Impatient Perl
version: 9 September 2010Copyright 2004-2010 Greg London
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentunder the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNUFree Documentation License".
Cover Art (Front and Back) on the paperback version of Impatient Perl is excluded fromthis license. Cover Art is Copyright Greg London 2004, All Rights Reserved.For latest version of this work go to:http://www.greglondon.com1
Table of Contents
1 The Impatient Introduction to Perl..........................................................................................................71.1 The history of perl in 100 words or less..........................................................................................71.2 Basic Formatting for this Document...............................................................................................71.3 Do You Have Perl Installed.............................................................................................................81.4 Your First Perl Script, EVER..........................................................................................................91.5 Default Script Header......................................................................................................................91.6 Free Reference Material................................................................................................................101.7 Cheap Reference Material.............................................................................................................101.8 Acronyms and Terms....................................................................................................................102 Storage..................................................................................................................................................112.1 Scalars...........................................................................................................................................112.1.1 Scalar Strings.........................................................................................................................122.1.1.1 String Literals.................................................................................................................122.1.1.2 Single quotes versus Double quotes..............................................................................132.1.1.3 chomp.............................................................................................................................132.1.1.4 concatenation.................................................................................................................132.1.1.5 repetition........................................................................................................................132.1.1.6 length..............................................................................................................................132.1.1.7 substr..............................................................................................................................132.1.1.8 split.................................................................................................................................142.1.1.9 join.................................................................................................................................142.1.1.10 qw.................................................................................................................................152.1.1.11 Multi-Line Strings, HERE Documents........................................................................152.1.2 Scalar Numbers......................................................................................................................162.1.2.1 Numeric Literals............................................................................................................162.1.2.2 Numeric Functions.........................................................................................................162.1.2.3 abs..................................................................................................................................162.1.2.4 int...................................................................................................................................162.1.2.5 trigonometry (sin,cos)....................................................................................................172.1.2.6 exponentiation................................................................................................................172.1.2.7 sqrt..................................................................................................................................172.1.2.8 natural logarithms(exp,log)............................................................................................182.1.2.9 random numbers (rand, srand).......................................................................................182.1.3 Converting Between Strings and Numbers.......................................................................192.1.3.1 Stringify.........................................................................................................................192.1.3.1.1 sprintf.....................................................................................................................192.1.3.2 Numify...........................................................................................................................202.1.3.2.1 oct...........................................................................................................................212.1.3.2.2 hex..........................................................................................................................212.1.3.2.3 Base Conversion Overview....................................................................................212.1.4 Undefined and Uninitialized Scalars.....................................................................................222.1.5 Booleans................................................................................................................................232
2.1.5.1 FALSE...........................................................................................................................242.1.5.2 TRUE.............................................................................................................................242.1.5.3 Comparators...................................................................................................................252.1.5.4 Logical Operators...........................................................................................................262.1.5.4.1 Default Values........................................................................................................272.1.5.4.2 Flow Control..........................................................................................................272.1.5.4.3 Precedence..............................................................................................................272.1.5.4.4 Assignment Precedence..........................................................................................272.1.5.4.5 Flow Control Precedence.......................................................................................282.1.5.4.6 Conditional Operator..............................................................................................282.1.6 References..............................................................................................................................292.1.7 Filehandles.............................................................................................................................312.1.8 Scalar Review........................................................................................................................322.2 Arrays............................................................................................................................................322.2.1 scalar (@array)......................................................................................................................332.2.2 push(@array, LIST)...............................................................................................................342.2.3 pop(@array)...........................................................................................................................342.2.4 shift(@array)..........................................................................................................................352.2.5 unshift( @array, LIST)..........................................................................................................352.2.6 foreach (@array)....................................................................................................................362.2.7 sort(@array)...........................................................................................................................372.2.8 reverse(@array).....................................................................................................................382.2.9 splice(@array).......................................................................................................................392.2.10 Undefined and Uninitialized Arrays....................................................................................392.3 Hashes...........................................................................................................................................392.3.1 exists ( $hash{$key} )............................................................................................................412.3.2 delete ( $hash{key} ).............................................................................................................422.3.3 keys( %hash ).........................................................................................................................422.3.4 values( %hash )......................................................................................................................432.3.5 each( %hash ).........................................................................................................................432.4 List Context...................................................................................................................................472.5 References.....................................................................................................................................492.5.1 Named Referents...................................................................................................................502.5.2 References to Named Referents.............................................................................................502.5.3 Dereferencing........................................................................................................................502.5.4 Anonymous Referents...........................................................................................................512.5.5 Complex Data Structures.......................................................................................................532.5.5.1 Autovivification.............................................................................................................542.5.5.2 Multidimensional Arrays...............................................................................................552.5.5.3 Deep Cloning, Deep Copy.............................................................................................562.5.5.4 Data Persistence.............................................................................................................562.5.6 Stringification of References.................................................................................................562.5.7 The ref() function...................................................................................................................573 Control Flow.........................................................................................................................................583.1 Labels............................................................................................................................................603.2 last LABEL;..................................................................................................................................603.3 next LABEL;.................................................................................................................................603
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