ii. Separation by different in solubility and diffusive of materials.

The separation mechanism based on diffusion of the solute and solvent through the
membrane. These membranes are often in the form of composite of a homogenous film
on a microporous support as used in reverse osmosis pervaporation. Both of these
membranes has the smallest pores and allows only the solvent to pass through by
sorption-diffusion mechanism.

iii. Separation by charge.

An ion-exchange membrane separates compounds of different charges such as separation

of ions from water and non-ionic solutes. These membranes carry either fixed positive or
negative charges or separates by exclusion of ions of the same charge as carried in the
membrane phase. Ion-exchange membranes are generally used in operation like
electrodialysis and major application is as electrolytic cell separators in for example the
production of chlorine and caustic soda. Table 1 provides an overview of the various
types of membrane process.

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Basic Principle of Membrane Separation

The performance of a membrane can be distinct by two simple factors, flux (or product
rate) and selectivity through the membrane. Flux is defined as the permeation capacity
that refers to the quantity of fluid permeating per unit area of membrane per unit time.
Flux depends linearity on both the permeability and the driving force. The flux also
depends inversely upon the thickness of the membrane. Thinner membranes contributed
to the higher flux. Usually the water flux is measured in gallons per square foot per day
(galft-2day-1), kilogram per square meter per hour (kgm-2 hr-1) or meter cube per meter
square per day (m3m-2day-1). Membrane selectivity towards a mixture is generally
expressed by rejection. It is a measure of the relative permeation rates of different
components through the membrane. The simplest manner to express solute rejection
characteristics is defined as:

R =1 – Cp / Cf

where Cp and Cf denote concentration of permeate and concentration of feed/bulk

solution respectively, and both can be measured. Ideally a membrane with high
selectivity or rejection and with high flux is required, although it was observed that an
attempt to maximize one factor is compromised by a reduction in the other.
Table 1: Overview of membrane separation process, their operating principles and
applications

Membrane Method of
Driving force Application
Separati type separation
on process
Microfiltration Symmetric Hydrostatic pressure
difference, 10-500kPa

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Tags: filtration, membrane,

membrane separation,
reverse osmosis

One Response to
“Membrane Separation”

1.

essantise Says...

On August 23, 2009

at 9:29 pm

nice article! very

useful especially for
me who has a
research about
membran
 emulsification with
porous and
symmetric
membrane. thanks

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