Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Process Costing
8-1.
Process costing is most likely to be used in industries that produce relatively
homogeneous products using continuous processes.
8-2.
Using the basic cost flow equation, rearrange the terms to solve for the unknown
beginning inventory. From BB + TI – TO = EB, we have:
Beginning Inventory + Current Work – Transferred Out = Ending Inventory.
Rearranging yields:
Beginning Inventory = Transferred Out + Ending Inventory – Current Work
8-3.
With FIFO costing, the units in the beginning inventory are transferred out first. These
beginning inventory units carry with them the costs incurred in a previous period plus the
costs incurred this period to complete the beginning inventory. The costs transferred-out
will tend to be lower. The ending work-in-process inventory will be carried at a cost that is
more current, hence higher.
8-4.
Under FIFO costing, the equivalent units represent only the work done in the current
period. Under weighted average, the equivalent units represent the work associated with
all of the costs charged to work in process regardless of the period in which those costs
were incurred (i.e., including costs from prior periods that are in beginning inventory).
8-5.
Prior department costs behave the same as direct materials, which are typically added at
the start of production. They are treated separately because they represent the
accumulation of costs from previous departments rather than the receipt of materials from
the stores area. It is helpful to separate prior department costs from other costs because
the manager of the department receiving the transferred units has no control over the
costs incurred in prior departments. Thus, the prior department costs are not useful for
evaluating the performance of the manager of the department receiving the units.
8-7.
To assign costs to specific barrels of liquid cleaning products or similarly mass–produced
items requires a considerable amount of record keeping. Assuming products are all the
same, a process costing system provides sufficient information for control purposes.
Record keeping is simplified since all costs in a given month are accumulated in one
account and assigned at the end of the period.
8-8.
This is a fairly common problem. LIFO is usually beneficial for tax purposes when prices
are rising and inventory levels are steady or rising. However, maintaining internal records
on a LIFO basis is often quite burdensome. To avoid the problem, companies usually
maintain their internal accounting records on a FIFO or weighted-average basis and then
make an estimate of the LIFO cost of inventories. The LIFO estimate is usually done on a
highly aggregated basis and employs some form of “dollar value” LIFO estimation.
A company may use LIFO for tax purposes and some other method for internal accounting
purposes. This is an example of the idea of “different costs for different purposes,” which
was discussed in earlier chapters.
8-9.
The results will be the same using either costing system. The important point is that job
costing and process costing are both methods to assign costs incurred to services
completed. When there is only one service, the method of accumulation and assignment
does not affect the final cost.
8-10.
The correct answer is (b). The difference between the weighted-average and FIFO
methods of process costing is how they handle beginning WIP. When there is no
beginning WIP there is no difference between the two costing methods.
Answer (a) is incorrect because both methods assume units are homogeneous. Answer
(c) is incorrect because amounts in beginning inventory will differ between FIFO and
weighted-average. If there are no ending inventories, then the cost of goods manufactured
is the sum of the current costs, which will be the same under both methods, and the costs
in beginning work in process, which can differ. Answer (d) is incorrect because the cost
per equivalent unit can differ and so the costs assigned to the equivalent units in ending
inventory can differ.
8-12.
The correct answer is (b). The weighted-average method of process costing combines the
costs of work done in the previous period and the current period.
8-13.
(e). None of these answers are correct.
Answers (a) and (b) are incorrect because (a) ignores stages of completion and (b) double
counts units started that are still in ending inventory. Answer (c) is incorrect because the
ending inventory should be multiplied by the amount of work done this period, not work
necessary to complete the items. Answer (d) is incorrect because for the same reason as
answer (c): the ending inventory should be multiplied by the amount of work done this
period, not work necessary to complete the items.
a. b.
Materials Conversion Costs
Units transferred out .......................................... 210,000 210,000
Equivalent units in ending inventory:
Materials: 20% x 70,000a units ........................ 14,000 EU
Conversion costs: 10% x 70,000 units............. 7,000 EU
Total equivalent units for all work done to date.. 224,000 EU 217,000 EU
a70,000 units in ending inventory
= 40,000 units in beginning inventory + 240,000 units started this period
– 210,000 units transferred out.
b.
a. Conversion
Materials Costs
Units transferred out ............................................... 50,000 50,000
Equivalent units in ending inventory:
Materials: 100% x 20,000 units............................. 20,000
Conversion costs: 15% x 20,000 units.................. 3,000
Total equivalent units for all work done to date....... 70,000 53,000
b.
a. Conversion
Materials Costs
To complete beginning inventory:
Materials: 0%b x 10,000a units ............................... 0 EU
Conversion costs: 40%c x 10,000 units .................. 4,000 EU
Started and completed during the period.................. 40,000 EU d 40,000 EU
Units still in ending inventory:
Materials: 100% x 20,000 units............................... 20,000 EU
Conversion costs: 15% x 20,000 units.................... 3,000 EU
60,000 EU 47,000 EU
b.
a. Conversion
Materials Costs
Units transferred out....................................................... 120,000 120,000
Equivalent units in ending inventory:
Materials: 100% x 18,000 units .................................... 18,000
Conversion costs: 75% x 18,000 units ......................... 13,500
Total equivalent units for all work done to date .............. 138,000 133,500
b. First-in, First-out (FIFO) method:
b.
a. Conversion
Materials Costs
To complete beginning inventory:
Materials: 0%a x 18,000 units......................... 0 EU
Conversion costs: 40%b x 18,000 units .......... 7,200 EU
Started and completed during the periodc .......... 102,000 EU 102,000 EU
Units still in ending inventory:
Materials: 100% x 18,000 units....................... 18,000 EU
Conversion costs: 75% x 18,000 units............ 13,500 EU
120,000 EU 122,700 EU
= 120,000 units transferred out less 18,000 units from beginning inventory.
b.
a. Conversion
Materials Costs
Units transferred out ............................................... 210,000 210,000
Equivalent units in ending inventory:
Materials: 0% x 40,000 units ............................... 0
Conversion costs: 40% x 40,000 units ................ 16,000
Total equivalent units for all work done to date....... 210,000 226,000
b. First-in, First-out (FIFO) method:
b.
a. Conversion
Materials Costs
To complete beginning inventory:
Materials: 0%a x 50,000 units ........................ 0 EU
Conversion costs: 40%b x 50,000 units.......... 20,000 EU
Started and completed during the periodc ......... 160,000 EU 160,000 EU
Units still in ending inventory:
Materials: 0% x 40,000 units .......................... 0 EU
Conversion costs: 40% x 40,000 units ........... 16,000 EU
160,000 EU 196,000 EU
a 0% = 100% – 100% already done at the beginning of the period (conversion was 60%
complete).
b 40% = 100% – 60% already done at the beginning of the period.
c 160,000 units started and completed
= 210,000 units transferred out less 50,000 units from beginning inventory.
c.
1. The change will reduce the unit cost for the units transferred to finished goods.
2. It is not ethical; there is no reason to believe the change reflects anything other than a
desire for reporting better results.
3. It is unlikely to be successful for long. An accounting system keeps track of actual
costs. If a manager postpones reporting them this period, they will be reported next
period or shortly thereafter.
Physical Materials
Units Eq. Units
Flow of units:
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory ................................ 90,000
Units started this period.................................. 240,000
Total units to account for............................. 330,000
Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred out
Materials (255,000 x 100%) ........................ 255,000 255,000
Units in ending inventory:
Materials (75,000 x 100%) .......................... 75,000 75,000
Total units accounted for ......................... 330,000 330,000
Direct Materials
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory................................. $33,000
Current period costs ..................................................... 105,600
Total costs to be accounted for ................................. $138,600
Cost per equivalent unit
Materials ($138,600 ÷ 330,000 units) .......................... $0.42
Direct
Materials
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Total costs to be accounted for (current period costs only) .......... $105,600
Cost per equivalent unit
Materials ($105,600 ÷ 240,000 units) .............................................. $ 0.44
Physical Conversion
Units Eq. Units
Flow of units:
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory .............................................. 90,000
Units started this period................................................ 1,020,000
Total units to account for........................................... 1,110,000
Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred out
From beginning WIP inventory [90,000 x (1 – 40%)] 90,000 54,000
Started and completed currently (870,000a x 100%) 870,000 870,000
Units in ending inventory:
Conversion (150,000 x 70%)..................................... 150,000 105,000
Total units accounted for ....................................... 1,110,000 1,029,000
a 870,000 units started and completed = 960,000 units transferred-out – 90,000 beginning
WIP units.
Physical
Units Equivalent Units
Materials Conversion
Eq. units Costs Eq. units
Flow of units:
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory .................... 600
Units started this period ..................... 4,000
Total units to account for ................ 4,600
Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred outa ......... 3,400 3,400 3,400
Units in ending inventory .................... 1,200
Materials (1,200 x 40%).................. 480
Conversion costs (1,200 x 20%)..... 240
Total units accounted for ................ 4,600 3,880 3,640
a 3,400 units transferred out = 4,600 units to account for – 1,200 units in ending WIP
inventory.
Direct Conversion
Total Materials Costs
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory ........... $ 2,496 $ 1,952 $ 544
Current period costs ............................... 36,168 22,880 13,288
Total costs to be accounted for ............ $38,664 $24,832 $13,832
Cost per equivalent unit
Materials ($24,832 ÷ 3,880 units) ........... $ 6.40
Conversion costs ($13,832 ÷ 3,640 units) ....... $ 3.80
Direct Conversion
Total Materials Costs
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory .................. $ 2,496 $ 1,952 $ 544
Current period costs....................................... 36,168 22,880 13,288
Total costs to be accounted for.................... $38,664 $24,832 $13,832
Cost per equivalent unit
Materials ($24,832 ÷ 3,880 units)................... $ 6.40
Conversion costs ($13,832 ÷ 3,640) .............. $ 3.80
Costs accounted for:
Costs assigned to units transferred out $34,680 $21,760 a $12,920 b
Cost of ending WIP inventory......................... 3,984 3,072 c 912 d
Total costs accounted for............................. $38,664 $24,832 $13,832
Costs transferred out total $34,680, and costs in ending inventory total $3,984.
Physical
Units Equivalent Units
Materials Conversion
Eq. units Costs Eq. units
Flow of units:
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory ...................................... 600
Units started this period ....................................... 4,000
Total units to account for .................................. 4,600
Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred outa ........................... 3,400
From beginning WIP inventory
Materials (600 x (1 – 60%)) 240
Conversion (600 x (1 – 53%)) 282
Started and completed currently (2,800 x 100%) 2,800 2,800
Units in ending inventory ...................................... 1,200
Materials (1,200 x 40%).................................... 480
Conversion costs (1,200 x 20%)....................... 240
Total units accounted for .................................. 4,600 3,520 3,322
a 3,400 units transferred out
= 4,600 units to account for – 1,200 units in ending WIP inventory.
Direct Conversion
Total Materials Costs
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory................. $ 2,496 $ 1,952 $ 544
Current period costs ..................................... 36,168 22,880 13,288
Total costs to be accounted for .................. $38,664 $24,832 $13,832
Cost per equivalent unit
Materials ($22,880 ÷ 3,520 units) ................. $ 6.50
Conversion costs ($13,288 ÷ 3,322) ............. $ 4.00
Physical
Units Equivalent Units
Materials Conversion Costs
Eq. units Eq. units
Flow of units:
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory ...................... 600
Units started this period........................ 4,000
Total units to account for................... 4,600
Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred outa ........... 3,400
From beginning WIP inventory
Materials (600 x (1 – 60%)) 240
Conversion (600 x (1 – 53%)) 282
Started and completed currently
(2,800 2,800 2,800
x 100%).............................................
Units in ending inventory ...................... 1,200
Materials (1,200 x 40%) .................... 480
Conversion costs (1,200 x 20%) ....... 240
Total units accounted for................... 4,600 3,520 3,322
a 3,400 units transferred out = 4,600 units to account for – 1,200 units in ending WIP
inventory.
Ending inventory is slightly higher under the FIFO method because the unit costs are
higher under FIFO.
Physical
Units Equivalent Units
Materials Conversion Costs
Eq. units Eq. units
Flow of units:
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory............................ 24,000
Units started this perioda 42,000
Total units to account for.......................... 66,000
Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred out (given) ...... 51,000 51,000 51,000
Units in ending inventory............................ 15,000
Materials (15,000 x 80%) ......................... 12,000
Conversion costs (15,000 x 40%) ............ 6,000
Total units accounted for.......................... 66,000 63,000 57,000
a 42,000 units started this period = 66,000 units to account for – 24,000 units in beginning
work-in-process inventory.
Direct Conversion
Total Materials Costs
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory .............. $ 372,480 $ 152,460 $ 220,020
Current period costs................................... 2,685,720 1,171,800 1,513,920
Total costs to be accounted for................ $3,058,200 $1,324,260 $1,733,940
Cost per equivalent unit
Materials ($1,324,260 ÷ 63,000 units)........ $ 21.02
Conversion costs ($1,733,940 ÷ 57,000) ... $ 30.42
Direct Conversion
Total Materials Costs
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory............. $ 372,480 $ 152,460 $ 220,020
Current period costs ................................. 2,685,720 1,171,800 1,513,920
Total costs to be accounted for .............. $3,058,200 $1,324,260 $1,733,940
Cost per equivalent unit
Materials ($1,324,260 ÷ 63,000 units) ...... $ 21.02
Conversion costs ($1,733,940 ÷ 57,000) .. $ 30.42
Costs accounted for:
Costs assigned to units transferred out $2,623,440 $1,072,020 $1,551,420
a b
Costs transferred out total $2,623,440 and costs in ending inventory total $434,760.
a $1,072,020 = 51,000 EU x $21.02 per EU.
b $1,551,420 = 51,000 EU x $30.42 per EU.
c $252,240 = 12,000 EU x $21.02 per EU.
d $182,520 = 6,000 EU x $30.42 per EU.
Physical
Units Equivalent Units
Materials Conversion
Eq. units Costs Eq.
units
Flow of units:
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory............................. 24,000
Units started this perioda 42,000
Total units to account for........................... 66,000
Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred out 51,000
From beginning WIP inventory
Materials (24,000 x (1 – 30%)) ...... 16,800
Conversion (24,000 x (1 – 30%)) .. 16,800
Started and completed ......................... 27,000 27,000
Units in ending inventory............................. 15,000
Materials (15,000 x 80%) .......................... 12,000
Conversion costs (15,000 x 40%) ............. 6,000
Total units accounted for........................... 66,000 55,800 49,800
a 42,000 units started this period = 66,000 units to account for – 24,000 units in beginning
work-in-process inventory.
Direct Conversion
Total Materials Costs
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory .............. $ 372,480 $ 152,460 $ 220,020
Current period costs................................... 2,685,720 1,171,800 1,513,920
Total costs to be accounted for................ $3,058,200 $1,324,260 $1,733,940
Cost per equivalent unit
Materials ($1,171,800 ÷ 55,800 units)........ $ 21.00
Conversion costs ($1,513,920 ÷ 49,800) ... $ 30.40
Physical
Units Equivalent Units
Materials Conversion
Eq. units Costs Eq. units
Flow of units:
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory ............................. 24,000
Units started this perioda 42,000
Total units to account for ......................... 66,000
Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred out 51,000
To complete beginning WIP inventory
Materials (24,000 x (1 – 30%))........ 16,800
Conversion (24,000 x (1 – 30%)) .... 16,800
Started and completed ........................... 27,000 27,000
Units in ending inventory ............................. 15,000
Materials (15,000 x 80%)......................... 12,000
Conversion costs (15,000 x 40%)............ 6,000
Total units accounted for ......................... 66,000 55,800 49,800
a 42,000 units started this period = 66,000 units to account for – 24,000 units in beginning
work-in-process inventory.
Ending inventory is slightly lower under the FIFO method because the unit costs are lower
under FIFO. This means that current costs are slightly lower than last period’s costs.
Because ending WIP inventory is carried at current costs under FIFO, the ending WIP
costs are lower under FIFO.
Physical
Units Equivalent Units
Prior Department
Department No. B
Flow of units:
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory .............................. 15,000
Units started this period ................................ 35,000
Total units to account for ............................ 50,000
Units accounted for:
Completed and transferred out ..................... 45,000 45,000 45,000
Units in ending inventory .............................. 5,000
Prior department (5,000 units x 100%) ....... 5,000
Department No. B (5,000 units x 50%) ....... 2,500
Total units accounted for .......................... 50,000 50,000 47,500
Conversion
Assemblya .............. $ 1,400,000 700,000 525,000 175,000
Special Packaging.. 400,000 –0– –0– 400,000
Total conversion .. $ 1,800,000 $700,000 $525,000 $ 575,000
Total Product Cost $4,600,000 $1,300,000 $2,025,000 $1,275,000
Number of Units 40,000 30,000 10,000
Cost per unit $32.50 $67.50 $127.50
a Unit cost is $17.50 (= $1,400,000 ÷ 80,000 units)
b.
(1)
Conversion
Assemblya $ 1,400,000 300,000 750,000 350,000
Special Packaging 400,000 –0– –0– 400,000
Total conversion cost $ 1,800,000 $300,000 $750,000 $ 750,000
Total Product Cost $4,600,000 $900,000 $2,250,000 $1,450,000
Number of Units 40,000 30,000 10,000
Cost per unit $22.50 $75.00 $145.00
a Unit cost is 50% of material dollars (= $1,400,000 ÷ $2,800,000 material
dollars)
(2) If there is a reason that conversion costs are related to material dollars (for example,
because of the difficulty of working with different materials), this change might be
justified. If it is done simply to shift cost to the cost-plus customer, this is not ethical.
Conversion
Assemblya .............. $120,000 $20,000 $40,000 $52,000 $ 8,000
Polishingb ............... 69,000 –0– 30,000 39,000 –0–
Special Finishingc .... 20,000 –0– –0– –0– 20,000
Packagingd .............. 90,000 15,000 30,000 39,000 6,000
Total conversion ... $299,000 $35,000 $100,000 $130,000 $ 34,000
Total Product Cost...... $834,000 $60,000 $250,000 $390,000 $134,000
Number of Units ......... 5,000 10,000 13,000 2,000
Cost per unit ............... $12.00 $25.00 $30.00 $67.00
EU in ending inventory:
Materials 100% x 40,000 units ......... 40,000 EU
Conversion costs 30% x 40,000 12,000 EU
units .....................................................
EU produced this period ...................... 435,000 EU 407,000 EU
EU in ending inventory:
Prior department costs ..................... 80,000 EU
Materialsb ......................................... –0– EU
Conversion costs 65% x 80,000 52,000 EU
units .....................................................
EU produced this period ...................... 740,000 EU 660,000 EU 712,000 EU
a640,000 started + 100,000 in beg. inv. – 80,000 in ending inv. = 660,000 transferred out.
bMaterials are added at the end of the process.
8-35. (continued)
Conversion Costs
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory .................. $ 258,000
Current period costs....................................... 1,452,000
Total costs to be accounted for................... $1,710,000
Cost per unit for the previous period is $2.15 [= $258,000 ÷ (150,000 equiv. units x 80%)]
Cost per unit for the current period is $2.20 as calculated in (a) above.
a.
Douglas Toys
Assembling Department
Production Cost Report—Weighted Average
FLOW OF PRODUCTION UNITS
(Section 1)
Physical
units
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory ..................... 100,000
Units started this period ....................... 500,000
Total units to be accounted for ................ 600,000
(Section 2)
COMPUTE EQUIVALENT UNITS
Prior Manufacturing
department Materials Labor overhead
costs
Units accounted for:
Units completed and transferred out:
From beginning inventory ................... 100,000
Started and completed currently ......... 300,000
Total transferred out............................ 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000
Units in ending WIP inventory ............... 200,000 200,000 180,000 (90%) 140,000 (70%) 70,000 (35%)
Total units accounted for ......................... 600,000 600,000 580,000 540,000 470,000
a.
Douglas Toys
Assembling Department
Production Cost Report—FIFO
FLOW OF PRODUCTION UNITS (Section 2)
(Section 1) COMPUTE EQUIVALENT UNITS
Prior
Physical department Manufacturing
units costs Materials Labor overhead
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory....................... 100,000
Units started this period ........................ 500,000
Total units to be accounted for ................ 600,000
Units accounted for:
Units completed and transferred out:
From beginning inventory ................... 100,000 –0– –0– 40,000 (40%) 50,000 (50%) b
a
Started and completed currently ......... 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000
Units in ending WIP inventory ............... 200,000 200,000 180,000 (90%) 140,000 (70%) 70,000 (35%)
Total units accounted for ......................... 600,000 500,000 480,000 480,000 420,000
COSTS DETAILS
Prior
Total Costs department Manufacturing
costs Materials Labor overhead
Costs to be accounted for: (Section 3)
Costs in beginning WIP inventory................... $ 127,600 $ 64,000 $ 40,000 $ 14,400 $ 9,200
Current period costs ....................................... 621,800 320,000 192,000 72,000 37,800
Total costs to be accounted for .......................... $749,400 $384,000 $232,000 $86,400 $47,000
Costs Details
Total costs Materials Labor Overhead
Costs to be accounted for: (Section 3)
Costs in beginning WIP inventory .................... $ 2,038,000 $ 400,000 $ 910,000 $ 728,000
Current period costs......................................... 9,224,000 2,600,000 3,680,000 2,944,000
Total costs to be accounted for .......................... $11,262,000 $3,000,000 $4,590,000 $3,672,000
Cost per equivalent unit: (Section 4)
Materials ($3,000,000 ∏ 2,400,000) ............... $1.25
Labor ($4,590,000 ∏ 2,040,000)..................... $2.25
Overhead ($3,672,000 ∏ 2,040,000) .............. $1.80
Costs accounted for: (Section 5)
Costs assigned to units transferred out:
Materials ($1.25 x 1,800,000) ........................ $2,250,000 $2,250,000
Labor ($2.25 x 1,800,000).............................. 4,050,000 $4,050,000
Overhead ($1.80 x 1,800,000) ....................... 3,240,000 $3,240,000
Total costs of units transferred out................... 9,540,000
Costs assigned to ending WIP inventory:
Materials ($1.25 x 600,000) ........................... 750,000 750,000
Labor ($2.25 x 240,000)................................. 540,000 540,000
Overhead ($1.80 x 240,000) .......................... 432,000 432,000
Total ending WIP inventory .............................. 1,722,000
Total costs accounted for ................................... $11,262,000 $3,000,000 $4,590,000 $3,672,000
b. Adjustment required:
Work in Finished
Process Goods
Per problem statement.......... $1,321,920 $562,600
Correct .................................. 1,722,000 530,000 a
Difference.............................. ($400,080) $
32,600
Journal entry:
Work in Process
Beginning Balance 716,000 Transferred out:
Current work: 716,000a From beginning inventory
materials (given) 300,400 From current work
conversion (given) 1,287,000 240,320 a materials
833,976 b conversion costs
Ending Balance 513,104
Additional computations:
a $240,320 = 40,000 EU transferred x ($300,400 ÷ 50,000 EU for materials)
(40,000 EU = 50,000 – 10,000 in ending inventory)
b $833,976 = 40,500 EU transferred out x ($1,287,000 ÷ 62,500 EU for conversion costs;
40,500 EU = 62,500 – 22,000 in ending inventory)
Finished Goods
Transferred in 1,790,296 1,432,237 To Cost of Goods Sold (80%)
a
Balance 358,059
aFrom total credits in Work in Process.
8-41. (40 min.) Prepare a Production Cost Report and Show Cost Flows Through
Accounts—FIFO method: Recyclers, Inc..
Recyclers, Inc.
Production Cost Report—FIFO
a.
FLOW OF PRODUCTION UNITS (Section 2)
Compute Equivalent
Units
(Section 1) Conversion
Physical units costs
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory.................................. 300
Units started this period ................................... 2,700
Total units to be accounted for ........................... 3,000
Units accounted for:
Units completed and transferred out:
From beginning inventory .............................. 300 120 (40%)a
Started and completed currently .................... 2,550 2,550
Units in ending WIP inventory .......................... 150 30 (20%)
Total units accounted for.................................... 3,000 2,700
a40% = 100% – 60% already done at the beginning of the period.
b. Work in Process
Beginning inventory:
Conversion costs 168
This period's costs:
Conversion costs 10,800 10,848a To Finished Goods Inventory
Ending inventory 120
All costs have been accounted for.
Various Payables Finished Goods Inventory
10,800 10,848
a$10,848 = $648 + $10,200
c. The company’s target has been achieved. Production costs total $4.00 per unit, less
than management’s target of $4.25.
Pantanal, Inc.
Assembling Department
Production Cost Report—FIFO
FLOW OF PRODUCTION UNITS (Section 2)
(Section 1) COMPUTE EQUIVALENT UNITS
Prior
Physical units department
costs Materials Conversion
Units to be accounted for:
Beginning WIP inventory ........................... 10,000
Units started this period ............................ 102,000
Total units to be accounted for .................... 112,000
Units accounted for:
Units completed and transferred out:
From beginning inventory........................ 10,000 –0– 4,000 (40)% 6,000 (60%)
a b
COSTS DETAILS
Prior
department
Total Costs costs Materials Conversion
Costs to be accounted for: (Section 3)
Costs in beginning WIP inventory .................... $323,400 $ 98,000 $ 164,400 $ 61,000
Current period costs......................................... 3,306,600 2,142,000 939,600 225,000
Total costs to be accounted for .......................... $3,630,000 $2,240,000 $1,104,000 $286,000
Cost per equivalent unit: (Section 4)
Prior department costs ($2,142,000 ∏ 102,000) $21.00
Materials ($939,600 ∏ 104,400) ....................... $9.00
Conversion ($225,000 ∏ 100,000).................... $2.25
Details
Prior
department
Total Costs costs Materials Conversion
Costs accounted for: (Section 5)
Costs assigned to units transferred out:
Costs from beginning WIP inventory..................................... $ 323,400 $ 98,000 $ 164,400 $
61,000
Current costs added to complete beginning WIP inventory:
Prior department costs........................................................ –0– –0–
Materials ($9.00 x 4,000) ................................................... 36,000 36,000
Conversion ($2.25 x 6,000)................................................ 13,500 13,500
Total costs from beginning inventory .................................... $ 372,900
Current costs of units started and completed:
Prior department costs ($21.00 x 86,000) ............................. $1,806,000 1,806,000
Materials ($9.00 x 86,000) .................................................... 774,000 774,000
Conversion ($2.25 x 86,000)................................................. 193,500 193,500
Total costs of units started and completed.............................. $2,773,500
Total costs of units transferred out ............................................ $3,146,400
Costs assigned to ending WIP inventory:
Prior department costs ($21.00 x 16,000) ............................... $ 336,000 336,000
Materials ($9.00 x 14,400) ...................................................... 129,600 129,600
Conversion ($2.25 x 8,000) ..................................................... 18,000 18,000
Total ending WIP inventory ....................................................... $ 483,600
Total costs accounted for .......................................................... $3,630,000 $2,240,000 $1,104,000 $286,000
Also, using BB = TO + EB – TI
= (4,500 + 1,000) + 900 – 5,600
= 800 units
800 = 1,000X
X = 80%
b. The cost per equivalent unit is obtained by dividing the ending inventory costs by the
equivalent units in ending inventory;
Equivalent units worked this period are the sum of the equivalent units to:
(a) complete the beginning inventory
(b) start and complete some units, and
(c) to start the ending inventory
The total costs incurred are the cost per equivalent unit times the equivalent units
worked this period, that is 112,000 × $8.70 = $974,400.
c.
Units started and completed equals the units transferred out (units completed this
period) less the units started in a previous period (beginning inventory):
Current units started equals units transferred out minus beginning inventory plus
ending inventory or, in equation form:
$56,800 + TI = $270,000
and solving for TI:
TI = $270,000 – $56,800
= $213,200
BB + TI (current work) = TO + EB
$11,400 + $108,600 = $115,200 + EB
EB = $120,000 – $115,200
= $4,800
Equivalent units in ending inventory equals $4,800 divided by the cost per
equivalent unit.
Costs per equivalent unit is the $115,200 transferred out costs divided by the units
transferred out:
$115,200 ÷ 28,800 units = $4 per E.U
EU in EB = $4,800 ÷ $4
= 1,200 EU
The solution to this problem is to apply process costing methods for the conversion
costs and then add the cost of materials for each product. Because there is no
beginning work-in-process inventory, FIFO and weighted-average process costing
gives the same results.
a.
The material costs per unit are:
Conversion
Total Costs
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory ...... $ –0– $ –0–
Current period costs........................... 264,000 264,000
Total costs to be accounted for........ $ 264,000 $ 264,000
Cost per equivalent unit
Conversion costs ($264,000 ÷ 880) ... $ 300
Department B:
Conversion
Total Costs
Flow of costs:
Costs to be accounted for:
Costs in beginning WIP inventory ...... $ –0– $ –0–
Current period costs........................... 42,000 42,000
Total costs to be accounted for........ $ 42,000 $ 42,000
Cost per equivalent unit
Conversion costs ($42,000 ÷ 420) ..... $ 100
a. The CEO and CFO expect to produce profits by reducing the unit cost of each sold.
This will occur because of the fixed overhead costs. (Recall “most of the overhead
costs are fixed.”) Because each unit transferred out in March will have a lower unit
costs, reported costs of goods sold will be lower. Therefore, profit will be higher.
Direct Direct
Cost Information materials labor Overhead
Costs in beginning WIP inventory $76,000 $90,000 $150,000
Costs incurred during the period $95,000 $102,000 $150,000
Equivalent Units
Direct Direct
Units accounted for materials labor Overhead
Units completed and transferred out 390,000 390,000 390,000 390,000
Units in ending WIP inventory 225,000 180,000 191,250 202,500
Total units accounted for 615,000 570,000 581,250 592,500
check total units to be accounted for = total units accounted for? If so, amount = $0 ----> 0
check total costs to be accounted for = total costs accounted for? If so, amount = $0 ----> 0
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
Solutions Manual, Chapter 8 291
Step 3: Calculation of Cost per Equivalent Unit
Direct Direct
materials labor Overhead Total
Total costs to be accounted for (a) $171,000 $192,000 $300,000
Total equivalent units accounted for 570,000 581,250 592,500
Cost per equivalent unit (a) / (b) $0.3000 $0.3303 $0.5063 $1.1367
Step 4: Assign Costs to Units Transferred Out and Units in Ending WIP Inventory
Direct Direct
materials labor Overhead Total
Costs assigned to units transferred out $117,000 $128,826 $197,468 $443,294
Costs assigned to ending WIP inventory 54,000 63,174 102,532 219,706
Total costs accounted for $171,000 $192,000 $300,000 $663,000