rf;apjcif;? tdrfwGifrdom;pkESihf
twlwuGzwf½Iapjcif;? rdrdavhvmzwf½IcJhonfrsm;udk
twef;wGif;üjyefvnfajymjyjcif; ponfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk
jyKvkyfay;oihfygonf/ xkdYtjyif oifcef;pmtvkduf vdk-
tyfonfh tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf taMumif;t &mrsm;udk
&&Sdap&ef pmMunfhwkduftokH;jyKjcif;udk ulnDtm;ay;
oifhonf/ ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufomrubJ &yf&Gm
a'otwGif;&Sd pmMunfhwkdufrsm; tokH;jyKjcif;udkvnf;
wkdufwGef;oifhygonf/
(p) rD'D,m
rD'D,mqkdonfrSm vufawGU jzpfysufaerIrsm;udk
jzpfapESihf pdwful;pdwfoef;jzihf zefwD;xm;rIrsm;udkjzpfap
cHpm; odjrif&aom tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk pDpOfwifquf
jcif;jzpfonf/ rD'D,mbmom&yfonf ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;udk pGrf;&nftrsdK;rsdK;&&Sdap&ef rsm;pGm
taxmuftuljyKygonf/ rD'D,m[k qkd&m0,f a&'D,kd?
½kyf&Sif? w,fvDaA;&Sif;? pmay? uGefysLwmenf;ynmESihf
"gwfykHynmponfh ykHo@mefrsm;udk qkdvdkonf/ vuf
awGUzefwD;jcif;? avhvmjcif;rsm;jzihf uav;oli,f
rsm;udk,fwkdif rD'D,mtrsdK;rsdK;\ tajccHoabmw&m;
rsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfap&ef ulnDay;&rnf/ uav;rsm;
tm;þrD'D,mtrsdK;rsdK;udkcJGjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmEkdifap&ef
ESihf olwkdYudk,fwkdif zefwD;wwfap&ef tcGihftvrf;rsm;
xm;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ twdwfumvrsm;ESihf ,ckrsuf
arSmuf? ypöKyÜefumvrsm;&Sd rD'D,mrsm;\ zefwD;csuf rsm;?
jzefYa0jcif;rsm;ESihf vlxktay: rD'D,m\ tusdK;ouf
a&mufrIrsm;udk avhvmMuonf/
rsufarSmufacwf\ rD'D,mrsm;tokH;jyKrI? tusdK;
aus;Zl;? oufa&mufrIrsm;tygt0if trsm;jynfol\
vlrIb0rsm;tay: ykHazmfcs,fvS,fjcif;rsm;\ oabm
obm0udk od&Sdem;vnfap&ef oifcef;pmrsm;udk zefwD;
&rnf/
i,f&G,fonfh touft&G,frsm;rS pwifum
oifhavsmfudkufnDonfh ½dk;pif;vG,fulaom oifcef;pm
rsm;jzihf pwifrdwfqufí twef;BuD;vmonfhtcgwGif
ydkrdkí eufeJonfh rD'D,moabmw&m;rsm;? a0zefcsuf
rsm;? zefwD;csufrsm;udk avhusihfoifMum;ay;&ef jzpfyg
onf/
(oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;pHEIef;rsm; tñTef;abmif
NHEC 2006 rSaumufEIwfazmfjyonf/)
95
 tifwmAsL;

awGYqHkar;jref;jcif;
' q&mrwdkY&JU tzGJ Y&JU aemufcHtaMumif;udk t&ifOD;qHk; ajymjy oifMum;ay;wmwJh bmom&yfe,fy,fawGuawmh -
ay;ygvm;/ (1) yHkqGJjcif;
usrwdkY tzGJYudk 2002 ckESpfrSm csif;rdkifjrdKUrSm pwifzGifhvSpf cJh (2) ta&mifjc,fjcif;
ygw,f/ visual arts vdkYac:wJh tjriftm&HktEkynm (3) 3D zefwD;rI
oifwef;awGay;wJhtzGJYyg/ jrefrmuav; 10 OD;eJY pwif (4) printing
cJhwmyg/ Bamboo Garden rSm paeaeY reufydkif;awGrSm (5) vufrItEkynm craft
oifay;wmyg/ tckawmh 2010 rSm oifwef; 13 ck &Sdae (6)rsufvHk;? udkf,fvuft*Fgtpdwftydkif;awGudk toHk;jyK
ygjyD/MAPFoundation urdkuf*&efYuav;i,fawG jyD; zefwD;&wJh tEkynm wdkYjzpfygw,f/ tjriftm&HkcHpm;rI
ydkjyD;awmh oifwef;wufvmEdkifzdkYudk tultnDay;yg xufoefapjyD; tEk&oynm zGYHjzdK;rI? wwfodrIwdkY
w,f/ tywfpOf oifwef;awGrSm uav;awGudk tdrf &&Sdapygw,f/
awGuae oGm;ac: jyD; oifwef;ay;w,f/ jyD;&if tdrfudk
jyefydkYay;w,f/ txl;ojzihf a&TUajymif; jrefrmtvkyf'tckvdk visual art oifwef;awGay;&jcif;&JU &nf&G,fcsuf
orm; rdom;pkawG aexkdifMuwJh aqmufvkyfa&; qdkuf rsm;udkvnf; ajymjyay;ygOD; q&mr/
awG? tvkyform; pkjyHKaexdkifMuwJh wef;vsm;awGrSm usrwdkYtzGJY&JU t"du &nf&G,fcsufawGuawmh
uav;awGudk oGm;ac:&wm? oifwef;udk tJ'Dae&m uav;oli,fzGHYjzdK;rIeJY uav;oli,frsm;&JU pGrf;aqmifEdkif
awGrSmvnf; ay;ygw,f/ FPB tzGJUeJY IRC wdkYu ynm pGrf; jrifhrm;vmzdkYjzpfygw,f/ uav;i,fwdkif;&JU zGHYjzdK;rI
yHkpHawGrSm tqifhtvkduf wlnDwJh tqifawG &Sdygw,f/
a&; vkyfief;awG wdk;csJU vkyfaqmifEkdifzdkYtwGuf tult
nDawG ay;cJhygw,f/ cE¨mudk,fvuft*Fg MuD;xGm;zGHUjzdK;rI? todynmeJY pdwfydkif;
qdkif&m zGHYjzdK;vmrIawGrSm zGYHjzdK;rI tqifhqihfawGudk twl
tckaemufydkif;rSmawmh q&mtwwfynm oifwef;awG wl jzwfoef;Mu&wmudk qdkvdkygw,f/ tEkynm oif
eJY child development uav;oli,fzGHU jzdK;a&; wef;awG? avhusihfay;rIawG[m 'Dvdk tqifhqihf zGHYjzdK;
vkyfief;awGeJY twlwGJzufjyD;awmh oifwef;awG ay;ae vmjcif;twGuf taxmuftul trsm;MuD; ay;Ekdifyg
yg w,f/ w,f/ tEkynm avhusihfrIawG[m uav;zGHUjzdK;rI
e,fy,f (7) &yf pvHk;twGuf wefzdk; jrifhrm;vSygw,f/
'Visual art vdkYac:wJh tjriftm&Hk tEkynmqdkwm bmvJ
q&mr/ 'uav;zGHUjzdK;rI e,fy,f (7) ckudk &Sif;jyay;yg/
'D visual art oifwef;awGrSm avhusihf uav;zGHUjzdK;rI e,fy,f (7) ckuawmh -

96
 Ms. Dao
Coordinator
Studio Xang (AMCP)
(1) ½kyfydkif;zGH YjzdK;rI Physical - vuftxdef;todrf;?
pma&;EdkifrI t&nftaoG;? rsufvHk;ESihf vufndSEIdif;
aqmif&GufrI/
(2) pdwfcHpm;rI zGHYjzdK;rI Emotional - rdrdudk,fudk azmf
jyEdkifpGrf;ESihf ,HkMunfrIwdk;yGm;apjcif;/
(3) vlrIqufqHa&;zGHUjzdK;rI Social - tjcm;uav;rsm;
ESihf aqG;aEG;? tjrifzvS,f? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufwwfjcif;/
(4) odrIzGHU jzdK;rI cognitive - tawG;? a&G;cs,frI?
usKd;aMumif; qifjcifrI/
(5) tm½HkcHpm;jcif; zGHUjzdK;rI perception - tm½Hk ig;yg;udk
qufpyfaqmif&GufwwfrI/
(6) tvS&ocHpm;wwfjcif; zGHU jzdK;rI Aesthethic - rdrd
ESihf tjcm;olrsm;\ MudK;pm;zefwD;rItay: wefzdk;xm;
cHpm;/
(7) zefwD;rI pGrf;&nf zGHUjzdK;rI Creativity - rdrdtjrif?
cHpm;csufrsm;udk enf;pepfrsm;ESihf aygif;pyfjyD; zefwD;jcif;/
'gawG[m uav;i,f&JU udk,f&nfudk,faoG;awG bufpHk
zGHY jzdK;apjcif;jzpfygw,f/
'tekynmbmom&yf art education u ae 'De,fy,f 7 ck zHGY
jzdK;rItwGuf b,fvdk ulnDay;ygovJ/
txl;ojzihf tEkynm bmom&yf[m 'De,f
y,f 7 ck pvHk; wjydKifeufwnf; [efcsufnDpGm zGHUjzdK;vm
apzdkYulnDavhusihfay;jcif;jzpfygw,f/uav;i,fawG&JU
tEkynmpdwf? tEkynm pGrf;&nfawGudk zGHUjzdK;apjcif;?
&ocHpm;wwfodrItwGuf avhusihf ysKd;axmifay;yg
w,f/ 'DpGrf;&nfawG &&SdrSomvQif e,fy,f 7 ckzGHU jzdK;zdkY
tvm;tvm ydkaumif;ygw,f/ tekynm bmom&yfxJ
avhusihfcef;awG[m uav; zGYHjzdK;rI e,fy,f 7 ckpvHk;
wjydKifeuf zGHU jzdK;vmEkdifapwJhtjyif ausmif;oifyifr
bmom&yfawGjzpfwJh bmom pum;? ocsFmeJY todynm
zGHU jzdK;rIwdkYtwGufvnf; trsm;MuD; taxmuftul jzpf-
wmudk awG Y&ygw,f/
'tJ'Dawmh i,fpOfumvrSm tEkynmbmom&yfudk avhvmoif
,lcGihf &&SdwJhuav;eJY oif,lavhvmcGifh r&&SdcJhwJh uav;awG
tMum;rSm b,fvdk uGmjcm;rI &SdEdkifygovJ/
trsm;MuD;udk uGmjcm;aewm awGY&ygw,f/
txl;ojzihf tEkynmbmom&yfudk avhusihfcGihf r&&Sd
bl;qdk&if uav;i,f&JU zGHU jzdK;rIrSm wGJzufygvm&r,fh
pGrf;&nfawG[m wpfOD;csif;tvdkuf tjrifhrm;qHk; zGHU jzdK;zdkY
tcuftcJ&Sdw,f/ i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;u avhusihf ysKd;
axmifay;rS &&Sdr,fh pGrf;&nfawGtwGuf trsm;MuD;
vnf; epfemEdkifygw,f/ 'D pGrf;&nfawG[m txufu
aqG;aEG;cJhwJh zGHYjzdK;rI e,fy,f 7 &yfpvHk;eJY wdkuf&dkuf
oufqkid af ewmyg/'Dawmhuav;i,f&JUpGr;f &nftrsK;d rsKd;
zGHUjzdK;rItwGuf jyóem&SdaejyD/ rdrfd cHpm;csufudk azmfjy
EdkifpGrf;eJY rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunfrIawG &&SdzdkYvnf; tcuftcJ
&Sdaew,f/ tjcm;olrsm;eJY vlrIqufqHa&;rSmtzktxpf
awGydkjzpfwwfw,f/ olrsm;awGqDuvnf; oif,lavh
vm&rSmjzpfw,fqdkwJh todw&m;&zdkY cufr,f/ zefwD;
rIpGrf;&nfzHGU jzdK;rItwGuf tuefYtowf &Sdaeygvdrfhr,f/
97
 aemuf ta&;MuD;wJh tcsufwpfckuawmh tao;pdwfawmh usr rajymjyEdkifygbl;/ rdb
tEkynm[m udk,fydkifae&mi,f? urÇmi,fav;wpfckudk awGeJY usr&JU vkyfazmfudkifzuf enf;jyq&m q&mrawGu
ydkifqkdifcGifhay;w,f/ 'g[m 'Drdkua&pD tcGihfta&; wpf tjrJwrf; ajymjyMuw,f/ jrefrmjynf ausmif;oif&dk;
&yfvdkyg/ tpdk;&jzpfjzpf? rdbjzpfjzpf? q&mq&mrjzpfjzpf nTef;wrf;rSm tEk&oynmbmom&yfeJY ywfoufvdkY
0ifa&mufpGufzufvdkY r&wJh udk,fydkif oD;oefY urÇmi,f wduswJh oif&dk;nTef;wrf;r&Sdao;bl;wJh/ tcsdefvnf;
av;/ tJ'Dae&mrSm uav;i,f[m udk,fydkif &SifoefrIeJY? ray;Mubl;/ oifMum;ay;r,fh q&mq&mrvnf; r&SdMu
ukd,fydkif tawG;tac:eJY? vGwfvyfaew,f/ aysmf&Tifcsrf; wmrsm;w,fvdkY ajymMuygw,f/ 'g[m tifrwefrS 0rf;
ajrhcGihf &w,f/ b,folYudkrS taESmuft,Sufray;ovdk? enf;p&myg/ pHEIef;awG tMuD;tus,f vGJaeovm;vdkY
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yl;cGihf r&&SdwJh uav;i,ftwGuf tJ'D udk,fydkif ae&m? ynmbmom&yfudk wefzdk;xm;Ekdifvmatmif&,f? ta&;
urÇmi,fav;udk ydkifqkdifcGifh r&Sdbl;aygh/ MuD;yHkudk odjrifvmatmif&,ftwGuf yHhydk;rIawG? ulnD
'Dawmh uav;i,fwdkif;[m tEk&o ynm rIawG trsm;MuD;vdktyfaew,fvdkY aqG;aEG;Muygw,f/
bmom&yfudk oif,lavhvmcGifh &&Sdoihfygw,f/ tEk&obmom&yfudktrsm;jynfoleJYynma&;orm;rsm;
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uav;rsm;&JU udk,fydkif wDxGifzefwD;rI? cHpm; wrf; &JU rjynfhpHkrIygyJ/
csufawGtay:rSm t"du tav;xm;ygw,f/ vGwfvGwf ausmif;ynma&;rSm txifu& xnfhoGif;
vyfvyf zefwD;cGihfudk ay;xm;w,f/ pdwful;pdwfoef; avhusihf oifMum; ay;EkdifzkYdtwGuf q&mtwwf
awGudk rydwfqdkYxm;bl;/ tzGihfoabmeJY xm;Muw,f/ ynma&; oifwef;awGrSm avhusihfay;&r,f/ oif&dk;
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wmyg/ tEk&obmom&yfudk avhusihfoifMum;
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rSefw,f &,f vdkY rqHk;jzwfbl;/ ]rif;[mu rvSbl;} }rif; ÓPf&nfawGudk xufoefapvdkY tjcm;aom; bmom
[m rSm;aew,f} vdkYvnf; rajymMuygbl;/ zefwD;rI? &yfe,fy,ftoD;oD;? ocsFmeJY bmompum;awGudk avh
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zsufpdwfawG uif;EkdiforQ uif;apzdkY vdktyfw,f/ tjyK 'tjcm;aom bmom&yfawGeJY qufpyfrIeJY taxmuftuljyKyHkudk
pdwf? taumif;jrifpdwf? MudK;pm;vdkpdwfeJY ,HkMunfrIudkaqG;aEG;ay;ygOD;/
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bmom&yfxJu o&kyfaqmifoifMum;jcif; enf;vrf;eJY
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b,fvdk jrifygovJ/ rmyg/ ae&ma'owpfckckudk a&G;cs,fMur,f/ bk&if

98
vkyfr,fhol? rdzk&m;vkyfr,fhol? ppfolMuD;vkyfr,fhol?
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jyD; tjzpftysuftwdkif; jyefvnf o&kyfaqmifMur,f/
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aemufcHpum;ajymjyD; oifcef;pmudk rodrom rdwf
qufvdkufwmygyJ/ [efygyg? rmefygygeJY uav;awG[m
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vdkufyJeJYudk olwdkY ordkif;tjrifawG? em;vnfrIawG &
oGm;Mur,f/ ydkta&;MuD;wmu twdwforkdif;[molwdkY
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a&; oabmw&m;vnf; &Sdw,fr[kwfvm;/ uav;awG
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Ekdifjyefw,f/ 'Dvdkqdk&if orkdif;oifcef;pmawG[m ydkjyD;
aysmf&TifzG,f&,f jzpfvmr,f/
tjcm;aom bmom&yfawGwdkif;udkvnf; tEk
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ocsFm? odyÜHeJY vlrIa&;bmomawG tm;vHk;rSm tcgtm;
avsmfpGm tEkynmenf;pepfeJY aygif;pyfjyD; oifMum;ay;
Ekdifygw,f/
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wmxuf yHkqGJ&wm ydkvG,fulwmudk ajymjycsifygw,f/
tJ'g uav;obm0jzpfw,f/ abstract qefwJh pma&;
jcif;[m uav;twGuf rdrdukd,fukd azmfjy&mrSm tcuf
tcJ&Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh yHka&;qGJjcif;? aumufaMumif;
jcpfcsif;rSmawmh rdrdtawG;? pdwful;eJY odjrifrIudk vGwf
vGwfvyfvyf azmfxkwfcGifhay;Edkifw,f/

tckvdkaqG;aEG;ay;wm q&mrudk aus;Zl;trsm;MuD; wifygw,f/

Isamu Noguchi, Humpty Dumpty, 1946. Ribbon slate,

59 × 21 1/2 × 19 1/2 in. (149.9 × 54.6 × 49.5 cm).

99
 arykn (yef;csDq&mr)
obm0w&m;eJY aygif;ul;ESD;EG,faewJh vlYavmuxJ zefwD;wDxGifrIawGuvnf;
wpfaeYxufwpfae Yjrifh wufvmaewm awGU&ygw,f/ tEkynmqkdwm us,fjyefYygw,f/
vlawG&JU &SmazGMuHqrIeJY zefwD;rIrsm;pGmxJu vlYobm0qE´t& xGufay:vmwJh ESpfouf
zG,fvuf&mawG? toH*DwawG? bmompmay,Ofaus;rIpwJh t&mtm;vkH;udk tEkynm
vkdY usr ,lqygw,f/
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tmoDoawGudk rQa0cHpm; Ekdifatmif wifqufrIawGudk &oajrmuf tEkynm zefwD;jcif;vkdY
xifjrifrdjyefygw,f/ vlYobm0t& ESpfoufrI&SdrS om wkyrI? ,kHMunfarQmfvifhcsufeYJ BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIwkdY
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apmclqJ? yef;csDq&m
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trSefw&m;udk a&muf&Sdapw,f/ ,kHMunfcsufawG cdkifrm vmapygw,f/ 'DtodeJY tusihfudk
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG &&Sdapcsifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh usaemfuawmh yef;csDq&m
wpfa,mufrkdY 'ku©onfpcef;rsm;tygt0if e,fpyfausmif;awGrSm yef;csDtEkynm vkdufvH
rQa0oifMum;ay;aeygw,f/

100
 xG#fatmif (yef;csDq&m)
vGefcJhwJh tESpfav;q,favmufu jynfwGif;u ausmif;wpfausmif;rSm vlrIa&;?
bmoma&;? usef;rma&;eJY todynmqkdif&m bmom&yfrsdK;pkH oifMum;rItjyif
tEkynmqkdif&m yef;csDbmom&yftwGuf usaemf tcsdefwpfcsdef ,lay;cJh&ygw,f/
tJh'Duwnf;u tjcm;todynmqkdif&m zHGUNzdK;rIbmom&yfawGtjyif ausmif;om;vli,f
awGudk rjzpfrae tEkynmbmom&yf oifMum;ay;oifhw,fvkdY cHpm;rdygw,f/
0goemygonfjzpfap rygonfjzpfap wpfcsdefxJrSm twlwuG oif,lMu&wm jz-
pfwJhtwGuf vli,fwpfa,muf&JU &ifxJtenf;qkH; tEkynm&JU El;nHhodrfarGUrI? jzefYusufawG;ac:rI? tav;xm;
tm½kHpl;pkdufrI? Nidrf;csrf;pGm aexkdifwwfrIeJY rQa0cHpm;wwfrIqkdwJh tavhtxaumif;awG tjrpfwG,fpl;0ifNyD;
i,fpOfuyJ &if;ESD;aer,fvkdY ,kHMunf rdygw,f/
b,ftEkynmjzpfjzpf tEkynmqkd&if orkdif;udkazmfaqmifovkd? ,Ofaus;rI todkif;t0dkif;udkvnf;
wkd;wuf zHGU NzdK;apEkdifygw,f/
'gaMumihf usaemfwkdY ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JU tem*wftwGuf ausmif;rSmbmom&yfpmawGeJYyJ
yifyef;aeMur,fhtpm; wjcm;e,fy,fwkdif;eJY vlrIYavmutwGuf ta&;BuD;wJY tEkynmbmom&yfawGudk
rsm;rsm;xnfh oGif;ay;apcsifygw,f/

ausmfodef; (yef;csDq&m)
wcsdefwkef;u jrefrmEkdifiH ynma&;pDrHudef;awGrSm yef;csDynmudk roifrae&
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OD;pH0if;u ausmif;awGrSm yef;csDynm xnhfoGif;oifMum;& jcif;taMumif;udk tckvdk
ajymcJhzl;ygw,f/
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a&;qJGwwfvmr,f/ tavhtusihf&vmwJhtcg rjzpfrae BudK;pm;wwfwJh tavh
tusihfawG aygufzGm;vmr,f/
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rdrd ukd,fukd rdrdtm;udk;vkdpdwfrsm; jzpfay:vmapr,fvdkY qkdygw,f/
q&mBuD; OD;pH0if;ajymcJhovdk q&mBuD;&JU &nf&G,f&if;twkdif; ausmif;awGrSm usaemfwwfpGrf;orQ yef;csD
ynmudk avhvmoifMum; ay;aeygw,f/ 'ghtjyif q&mBuD; A*sDatmifpdk;&JU ]opömonfom trSefw&m;}qkdwJh
aqmif yk'fav;udkvnf; t&rf;cspfrdvdkYyg/ tvSw&m;udk cspfwwfatmif? opömw&m;udk jrwfEkd;wwfatmif?
uav;rsm;udk jyKpkysdK;axmifaeygw,f/ txl;ojzihf aemifrsdK;qufuav;rsm;udk urÇmajrudk eufeuf½dIif;½dIif;
cspfcifwwfzkdY? obm0tvSw&m;awGudk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmufoGm;zkdY vdr®m,Ofaus;wJh uav;awGjzpfzkdY
&nf&G,fNyD; oifMum;ay;aeyg w,f/

101
 0PÖaZmf (yef;csDq&m)
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiH ynma&;rSm yef;csDtygt0if tEkynmeJY pyfvsOf;wJh
tajccHoifcef;pmawG enf;yg;vGef;aeygw,f/ t"dutcsufuawmh jrefrmhvlYtzJGU
tpnf;rSm tEkynmtay: tjrifvJGrSm;rIawG &SdaevkdYygyJ/ tEkynmqdk \wm wPSmrm,m
rsm;omjzpfNyD; wdrf;rl;aumif;aom t&mr[kwfqkdwJh bmoma&;eJY qufEG,fwJh tjrif
awGaMumifh usaemfwdkYqDrSm wkd;wufoihfoavmuf rwkd;wufwmvdkY xifygw,f/
'gayrJY acwfqkdwm t&Sdeft[kefeJY ajymif;vJaeygw,f/ tEkynmpepfqkdwm
awGvnf; tEdIif;tqrJh ajymif;vJjrihfrm;vmaeygNyD/ tEk&o[mvnf; rwluJGjym;wJh
vlY,Ofaus;rI tzkHzkHtay: vTrf;rkd;vmcJhNyDqkdwm awGU& rSm jzpfygw,f/
a[mfvefEkdifiHom;awGqkd&if olwkdYukd,folwkdY rdwfqufwJhtcg a[mfvefuvmw,fvkdYrajymbJ
Aef*dk;EkdifiHu vmw,fvkdYajymNyD; rdwfqufwwfMuygw,f/ urÇmausmf yef;csDq&mBuD; Aif;qihfAef*kd;u a[mfvef
EkdifiHzGm; r[kwfvm;/
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tawG;pOf udef;0yfaerIudk usaemfwkdY jr§ifhwifMuzkdY vkdygw,f/ ausmif;awGupNyD; tEk&oynma&; wkd;wuf
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oifhoufwrf;rSmvnf; axmifcsD aeNyD;cJhygNyD/
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rSwfom;onf/ wpfenf;oifawG;wwfvmonf/
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awG? eu©wfwm&m tuGmta0;twGuftcsufawGuae oknukdoifawGU&SdcJhNyD/ oli,fwef; ocsFmpmtkyfxJu
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nDrQjcif;wck&JU wzufrSm bm&SdovJ/ ynmvm;/ tom;0gvlrsdK;awG&JU NrdKU BuD;ESpfNrdKUvm;/ ynmuaum
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ar;cGef;rsm;pGm &Sdwnfaeaom avmuBuD; jzpfygonf/ tajzvnf; &Sdygonf/
oifqkdonfrSm uREkfyfwkdY jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkYqkdonfrSm vlowå0grsm; jzpfonf/ vlowå0grsm;qkdonfrSm
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aumif; rpD&m/

102

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&nf&G,fwmyg/ uav;awGuvnf; ½dkabmhudk olwdkYol
i,fcsif;vkd oabmxm;Muw,f}[k &Sif;jyonf/
½dkabmhonf vlq&mrsm;udk tem;&apNyD;? ausmif;
om;rsm;twGuf oifcef;pmrsm; txyfxyf avhusihfEkdif
rnf/ ukefusp&dwf oufomNyD; t*FvdyftoHxGuf em;
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onf/
CNN (23 October 2010)
103
 tar&duefq,fausmfouf&JU ajrmufudk&D;,m; rpf&Sif
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est) xlaxmifzkdY BudK;pm;aeonfh tar&duef
q,fausmfouf ausmif;om;av;u olYya&m*suf
taumiftxnf azmfEkdifzkdYtwGuf a'owGif; &efvkd
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ajrmufudk&D;,m;rStjyef w½kwfjynfwGif owif;
axmufr sm;udk ajymjycJhonf/
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than Lee u ajrmufudk&D;,m;onf awmifudk&D;,m;?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwkdYESihf &efjzpfaeorQ umv
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awm pdkufzkdY cufcJaMumif; ajymjyonf/
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udk&D;,m;ESihf tar&dueftMum; Nidrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf t&if
qkH; csKyfqkdxm;&r,f/ usaemfhc&D;pOf&JU ratmifjrifEkdif
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w,f/ 'gayrJY qufBudK;pm;ygOD;r,f/ 'Dc&D;pOfu opf
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t&m&Sdrsm;&JU pdwf0ifpm;rI jyorIaMumihf a&SUqufvkyf
aqmifcsifao;aMumif;? ajrmufudk&D;,m; t&m&Sdaygif;pkH
eJY olawGUcGihf&ayr,fh or®w uif*sKHtD;ESihf awGUcGihfr&vkdY
pdwfraumif;aMumif; &Sif;jyonf/
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a&mufavhvmcGihf&cJhaMumif;? ajrmufudk&D;,m;? awmif
udk&D;,m;? tar&duefwkdYrS uav;rsm;tcsif;csif; awGUqkH
zDvpfydkif vufwGef;vSnf; ausmif;q&m CNN ol&Jaumif;qk &&Sd
zDvpfydkifEdkifiHrS qif;&Jom; uav;i,frsm;udk pmoif
Mum;ay;zdkY pmtkyfrsm;? oifykef;ESifY oifMum;a&; t
axmuftul ypönf; tenf;i,fudk vufwGef;vSnf;jzifY
wifjyD;? ]a&TUajymif; vufwGef;vSnf; pmoifcef;} (mo-
bile pushcart classrooms) rsm; zefwD;cJYol vli,f
ausmif;q&m yefemzvdk&D tm; CNNowif;XmerS 2009
ckESpftwGuf wpfESpfwm ol&J aumif;qk (CNN's Hero
of the Year) csD;jrSifYvdkuf onf/
1997 ckESpfuwnf;u yefemzvdk&D'gESifY q,f
104
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jzpfaMumif; ajymonf/
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aqmifyk'fu ]y#dyu©wdkYtxufrSm? e,fedrdwfwkdY txuf
rSm? t,ltqwkdYtxufrSm}(above conflict, above
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CNN(23 August 2010)
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rsm;vQuf &Sdonf/CNN rS qkaMu; aiG 125000 a':vm
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ausmif;om; 400ausmfyg qE´jyyJGwGif yg0ifvmcJhonf/
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cef; bmom&yf oifMum;rIrsm;wGif w½kwfbmompum;
udkt"duxm;Ny;D ?wdbufbmompum;udkab;z,faom
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wdbufausmif;om;rsm;u usif[kdif;jynfe,f wdbuf
a'oESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif rdcifbmompum;twGuf
wkdufyJG0if umuG,foGm;zkdY jyifqifaeMuonf/
2008ckESpf? rwfvwGifvnf; usif[kdif;jynfe,f
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yGm;cJhonf/
Bangkok Post (25 October 2010)

105
 zefjyGefoaE¨om; pxGifol aq;ynm Edkb,fqk&&Sd
zefjyGefoaE¨om; pwifwDxGifol jAdwdoQvlrsKd; Robert
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acwfopfaq;ynmtwGuf atmifjrifrSI ordkif;rSwf
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jzpfaejyD; t*Fvef ajrmufydkif;wGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf/
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Edwards onf vlom;rsKd;yGm;rSItwGuf ta&;yg
u© wm0ef xrf;aqmifvsuf &Sdonf/ olY MudK;pm;rSIaMumifY
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1978 Zlvdkif 25 &ufaeYwGif yxrqHk; zefjyGefoaE¨om;udk CNN (05 October2010)
arG;zGm;ay;cJYonf/ olarG;zGm;ay;cJYwJY vl;0pfba&mif;

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rsm;udk ausmckdif;cJh&onf/
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106
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Indo-Asia News Service (29 August 2010)
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aMumif; China Daily owif;pmu azmfjyonf/

107
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touf 100 ü pmoifaeqJ tdE´d,tzkd;tdk

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108
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aom a0g[m&twGuf ae&mr&Sd[k a0zefokH;oyfjyonf/
rdrdwkdY touf&Sif&yfwnfaejcif;ESihf pMum0|mBuD; wnf
&Sdaejcif;onf tvdktavsmufay:aygufvmjcif; jzpf
aMumif; a[mhuif;u a&;om;xm;onf/ touf 68ESpf
&Sd a[mhuif;onf bk&m;ociftay: ,kHMunfjcif; &Sdr&Sd
qkdaom ar;cGef;tm; tNrJa&SmifvJTajzqkdavh&Sdaomfvnf;
,ckazmfjycsufrSm bmoma&;wkdufckdufrIwpfck[k,lq&
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rvuúm;jynfe,f 0efBuD;csKyfu rlqvifvli,f
rsm;taejzihf vdifqufqHvdkygu vufxyf,lMuyg&ef
wkdufwGef;NyD; rdom;pkb0 pwifxlaxmif&ef aiGaMu;yHhydk;
ulnDrnfjzpfaMumif; uwdjyKcJhonf/1
Indo-Asia News KL (14 September 2010)
a[mhuif;u aewpfckudk N*dKvfrsm;uvSnfhywfrI
oDtkd&Dtm; udk;um;NyD; taMumif;wkdufqkdifojzihf rdrdwkdY
onf aetzJGUtpnf;&Sd urÇmN*dKvfwGif &Sifoefaejcif;jzpf
aMumif; axmufjyonf/ olYtt,ltqrSm M-theory
tay:tajccHaMumif;? M-theory qkdonfrSm t&m&m
wdkif;twGuf oDtkd&D (a theory of everything) jzpf
onf/
a[mYuif; tjrifu ]pMum0VmawG[m bmrSr&Sd
wmawGxJu xGufvmwm/ tajccHudku bmrSr&Sdwm
jzpfwJYtwGuf wpHkw&m &Sdygw,fvdkY ajymr,fY a*gY'f
rvdkawmY? a*gY'f 0ifygp&mrvkdawmY} [kqdkonf/ olY
pmtkyfopfrSm y&dwfowfrsm;tMum; yGJqlaejyD;? ,ckvdk
c&pf,mefESifYtpövrfbmoma*gY'ftm;jydKifrSIMuD;aeaom
umvwGif odyÜHynmu rnfonfh a*gY'frS rvdkaMumif;
wifjycsuf jzpfonf/
CNN (10 September 2010)
109
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usaemfu jrif;jcHNrdKU
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awGYtMuHKav;udk rajymrD rqvacwf usaemfwdkY
vli,fb0udk jzwfoef;&ykH tenf;i,f pajymcsifyg
w,f/
vli,fb0rSm wyfrawmfrS abmif;bDcRwf
wkdufykH0wf rqvygwD0ifrsm;ESifh ezl;awGY'l;awGY &ifqdkif
MuHKawGYcJh&ygw,f/ abmvkH;toif;? oMuFef,drf;?
&yfuGuf oma&;ema&;rsm;wGif ygwDaumifpD vlBuD;qdk
olrsm;ESifh olwdkY aqGrsKd;om;csif; todkif;t0kdif;rsm;u t
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aom vli,frsm;udk uGefjrLepf wHqdyfuyfNyD; z,fusOf
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ajctqifhtxd trsKd;rsKd; tEkdifusifhrIrsm; awGYMuHKcJh&yg
w,f/ tEkdifusifholrsm;eJY tEkdifusifhcH&olrsm; tvTmESpf
vTmrSm acsmufeufBuD;ozG,f jzpfaeNyD; ? jynfoljynfom;
rsm; tMum; aoG;cJGtkyfcsKyfrIpepf jzpfaecJhygw,f/
tcGifhta&;rSeforQudk ygwDaumifpD vlBuD;
rsm;uom cHpm;cGifh&dSwmaMumifh jynfolwdkY pdwfxJwGif
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'kef;'kef;cs xm;Mu&ygw,f/
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ar;yJGatmifygw,f/ rkefYzdk;&r,f txifeJY rkefYpkHvkyfief;
vkyfukdifaeol OD;av;udk 0rf;omtm;& oGm;ajymawmh
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vkyfwmvJ? yifyef;vdkY atmifawmfa&maygY} vdkY
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tJ'Dvdk tajctae ynma&;cH,lcsuf todkif;
t0dkif;rsm;atmufrS usaemf q,fwef;atmifNyD; aemuf
awmh bJGY&cJhygw,f/ or0g,rrSm tvkyfoGm;avQmuf
w,f/ aumifpDpma&; avQmufw,f/ wpfckrS tvkyfr&
yg/ a,mifcsmcsmeJY rdbvkyfpm r&SufraMumuf xdkifpm;
ae&if; wpfaeY oli,fcsif;wifpdk;eJY awmrSvlwpfpk us
aemfYqD a&mufvmMuygw,f/ wifpkd; rdwfqufay;vdkYd
awmifomNrdKUe,f &Gmopfausmif;u ausmif;aumfrwD
rsm;jzpfaMumif; od&w,f/ qJGcefY tiSm;q&m vdkufrvm;
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aygY/ vpm 200 usyf&r,f/ NyD; tjcm;pnf;urf;csufawG
ajymNyD; aps;wnfh vkdufMuygw,f/
usaemfwdkY wm0ef,l&r,fh &Gmopf wJGbuf t
xufwef;ausmif;qdkwmu tckvuf&dS AdkvfrÈ;csKyfjynhfpkH?
pufrI (1) 0efBuD; OD;atmifaomif;? wdkif;rÈ;AdkvfcsKyf
at;aomifwdkY bkef;BuD;ausmif;om; b0jzifh aeoGm;
aom ausmif;ygyJ/ yxrqkH; usaemfwdkY awGYMuHK&wmu
ausif;csdef twdtus xm;vdkY r&wmygyJ/
reufydkif; xef;wufwJh ausmif;om;rsm;ukd
aeYcif;ydkif;tcsdefrsm; ay;&ygw,f/ naeydkif; jrLtkd;
aumufwJh ausmif;olrsm;udk reufydkif; ausmif;csdefac:&yg
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udk,fhausmif; jzpfaevkdY tqifajyovdk vkyfoGm;&wm
u rsm;ygw,f/
 vli,fajcwuft&G,f ausmif;q&mrdkY wuf
<uvdkufonfrSm ajymp&myifr&dSyg/ usaemfwdkY vrf;xJ
pma&;BuD; OD;pdk;vIdifu vpm 126 usyf &wJh tcsdefrSm us
aemfwdkYu vpm 200 usyf &Muolrsm;rdkY b0jrifh&wm qdk
zG,fr&dSawmh/ oifMum;a&;wGif ausmif;aumfrwDjzifh
BudKwifnd§EIdif;xm;wJhtwdkif; usL&SifykHpHjzifh oifMuyg
w,f/ pmppftzJGY trSwfay; pnf;rsOf;twdkif; ar;cGef;ykHpH
a[mif;rsm;eJY oifvdkY pmoifcsdefenf;ayr,fh xda&mufrI
&dSygw,f/ usaemfwdkY jrif;jcHe,fw0kdufrS m atmifcsuf t
aumif;qkH;ausmif; jzpfcJhygw,f/
oifMum;a&;rSm atmifjrifayr,fh ESpfESpf
avmufMumawmh aus;&GmygwDpdwfrI;qdkoleJY jyóem
jzpfvdkY usaemf tvkyfjyKwfoGm;cJhygw,f/ tjypfu jref
rmhqdk&S,fvpf vrfpOfygwD0if tqdkjyKvTmykHpHrSm usaemf Y
trnfudka&;NyD; vufrSwfxkd;cdkif;wmudk jiif;qefrIygyJ/
'DtrIu BuD;av;wJh tjypfBuD;jzpfaMumif; NrdKUe,fygwD
,lepf&kH;udk qifhac: NyD; tvkyfjzKwfvdkfufrS usaemf od&yg
w,f/
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om;awGu idk;a<u;awmif;yefMuayr,fh usaemfhtay:
rausat;EkdifaMumif; Mum;od&ygw,f/ aemufaeYrSm
usaemftrnfudk pm;vkH;BuD;eJYa&;NyD; þausmif;odkY vkH;0
(vkH;0) ausmif;wufvm&ef rvdk[k a&;xm;aMumif; ol
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&mwpfa,muf&JU *kPfodu©mukd xdyg;vmwm&,f?
ausmif;ynma&;eJY roufqdkifwJh jyifyab;ya,m*
awG&,fudk rauseyfvdkY oli,fcsif; wifpkd;vnf; aemuf
wpfvrSm ausmif;xGuf vkdufygw,f/
wpfaeY ausmif;q&mjyKwf usaemfwdkYESpf
a,muf ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif; yJG&kHydkif&Sif ?pmykHESdyf
pufydkif&Sif? aq;&dk;pufydkif&SifwdkYeJY w&kwfbkHausmif; pdef
tef;vÇuf&nfqdkifrSm qHkMuygw,f/ vÇuf&nfzdk; &Sif;zdkY
pm;yJGxkd;udk ac:aewkef; aq;&kd;pufydkif oli,fcsif;u ]
[dwfaumifawG rif;wdkY r&Sif;eJY ig&Sif;r,f? rif;wkdYu
awmrSmoGm;NyD; ausmif;q&m vkyfcJh&wJh taumifawG
'gaMumifh ig&Sif;vdkufr,f } ajym&if; usoifhaiGudk
&Sif;ay;vdkufygw,f/
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aq;&dk;pufydkif&Sif oli,fcsif;rsufESmudk usaemftdyfwJh
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w,f/ wqufxJ ausmif;q&mb0&JU wjcm;wpfzuf
wGifvnf; qif;&Jjcif;? EGrf;yg;jcif;? tcufcJ'ku©aygif;pkHwdkY
&dSaeyguvm;[k odvdkuf&ygawmhw,f/ tJ'DaeYupNyD;
aemufwpfBudrf ausmif;q&mavmu0ifzdkY ywfawm
ydwfoGm; ygawmhw,f/
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tajcrusao;cif usaemfwdkY i,fq&mrBuD; a':cifcif
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eD; olYvkyfydkifcGifht& ausmif;q&m wpfae&m 0ifa&muf
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w,f/ usaemfuawmh cJrSefzl;wJh pmoli,fvkd ausmif;
q&mb0 taoaMumufoGm;ygNyD/ e0wacwfrdkY 0ef
xrf;awGudk MuHhckdifa&;xJ qJGoGif;rSm BudKjrifa,mifaecJh
ygw,f/ ausmif;q&m rvkyfyg&apeJY q&mrBuD;&,fvdkY
ajym&if; tomEIwfquf jyefvmcJhygw,f/
ajymvdkwmu txufrSm usaemfqkdcJhwJht
wkdif; usaemf rvkyfEkdifcJhwJh ynma&; e,fy,fxJrSm ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm b0udk jr§KyfESH&if; ausmif;q&mtvkyfudk
vkyfudkifaewJh q&mq&mr tm;vkH;udk av;pm;pmem ae
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zufeJY jzwfoef;ae&if; ESpfumv r&SnfMumvkdufwJh us
aemf&JU ausmif;q&mb0 a[mif;av;udkvnff; cPcP
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usaemfY om;orD;rsm; 7 wef; 8 wef; jzpfvm
csdef zcifwpfa,muftaeeJY rlvwef;? tv,fwef;
ausmif;awGudk rjzpfrae oGm;&wJh tcgrSmawmh oli,f
csif; ausmif;q&mawG rawGY&oavmufjzpfNyD;? q&mr
awGcsnf; jzpfaewmvnf; tHMojcif;rsm;pGmeJY jrifcJh&yg
w,f/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;vnf; q&mr? ynma&;rÈ;vnf;
q&mr? twef;ydkifvnf; q&mr awGcsnf; jzpfaeMuyg
w,f/ atmf q&mrawGu avmu"H&JU txktaxmif;?
qdk;&Gm;wJh pepfqdk;&JU vIdif;'PfcsufawGudk ydkcHEkdif&nf
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rkawåm armap,sH
armifat;0if; (jrif;jcH)
111
 EdkifiHwum aqmif;yg;

odyÜHESihf
bmoma&;
ynma&;okawoDwpfOD;
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0ifpm;p&m acgif;pOfwpfckygyJ/ EkdifwJh awG;qcsufawGtay:rSm trSDjyKygw,f/ tjcm;ol
odyÜHynmeJY bmomw&m;tMum; wkdufyJG[m tNrJ awGuvnf; jyefvSefppfaq; prf;oyfEkdif&r,f/ odyÜH ed
wrf;vkdvdk jyif;xefvSayhg/ vltrsm;pkBuD;[mvnf; udk,fh ,mrtay: tajccHNyD;awmh oufaotaxmuftxm;
udk pkaqmif;&&SdwJhaemuf vltrsm;u tjyefjyeftvSef
pdwfwGif;rSmudk 'Djiif;ckHrItay: xyfqifhNyD; ½kef;uefaeMu
&w,f/ [kwfygNyD/ 'D ESpfck[m o[Zmw jzpfEkdifyghrvm;/ vSef avhvmokH;oyfvkdY twnfjyKwJhtcgrSmawmh ]odyÜH}
'DajrurÇmay:rSmrSw oDtkd&Dwpfck jzpfvmNyD/ tcsuftvuftopfawGudk
D if;aexkid fMuwJhvlom;trsm;pk
BuD;[m wpfpkHwpfckaom udk;uG,fqnf;uyf&mtay: ,kH xyfrHawGU&SdwJhtcgrSm oDtkd&Dudk jyefvnfjyifqifvkdY
Munfouf0ifMuw,f/ bk&m;ocif jzpfcsifjzpfr,f? ewf &Ekdifayr,hf oDtdk&D tajccH,lqcsufuawmh usef&SdaeNrJ
bk&m; wpfyg;yg; jzpfr,f/0dÓPfawmfBuD;jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D oDtkd&Dudkvnf; odyÜH½IaxmihftwGuf t
'grSr[kwf&if tjcm;aom emrf0dÓPfqkdif&m wpfckck/ ajccHtjzpf okH;Ekdifw,f/ rSef;qcsufawG vkyfEkdifw,f/
odkY aomf 'Dvltrsm;pkBuD;[m urÇmrSm awGU&SdNyD;jzpfwJh
qefYusifzufuawmh bmomw&m;awG[m ,kHMunf
odyÜHqkdif&m trSefw&m;rsm;pGmudkvnf;yJ vufcHMuyg csuftay:rSm tajccHwnfxm;yg/ prf;oyfppfaq;rI jyK
w,f/ 'DtwGuf usaemf rSef;qMunfhrdw,f/ odyÜHeJY vkyfEkdifwJh awG;qcsuftay:rSm tajcrjyKxm;bl;/ rdrd
bmomw&m;[m wpfpkHwpfckaom twkdif;twmtxd ,kHMunfaewJht&mtay: tjcm; olawGuvnf;yJ jyefvSef
twl,SOfwJG &yfwnfEkdifMuw,fvkdY/ ppf aq;vdkY r&jyefbl;/ wpfckckudk ,kHMunf&if; qE´&SdwJh
tavsmuf ,if;qE´t& ½dk;½dk;&Sif;&Sif; vufcH xm;jcif;yg/
qefYusifzuf tawG;tac:rsm; bmomw&m; tjrifuawmh bmomw&m; ,kHMunfrI?
urÇmESihfcsDwJh jzpfpOfBuD;awGeJY ywfoufvkdY e,fy,f udk;uG,f&mawG&JU (jrifhjrwfaom) a&;om;a[m ajym
ESpfckpvkH;u udk,fpDt"dyÜg,fzGihfqkdrIawG &SdMuygw,f/ csuf aw Gtay:rSm tajccHygw,f/
qkd&&if pMum0VmBuD;&JUtp? ouf&SdawG&JU b0tp?
rsKd;EG,fpkawG tp/ odkYayr,fh t"dyÜg,f zGifhqkdrIawG[m r[mjyóemrsm;
vkH;0udk uJG jym;jcm;em;Muygw,f/ odyÜHeJY bmomw&m; tMum; jiif;ckHaqG;aEG;rI
]odyÜH}&,fvkdYtrnfwyfac:EkdifzkdYodyÜHtjrif½Iaxmifh awGuawmh tMuifolwpfOD;&JU bmomw&m;tay:rSm

112
yk*¾v t"dyÜg,f zGihfqkdcsufawGaMumihfyg/ 'Djiif;ckHrI&JU
t"duyifr tcsufuawmh zefqif;rI0g' (Creation-
ism) eJY qifhuJjzpfxGef;vmrIoDtkd&D (Evolution) wkdY
jzpfygw,f/
tajccHtm;jzifh tpövmrf? c&pf,mef? [dE´Lbmom
w&m;rsm;eJY tjcm;aom yifrudk;uG,f,kHMunfrIrsm;rSm
ouf&SdrsdK;EG,fpkawG rsdK;pkH? axGjym;qef;Mu,f&jcif;eJY ywf
oufvYdk &Si;f vif;csuu f ,
kd pf D&SMd uygw,f/t"duuawmh
bk&m;ocif jzpfw,f/ 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; jrifhjrwfaom
wefckd;&Sif wpfyg;yg;uaeNyD;awmh owå0gawG tm;vkH;udk
zefqif;cJhw,f/ ouf&SdawG axGjym;pkHvifrItay:rSm 'D
bmomw&m;rsm;&JU oufaotaMumif;jycsufawGu
awmhjzihf ½dk;pif;vSygw,f/ a&SmifwcifjzpfrI chance eJY rsdK;
pdwfrsm;&JU ADZ"gwfawG jzpfcsifovdk ,SufEG,f
qufpyfjzpfxGef;rI random mutation awGaMumifh
urÇmay:rSm axGjym;pkHvifvSwJh ouf&SdawGjzpfay:vm&
w,fqdkwmuawmh vkH;0 udk ryg&Sdygbl;/
odyÜHtjrift&awmh ouf&SdawGtm;vkH;[m quf
pyfvdkY wnf&SdaeMuw,fqkdwmyg/ ynm&Sif csm;vfpf'g0if
(Charles Darwin)&JU qifhuJjzpfay:rI evolution oDtkd&D
t& rsdK;EG,fpkawG axGjym;vmw,f/ pkHvifvmw,f/ ]BuHh
cdkifEkdifpGrf;t&SdqkH;u t&SifoefqkH;jzpfw,f/} survival
of the fittest qdkwJh tcsuf uawmh tcsKdUaom
rsKd;EG,fpkawG&JU xl;jcm;wJh rsKd;&dk;qdkif&m
trSwftom;o&kyfeJY ZmwdaMumihf OD;a&wdk;yGm; vmap
wmvdkYqdkw,f/ 'Dxl;jcm;wJh Zmwdo&kyfawG wdk;yGm;
vmjcif;aMumihf rlvrsKd;&dk;eJY rwlawmhwJh rsKd;EG,fpk
topfwpfck qif;ouf jzpfxGef; vmawmhw,f/
'Djiif;cHkrI&JU yifrtcsufuawmh vlom;&JU
rlvtpeJY ywfoufvdkYyg/ vlom;[m arsmufuae
qif;oufvmw,f (rsKd;&dk;vkdif;cGJvmw,f) qdkwJh
tMuHjyK csuf[m bmomw&m; udk;uG,f ,HkMunfolawG
twGuf [m;wdkuf &,farmp&mjzpfw,f/ vlom;&JU
ra&rwGufEkdifwJh oD;oefYjzpfwnfaewJh p&dkuf? oGifjyif
vu©PmawG[m zefqif;&SifaMumihf jzpf&w,f qdkwm
udk jyozdkY vHkavmufwJh oufaotaxmuf txm;vdkY
olwdkYu qdkMuygw,f/
tjcm;wpfzufrSmawmh ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;
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Learning Time Structure
The Basic Education Core Curriculum prescribes the framework for learning time as follows

Learning Time (in hours)

Learning Areas/
Activities Lower Secondary Upper Secondary
Primary Education Level
Education Level Education Level
Gr 1 Gr2 Gr 3 Gr 4 Gr 5 Gr 6 Gr 7 Gr 8 Gr 9 Gr 10-12
.learning Areas
Thai Language 120 120 120 240
200 200 200 160 160 160
(3crs) (3crs) (3crs) (6 crs)
Mathematics 120 120 120 240
200 200 200 160 160 160
(3crs) (3crs) (3crs) (6 crs)
Science 120 120 120 240
80 80 80 80 80 80
(3crs) (3crs) (3crs) (6 crs)
Social Studies 160 160 160 320
120 120 120 120 120 120
(4crs) (4crs) (4crs) (8 crs)
Religion and Culture
History 40 40 40 80
40 40 40 40 40 40
(1 cr) (1 cr) (1 cr) (2 crs)
Religion, Morality
and Ethics, Civics.
120 120 120 240
Culture and Living in 80 80 80 80 80 80
(3crs) (3crs) (3crs) (6 credits)
Society, Economic,
Geography
Health and Physical 80 80 80 120
80 80 80 80 80 80
Education (2crs) (2crs) (2crs) (3 credits)
Art 80 80 80 120
80 80 80 80 80 80
(2crs) (2crs) (2crs) (3 crs)
Occupations and 80 80 80 120
40 40 40 80 80 80
Technology (2crs) (2crs) (2crs) (3 crs)
Foreign Languages 120 120 120 240
40 40 40 80 80 80
(3crs) (3crs) (3crs) (6 crs)
Total Learning Time 880 880 880 1640
840 840 840 840 840 840
(Basic Level) 22crs 22crs 22crs (41 crs)
. Learner Develop-
120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 360
ment Activities
. Additional courses/
activities provided by Not more than
Not Less than
schools, depending Not more than 40 hours for each year. 200 hours for each
1600 hours
on their readiness year.
and piorities
Total Learning Time Not less than
Not more than 1000 hours Not more than 1200
3600 hours for
for each year hours for each year
a total of 3 years

116

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jyefvnfac:,lEkdifzkdY tpdk;&taeESifY pwifpum;ajym
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wkdYvnf; BuKHawGUcJh&onf/ aiGaMu;? rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf?
tu,f'rpf vGwfvyfpGmvkyfEkdifcGihf pwmawGeJY
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vkHvkHavmufavmuf ay;xm;½kHru? okawoetcif;
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taejzihf tqihfjrifhynmwwftiftm; rsm;rsm;pkpnf;
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cJYonf/ ,aeYtcsdefrSm blwefEdkifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; atmifjrifrIawGtay: wpfurÇmvHk;u
pdwf0ifpm;Mu ar;cGef;xkwfMu jzpfae&onf/
blwef&JU cufxefMurf;wrf;wJY yx0D ajrrsuf
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ordkif;eJY qufpyfwJY Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIuvnf; tcdkiftrm
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taqmuftODtm;vHk;rSm qef;jym;<u,f0wJY &mpkESpf
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apmifYa&SmufrI? ynma&;?
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pkpkaygif; trsKd;om; xkwfukef (gross national prod-
uct-GNP) jrifYwufa&;r[kwfbJ? pkpkaygif; trsKd;om;
aysmf&TifrI (gross national happiness-GNH) tay:
wGif tajcwnfxm;onf/ usaemf blwefudk oGm;cJYjcif;
uvnf; GNH udk blwefawG b,fvdktoHk;jyKae
ovJqdkwm em;vnfcsifvdkY jzpfonf/
pD;yGm;a&;ynmt& GNH twGuf azmfjrL
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119

blwefwdkYu eufeJodrfYarGUwJY tpOftvm Ak'¨bmomrS
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wGuf tm;usp&m apYaqmfrI jzpfvmonf/
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vlxktwGuf tajccH vdktyfcsuf jznfhqnf;rIu t"du
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txd tcrJYynma&;? vQyfppf aomufoHk;a& ywf0ef;
usifoefY&Sif;rIESifY aq;&Hk pwJY tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;
aumif;rGefa&;wdkY yg0ifonf/ blwefvdkY 0ifaiGedrfY EdkifiH
wpfEdkifiHwGif vlxk tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;tay: xddxd
a&mufa&muf ypfrSwfxm; vkyfaqmifjcif;rSm trsm;MuD;
t"dyg,f&Sdonf/ wdkif;jynfbwf*sufudk rvdktyfwm
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MudK;pm;onf/ wdkif;jynftESH&Sd opfawmrsm;ESifY ZD0
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onf/ wef;wlnDrQa&;ESifYtwl ,Ofaus;rI tarGrsm;udk
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wpfOD;csif; pddwfydkif;qdkif&m wnfNidrfzdkY tav;ay;
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120
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ta&;BuD;wJY ESpfcsufudk axmufjycJYonf/
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Jeffery D.Sachs
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123
 taumiftxnfazmf ay;&rnf jzpfygonf/
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BuD;ygonf/ pepfwus avhusifhysKd;axmifay;NyD; vpm
vkHavmufpGm ay;xm;onfh q&mrsm;onf oifhwifh
aumif;rGefaom ynma&;udk ay;EkdifpGrf;&dSonfhtjyif
EkdifiHom;tjzpfwnf&dSjcif;? jidrf;csrf;jcif;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI
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ay;Ekdifolrsm; jzpfvmygonf/ odkYjzpfí EkdifiHawmf tpdk;&
taejzifh q&mrsm; avhusifh ysKd;axmifa&;? q&m
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wdkufwGef; EId;aqmftyfygonf/
q&mrsm;aeY wGif tEl;tnGwf arwåm&yfcH tyfygonf/
a&&Snf wnfwHhckdifjrJonfh tem*wfudk ykHazmf
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124
 urÇmhq&mrsm;aeY txl;u@
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125
 odu©mwif&wmvnf; &Sd&JU
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wcsdKUuawmh ....

126
 urÇmhq&mrsm;aeY txl;u@
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127
 0,0vkH;av; 0dkif;0dkif;a&; i,fu q&mawG
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oli,fwef;b0eJY pcJhwm NyKH;yef;yGihfawG vdSIifawmhrS
wqifhwufvm? ntcg jrwfapwem jrwfq&mpum;
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um,uH 0pDuH raemuH
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vkyfief;cGifxJ a&mufawmhrS/

128
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129
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BMWEC udk qufvuf OD; todtrSwfjyKxm;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdynma&;pifwm
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Muaom ausmif;rsm;vnf; wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf/
,aeYwGif BMWEC onf tvSL&SifwkdY\ ,kHMunfrIudk
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vuf&SdtcsdefwGif BMWEC tzJGU0if ausmif;aygif;
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134
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135
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136
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137
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jidwG,fvmygonf/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;tay:
Developmental Tasks For Childhood
Birth to 6 years
• Learning to walk
• Learning to take solid foods
• Learning to talk
• Learning to control the elimination of body
wastes • Learning to get along with age-mates
• Learning sex differences and sexual mod- • Learning an appropriate masculine or fem-
estly
• Achieving physiological stability
• Forming simple Concepts of social and
physical reality
• Learning to relate oneself emotionally to
parents, siblings, and other people
• Learning to distinguish rignt and wrong
and developing a conscience
142
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6 to 12 years
• Learning physical skills necessary for or-
dinary games
• Building wholesome attitudes toward one-
self as a growing organism
inine sex role
• Developing fundamental skills in reading,
writing, and calculating.
• Developing concepts necessary for ever-
day living
• Developing conscience, morality, and a
scale of values
• Achieving personal independence
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149
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150
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151
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152
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awGjzpfwJh aiGaMu;pD;yGm; uyfqdkufaerIawG? &moDO
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153
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154
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wdkif;jynf&JU OD;aqmifrIuae tqifhtqifh
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q&m tvkyftudkif zHGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf
b0woufwm avhvm&mrSm vkyfief;cGif tBudKq&m
twwfynmoifwef; pre-service [m tifrwefrS
ta&;BuD; vSygw,f/
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159
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161
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162
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163
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avNidrfNidrf opfyifBuD;Nidrf/
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reufjzef olwdkYeJY awGU&awmh
rnf/ usr aysmf&TifpGm pdwfvIyf&Sm;ae
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bl;/ 'gayrJY vlaexlxyfwJh NrdKUjy u
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187

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188
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tyf&awmh olwkdYcrsm touf 8 ESpf?
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eJY olwdkYeJYtwl wef;pDNyD; MumZHausmf
q&mawmfa&m uloifay;ovm; r
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olwkdYudkoif&if; udk,fubmvkdYvkH;yg; yg;&rSmvJ/
olwkdYvnf; xufjruf?
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pmudk qufoifvkdufygw,f/ cP opfaphav;awG vkyfMur,f ..
awmh tqifajyom;/ a[m .. udk,fhae&mudk,faeyg? q&mr vkyf
vufuav;axmifvkdY acR;&TJaewJh ovdk vkdufvkyfMuyg}/ tif; 'Dvdk
rsufESmeJY a&aomufwJh aemufwpf awmhvnf; tm;vkH; vdkufvkyfMu
a,muf aemufESpfa,muf aemufokH; onf/ aysmf&TifpGm tm;&yg;&
a,muf av;a,muf/ atmf[pfoDqkdMuonf/ vGwfvyf
tif; ckevnf; pm;aomufaqmh pGm udk,fudkvIyf&Sm; ,drf;EJGU Muav
upm;xm;? pmoifawmhvnf; atmf onf/
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atmufu pmoifcef;xJrSm acR;awG (5)
vnf;xGufqkdawmh a&iwfr,fqkd oli,fcsif;u ajymonf/
vnf;iwfrSmayhgav/a&aomufcsif ]onfuq&mrav;ESpaf ,muf
aewJh uav;awGudk a&raomuf udk eifwufcJhwJh oifwef;u uav;
cdkif;bJ pmoifcef;xJrSm xkdifcdkif;xm; A[dkjyKoifenf;wkdY bmwkdYenf;enf;
wm w&m;yghrvm;/ vlYtcGihfta&; avmufajymjyay;cJhyg[m? enf;av;
csdK;azmuf&m usrSmayghaemf/ 'gayrJY awGvnf; jyay;cJhygOD;}wJh/
'g pmoifcsdefav/ olwkdY a& aomuf wu,fawmh usru tpdk;&0ef
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&ifawmh wwef;vkH;tukef xGuf- Mum;enf;oifwef;awGudkawmh wuf
MurSmyJ/ pmoifcef;xJ ausmif; cJhzl;onf/ pmawGUvnf; avhvmcJh
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usruom bmvkyf&rSef;rod pOf;pm; jyifqifzJGUpnf;xm;onfh pmoifcef;
aewkef; olwkdYq&mru jyefxkdifMu awGrSm oifaxmufulypönf;tpkHt
prf;qkdNyD; wkwfoH wjAef;jAef;ay;NyD; vifeJY oifjyavhusifhcJhzl;onf/ u
twef;xdef;ay;aeonf/ av; 25a,mufxufrydkwJh pmoif
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awmhbl;/ olwkdYudk uAsmyJqkdckdif;NyD; ajymqkdwmawG? uav;awG&JU yifudk
olwkdYq&mr vufxJyJ tyfvkduf rlv pGrf;&nfawG tawG;tac:awG
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189
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190
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195
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197

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199
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202
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203
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