Towards 4G: Technical Overview of LTE & WiMAX

Towards 4G
: Technical Overview of LTE and WiMAX
WCNC 2010
2010.04.18
Dr. Hyung G. Myung
Qualcomm / Flarion
Outline
Introduction and Background
4G Enabling Technologies
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
WiMAX
Summary and References
1
The Beginning
2
Wireless Evolution
1983: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X 2009: Apple iPhone 3G

Digital Voice + 7.2 Mbps data + GPS
+ Full Internet browsing
Analog voice + Multimedia messaging
+ Multimedia entertainment
+…
3
Impact of Wireless Communications
4
Wireless Trends
5
Cellular Wireless Evolution
Systems beyond IMT-2000 (IMT-Advanced)

4G LTE/LTE-Advanced, WiMAX (802.16m)
IMT-2000 global standard | Wideband CDMA (’00s)

3G UMTS/WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA
Digital modulation & roaming | TDMA & CDMA (’90s)

2G GSM, IS-95, PDC
Analog speech | FDMA (’80s)

1G AMPS
6
Towards 4G
• ITU’s Systems beyond IMT-2000 (IMT-Advanced) is set to

introduce 4G.
• 3GPP is currently developing evolutionary/ revolutionary

systems towards 4G: Long Term Evolution (LTE) and
LTE-Advanced.
• IEEE 802.16-based WiMAX is also evolving towards 4G

through 802.16m.
7
Wireless Backgrounds
• Fundamental limits
• Multiple access schemes
• Broadband wireless channel basics
• Cellular system
8
Fundamental Constraints
• Shannon’s capacity upper bound
– Achievable data rate is fundamentally limited by bandwidth and signal
-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Signal power
 S
C  BW  log 2 1   [bits per second]
 N
Channel bandwidth Noise power
9
Fundamental Constraints - cont.
• Fundamental constraints for high data rate communications
50
C  S
 log 2 1   Energy
BW  N per bit 40
 E C 
 log 2 1  b 
30
 N  BW  Power-limited Bandwidth-limited
Eb/N0 [dB]
0
20
 Noise power
C spectral density
Eb 2 BW  1 10
 Bandwidth
N0 C
BW efficiency 0
-10
0.1 1 10 100
C/BW (Bandwidth efficiency)
10
Challenges of Wireless Communications
• Multipath radio propagation
• Spectrum limitations
• Limited energy
• User mobility
• Resource management
11
Duplexing
• Two ways to duplex downlink (base station to mobile) and
uplink (mobile to base station)
– Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
– Time division duplexing (TDD)
Downlink (Forward link)
Uplink (Reverse link)
12
Multiple Access Schemes

• Multiple devices communicating to a single base station.
– How do you resolve the problem of sharing a common
communication resource?
13
Multiple Access Schemes - cont.
• Access resources can be shared in time, frequency, code,

and space.
– Time division multiple access (TDMA): GSM
– Frequency division multiple access (FDMA): AMPS
– Code division multiple access (CDMA): IS-95, UMTS
– Spatial division multiple access (SDMA): iBurst
14
Wireless Channel
• Wireless channel experiences multi-path radio propagation.
15
Multipath Radio Propagation - cont.
16
Multi-Path Channel
• Multi-path channel causes:
– Inter-symbol interference (ISI) and fading in the time domain.
– Frequency-selectivity in the frequency domain.
3GPP 6-Tap Typical Urban (TU6) Channel Delay Profile Frequency Response of 3GPP TU6 Channel in 5MHz Band
2.5
2
0.8
Channel Gain [linear]

Amplitude [linear]
1.5
0.6
1
0.4
0.2 0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time [sec] Frequency [MHz]
17
Multi-Path Channel - cont.
• For broadband wireless channel, ISI and frequency-selectivity

become severe.
• To resolve the ISI and the frequency-selectivity in the channel,

various measures are used.
– Channel equalization in the time domain or frequency domain
– Multi-carrier multiplexing
• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
– Frequency hopping
– Channel-adaptive scheduling
– Channel coding
– Automatic repeat request (ARQ) and hybrid ARQ (H-ARQ)
18
Mobile User
• When the user is mobile, the channel becomes time-varying.
• There is also Doppler shift in the carrier frequency.
19
Time-Varying Multi-path Channel
Mobile speed = 3 km/h (5.6 Hz doppler) Mobile speed = 60 km/h (111 Hz doppler)

5 5
0 0
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
Frequency [MHz] 0 0 Time [msec] Frequency [MHz] 0 0 Time [msec]
20
Wireless Spectrum
21
Cellular Wireless System
• A large geographical
region is segmented into
smaller “cell”s.
– Transmit power limitation
– Facilitates frequency
spectrum re-use
• Cellular network design

issues
– Inter-cell synchronization
– Handoff mechanism
– Frequency planning
22
Cellular Wireless System - cont.
• Frequency re-use
F1 F3
F1 F1 F4 F2
F1 F1
F1 F1 F5 F7
F1 F6
Frequency re-use = 1 Frequency re-use = 7

- Higher spectral efficiency - Lower interference for cell-edge users
- Higher interference for cell-edge users - Lower spectral efficiency
23
• Sectorized cells
24
• Frequency re-use = 3
25
Outline
WiMAX
26
• OFDM/OFDMA
• Frequency domain equalization
• SC-FDMA
• MIMO
• Fast channel-dependent resource scheduling
• Fractional frequency reuse
27
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

• OFDM can be viewed as a form of frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).
– Divides the transmission bandwidth into narrower equally spaced
tones, or subcarriers.
– Individual information symbols are conveyed over the subcarriers.
Serial-to-parallel

e j 2 f0t
  Output symbol
Input data block
e j 2 f1t

e j 2 f N 1t
28
OFDM - cont.
• Use of orthogonal subcarriers makes OFDM spectrally

efficient.
– Because of the orthogonality among the subcarriers, they can
overlap with each other.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Subcarrier
29
OFDM - cont.
• Since the bandwidth of each subcarrier is much smaller than

the coherence bandwidth of the transmission channel, each
subcarrier sees flat fading.
Channel response
Frequency
Subcarrier
30
OFDM - cont.
• In the time domain, OFDM takes a high-rate serial data

stream and transmits parallel low-rate substreams.
Frequency
Frequency
Time Time
4 Input data symbols OFDM symbol
31
OFDM - cont.
• OFDM implementation using discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
N-
Add
point
CP/ PS
IDFT
*CP: Cyclic prefix

*PS: Pulse shaping (windowing) Channel
Channel N-
Remove
Detect inversion point
CP
(equalization) DFT
32
OFDM - cont.
• Design issues of OFDM

– Cyclic prefix (CP): To maintain orthogonality among subcarriers in the
presence of multi-path channel, CP longer than the channel impulse
response is needed. Also CP converts linear convolution of the channel
impulse response into a circular one.
– High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR): Since the transmit signal is a
composition of multiple subcarriers, high peaks occur.
– Carrier frequency offset: Frequency offset breaks the orthogonality
and causes inter-carrier interference.
– Adaptive scheme or channel coding is needed to overcome the
spectral null in the channel.
33
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
• OFDMA is a multi-user access scheme using OFDM.

– Each user occupies a different set of subcarriers.
– Scheduler can exploit frequency-selectivity and multi-user
diversity.
User 1
User 2
User 3
subcarriers
34
Frequency Domain Equalization
• For broadband multi-path channels, conventional time

domain equalizers are impractical because of complexity.
– Very long channel impulse response in the time domain.
– Prohibitively large tap size for time domain filter.
• Using discrete Fourier transform (DFT), equalization can be

done in the frequency domain.
• Because the DFT size does not grow linearly with the length of
the channel response, the complexity of FDE is lower than
that of the equivalent time domain equalizer for broadband
channel.
35
FDE - cont.
Time domain y  h x
Channel  x  h 1 * y
Fourier
x h y
transform
Y HX
Frequency domain  X  H 1  Y
36
FDE - cont.
• In DFT, frequency domain multiplication is equivalent to time

domain circular convolution.
• Cyclic prefix (CP) longer than the channel response length is

needed to convert linear convolution to circular convolution.
CP Symbols
37
FDE - cont.
• Most of the time domain equalization techniques can be

implemented in the frequency domain.
– MMSE equalizer, DFE, turbo equalizer, and so on.
• References
– M. V. Clark, “Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and
Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications,”
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998
– M. Tüchler et al., “Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo
Equalization,” Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2,
May 2001
– F. Pancaldi et al., “Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency
Domain,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005
38
Single Carrier with FDE
SC/FDE
Add N- N-
 xn  CP/ Channel
Remove
CP
point Equalization point Detect
PS DFT IDFT
OFDM
N- Add N-
 xn  point CP/ Channel
Remove
CP
point Equalization Detect
IDFT PS DFT
* CP: Cyclic Prefix, PS: Pulse Shaping
39
SC/FDE - cont.
• SC/FDE delivers performance similar to OFDM with essentially

the same overall complexity, even for long channel delay.
• SC/FDE has advantage over OFDM in terms of:

– Low PAPR.
– Robustness to spectral null.
– Less sensitivity to carrier frequency offset.
• Disadvantage to OFDM is that channel-adaptive subcarrier bit

and power loading is not possible.
40
SC/FDE - cont.
• References
– H. Sari et al., “Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV
Broadcasting,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995, pp. 100-
109.
– D. Falconer et al., “Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier
Broadband Wireless Systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, Apr.
2002, pp. 58-66.
• Single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is an extension of SC/FDE to

accommodate multiple-user access.
41
CDMA with FDE

• Instead of a RAKE receiver, use frequency domain
equalization for channel equalization.
• Reference
– F. Adachi et al., “Broadband CDMA Techniques,” IEEE Wireless
Comm., vol. 12, no. 2, Apr. 2005, pp. 8-18.
Add M- M-
 xn  Spreading CP/ Channel
Remove
CP
point Equalization point
De-
spreading
Detect
PS DFT IDFT
42
Single Carrier FDMA
• SC-FDMA is a new multiple access technique.

– Utilizes single carrier modulation, DFT-spread orthogonal frequency
multiplexing, and frequency domain equalization.
• It has similar structure and performance to OFDMA.
• SC-FDMA is currently adopted as the uplink multiple access

scheme in 3GPP LTE.
43
TX & RX structure of SC-FDMA
N- M-
P-to-S
S-to-P
Subcarrier Add CP DAC

point point
Mapping / PS / RF
DFT IDFT
Channel
Subcarrier
N- M-
P-to-S
S-to-P
De- Remove RF
Detect point point
mapping/ CP / ADC
IDFT DFT
Equalization
*N<M
SC-FDMA: +
* S-to-P: Serial-to-Parallel
* P-to-S: Parallel-to-Serial OFDMA:
44
Why “Single Carrier” “FDMA”?
“Single Carrier” : Sequential transmission of the

symbols over a single frequency carrier.
Time Frequency Time

domain domain domain
N- M-
P-to-S
Subcarrier Add CP DAC
point point
Mapping / PS / RF
DFT IDFT
“FDMA” : User multiplexing in the frequency domain.
45
Subcarrier Mapping
• Two ways to map subcarriers; distributed and localized.
• Distributed mapping scheme for (total # of subcarriers) =

(data block size)  (bandwidth spreading factor) is called
Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA).
X0 X0 X0
Zeros
Zeros X0
X1 X1
Zeros
X2
X N 1
X N 1 Zeros
Zeros
X M 1 X M 1
Distributed Localized
46
Subcarrier Mapping - cont.
• Data block size (N) = 4, Number of users (Q) = 3, Number of

subcarriers (M) = 12.
Terminal 1
Terminal 2
Terminal 3
subcarriers subcarriers
Distributed Mode Localized Mode
47
Subcarrier Mapping - cont.
 xn  : x0 x1 x2 x3
2
 N 1 j 
DFT  X k   xn e
nk
N
, N  4
 n 0 
X k : X0 X1 X2 X3
X~ l , IFDMA  X0 0 0 X1 0 0 X2 0 0 X3 0 0
X~ l , DFDMA  X0 0 X1 0 X2 0 X3 0 0 0 0 0
X 
Current
~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 implementation
X0 X1 X2 X3
l , LFDMA in 3GPP LTE
frequency
48
Time Domain Representation
 xn  x0 x1 x2 x3
Q  x m , IFDMA  x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3 x0 x1 x2 x3
Q  x m , LFDMA  x0 * * x1 * * x2 * * x3 * *
Q  x m , DFDMA  x0 * * x2 * * x0 * * x2 * *
time
3
*   ck ,m  xk , ck ,m : complex weight
k 0
49
Amplitude of SC-FDMA Symbols
0.5
IFDMA
LFDMA
0.4 DFDMA
Amplitude [linear]
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 QPSK
10 20 30 40 50 60
Symbol
50
SC-FDMA and OFDMA
• Similarities
– Block-based modulation and use of CP.
– Divides the transmission bandwidth into smaller subcarriers.
– Channel inversion/equalization is done in the frequency domain.
– SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-precoded or DFT-spread OFDMA.
51
SC-FDMA and OFDMA - cont.
• Difference in time domain signal
Input data symbols
OFDMA symbol
SC-FDMA symbols*
time
* Bandwidth spreading factor : 4
52
SC-FDMA and OFDMA - cont.
• Different equalization aspects
Equalizer Detect
Subcarrier Equalizer Detect
OFDMA DFT De-
mapping
Equalizer Detect
Subcarrier
SC-FDMA DFT De- Equalizer IDFT Detect
mapping
53
SC-FDMA and DS-CDMA
• In terms of bandwidth expansion, SC-FDMA is very similar to

DS-CDMA system using orthogonal spreading codes.
– Both spread narrowband data into broader band.
– Time symbols are compressed into “chips” after modulation.
– Spreading gain (processing gain) is achieved.
54
SC-FDMA and DS-CDMA - cont.
• Conventional spreading
x0 x1 x2 x3
Data Sequence

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Signature Sequence
x0 x0 x0 x0 x1 x1 x1 x1 x2 x2 x2 x2 x3 x3 x3 x3
time
55
SC-FDMA and DS-CDMA - cont.
• Exchanged spreading
1 1 1 1
Signature Sequence

Data Sequence
IFDMA
time
56
SC-FDMA and Other Schemes
* Subcarrier mapping: * SC transmission:

Frequency-selective
scheduling
SC-FDMA Low PAPR
* Time-compressed
“chip” symbols
* Time-domain
detection
DS-CDMA
* DFT-based FDE
* Block-based
OFDMA /FDE
processing & CP
57
PAPR Characteristics of SC-FDMA

CCDF of PAPR: QPSK, Rolloff = 0.22, N = 512, N = 128 CCDF of PAPR: 16-QAM, Rolloff = 0.22, N = 512, N = 128
fft occupied fft occupied
0
10 0
10
OFDMA OFDMA
-1
10 -1
10
Pr(PAPR>PAPR )
0
Pr(PAPR>PAPR )
0
-2 IFDMA -2 IFDMA
10 10
DFDMA DFDMA
-3 -3
LFDMA
10 10
Dotted lines: no PS Dotted lines: no PS
Dashed lines: RRC PS Dashed lines: RRC PS
Solid lines: RC PS LFDMA Solid lines: RC PS
-4 -4
10 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
PAPR [dB] PAPR [dB]
0 0
(a) QPSK (b) 16-QAM
H. G. Myung et al., “Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of Single Carrier FDMA Signals with Pulse Shaping", IEEE
International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) 2006.
58
MIMO
• Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique improves
communication link quality and capacity by using multiple
transmit and receive antennas.
• Two types of gain; spatial diversity gain and spatial

multiplexing gain.
Transmitter Receiver
MIMO channel
59
MIMO - cont.
• Spatial diversity
– Improves link quality (SNR) by combining multiple independently
faded signal replicas.
– With Nt Tx and Nr Rx antennas, NtNr diversity gain is achievable.
– Smart antenna, Alamouti transmit diversity, and space-time coding.
• Spatial multiplexing
– Increases data throughput by sending multiple streams of data
through parallel spatial channels.
– With Nt Tx and Nr Rx antennas, min(Nt,Nr) multiplexing gain is
achievable.
– BLAST (Bell Labs Space-Time Architecture) and unitary precoding.
60
Basic Idea of Spatial Diversity

• Coherent combining of multiple copies
y1
h1
y2
h2
Coherent
x1
combining
x1
hN r
yNr
* Narrowband channel
61
Basic Idea of Spatial Multiplexing

• Parallel decomposition of a MIMO channel
h11
h21 y1
x1 hNr 1
y2
x2
hNr Nt
xNt
yNr
* Narrowband channel
62
Basic Idea of Spatial Multiplexing - cont.
 y1   h11 h1Nt   x1   n1 
       
  
     
 y N   hN 1 hNr Nt   xNt   nNr 
 r  r
 y  Hxn
Singular value decomposition (SVD)
H  UDV H  y  UDV H x  n
U H y  U H U DV H x  U H n
I
U H y  DV H x  U H n
y x n
y  Dx  n
Diagonal matrix
63
Basic Idea of Spatial Multiplexing - cont.
h11
d11
h21 y1 y1
x1 hNr 1 x1
d21
y2 y2
x2 x2
d Nt Nt
hNr Nt
xNt xNt
yNr yNr
* Nt < Nr
64
Multicarrier MIMO Spatial Multiplexing

• Frequency domain for kth subcarrier
 Y1,k   H11,k H1Nt ,k   X 1,k   N1,k 

       
  
  
  
 YN ,k   H N 1,k H N r Nt ,k   X Nt ,k   N N r ,k 
 r   r
Yk Hk Xk  Nk
 Yk  H k  X k  N k
 Yk  Dk X k  N k
 Yk  U k H Yk

 k
X  V H
k Xk

N
 k  U H
k Nk
65
Unitary Precoding
Unitary Xk
Xk Precoding
X k  Vk X k
MIMO Channel
Hk
Yk
 Receiver Zk
Hk X k
Nk
Vk
 
 U k DkVkH Vk X k
 U k Dk X k
66
Channel-Dependent Scheduling
Channel gain
User 2
User 1
Frequency
Subcarriers
67
Channel-Dependent Scheduling - cont.
• Assign subcarriers to a user in good channel condition.
• Two subcarrier mapping schemes have advantages over each

other.
– Distributed: Frequency diversity.
– Localized: Frequency selective gain with CDS.
• CDS is a scheme to find an optimal set of subcarriers that are

allocated to each user that maximizes some utility based on
each user’s channel response.
68
Channel-Dependent Scheduling - cont.
256 total subcarriers, 16 chunks, 16 subcarriers per chunk

3
User 1
User 2
2.5
2 Chunk allocated to user 1

|Channel gain| 2
Chunk allocated to user 2
1.5
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Subcarriers
69
Distributed vs. Localized Subcarrier Mapping

45
LFDMA: Static
• Two subcarrier mappings 40 LFDMA: CDS
IFDMA: Static
have advantages over 35

IFDMA: CDS
Aggregate throughput [Mbps]

each other.
30
– Distributed: Frequency
diversity, lower PAPR in 25
case of IFDMA. 20
– Localized: Frequency
15
selective gain with channel
dependent scheduling 10
(CDS), higher PAPR than

5
the case of IFDMA but 4 8 16 32 64
Number of users
128
similar PAPR to the case of

DFDMA. * J. Lim, H. G. Myung, K. Oh, and D. J. Goodman, "Proportional Fair Scheduling
of Uplink Single-Carrier FDMA Systems", IEEE International Symposium on
Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) 2006.
70
Fractional Frequency Re-use
F = F1 + F2 + F3
Cell-center users:  Cell-center users: 

Cell-edge users:  Cell-edge users: 
71
FFR - cont.
F = F1 + F2 + F3
Cell-center users: 
Cell-edge users: 
72
FFR - cont.
• Frequency re-use improves cell-edge performance but

sacrifices the cell-center performance.
• Fractional frequency re-use (FFR)

– Frequency re-use = 1 at cell center: Improves overall cell capacity.
– Higher re-use factor at the cell edge to reduce interference: Improves
cell-edge performance.
73
Outline
WiMAX
74
3GPP LTE
3GPP Evolution
• Release 99 (2000): UMTS/WCDMA
• Rel-5 (2002): HSDPA
• Rel-6 (2005): HSUPA
• Rel-7 (2007) and beyond: HSPA+
• Long Term Evolution (LTE)
– 3GPP work on the Evolution started in November 2004.
– Standardized in the form of Rel-8 (Dec. 2008).
• LTE-Advanced
– More bandwidth (up to 100 MHz) and backward compatible with LTE.
– Standardization in progress (targeted for Rel-10).
75
3GPP LTE
Requirements of LTE
• Peak data rate
– 100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth.
• Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz)

• Less than 5 ms user-plane latency
• Mobility
– Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h.
– 15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance.
– Supported up to 350 km/h or even up to 500 km/h.
• Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS)

• Spectrum flexibility: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz
• Enhanced support for end-to-end QoS
76
3GPP LTE
Key Features of LTE

• Multiple access scheme
– DL: OFDMA with CP.
– UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP.
• Adaptive modulation and coding

– DL/UL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
– Turbo coding
• Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques

– (2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and uplink supported.
– Multi-user MIMO also supported.
• Support for both FDD and TDD

• H-ARQ, mobility support, rate control, security, and etc.
77
3GPP LTE
LTE Standardization Status
Release 10
Release 9
Release 8
First version of LTE Enhancements to LTE LTE-Advanced
2008 2009 2010 2011

Source: 3GPP
78
3GPP LTE
LTE Standard Specifications

• Freely downloadable from
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
Specification index Description of contents
TS 36.1xx Equipment requirements: Terminals, base stations, and repeaters.
TS 36.2xx Physical layer.
Layers 2 and 3: Medium access control, radio link control, and radio
TS 36.3xx
resource control.
Infrastructure communications (UTRAN = UTRA Network) including base

TS 36.4xx
stations and mobile management entities.
TS 36.5xx Conformance testing.
79
3GPP LTE
Protocol Architecture
RRC: Radio Resource Control Layer 3

Control / measurements
RLC: Radio Link Control

Logical channels Layer 2
MAC: Medium Access Control
Transport channels
PHY: Physical layer Layer 1
Physical channels
Transceiver
80
3GPP LTE
LTE Network Architecture

• E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
UMTS 3G: UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
MME MME
GGSN S-GW/P-GW S-GW/P-GW
SGSN S1
RNC RNC
eNB eNB
X2
NB NB NB NB eNB eNB
E-UTRAN
NB: NodeB (base station) eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB
RNC: Radio Network Controller MME: Mobility Management Entity
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node S-GW: Serving Gateway
* 3GPP TS 36.300
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway
81
3GPP LTE
LTE Network Architecture - cont.
• eNB
– All radio interface-related EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
functions MME MME

S-GW/P-GW S-GW/P-GW
• MME
– Manages mobility, UE S1
identity, and security
parameters.
• S-GW eNB eNB

– Node that terminates the X2
interface towards E-UTRAN.

eNB eNB
E-UTRAN
• P-GW
eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB
– Node that terminates the MME: Mobility Management Entity
S-GW: Serving Gateway
interface towards PDN. * 3GPP TS 36.300
P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway
82
3GPP LTE
UTRAN
SGSN
GERAN HSS
S3
S1-MME S6a
MME
PCR
S12 F Rx+
S11 S7
S4
"LTE-Uu" S10
Serving S5 PDN SGi
UE E-UTRAN Gateway Gateway Operator's IP Services
S1-U (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
* Non-roaming architecture
* 3GPP TS 23.401
83
3GPP LTE
RRM: Radio Resource Management

RB: Radio Bearer
RRC: Radio Resource Control
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
eNB NAS: Non-Access Stratum
EPS: Evolved Packet System
Inter Cell RRM
RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.

MME
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
Handling
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
PDCP
S-GW P-GW
RLC
Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet
E-UTRAN EPC
* 3GPP TS 36.300
84
3GPP LTE
UE eNB
PDCP PDCP
User-Plane RLC RLC

Protocol
Stack MAC MAC
PHY PHY
UE eNB MME
NAS NAS
RRC RRC
Control-Plane
Protocol PDCP PDCP
Stack RLC RLC
MAC MAC
PHY PHY
* 3GPP TS 36.300
85
3GPP LTE
Frame Structure
• Two radio frame structures defined.

– Frame structure type 1 (FS1): FDD.
– Frame structure type 2 (FS2): TDD.
• A radio frame has duration of 10 ms.
• A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot

duration of 0.5 ms. One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz,
thus 180 kHz per RB.
86
3GPP LTE
Frame Structure Type 1

• FDD frame structure
One radio frame = 10 ms

One slot = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe = TTI (Transmission Time Interval)
87
3GPP LTE
Frame Structure Type 2

• TDD frame structure
One radio frame = 10 ms
One half-frame = 5 ms
One subframe = 1 ms
One slot = 0.5 ms
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
88
3GPP LTE
Resource Grid
One radio frame
Slot #0 #19
N symb
Resource block
 N symb  N scRB resource elements
Subcarrier (frequency)
N RB  N scRB N scRB Resource element

 12
OFDM/SC-FDMA symbol (time)
89
3GPP LTE
Length of CP
Configuration N symb
Normal CP 7
Extended CP 6
Extended CP (Df = 7.5 kHz)† 3
Configuration CP length NCP,l [samples]

160 ( 5.21 s) for l = 0
Normal CP
144 ( 4.69 s) for l = 1, 2, …, 6
Extended CP 512 ( 16.67 s) for l = 0, 1, …, 5
Extended CP (Df = 7.5 kHz) † 1024 ( 33.33 s) for l = 0, 1, 2
† Only in downlink
90
3GPP LTE
LTE Bandwidth/Resource Configuration
Channel
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
bandwidth [MHz]
Number of
6 15 25 50 75 100
resource blocks (NRB)
Number of
72 180 300 600 900 1200
occupied subcarriers
IDFT(Tx)/DFT(Rx) size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Sample rate [MHz] 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72
Samples per slot 960 1920 3840 7680 11520 15360
*3GPP TS 36.104
91
3GPP LTE
Bandwidth Configuration
1 slot
Zeros
DL or UL symbol
Resource
block frequency
N scRB UL
N RB  N scRB M
 12  300  512
(180 kHz) (4.5 MHz) (7.68 MHz)
Zeros
time * 5 MHz system with

frame structure type 1
92
3GPP LTE
LTE Physical Channels
• DL
– Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
– Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
– Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
– Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
– Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
– Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
• UL
– Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
– Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
– Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
93
3GPP LTE
LTE Transport Channels
• Physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to

medium access control (MAC) and higher layers.
• DL
– Broadcast Channel (BCH)
– Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
– Paging Channel (PCH)
– Multicast Channel (MCH)
• UL
– Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
– Random Access Channel (RACH)
94
3GPP LTE
LTE Logical Channels
• Logical channels are offered by the MAC layer.
• Control Channels: Control-plane information

– Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
– Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
– Common Control Channel (CCCH)
– Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
– Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
• Traffic Channels: User-plane information

– Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
– Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
95
3GPP LTE
Channel Mappings
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH Logical CCCH DCCH DTCH
channels
Transport
PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH RACH UL-SCH
channels
Physical
PDSCH PBCH PMCH PDCCH channels PRACH PUSCH PUCCH
Downlink Uplink
96
3GPP LTE
LTE Layer 2
• Layer 2 has three sublayers
– MAC (Medium Access Control)
– RLC (Radio Link Control)
– PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
Radio Bearers Radio Bearers
ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC

PDCP PDCP
Security Security Security Security Security Security
Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm.

RLC ... ... RLC ...
ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc BCCH PCCH ARQ etc ARQ etc
Logical Channels Logical Channels
Scheduling / Priority Handling Scheduling / Priority Handling
MAC Multiplexing UE1 Multiplexing UEn MAC Multiplexing
HARQ HARQ HARQ
Transport Channels Transport Channels
DL UL
ROHC: Robust Header Compression * 3GPP TS 36.300
97
3GPP LTE
RRC Layer
• Terminated in eNB on the network side.
• Functions
– Broadcast
– Paging
– RRC connection management
– RB (Radio Bearer) management
– Mobility functions
– UE measurement reporting and control
• RRC states
– RRC_IDLE
– RRC_CONNECTED
98
3GPP LTE
Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels
• Dynamic resource scheduler resides in eNB on MAC layer.
• Radio resource assignment based on radio condition, traffic

volume, and QoS requirements.
• Radio resource assignment consists of:

– Physical Resource Block (PRB)
– Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
99
3GPP LTE
Radio Resource Management
• Radio bearer control (RBC)
• Radio admission control (RAC)
• Connection mobility control (CMC)
• Dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS)
• Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
• Load balancing (LB)
100
3GPP LTE
Other Features
• ARQ (RLC) and H-ARQ (MAC)
• Mobility
• Rate control
• DRX (Discontinuous Reception)
• MBMS
• QoS
• Security
101
3GPP LTE
DL Overview
• DL physical channels
– Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
– Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
– Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
– Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
– Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
– Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
• DL physical signals
– Reference signal (RS)
– Synchronization signal
• Available modulation for data channel

– QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM
102
3GPP LTE
DL Physical Channel Processing
Scrambling
Modulation mapping
Mapping onto one or more

Layer mapping
transmission layers
MIMO-related
processing
Generation of signals for each
Precoding
antenna port
Resource element mapping
OFDM signal generation IDFT operation
103
3GPP LTE
DL Reference Signal
• Three types of DL reference signals

– Cell-specific reference signals
• Associated with non-MBSFN transmission
– MBSFN reference signals
• Associated with MBSFN transmission
– UE-specific reference signals
104
3GPP LTE
DL Reference Signal - cont.
• Cell-specific 2D RS sequence is generated as the symbol-by-

symbol product of a 2D orthogonal sequence (OS) and a 2D
pseudo-random sequence (PRS).
– 3 different 2D OS and ~170 different PRS.
– Each cell (sector) ID corresponds to a unique combination of one OS
and one PRS  ~510 unique cell IDs.
• CDM of RS for cells (sectors) of the same eNodeB (BS)

– Use complex orthogonal spreading codes.
• FDM of RS for each antenna in case of MIMO
105
3GPP LTE
DL Reference Signal - cont.
R0 R0
*With normal CP
One antenna port
R0 R0
*3GPP TS 36.211
R0 R0
R0 R0
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
Resource element (k,l)
R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenan port
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3
106
3GPP LTE
DL MIMO
• Supported up to 4x4 configuration.
• Support for both spatial multiplexing (SM) and Tx diversity

(TxD).
– SM
• Unitary precoding based scheme with codebook based feedback
from user.
• Multiple codewords (up to two).
– TxD: SFBC and CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity).
• MU-MIMO supported.
• 3G Americas, “MIMO Transmission Schemes for LTE and HSPA

Networks,” Jun. 2009, available at http://3gamericas.org
107
3GPP LTE
UL Overview
• UL physical channels
– Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
– Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
– Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
• UL physical signals
– Reference signal (RS)
• Available modulation for data channel

– QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM
• Single user MIMO not supported in Release 8.

– But it will be addressed in the future release.
– Multi-user collaborative MIMO supported.
108
3GPP LTE
UL Resource Block
*PUSCH with normal CP
Resource Reference
block (RB) symbols (RS)
Frequency
Subcarrier
1 slot (0.5 ms) One SC-FDMA symbol
Time
109
3GPP LTE
UL Physical Channel Processing
Scrambling
Modulation mapping
Transform precoding DFT-precoding
SC-FDMA
Resource element mapping
modulation
SC-FDMA signal generation IDFT operation
110
3GPP LTE
SC-FDMA Modulation in LTE UL
Localized mapping
Subcarrier with an option of
Mapping adaptive scheduling
or random hopping.
M-
Zeros
1
subcarrier
Serial- Parallel
 x0 , x1 , xN 1 to-
N- M-
-to-  x0 , x1 , xM 1
DFT IDFT
Parallel Serial
One SC-FDMA
symbol
Zeros
0
111
3GPP LTE
UL Reference Signal
• Two types of UL RS
– Demodulation (DM) RS  Narrowband.
– Sounding RS: Used for UL resource scheduling  Broadband.
• RS based on Zadoff-Chu CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero

Auto-Correlation) polyphase sequence
– CAZAC sequence: Constant amplitude, zero circular auto-
correlation, flat frequency response, and low circular cross-
correlation between two different sequences.
  j 2 r  k 2  qk  , k  0,1,2, , L 1; for L even * r is any integer relatively prime
 e L 2  with L and q is any integer.
ak  
r k ( k 1)
  j 2 L  2  qk  , k  0,1,2, , L 1; for L odd
e
B. M. Popovic, “Generalized Chirp-like Polyphase Sequences with Optimal Correlation Properties,”
IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 38, Jul. 1992, pp. 1406-1409.
112
3GPP LTE
UL RS Multiplexing
User 1
User 2
User 3
subcarriers subcarriers
FDM Pilots CDM Pilots
113
3GPP LTE
UL RS Multiplexing - cont.
• DM RS: Associated with PUSCH or PUCCH

– For SIMO: FDM between different users.
– For SU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
– For MU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
• Sounding RS: Not associated with PUSCH or PUCCH

– CDM when there is only one sounding bandwidth.
– CDM/FDM when there are multiple sounding bandwidths.
114
3GPP LTE
Cell Search
• Cell search: Mobile terminal or user equipment (UE) acquires
time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects
the cell ID of that cell.
– Based on hierarchical synchronization signals.
• Primary SS (PSS) and secondary SS (SSS) are

transmitted twice per radio frame (10 ms) for FDD.
• Cell search procedure

1. 5 ms timing identified using PSS.
2. Radio timing and group ID found from SSS.
3. Full cell ID found from DL RS.
4. Decode BCH.
115
3GPP LTE
Random Access
• Non-synchronized random access.
• Open loop power controlled with power ramping similar to

WCDMA.
• RACH signal bandwidth: 1.08 MHz (6 RBs)
• Preamble based on CAZAC sequence. UE eNB
1 Random Access Preamble
RA slot = 1 ms Random Access Response 2
TCP TGP
3 Scheduled Transmission
CP Preamble Contention Resolution 4
* TCP = 0.1 ms, TGP = 0.1 ms
116
3GPP LTE
Other Procedures
• Power control
• Uplink synchronization and uplink timing control
• Hybrid ARQ related procedures
117
3GPP LTE
LTE-Advanced Requirements
• Peak data rate:
– 1 Gbps DL and 500 Mbps UL
• Latency
– Less than 10 ms within Connected mode
– Less than 50 ms from Idle to Connected mode
• Spectrum
– Up to 100 MHz bandwidth
– Support for non-consecutive bands (spectrum aggregation)
• Peak spectrum efficiency

– 30 bps/Hz DL and 15 bps/Hz UL
118
3GPP LTE
LTE-A Features - cont.
• Carrier aggregation
• Enhanced MIMO
• Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission and reception
• Relaying
119
3GPP LTE
LTE-A: Carrier Aggregation - cont.
• In order to support up to 100 MHz bandwidth, two or more

component carriers aggregated
– Component carrier (CC): Basic frequency block which comply with R8
LTE numerology
– Each CC is limited to 20 MHz bandwidth (110 resource blocks).
– Maintains backward compatibility with R8 LTE.
• Supports both contiguous and non-contiguous spectrum.
• Also supports asymmetric bandwidth for FDD.
120
3GPP LTE
100 MHz
CC 20 MHz
60 MHz
Non-contiguous
60 MHz
Contiguous
20 MHz
R8 LTE
121
3GPP LTE
• Downlink multiple access scheme

– OFDMA with CC-based structure: Re-use R8 spec for low cost & fast
development
– One transport block is mapped within one CC.
• Uplink multiple access scheme

– N-times DFT-spread OFDM: Clustered DFT spreading
122
3GPP LTE
LTE-A: Enhanced MIMO
• Downlink MIMO
– Up to 8x8 (8 layer) configuration
– Additional RS: CSI-RS and UE-specific DM RS
– Support for MU-MIMO
– Enhancements to CSI feedback
• Uplink MIMO
– Introduction of UL transmit diversity
– Introduction of up to 4x4 SU-MIMO
– Use of turbo serial interference canceller
123
3GPP LTE
LTE-A: CoMP TX & RX

• Improves coverage, cell-edge performance, and system
throughput
– DL: Joint processing, coordinated scheduling/beamforming
– UL: Multi-point reception
124
3GPP LTE
LTE-A: Relaying
• Improves coverage and cell-edge performance.
• Relay node is wirelessly connected to RAN via a donor cell.
Donor cell
Relay node
125
3GPP LTE
LTE-A Documentations - cont.
• Ongoing progress highlighted in:

– 3GPP TR 36.913, Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA
(LTE-Advanced)
– 3GPP TR 36.814, Further Advancements for E-UTRA Physical Layer
Aspects
126
Outline
WiMAX
127
WiMAX
What is WiMAX?
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• IEEE 802.16-based system profile maintained by WiMAX

Forum
– IEEE 802.16 standards only specify PHY and MAC layers. WiMAX
specifies overall system profile based on 802.16 air interface.
– WiMAX Forum certifies system components to ensure inter
-operability.
• Mobile WiMAX
– Based on IEEE 802.16e-2005 and IEEE 802.16-2004 standards.
128
WiMAX
IEEE 802.16 Evolution
• 802.16 (2002): Line-of-sight fixed operation in 10 to 66 GHz
• 802.16a (2003): Air interface support for 2 to 11 GHz
• 802.16d (2004): Minor improvements to fixes to 16a
• 802.16e (2006): Support for vehicular mobility and

asymmetrical link
• 802.16m (in progress): Higher data rate, reduced latency, and

efficient security mechanism
129
WiMAX
Mobile WiMAX System Profile
System
Release 1.0 Release 1.5 Release 2.0
profile
IEEE 802.16-2004 802.16Rev2 802.16m
Standard 802.16e-2005 802.16j
Wave 1
Certification
Wave 2
•TDD only •TDD & (H)FDD •TDD & FDD
•1x2 SIMO in Wave 1 •Higher VoIP capacity •Candidate for
•2x2 MIMO & beamforming •2x2 UL MIMO IMT-Advanced
Comments in Wave 2 •UL 64-QAM
•Bandwidth: 5, 8.75, & 10 •Bandwidth: up to 20
MHz MHz
•Multi-hop relay
Source: WiMAX Forum
130
WiMAX
Mobile WiMAX Network Architecture
Mobile
Mobile
WiMAX ASN-GW CSN
terminals
base station
ASN
ASN
ASN-GW: Access Service Network Gateway
ASN: Access Service Network
CSN: Core Service Network
131
WiMAX
Mobile WiMAX Network Architecture

- cont.
• Security
– Strong mutual device authentication based on IEEE 802.16
security framework.
• Mobility and handover

– Vertical (inter-technology) handover
– IPv4 or IPv6-based mobility management
– Dynamic and static home address configuration
– Dynamic assignment of Home Agent
• QoS
– Support for different levels of QoS
– Admission control
– Implementation of policies
132
WiMAX
Frame Structure
*IEEE Std 802.16e-2005

133
WiMAX
Frame Structure - cont.
• Preamble: Used for synchronization.

• FCH (Frame Control Header): Provides frame configuration
information such as MAP (Media Access Protocol) message
length, coding scheme, and usable sub-channel.
• DL-MAP and UL-MAP: Provide sub-channel allocation
information.
• UL Ranging: Used to perform closed-loop time, frequency, an
d power adjustment as well as bandwidth requests.
• UL CQICH (Channel Quality Indicator Channel): Used to
feedback channel state information.
• UL ACK: Used to feedback DL H-ARQ acknowledgement.
134
WiMAX
Subchannelization and Slots
• Subchannelization schemes: Ways to divide frequency/time

resources among users
– PUSC (Partial Usage Subchannelization)
– FUSC (Full Usage Subchannelization)
– TUSC (Tile Usage Subchannelization)
– AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding)
• Slot is the basic unit of time/frequency grid.

– Slot contains 48 data subcarriers.
• Localized and distributed resource allocation
135
WiMAX
Advanced PHY Layer Features
• Adaptive modulation and coding
• Hybrid ARQ
• Fast channel feedback via CQICH
• Support for QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM (optional in UL)
136
WiMAX
MAC Features
• QoS Support
– 5 Categories of QoS: Unsolicited grant service (UGS), real-time
polling service (rtPS), extended real-time polling service (ErtPS),
non-real-time polling service (nrtPS), and best-effort service (BE).
• Scheduling service
– Fast data scheduler for both DL and UL
– Dynamic resource allocation
– QoS oriented
– Frequency-selective scheduling
• Mobility management
• Security
137
WiMAX
MIMO Features
• Beamforming
– Improves coverage and capacity and reduces outage
probability.
• Space-time code
– Provides spatial diversity and reduces fade margin.
• Spatial multiplexing
– Achieves higher data rate.
– Up to 2x2 MIMO.
• Adaptive switching among beamforming, space-time coding,

and spatial multiplexing
138
WiMAX
Other Features
• Fractional frequency re-use.
• Ranging: Closed-loop adjustments of time, frequency, and

power.
• Power management through periodic sleep and listen.
139
WiMAX
802.16m Minimum Requirements

• OFDMA for both DL and DL
• Scalable bandwidth
– 5 MHz to 40 MHz as a single RF carrier.
– Higher bandwidth supported by carrier aggregation.
• Full duplex FDD, half-duplex FDD, and TDD

• Data latency: Less than 10 ms
• Up to 8x8 MIMO
• Integrated relay
• IEEE 802.16m working document
– System requirements document (IEEE 802.16m-07/002r6)
– System description document (IEEE 802.16m-07/003r6)
140
Outline
WiMAX
141
Summary
• Key technologies of 4G systems

– Multicarrier-based radio air interface
• OFDMA and SC-FDMA
– Frequency domain equalization
– IP-based flat network architecture
– Multi-input multi-output (MIMO)
– Active interference avoidance and coordination
• Fractional frequency re-use (FFR)
– Fast multi-carrier frequency-selective resource scheduling
142
References and Resources

• 4G enabling technologies
– OFDM/OFDMA
• R. van Nee and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications,
Artech House, 2000.
– Frequency domain equalization
• D. Falconer et al., “Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier
Broadband Wireless Systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, Apr. 2002,
pp. 58-66.
• H. Sari et al., “Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV
Broadcasting,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995, pp. 100-109.
– SC-FDMA
• H. G. Myung & D. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for Long
Term Evolution, John Wiley & Sons, Nov. 2008
• H. G. Myung et al., “Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission,”
IEEE Vehicular Technology Mag., vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006.
• http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma
143
References and Resources - cont.
– MIMO
• A. Paulraj et al., Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications,
Cambridge University Press, May 2003.
• G. L. Stüber et al., “Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications,”
Proceedings of the IEEE, Feb. 2004, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 271-294.
– Multicarrier scheduling
• G. Song and Y. Li, “Utility-based Resource Allocation and Scheduling
in OFDM-based Wireless Broadband Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag.,
vol. 43, no. 12, Dec. 2005, pp. 127-134.
144
• 3GPP LTE
– Spec
• http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
• http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25814.htm (old)
– 3G Americas
• http://3gamericas.org
– http://www.LTEwatch.com
145
• WiMAX
– IEEE 802.16e Spec
• http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.16e-2005.pdf
– IEEE 802.16m working document (http://wirelessman.org/tgm/index.
html)
• System requirements document (IEEE 802.16m-07/002r6)
• System description document (IEEE 802.16m-07/003r6)
• Evaluation methodology document (IEEE 802.16m-07/004r4)
– WiMAX Forum, “Mobile WiMAX - Part I: A Technical Overview and Per
formance Evaluation,” available at http://www.wimaxforum.org/sites
/wimaxforum.org/files/documentation/2009/mobile_wimax_part1_o
verview_and_performance.pdf
146
Questions? Thank you!
WCNC 2010
2010.04.18
Dr. Hyung G. Myung
Qualcomm / Flarion

Towards 4G: Technical Overview of LTE &amp; WiMAX

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Towards 4G: Technical Overview of LTE &amp; WiMAX

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Towards 4G

: Technical Overview of LTE and WiMAX

Introduction and Background

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Summary and References

1983: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X 2009: Apple iPhone 3G

Impact of Wireless Communications

Cellular Wireless Evolution

Systems beyond IMT-2000 (IMT-Advanced)

IMT-2000 global standard | Wideband CDMA (’00s)

Digital modulation & roaming | TDMA & CDMA (’90s)

Analog speech | FDMA (’80s)

• ITU’s Systems beyond IMT-2000 (IMT-Advanced) is set to

• 3GPP is currently developing evolutionary/ revolutionary

• IEEE 802.16-based WiMAX is also evolving towards 4G

• Multiple access schemes

• Broadband wireless channel basics

Fundamental Constraints - cont.

• Fundamental constraints for high data rate communications

Challenges of Wireless Communications

• Multipath radio propagation

Downlink (Forward link)

Uplink (Reverse link)

Multiple Access Schemes

Multiple Access Schemes - cont.

• Access resources can be shared in time, frequency, code,

Multipath Radio Propagation - cont.

Channel Gain [linear]

Multi-Path Channel - cont.

• For broadband wireless channel, ISI and frequency-selectivity

• To resolve the ISI and the frequency-selectivity in the channel,

• There is also Doppler shift in the carrier frequency.

Time-Varying Multi-path Channel

Channel Gain [linear]

Cellular Wireless System

• Cellular network design

Cellular Wireless System - cont.

Frequency re-use = 1 Frequency re-use = 7

Cellular Wireless System - cont.

Cellular Wireless System - cont.

Introduction and Background

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Summary and References

• Frequency domain equalization

• Fast channel-dependent resource scheduling

• Fractional frequency reuse

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

• Use of orthogonal subcarriers makes OFDM spectrally

• Since the bandwidth of each subcarrier is much smaller than

• In the time domain, OFDM takes a high-rate serial data

4 Input data symbols OFDM symbol

• OFDM implementation using discrete Fourier transform (DFT)

*CP: Cyclic prefix

• Design issues of OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

• OFDMA is a multi-user access scheme using OFDM.

Frequency Domain Equalization

• For broadband multi-path channels, conventional time

• Using discrete Fourier transform (DFT), equalization can be

• In DFT, frequency domain multiplication is equivalent to time

• Cyclic prefix (CP) longer than the channel response length is

• Most of the time domain equalization techniques can be

Single Carrier with FDE

* CP: Cyclic Prefix, PS: Pulse Shaping

Towards 4G: Technical Overview of LTE & WiMAX

Towards 4G: Technical Overview of LTE & WiMAX