VIETNA_MESE

BASIC COURSE VOLUME ONE

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION and

LESSONS 1 . 10

BY

ELEANOR H. JORDEN, CHARLES R. SHEEHAN,

NGUYEN-HY-QUANG & ASSOCIATES

FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE

WASHINGTON, D.C.

1967

o EPA R T MEN T 0 F S TAT E

FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE BASIC COURSE SERIES Edited by

LLOYD B. SWIFT

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.75

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface. . . . . . • • • . • • • . . . • . . . • . . . • . . • . • . . • • . . . . . . • . . . • • • . . . . • • • • • . . • iii

PART ONE: GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION

Introduction ..•.••....••......•.......•..•..•..••....••.....•.•..• Ini tial Consonants ...•.......•...••...•..••..••.•••..•..••.••••.•• Vowels ....•...•.•...••..•...•.•.••..•••....••.•....••..•...•••...• Tones ....•......•....•..•....•••.•..••...••..•...•......•.•.......

Initial Consonants (continued) .

Tone Sequence Drills ••.••.•..••.•••.••••...•...••••••...•.•...•... Final Consonants: Nasals .•..•.•..•..•.......•....•.•......••..... Vowels (continued) ..•••.•.•••••..•.•••••..••.••.•..•.•...•.•..•••• Final Consonants: stops .••.•..•.•...•...•...•..•.•...•....•..••..

Final Consonants: Coarticulated Nasals and Stops .

Dipthongs .•..•...•....•........•...•...................•..........

Supplementary Tone Sequence Drills .

PART TWO: LESSONS 1 THROUGH 10

Introduction ..•...••.••..••....••••.•....•.•..••....•........••••• Pro ced ures .•..•••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••..•.••••••.•.••••• Tapes ..•......•..•••.•..•.•...•••••••..••••••........•••••... Special Symbols ••..•••.•.••••••.••••••..••...•......•....••••

LESSON 1

BASIC DIALOGUE ...••.....••...•......•••..••...••...•..••...••..

Notes on the Basic Dialogue .•.•..•....•...••..•••.••••..•.•....

Grammar No tes ..••.•..••.•.....•.•..•.•••..•....••.••....••..••.

I ACTION VERBALS: di and l<;l.~ ........••........••....•.•

II c'iJ.ng' too' .••.•.••.••......••.•.•.•.•.••.••••.•.••..•• DRILLS ..•.••.•..•••.•.••.••.••••••••.•..••••••.••••••••.•...•.. SUPPLEMENT ••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•..•••••••••••• EXERCISES. " •..••.•..••.••....•••••..•...••...••..•...••......•

LESSON 2

BASIC DIALOGUE ...••••...••••••.•.••••••..••..••....•....••..••.

Notes on the Basic Dialogue ...•.••........•••........•......•..

Grammar Notes ....••..•....••.•••...•....•..•........•••.•••.••.

I COPULA: 13. ..••••..•..•.....•.•..•.......•.•..•..••..

II STATIVE VERBALS .....•....•....•.......••...•....•••..

III Questions: ~-khong with Stative Verbals ..

IV Questions: £hh khong ..

V Modification of Nominals .

DRILLS ...................•...•.....•......•....•.........•...•• SUPPLEMENT ..••.•••..••.•.••...••..••..•.....•......•••••••.•••• EXERCISES ...••...••.••....•••••...••...•...••••••...••..••••.••

LESSON 3

BASIC DIALOGUE ...•.•..........••••.....••..•.....•••.....•..•..

Notes on the Basic Dialogue .

Grammar Notes .....•..••••..••.••.•.••••••....•.•••....•.••.....

I Nationalities and Languages .

II Action Verbal + Time Word .

III mo.i ,just' ..•....•••...•••.........•.•.•..••.•....••.

DRILLS .••....•.••••..•..••••••..•.•.•••..•.•••...•.•.••...•••.• SUPPLEMEN'r ..••.••••.••..•••.••..•••.•••.•..•.••••••••••••••.••. EXERCISES .•.•..•.••••••••••••.•.••.••••..•••.•.•.•••••••...••••

ix xi xi

xvii xxv xxxii xl xlii xliii xlv xlvii liii

lxiii xliv lxvii lxviii

1 2 3 3 3 4

9

11

12 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 17 34 38

39 41 41 41 42 42 42 57 59

v

LESSON 4

BASIC DIALOGUE ••••••••••••••••••.•••.••.•••••.••••••..•••..•••.

Notes on the Basic Dialogue ••••••..•.•.••.••..•.•.••••.•....•..

Grammar Notes ....•••••••••••••••••..••.•.••.••.•.•..•••••••••.• I More about di I go I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

II khong Questions .

III chua and rai •..•••••••••••••••.•••••..•.•..•••••..••• -rv Telling Time. - - ••••.•.•••.••••••.••••.••.•••••.••.••.

V Time Expressions + Verbal ••••••••••.••.••...•••••••.•

VI Nega ti ve of Verbals .•.••.••••.•..••.••..•••..•.•....•

VII con- n\la ...•••.•.•.••••..•.•..•••..••••...•••••.....

-- --

DRILLS ••••.•..•• ' .•.•• , ••..•.•••..••••••..•••••••.•.•..•.•..•...

SUPPLEMENT •••.••.••••••••.••••••••••.••••••••.••.•••••.••.••••. EXERCISES ..•.•••.•••••••••••••••••.•.••.••••••..••..•..••••••••

LESSON 5

BASIC DIALOGUE ••••••••••••.••••••••••••...•••••••••••••••.••••• Notes on the Basic Dialogue •.••••.••...•••••••.••••.••••••••.•. Grammar Notes ••••.••.••••.••••••••••...•••••••.•••••••..•••••••

I More on Telling Time •••••.•••••••.•••••..•••••...•.•• II Commands and Requests •••••••••••••.•••••••••.••••••.•

III ~4.E. .

IV nen I therefore I, I so I ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

DRILLS •.••••••••••••..••••••••••••••••.•••••.•.•.••..•.•••••••• SUPPLEMENT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• EXERCISES .••••••••••••••.••.••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

LESSON 6

BASIC DIALOGUE ••••••••.••••.•••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Notes on the Basic Dialogue ..•••••••••••••••••••••.•••.•••••••• Grammar Notes .••••••••••.••.•••••.•••••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••

I mu~n .•.••..••••.••.•••••..•••••••..•••••••••...•••.•• II dinh ..•.•.••••......•••••...•.••...••...••.•....•.••.

--t:-- ~

III va·i and bAng ••.•••••••..••.•.....••.•••.••...•••.•..•

IV sentence Particles: chd and di .....•..•...•....•.••.

V dl1~ •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••

VI Time Expressions: ~Qt g~ ~a .•••.••.••••....•••....

DRILLS •.•••••.••••••••.••.•..••.•..••.•...•...••••••.•.......•. SUPPLEMENT .•..••..•.•••..•.•...•.•••...•.•.•..•...••.•..•....•. EXERCISES ••••••.••••..•••••.••••..••.••....•..•...••.•.•••....•

LESSON 7

BASIC DIALOGUE ...•.••••••.•...•....•.•.•••.....•.••••••••••..•.

Notes on the Basic Dialogue ...•.•.•.•....••....•.•...........••

Grammar Notes .••.•.•••.•••..••.•...•.••.•.•...•...•......•...•.

I Counters ....•....••.•.•.••...............•.....•..•.•

II c\t. .

III More on Num~ers: tram and, ch~£ ••.•••.•..•..•..••••..

IV Nominal + g! - Nominal +~ .........•...............

V Indefinites .••..•..••••.•••..•.•..•....•.....••.•....

VI Comparison of Two Items .•...•••....•.••..••••.•.••...

DRILLS .•.•.•.••.•.•••.•••.•••••...••••.•••••••.•..•.•••.•....•. SUPPLEMENT .•..•••...•••...•.•••.••.•••......••.....••....•..•.. EXERCISES ....••••••....••••.•••••.••.••..•.•••..••...•.•.....•.

vi

60
62
62
62
63
63
64-
64
65
65
66
87
90
92
94
95
95
96
96
96
97
115
119
121
124
125
125
125
125
126
127
129
130
157
161
164 ,
166
166
166
168
168
170
171
172
172
197
200 LESSON 8

BASIC DIALOGUE................................................. 203

Notes on the Basic Dialogue.................................... 205

Grammar Notes. . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 205

I More About cung and ~a..... 205

II cho Igivel...............•........•.................. 206

III More About Numbers: ~gan and Abbreviated Numbers.... 207

DRILLS................ ...........•........•.....•...•..•.... ... 208

SUPPLEMENT. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

EXERCISES. . . . • • . . . . . • • . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . 232

LESSON 9

BASIC DIALOGUE................................................. 234

Notes on the Basic Dialogue.................................... 236

Grammar Notes.................................................. 236

I do and n~y Following Nominals............ .......•...• 236

II IHave [you] ever -- ?' . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 237

III Verbal Modifiers of Nominals. 238

IV Verbal + thtt......................................... 238

V Impersonal Verbs..................................... 239

VI Interrogative Words + cung........................... 239

VIr Superlative Degree............................... .... 240

VIII thl.................................................. 240

DRILLS. .....................•......•..•.....•.........••....... 241

SUPPLEMENT. . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 263

EXERCISES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

LESSON 10

BASIC DIALOGUE................................................. 272

Notes on the Basic Dialogue.................................... 274

Grammar Notes .................•••.......................•..... 275

I gium................................................. 275

II cJJJ..ct.c khang?.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

III them or 1:.<il-!' • • • . • • • • • • . . • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • . . • • . • . • • 276

IV Approximate Numbers.................................. 276

DRILLS .....•......... " .. 277

SUPPLEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 300

EXERCISES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

GLOSSARY. . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

PICTURE PLATES...................................................... 321

vji

PART I: GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the Guide to Pronunciation is to familiarize a student with the pronunciation of Southern Vietnamese to the point where he can recognize and reproduce with facility all its commonly occurring sounds and sequences of sounds.

,

The method underlying the presentation involves listening, contrasting, recognizing, and imitating. The material has been presented as simply as possible, always with the beginning student, rather than the professional linguist, in mind. While some technical phonetic descriptions are included for those who understand them, they can be ignored by the student with limited linguistic background.

This guide should be used in conjunction with the accompanying tape recordings. To try to learn Vietnamese pronunciation by reading the text without reference to the recordings would be as useless as trying to learn to play the piano by reading music without· ever touching a keyboard.

The student's ability to use this guide effectively will be determined largely by his willingness to follow the specific instructions provided at each step. He must also be careful never to move ahead until he has thoroughly mastered what has already been introduced, by going over each section as many times as he requires.

A word of caution: While this guide uses conventional Vietnamese spelling, it aims primarily at teaching a student how to pronounce - not

how to read - Vietnamese. Accordingly, all drills should be practiced

first with the book closed. Those students who are also interested in developing a reading skill can use the guide to practice reading in addition to - but not in place of - pronunciation practice. AFTER mastering the pronunciation, such students can use the Familiarization Drills and Mimicry Drills for reading practice: by reading each item in these drills BEFORE

it occurs on the tape, their reading can be confirmed (or corrected) by the tape.

This guide should be used not only as an introduction to pronunciation but also for remedial purposes later. Students having pronunciation difficulties should review appropriate drills repeatedly until the difficulties are cleared up.

ix

Initial Consonants

I Chart 1. stands for a sound 1
'file symbcl: approximately like: Phonetic description:
m- 'm" in 'man' Voiced, bilabial nasal
-
Eh- 'ph' in 'photo' Voiceless, labio-dental
fricative
x- 's' in 'sun' Voiceless, apico-alveolar
fricative
n- 'n' in 'now' Voiced, ap i co -al veolar
- nasal
!,- 'I' in 'line' Voiced, apico-alveolar
lateral
d- !J 's ' in 'yet' Voiced, high front,
or i- (before unrounded semivowel
h- 'h' in 'hog' Voiceless, glottal
fricative Vowels

I Chart 2. stands for a sound
The symbol: somewha t 1 ike:: Phonetic description:
! - iL2 'i' in 'machine' High, front, unrounded
vowel 2A. Familiarization Drill

(A Familiarization Drill is a listening drill. drill the student is required to listen only. signal for listening is a short beep.)

i3 mi i ly

i phi i di

i xi i hi

__________ ~--. __ ------------~i- ni

lThese descriptions are general. There is often some variation depending on environment. Always imitate exactly what you hear. 2But the combination ~ + i ~9re another yowel stands for a sound like the 'y-' in 'yet'.- Cf. Chart 1. The symbol N means 'alternates wi th '.

3Note that if a Vietnamese vowel would otherwise occur initially in

a syllable, it is regularly preceded by a glottal stop.

During this kind of On the tape, the

xi

23. Mimicry Drill

(Mimicry Drills require repetition. The student repeats what he has heard, in the space provided. The signal for repetition is a long be ep , )

mi phi xi ni ly di hi

mi phi xi ni ly di hi

mi phi xi ni ly di hi

I Chart 3. stands ['or a sound
The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description:
e 'e' in 'late' Upper-mid, front,
unrounded vowel •

3A. Famil iari za tion Drill
e me e 19
e phS e de
e xe e he
e ne
33. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej (In all Discrimination Drills, the student hears a pair of utterances. If both members of the pair sound the same, he is to say "Same". If the two members of the pair sound different, he is to say nDifferent". A con['irmation (or correction) of his answer is given on the tape. The signal for Discrimination Drills and all other answering drills is two short beeps.)

3C. Mimicry Drill

me me me

phe phe phe

xe xe xe

ne ne ne

rs rs i.s

de de de

he he he

3D. Recognition Drill JOn Tapej

(In Recognition Drills, the student is required to recognize a given sound [or sequence of sounds] whenever he hears it. The sound to be recognized is announced at the beginning of the drill. ',Vhen the student hears an utterance containing the designated sound, he repeats the utterance in the space provided; his recognition is confirmed by the striking of a gong. ANY U'rTERANCE 'dHICH DOES NOT CONTAIN THE DESIGNATED SOUND SHOULD NOT 3E REPEATED; following such utterances the gong will not sound. The signal for Recognition Drills is two short beeps.)

xii

3E. Mimicry Drill
phi phe phe phi
mi me me mi
ni ne ne ni
ly le rs ly
hi he he hi
xi xe xe xi
di de de di 1 Chart 4. stands for a sound
The symbol: some wha t 1 ike: Phonetic description:
~ 'e' in 'keg' Lower-mid, f'r-orrt ,
unrounded vowel 4A. Familiarization Drill
e me e le
e phe e de
e xe e he
e ne
4B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej
4C. l-amicry Drill
me me me
phe phe phe
xe xe xe
ne ne ne
le Ie le
de de de
he he he
4.0. Recognition Drill IOn 'rapej
4E. Himicry Drill
phi phe phe
mi me me
ne ne ni
le ly 18
hi he he
xe xe xi
di de de I Chart stands for' a sound
5. The symbol: s orne wha t 1 ike: Phonetic description:
~ 'ah' in 'bah' Low, i'ront, unrounded
vowel SA. Famil iari za tion Drill
a ma a la
a pha a gia
a xa a ha
a na xiii

SE. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
Se. r-:imicry Drill
ma ma ma
pha pha pha
xa xa xa
na na na
1a 1a 1a
gia gia gia
ha ha ha
SD. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
SE. Himicry Drill
phe phe pha
xe xa xe
H 1a 1e
ha he he
de gia de
ne ne na
ma Ine me I Chart stands .for a sound
6. The symbol: some wha t like: Phonetic description:
-
0 'aw' in 'saw' Lower-mid, back, rounded
vowel
-"--- 6A. Fanil iari za tion Drill
0 mo 0 10
0 pho 0 do
0 xo 0 ho
0 no
613. Discrimination Drill Ian Tapel
6e. 1:imicry Drill
mo mo mo
p ho p no pho
xo xo xo
1
no no no
10 10 10
do do do
ho ho ho
6D. Hecognition Drill Ian Tapel
bJO.. I";irnicry Drill
de r:ria do
C">
la 10 1e
no na ne
xa xe xo
ha ho he
ma me mo
pho pha P!16 xiv

I Chart stands fOr a sound
7. The symbol: s ome wha t 1 ike: Phenetic description:
a 10 I in lobey' Upper-mid, back ,rounded
- vOHel 7A. Familiarization Drill
a mO 0 115
0 pho 6 d8
8 x6 0 hO
0 nO
7B. Discrimination Drill len Tapel
7C. rUmicry Drill
mo mo mO
phO phO phB
xB xB xB
nB nB nB
18 113 113
do dO do
hO hO be
7D. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
7E. Mimicry Drill
mo mo m8 mo
pho pho phO pho
xo x6 x8 xo
no n6 no no
10 16 113 10
do d6 do do
ho ho ho ho L~hart stands for a sound
8.. 'fhe symbol: s ome wha t 1 ike: Phonetic description:
--
u 'ul in 'thrul High, back, rounded
- vowel 811.. Famil iari za tion Drill
u InU u Iu
u phu u du
u xu u hu
u nu
8e. It.imicry Drill
rou mu mu
phu p hu phu
xu xu xu
nu nu nu
III lu lu
du du du
hu hu hu xv

I Chart stands l"or a souna
9. The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description:
u 'u' in 'sugar' High, back, unrounded
- vowel 9A. Familiarization Drill
u mu u lu
u phu u du
'.1 xu u hu
tt ml
9B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
9C. Mimicry Drill
nn1 nn1 nn1
phtt phu phu
xu xU xu
ntt nu nu
lu lu Itt
du du du
htt hu hu
9D. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
9E. Mimicry Drill
mi nn1 mu
phi phtt phu
xi xu xu
ni ntt nu
ly Itt lu
di du du
hi hu hu IChart 10. stands l"or a sound --
The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description:
d 'u' in 'mug' Nid, back, unrounded
- vowel lOA. Familiarization Drill
d md d Id
d phd d gid
d xd d hd
d nd
lOB. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel xvi

roc, f1imicry Drill
a d d
rnd rrKi md
phd phd phd
xd xo xo
no no nel
Id 10 10
gio eio gio
ho ho ho
lODe Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
10E. Himicry Drill
mu rrKi mo
phu phc' p ho
xu xo xo
net nd no
lu Id 10
du gid do
hu hd ho 'rones

Vietnamese is a tone language. 'I'h i.a means that the musical pitch (and pitch contour) of a word is a meaningful part of its pronunciation. Hany pairs of words are distingu.ished only by their tones: they are identical except for their tones but are entirely different wcrds.

xvii

The following graph represents the comparative contours of the five tones of Southern Vietnamese. graph are numbered for convenience of description. do not normally refer to the tones by numbers.

pitch levels and The tones in the The Vietnamese

'-Chart 11. Tone Diacritic Description
(1 ) Levell. none ;.-addle pitch and level contour.
This tone is slightly higher in
pitch than the middle range of the
average b;nglish speaker.
(2 ) High-Rising (~~, 2 Starts on a slil~htly hi~her pitch
, I
than (1 ) and rises sharply.
This tone is comparatively loud and
has a squeaky quality in the
terminal stage.
D) l-1id-Rising (v) or (if) starts lower than (1) , falls
slightly, and rises above u ) but
not as high as (2) • 'rhis tone
gains in loudness as it rises.
Length is :';>,130 a feature.
(4) Low-Falllng (v) starts lower than (1) , falls to a
lower pitch and levels off.
'rhis tone is also characterized by
its relaxed quality.
( 5) Low-Rising (y) 'rhis tone starts approximately
where (4) ends, falls, and then
rises abruptly.
One of its distinctive features is
an accompanying ti~htness in the
throat (glottal s tric tu r-e ) •
-- 'The format of the tone drills is the same as for Vowel Drills. ,vhile doing these drills, the student must pay very careful attention to the pitch level, contour, and length of the utterance. The length of the vo we L s o und ma y var;; dop e nd i.ng on the tone.

l.All words drilled so far have been level-tone words. 2 'Y' stands for any vo we L symbol.

xviii

Tones (1),(2): A. Familiarization Drill
(1 ) pha xe rod gi~ hll d§ 10 phi phu
(2) ph~ , , , 10
xe {'1d gia xu de phi phu
Tones (1),(2): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
Tones (1) , (2) : C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
Tones (1),(2): D. Himicry Drill
pM '" ". ".
pho p1:}o pho
,
no nq n9 no
mo m9 mo mo
• .
xE$ xe xe xe
Ie le le le Tones (1),(2): E. Expansion Drill

(In Expansion Drills, the student repeats the word given as a cue, and adds a word differing from the first in its tone only; which tone the second word is to have is indicated by a model at the beginning of the drill.

A confirmation [or correction] of the student's utterance follows the pause for participa t Lcn , ]

In this particular drill, if the cue is a Tone (1) word, the student's response is a repetition of that word plus the corresponding word with Tone (2); if the cue is a Tone (2) word, the student's response is a repetition of that word plus the corresponding word with Tone (1). 'rhus:

A

Hodel: Cue with 'fone (1): pha Student Hesponse: ph8 pho

or " A
Cue with Tone (2) : pho 3tudent Response: I2ho pha
PIta pl}6 A
Cue: Student Response: pho
no no no
,
x~ xl1 xe
lu 1u IlJ
mo mo mo
l~ ,
l~ Ie
mo mo mo Tones (1),(3): A. Familiarization Drill
(1) rod xa gio III n6 phu phi Ie dg
, N , IJ t ph~ i , d~ ,
(3) mo' xa gio no phl. Ie 0'
Tones (1) , (3) :. B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
Tones (1),(3): C. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
Tones (1),(3): D. Mimicry Drill
t ,
md mo' 0' xa
, -
xa xa 0' my
. , gio ph~
gl.O xa
d lJ md nB
t
ne nB 1~ md xix

Tones (1),(3): E. Expansion Drill
Hodel: Cue with Tone (1) :
or
Cue wIth Tone (J) :
Cue:
md
111
•
phu
i s
mi
,
xe
Tones (2),(3): A. Familiarization Drill md

, Student Response:_~~_

, ,

md Student Response:~~~

Student Response:

I
md md
111 l~
,
phu phu
,
Ie rs
mi -
my
,
xe xe (2) mi , gi~ , , , , " "
phu xe no ha mo' he 10
(J) I dB: l~ ru:. , md he
my phu xe 18
Tones (2),(3): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
'I'on e s (2), (J): C. Recognition Drill IOn Tape/
Tones (2),(3): D. Mimicry Drill
m! my ha my
h~ ha l~ ,
8ia
md m~ , -
xe my
l~ gia l~ ha
, md md ,
md xe Tones (2) ,(3): E. Expansion Drill Model: Cue

Cue

with Tone (2) :
or
with Tone (J) :
Cue: ,
rod
,
lu
. '
r,l.a
t
ha
,
mi
,
xe
,
no ~ Istudent Response: rod rod md Student Response:

Student Response: rod lu

,

gia

h~ m!

I ,
md md
,
md
l~
,
gia
,
ha
my
,
xe
t
no I xe

,

no

Tones (1), (4): A. Familiarization Drill

(1) 1a hO ne mu phi phd di 111 10 (4) la hO n~ mu phi phd gil. 1~ 10

l.Remember that di and ~ are jus t two ways of spell ing the same syllable. Compare 'Phil and 'filI in English. Given the spelling, the pronunciation is predictable, but given the pronunciation, the traditional spelling is not predictable.

xx

Tones (1), (4):

Tones (1), (4):

Tones (1), (4) :

Tones (1), (4):

B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
D. r'iimicry Drill
Ie. la Ie. ,
g~
phi phi ,_
ho 111
111 Itt phi phd
,_ "" ,
ne ne mu hi
phd phd ne 1e.
E. Expansion Drill MOdel: Cue with Tone (1) : l~ I Student rlesponse: la la
or
Cue wITh Tone (4) : la Student Response: 18. la
Cue: la tudent Response: 1a 18.
, gi di
gl.
,_ "" h8
ho ho
phi phi phi
Itt Itt Lu
,
mu mu rou Tones (2) ,(4): A. Familiarization Drill

Tones (2), (4) :

Tones (2), (4):

Tone s ( 2) , (4) :

'Pone s (2), (4) :

•

rocJ

..

g~a

gi8.

t x~

'\ X~

ph~

,_

Ie

0. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
D. Himicry Drill
, la md la
1a
ght 'Si8. , gia
phu
rri:J md 10 ph~
10 10 ,_ ,..
ho ho
, , 1; ,
phu phu ::;1
E. Expan s Lon Drill Hodel: Cue with Tone (2) : 1a\student Hesponse: .1; .1i.
or
Cue with 'rone (4) : 18. Student j~esponse : 1.~_1...~_
Cue: la IStudent Hesponse: la 18.
rod rod ,
md
phu phu ,
I phu
. ' . '
8~a g~a gia
" I
ho A ,..
ho ho
10 I 10 10 xxi

Tones (3), (4) :

Tones (3), (1~) :

Tones (3), (4):

Tones (3), (4):

A. Faroil iari za tion Drill
(J) - 18 , , , - phD , ,
my ha rod 111 xa ho de
(4) mt 1~ , md 111 . phO " "
ha xa ho Ie
B. Discrimination Drill IOn 'rapej
C. He cogni tion Drill IOn Tapej
D. ]'limicry Drill
, , - 1\1
ha ha xa
, !lV1 , •
md roci ha
" a s l rOC;
Ie ro~
- , -
, 16
roy 1Il~ xa
, 1\1 I~ md
Itt Tones (3), (I~): E. Expansion Drill Nadel: Cue

Cue

with I'orre U}:
or
with Tone (lj.) :
-
Cue: xa
,
md
Ie
1\1
ml
I
ha x~ !Student Response: - ,
xa xa
----
, -
xa Student Response: xa xa
Student Response: - ,
xa xa
md ,
rod
16 "
1e
1\1 1~
ml -
my
, ha
ha Tones (1),(5): A. Famil Lar- i za t ion Drill
(1 ) gia 10 xa mO' i s me no no dtt
( 5) dlf 19 Xli- rn,! 1~ mit nQ n9 d1J.
Tones (1) , (5) : D. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej
Tones (1) , (5) : c. Recognition Drin IOn 'Tapej
Tones (1) , (5) : D. ?Hmicry Drill
dlJ. gia rill- 1I1'!
lQ 19 10 lG
mO' m,! <ill- xa
r.ha p ha m~ md
III Ii me dlJ. 16 xxii

..

Tones (l),{S): E. Expansion Drill Nodel: Cue wi th or Cue wITh

Cue:

Tones (2),(5):

Tone (I) : gia Student Response: gia d~
Tone (5) : ~~ Student Response: d~ gia
d~ Student Response: d~ gia
pha p ha ph~
rrq met rod
10 10 l~
me me Pl~
l~ l~ le A. Famil iari za tion Drill
(2) , phu , , , " A , ,
mi gia me no 10 de xu rocJ
(S) mt phlJ. d~ mli nQ l~ l~ d1J. met
B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej
C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapej Tone s (2), (5) :

Tones (2), (5):

Tones (2),(5): D. Mimicry Drill

. '

gl.a

,

no

phlJ. mi

Tones (2) ,(5): E. Expansion Drill Model: Cue with Q.r Cue with

'I'orie s (3), (5):

I'cn e a (3),(:)): 'I'orie a (3), (!;):

Cue:

d~ d~ ,
no
gia ,
rn~ me
phlJ. ,
nli' no
ph~ mi nQ
m} llJ. In}
Tone (2) : mt Student Response: mi m~ Tone (5) : ~} Student Response: ml m!
d~ Student Response: d~ . '
gl.a
, ,
me me m~
, ph~ phlJ.
phu
,
nQ n9 no
,
llJ. IlJ. lu
. ' gia d~
gl.a A. Fam i L iari ze tion Drill
• 18: - • na - lJ l~
(3) lfld he phu my 10
(5) met l~ h~ phlJ. n9 m} d1J. 19 h~
B. Discriminat::'on Drill jon Tapej
C. decogni t Lori Drill IOn 7apej xxiii

Tones U), (5):

Tones (3), (5) :

D. Mimicry Drill
, WI
rocJ
n~ n~
l~ la
, ~
phu phu
M h~
E. Expansion Drill Hodel:

Cue with Tone (3): la Or

Cue wIth Tone (5): !~

n~ ,
md
1a ~
phu
h~ r.~
illq le:
IIf n6
student Response:
Student Response: Cue:

, m.d

}-~_A

11£ la

,

md WI

Student Response:

n8

t
ph\! phu
M h~
Iii- la
,
mq md Tones (4),(5): A. Familiarization Drill

(4) he xa h~ phu d\.t le 10 rOC! phl (5) h~ x~ h~ ph\! d~ l~ 19 mq ph~

Tones (4), (5) :

Tones (Ij.), (5):

Tones (4), (5) :

Tones (4), (5) :

xxiv

B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej
C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapej
D. Nirnicry Drill
h~ '"
ho
xl£ xli-
, d-ct
du
Ie l~
h~ ....
he
E. .sxpansion Drill
HOdel: Cue with Tone (4) : ,
~
or
Cue wIth Tone (5) : !:..ff h~ ,
xa
d\.t 1~
phu phu
hQ XI£
"-
XiJ. ho
student Response: ,
xa Xi ,

xa

Student Response: x~

----:--

d\.t

Cue: d~ Student Response: d1J.
"- "-
ho ho
19 Iii
"- "-
he he
phV phV
, ,
xa xa Initial Consonants (continued)

IChart stands ror a sound I
12. 'I'he symbol: s orne wha t like: Phonetic de s cr-Lp tion:
.-
b- 'b' in "o a t ' VOiced, bilabial, imploded1
stop
---,-- -- l2A. Familiarization Drill

b~

l2B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel 12C. Hecogni tion Drill IOn Tapel

l2D. Mimicry Drill

ba be.

K

be

l oe

ba

t

be

b~ bo

. , DO

bOo

,

b8

b~ bo

1 bo

bd

IChart 13. stands .for a sound
The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description:
v- 'v' in 'revue,2 Voiced, pala tali zed,
labio-dental fricative
'------- - - - -- 13A. Familiarization Drill
(1) , "- vO
Speaker va va ve va vet
(2) , s-, vo
Speaker va va ve va vq
13B. Discrimination Dril13 IOn Tapel l.In making an imploded stop, the larynx is pulled downward during the production of the stop, creating a partial vacuum in the oral cavity.

2Por some speakers of Southern Vie tname co , the symbol v- stands for a sou nd somewhat like the 'y-' in 'yet.' For such spe ake r-aT there is no distinction between the sounds represented by ~- (or &[+iJ) and ~-.

3Speaker (1) only. Note that Speaker (2) would pronounce all the pairs of this drill alike.

xxv

IJC. Hecognition Drill IOn Tapel

IJD. Himicry Drill Speaker (1)

va

,

va

... ve

v6 vd

vq

~Chart 14. stands for a sound
'fhe symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description:
l- 't' in ' top' l. Voiceless, unaspirated,
dental stop 14A. Familiarization Drill

14B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel 14C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel 1)j..D. Mimicry Drill

ta

A

te

t~ t8

ta

,.

te

t~ to

tu t~ to t~

tu ttl td tlt

IChart ! stands for a sound
15. '!'he symbol: sornewha t like: Phonetic description:
th- I t I in Itopl~ VOiceless, strongly
- aspirated, dental stop l5A. Familiarization Drill

tha thl

t

tha thu

the thtl

tn~ thd

thi thq

l.But the puff of breath that regularly follolvs the .E;nglish sound does not occur following the Vietnamese sound.

2'rhe Vietnamese sound is followed by a stronger puff of breath.

xxvi

15B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel 15c. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel 15D. }limicry Drill

tha

•

tha

thS

thl thu

t

thu

thd th~

...

the

thi

IChart 16. stands for a sound
'The symbol: scme wha t like: Phonetic description:
£t- 'd' in 'do' VOiced, apico-alveolar,
implodedl. stop 16A. Familiarization Drill
da ...
do
f ,
de do
d~ ,
do
di
16 ai , Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
16 B2. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
16 Cl. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
16 C2. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
16D. Mimicry Drill
da "
do
d~ ,
do
d~ do
di lChart 17. ! 'l'he stands for a sound
symbol: somewhat like :; Phonetic description:
ch- 'ch' in 'chop ,2 Voiceless, slightly
affricated,
! unaspirated,
lamina-alveolar stop l.See Foo t.no t e 1, Page 15.

2Uut the puff of breath that regularly follows the ~nglish so~nd does not occur following the Vietnamese sound.

xxvIi

l7A. Familiarization Drill
cha cht
ch~ cho
ch8. ch~
chg chC1
chi ch~
chI
l7B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel
l7C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
17D. Mimicry Drill
cha chl
ch~ cho
chi ch~
che ch~
chi chc:J
chI IChart 18. stands for a sound
The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description:
k- 'tr' in 'trot' , Voiceless,apico-alveolar,
pronounced with the
curled-back tip of slightly affricated,
the tongue touching retroflex stop
.~~e roof of the
8 amiliariza tion Drill outhl. I 1 A. F

tra tr~
tr~ tro
, tru "
tra
tre trb
18B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel .
18c. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel
18D. Mimicry Drill
N
tra tr3
~
tra tro
, tru
tra
tre trb 1DO NOT SUBSTITUTE AN ENGLISH 'TR-' FOR THE VIETNAMESE SOUND I

xxviii

IChart 19. stands for a sound
The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description:
nh- 'n' in 'menu' Voiced, lamino -al ve o l.a r-
nasal 19A. Familiarization Drill

nha nha nhl

nhli nho

19B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel 19C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel 19D. Mimicry Drill

nha nha nhl nhe nho

, nho

nhd nhd nhu

, nho

nhd nhd

nhu

IChart 20. stands for a sound
The symbol: somewha t 1 ike: Phonetic description:
I!,- 's' in'sugar,1 Voiceless, apico-alveolar,
retroflex spirant 20A. Familiarization Drill

sa

-

se

s1

SO

20.0. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel 20C. Hecognition Drill IOn TalJel

20D. Mimicry Drill

sa

-

se

s1

so

.so

sd s1i

s«

"

SO

so. s\1

1jJut in making the Vietnamese sound, curl back the tip of the tongue.

xxix

!chart stands for a sound '(
21. The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description:
r- 'r' in 'red' Voiced, apico-alveolar,
r-e troflex, oral
continuant or flap 21A. Familiarization Drill

ra v re

21B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel 21 C. Recogni tion Drill Ian Tapel 21D. Mimicry Drill

ra • re

N

rO

rel

ro r6

IChart stands for a sound
22. The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description:
c- - k- 'c' in 'cat'l. Voiceless, unaspira.ted,
-
dorso-velar stop 22A. Familiarization Drill

,

ca

,

co

22B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel 22C. Reco~nition Drill IOn Tapel

22D. Himicry Drill

,

ca

,

co

cIS

-

cu

cd c~

c8

N

cu

cd c~

l.6ut the puff of breath that regularly follows the English sound does not occur following the Vietnamese sound.

xxx

stands for a sound
1,'h'1rt. 23. fhe symbol: somewha t like: PhOllutlc de crLp tion:
v .. <- ....
kh- 'oh' in German '.'oi061ess, dorso-velar
- "a ch .1
spirant
- _._._ 23A. Familiarization Drill

kh~ kho

~

khi kM

khl k hu

kho

233. Dis crimina tion Drill IOn Tapel 2JC. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel

2JD. Mimicry Drill

kh~ kho

~

khi khO

khl khu

kho

[Chart stands for a sound
24· The symbol: some wha t like: Fhonetic description:
~- ... &!!- , 0' • in 'gun,2 Voiced, dorsc-velar
0
spirant 21.tA. Pamiliarization Drill

ga v ga

~-~!le

A

ghe

·)·e

c.s

.

ga

i~hi

21,13. Discrimination Drill IOn Tarel 24C. Hecognition Drill IOn Tapel

24.0. Nimicry Drill

ga ,

ga

ghe

,(

p;he

,

;0

1'fry to whistle in the k- position instead of with the lipsl 2'l'ry to whistle in the lc- position and v Lbr-ace the vocal cords at the same time.

xxxi

IChart .- _ __.... __ -- .... "S"taMs fo-r sOLlnd
a
25. The symbol: somel1hat like: Phonetic description:
~- - ngh- lng' in 'singer'!. Voiced, dorso-velar nasal 25A. Familiarization Drill

nga nghe nghi nghi

25B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej 25c. Hecognition Drill IOn Tapej 25D. Nimicry ,)rill

nga

nghe nghi ngh!

ng~

,

ngo ,

ngu

,

ng6

,

ngo t ngu

Tone Sequence Drills

Up to this point all drills, except vo we L Familiariza-

tion Drills, have inciuded only actual Vietnamese l1ords, but sequences of more than one word have usually not been meaningful phrases. Each l10rd in all sequences so far has been given its citation pronunciation (Le. pronounced as if it wer-e occurring by itself). Compare the pronunciation in t;nglish of the isolated. wor-d s 'small', and

'house', with the pronunciation of the phrase 'small house'. 'fhe

intonation and stress of the phrase is not a comb Lna t Lo n of the intonation and stress of the two words as spoken in isolation.

..

l.'fhis applies only to those speakers of English who distinguish b e t we en the medial sounds of 'singer' and 'finger', with the latter containing the medial sound of 'singer' + 'g_'.

xxxii

The following drills are designed to acquaint the student with what happens to Vietnamese tone sequences when they occur in phrases. The student should listen very carefully during the Pami Li a r-Lza t Lon Drills for the "phr as e music". It is not exactly the same as a combination of tone contours as they occur in isolation. The tone s a qu e nc e will be announced by number before each drill. From this section on, all sequences \,ill be meaningful phrases and will be pronounced as such.

Two-tone Sequences:

(1) (1): A. Familiarization Drill ctl c1i

di thi

di ra

di Nga di vo

phi-Cd

(1)(1): B. Mimicry Drill
(Repeat phrases of preceding drill.)
(1)(2): A. Familiarization Drill
, ,
v8 do thd-ky
, ,
c8 Phu ba ma
khi do ,
thd do
,.
ba be
(1) (2) : B. Dis crimina t io n Drill IOn Tapel
(1)(2): c. Mimicry Drill
(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above. ) (2) (1) : A. i"amiliariza tion Drill
" , tIi
so ba no
,
rna ra
(2) (1) : 13. Discrimination Drill len Tapel
(2) (1): c. ;Umicry Drill
(Hepeat phrase s of Drill A, above. )
(2)(2): A. Famil iarizat::'on Drill
gh~ , , do
do la
" , , ,
Ghe do co do
(2) (2) : B. Discriminaticn Drill Ian Tapel
(2) (2) : c. Hirr,icry Drill
(Rep e a t phrases of Drill A, above. ) xxxiii

(1) (3): A. Fam i l Lar-Lza t.Lon Drill di ngll

che chCr

•

to be

(1) (3) : (1)(3):

Dis crimination Drill IOn Tapej

c.

Mimicry Drill

(Hepeat phrases of Drill A, above.)

(3) (1): A. Familiarization Drill tr~ cho seU

s11-gia r~ tre

U) (1) : B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej (3)(1): C. Mimicry Drill

(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.)

(2) 0): A. Familiarization Drill

, 2

kha dd

, t

no dd

(2) (3): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej (2) (3): C. I1imicry Drill

(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.)

(3) (2): A. Familiari za tion Drill chI do

, ,

do ke

(3) (2): B. Dd s cr-Lmi na t Lc n o- n i IOn Tapej (3) (2): C. llimicry Drill

(Hepeat phrases of Drill A, above.)

(3)(3): A. Familiarization Drill bo dd

ld-dd

(3) (3): 3. Discrililination Drill jun Tapej

(3) (3): C. Mimicry Drill

(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.)

xxxiv

(1)(4): A. Familiarization Drill
ba gld
,
xe do
di ...
ve
(1 )(4) : B. Discrimination Drill /On Ta.pe/
(1) (4): c. }1imicry Drill
( Repeat phrases of Drill A, above. )
(4!)(1): A. Fa.mi 1 iar i za t ion Drill
ba Ba
,
ta rna
ca..phe
nha ga
be. Nga
(4) (1): B. Discrimination Drill /On Tape/
(4)(1): c. Himicry Drill
(Repea t phrases of Drill A, above. )
(2) (4) : A. Familiarization Drill
.. ...
te do
, ,
co ma
(2)(L~): 3. Discrimination Drill /On Tape/
(2)(4): c. Himicry Drill
(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.)
(Jd (2) : A. Familiarization Drill
nha do
, ,
to' do
oa do
(lj.)(2): D. Dis crimina tion Drill /0n 'rape/
(4) (2): C. Himicry Drill
(Repeat phra!J8s of Drill ., above , )
.~1. , xxxv

(3)(4): A. Familiarization Drill
v • '
cha g~o
, ,
d nha
(3) (4): B. Discrimination Drill /On Tape/
(3) (4) : c. l1imicry Drill
( Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.)
(4) (3): A. Famil iariza tion Drill
)0, v
elo re
, ,
ga re
(4)(3): B. Discrimination Drill /On Tapej
(4) (J) : c. Nimicry Drill
(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.)
(4) (4) : A. Familiarization Drill
thl-gid
cha.-la
)0, ,
ve nha
(4) (4): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej
(4) (4): c. Himicry Drill
(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above. )
(1) (5) : A. Familiarization Drill
eli chr:/
cha m~
ba chl
(1)(5): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej
(1) (5) : c. Mimicry Drill
(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above. )
(5) (1) : A. Familiarization Drill
d~ eli
d~ xa
b~ htt
b~ eli
xxxvi (5) (1) : (5) (1) :

B. Discrimination Drill len Tapel

c. ~imicry Drill

(Repeat phrases of Drill A, a bo ve , )

(2) (::;) :

A. Familiarization Drill no l~

gh~ ch~

(2)(5): B. (2)(5): c.

Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel

I'Jimicry Drill

(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.)

(5) (2): A.

Familiarization Drill d~ nh<:1

,

d~ co

,

d~ ghe

(5) (2): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel (5) (2): C. Mimicry Drill

(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.)

(3)(5): A. Familiarization Drill

,

th6_m~

cha liJ. nh~ mlj.

(3)(5): B. Discrimination Drill IUn Tapel (3)(5): C. Mimicry Drill

(Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.)

(5)(3): A. Familiarization Drill b} b~

h~-si

(5) (3): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel

(5)(3): c. Mimicry Drill

(Hepeat phrases of Drill A, a bov e , )

xxxvii

xxxviii

(4) (5): A. i~amiliarization Drill be. chi

nha h9

(4)(5): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel (4)(5): c. Mimicry Drill

(Repeat p hr-a a e s 01' Drill A, a to ve , )

(5)(4): A. Familiarization Drill tri vl

bi de

(5) (4): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel (5)(4): C. Mimicry Drill

(Repeat phrases ot: Drill A, a bove , )

(5) (5): A. Familiarization Drill s1j. VV

t1j. s1j.

(5)(5): B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel (5)(5): C. Mimicry Drill

(Repeat phrases of: Drill A, a bo vc , )

Three-tone Sequences: A. Familiarization Drill

(1) (1) (1): r-a=da xa c6 Nga di

(1)(1)(2):

(1)(1)(5): (1) (2) (2):

(1) (J) (5) :

(2)(1)(3):

(2) (5) (1): (3)(5)(1): (4) (1) (2): (4) (1) U): (4) (1) (5): (4) (2) (J):

(5)(1)(3):

(5) (1) (5): (5)(2){J):

di vB do cB thd-ky

di xa l~

. " ,

d L pho do

" .

ghe b} htt

t . •

tu b} hll

, ,.

ba di pho

d~ xa xl

ba di chct

td do ro

nhd ch~ di

ch~ di tre

vg di chct

, t

chi- do kh6

B. ;'1imicry Drill

(Repeat the phrases of the preceding drill.)

xxxix

Final Consonants: Nasals

IChart stands for a so und
27. The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic Description
-m 'm' in ' jam' Voiced,un~eleased, bilabial
-
nasal; preceding vo we L
short 27A. Familiarization Drill

timl.

. '

G1.um

h6m tern

cam

27 31. r-1imicry Drill

(Repeat words of preceding drill.)

27 B2. r';lrnicry Drill: Tone Sequences em nh~

lam gl di sdm tam gid ch~ em

,
em do
c8 lam ,
gl.
t8nl do t
re
, , gl
de lam I stand for a sound
IChart 28. 'rhe symbols: somewhat like: Phonetic Description
-nh l~ ' n ' in 'ten' Voiced, u.nreleased, ap ico-
-
-r. (foll cvr i.n.r alvco131' nasal;
- ? " pre c6uing vo I'lel short
or _£- -)
I
_) 28A. Familiarization Drill

k i nh dlnh tinh anh

h~nh

ranh

:LAn 8.1 t e r-na t e spelling for tr;e pr-o nun c La t ien represented ty tim is tier,]. The spelling cornb Lna tion -iem a I t e r-na t e e 'd th -im.

in xin chin

"

den

A

pen

2t in the combination -io- does not apply here.

xl

28 Bl. Mimicry Drill

(Repeat words of [receding drill.)

28 B2. I1imicry Drill: Tone Sequences

.. ,

den sdm

gia-dinh

A

kinh-te

chin gid anh em

b~ bi-nh

A ..

ben xe do

A

B~ Kinh-Te

xin anh di

IChart stand for a sound
29. The symbols: somewhat like: Phonetic Description
-;!£ ~"\
vowel \
( fol.lowing I
other than £_- , ~-~ Voiced, unreleased,
or ~-) dorso-
lng' in 'songl velar nasal; pre ceding
-n vo we L short
(fol!owing vOHel
other than !-,!-}
~-, or ~-) _) 29A. Familiarization Drill

hang dang thang k~n

,

ngan

29 Ln. Himicry Drill

(Hepeat the words of p r-e c e d i.ng drill.)

29 82. ~imicry Drill: Tone Sequences

, ..

oa ngan

Ch~-Ldn tan do con anh dang di thang tam

..

con

don

dn Idn sdn

lam dn d~ng di

d i cru: -Ldn

c~m an cO

1jut t.ne -n of -ien and -yen is aL30 pronounced -2£..

xli

Vowels (continued)

IChart stands 1'01" a SOclnd
30. 'rhe symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic Description
a_l. lahl in 'bah' , Uppe r--Lcw , front or
shortened or central,2 unrounded,
'a' in ' sol'ar short vowel 30A. Familiarization Drill

116 n6.m mang thJng trklg

30B. Dis crimination Drill IOn Tapel 30C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel

dfulg an lll.n b&n

~ can

30 m , I1imicry Drill

(Repeat the words 01' Drill A, above.)

30 D2. Bimicry Drill:

Tone Sequences
ba nam
an cdm
b} b~
v 116
re
cu 1 fun di an
'" v lcim
do re
>- - 1 fun
do cu
, di an
no IChart stands 1'01" a sound
31. The symbol: somewha t like: Phonetic Description
~- 'a' in 'sol'a' Lower-mid, central,
(be rcr-e -!!,& or _£3) unrounded, short vowel 3lA. Famil iari za tion Dr ill

"

dang

"

can

van

" ngan

"

Ian

tltn

l.This vowel is never l'inal in a syllable.

21•0• Front bel'ore velar consonants and central bel'ore others. 3Uefore -~t ~and k coincide. Like~,! never occurs as a syllable

final.

xlii

JIB. Discrilrlina tion Drill IOn Tapej JIC. Recognition Drill IOn Tapej

31 D1. I1imicry Drill

(Repeat words of Drill A, above.)

Jl D2. Himicry Drill: Tone Sequences Hn-c~n

hll.n-hlinh b~n do

t

can-th~n

Final Consonants:

han-hfJ.nh 16.m

t

nen clln-th~n

di ba Ian

J> " >-

vu blfn do

Stops

IChart stanas ror a sounc
32. The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic Description
-E_ 'r ' in Istop I Voi ce Le ss , bilabial,
unreleased s t.op j
preceding vowel short J2A •. ?amiliarization Drill

':i';'P ~p 2

32 I3l. Nimicry Drill

(depeat words of preceding drill.)

32 B2. ~1imicry Drill: Tone Sequences

xe dfJ.p

nha b~p Idp tam th~ng chfJ.p d~p Itm

chlfP dfJ.p

. '

~~up

ldp

di Phap di xe dlfP

- ~ cll d~p Lam

t , .<

d Phap den

~An a I t e r-na t.e spelling for the pronunciation represented by -~ is ·tel'.

2Be f o r-e b f "'" - .. d

_" -r::.., as core -!;)_, ti- anc a- co mc ; e.

xliii

IChart I stand for a sound
33. ThE: symbols: approximately like: Phonetic Description
-ch ~J Voiceless, dental,
-t(following 't' in 'hat' unreleased stop;
- 1
or !-) preceding vOllel short 33A. Familiarization Drill

m~ch

33 81. Mimicry Drill

(Rep ea t words of preceding drill.)

33 B2. Mimicry Drill: Tone Sequences sach do m~t l.:m

, ,

sach re

it m~t ch~t t~t

, -
3ach cu
, , t
sach do re
sach , Idn
do lChart stand for a sound
34. The symbols: sorne uha t like: Phonetic Description:
-~
-c \
(fclI'owing vowe l 1 Voiceless, dorsa-velar,
other than £,-, 6-,
or ~-) - I unreleased stop;
i 'k' in 'tRke' preceding vOHel short
-t (
- vowel
(follo'rJinz; ~ 1
o t.he r- than i-, £_-,
~-, or ~-)
-~ .~
_. 34A. Familiarization Drill

,

cae

34 B1. l>:1micry Drill

(Rep e a t words of pre c e d Lng drill.)

m\i.t v;jt

;I

tat

trQ't

3!f. B2. IHmicry Drill: Tone Sequences l~t-v!ft nha hat

;I ,

tat ca

lSut -t in the combination -igt is pronounced -~.

xliv

cIi Vetc t~t thl

Final Consonants: Coarticulated Nasals and Stops

IChart stand for a sound
35. The symbols: so ne wna t like: Phonetic Description:
--
-es (1'011 owing £::\ lng' in 'song' VOiced, dorso-velar,
~ 1. ) and 'J.nreleased nasal with
£-, or !t.- 1 'In' in 'sum' coarticula ted bilabial
-n (following 8- pronounced nasal
~-) - i
or _/ sirnul taneously
------'-- --------- 35A. Familiarization Drill long xong

"

chong

8ng kMng

t

hang

cung bun

dung

35B. Discrimination Drill IOn 'rapel

35C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel

35 m , JIimicry Drill

(Repeat words of Drill A, above.)

35 D2. Mimicry Drill: Tone Sequences eng Long

" .'

bon g~d

kh8ng di

,

khan,_,; co

&n xong

trung

"

bon

19n h8n khon thun

, ~

co khong

8n-s <1i k hdng ong khonf~ d i ua cung cJ:i

I.Ghar~_~6. stand for a sound
'rhe symbols: aome wha t like: Phonetic Description:
-- r------------
-c(folloHing £-'l 'k' in 'take' Voiceless, dorso-vel=tr,
-£-, or ~-) and <lnreleased stop, with
, I
'r 'p' in 'stop' coer-t i cu La ted b i La o La L
~OWing 0- pronounced step
- I
- ) __ ) I simul t a neo us Ly
---- _,., -_ .... - -----~- 1T11e spelli:lS combination ong; is pronounced as if spe Ll.e d ons.

xlv

36A. Familiarization Drill

t~t C11~t

l~t d9c

rn~t ho c

mot chuc

~hut

363. Discrirnina tion Drill IOn Tapel 36C. Recognition Drill IOn 'rapel

.3b m , lIirnicry Drill

(Repeat words of Drill A, above.)

]6 D2. Mimicry Drill:

xlvi

Tone Sequences
mQt chut
d9c sach
h9c xong
,( ,
bon phut -c ,
tot 1 i4m
, -
h9c d Ny
, Pl1ap
h9c d
,! , •
tot rna re Diphthongs

A diphthong is a combination of different vo we L sounds occurring within a single syllable. For eXR1~le, the ~ngl1sh word 'let' is

u s ua.Ll.y pronounced with a single vowel sound, but the word 'late' contains a diphthong which starts with approximately the same vowel as 'let' but is followed by a glide to the high, front '.1 I position,

"li t.h i n the same syllable.

Some of the single Vietnamese vowel symbols already introduced sometimes represent diphthongs. 201' example, the symbol -i in final position in Vietnamese often represents a diphthong - one which beL~ins with the -,!, vowel as described and gl ides to a slightly higher position. rhus, not all Vietnamese diphthongs are indicated in the spelling sys tern. However, certain spelling comb ina tions regularly represent diphthongs and such diphthongs contrast meaningfully with simple vowels. 'rhls section treats such co mb i na t l ons ,

Diphthongs: Group I

A vowel symbol followed by -,!, - -1.. stands for a diphthong which oe3in8 with the first vowel sound symbolized, followed by a glide to the vowel position regularly indica ted by ,!, - 1...

Special spellings:

(1) Following~, the spelling -1 but not -1.. occurs in this group of diphthongs.

(2 ) rrhe spelling ueli represents the same diphthong as
the spelling -.-
!::2:. •
(3) The spelling 11di represents the same diphthong as the
spelling 11i. A. Familiarization Drill
hai d~y t(fl
bai tMi vui
, . tei tui
cal.
t~i , + e,. 1.
noi cu 1.
v • co i cuoi!.
~)hal
ngay3 • v • r1.idi 2
61.01
" , no-111:112
ay rr~\-.:.:~ i ~>
"
thay D. Dis cr-Lnd na cion Drill IOn Tapel

C. H.ecc~~nition Drill IOn TA.llel

l.:3ee Special !.\pellinr; (2) above. 23ee Special spelling (3) above.

3There Ls 8.n al be r-na te p r onunc Lat.lon of -§2_ wh i c n c cLnc ides w.i. t.n the ,·egular pronunciation of -3.,z.

xlvii

Dl. Mimicry Drill
(Repeat words of' Drill A, above)
D2. Mimicry Drill: Tone Sequences
II, toi ..
d/i phal. thay
xe mdi d d~y
chui nha teli di chct
ne;udi My toi rodi di
,( . toi mdi .
chuoi do co
m\,ldi gid .. . II
chuoi do re
ai di tai II , di
p ha L
di l~i t8i . " ,
co r-o l.
ngay mai lai ,
may bay
ba ,( trai cay do
ay
Diph thongs: Group II In diphthongs of Group II, the ini tial vowel sound is followed by a glide to a mid-central, unrounded vowel position (approximately the position of the 'a' of 'sofa'). The following are cor~on spelling combinations f'or Group II diphthongs. In each case, the initial vowel quality of the diphthong is that regularly indicated by the first

vo weI symbol.

i- + _al.
u- + -a
11- + -a
A. Familiarization Drill
kia mua rnua
lua ,
tia lua
nghIa ,
rua nua
thia , c
bua lua
lia lJt.a Iva u- + _02

u- + _d2 i-(£!:y-) + _e3

... ...
uong udng biet
.. , Vi~t
muon t.huorig
" d11dng ..
cuon chioc
,( trudng vi~c
xuong ,
cu~c dUr.:jc mi~ng
bu~c htctt B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapej

C. Recognition Drill IOn Tapej DI. 11imicry Drill

(Repeat worus of Drill A, above.)

l.Not in the combination Si + a. For Q- followed soe Chart 1.

2Unloss fOllowed by -i. 3:lot in the cOlliuinaU;-n

See Srecial Spellings, Page 37.

-iern Or -iep. See Foo t no t e 1. I IJage 30 and 33.

xlviii

D2. llimicry Drill: 'rone Sequences
kia kia di Vi~t-Nam
nghia ls. , kia kla
d ang
" . cay ,< chl
chua gJ.oi viet
Vi~t-Nam " , ,
cuon sa ch do
" chi Clng
viet di chua
" , kh6ng di
cuon sach du(jc
trudnr; ...
h<tc di lnua do
• '" dudng Le-L(ji
tra tiel1
" nudc tra
dl1C/c k 110 ng uong
" hdi
kh(3nG d"lt(jc chiec xe
'" n~a giCt nua
mua do
teli chua di
Diphthongs: Group III" A vowel symbol followed by -£ or _u1 stands for a diphthong which begins with the first vo we L so und indica ted and is followed by a glide to a high-back, rounded v owe L position (approximately the position of the '~ of ~lJ ).

Special spellings:

(1) The spelling -ieu is pronounced as if spelled -iu. (2) The spelling udu represents the same diphthong as the spelling uu.

A. Familiarization Drill
nhieu 2 theo keu lau 18_u huu
thO ~ 2 , " bao " ,
_ J.eu mea neu sau cuu
, t , , rn~u cltu
hieu2 heo deu bao
nhi~u 2 , "- chao ...
meo leu chau c1J_u
li~u 2 m~o r~u d~o d~u rUQ'u3
B. Discrimination Drill IOn Tapel c. Recognition Drill IOn Tapel

m , Mimicry Drill

(Repeat words of Drill A, above.)

1Not in the combination s.!2. or [iiu. For gi- followed by a vowel, see Chart 1.

2see Special spelling (1) above.

3See Special spelling (2) above.

xlvix

D2. Mimicry Drill: Tone Sequences di dau

sao lau

bao nhieu

chao be. hoi nao

di theo di keu

.".. , .

nh~eu ngud~

t~i sao

di theo tai c6 di dau sao lau v~y ba di dau

nhieu ngu(l1 Tau

•

tai hieu

-< ,

neu co

>-

chieu mai

chao c5

Diphthongs: J.roup IV: On-:}lide Diphthongs and Labialized Consonants

In diphthongs of Groups I, I I, and I II, the principal syllabic vowel is followed by a glide. to ano t he r- position (Le. an off-glide). Vietnamese also contains diphthongs in which the principal syllabic vowel is

pr,;;ced?d b¥ a glide (L~. an on-Glide). In one group of such diphthongs, the g~~de a s fro~l the h~;;;h:-front, unrounded vowel position (approximately the ,~, of 'mach~ne' pos~t~on) and has a 'y-' like quality. In Vietnamese spelling, this kind of on-glide is represented by initial d- or 62:,_ and

has already been drilled.1 - ,

In other on-glide diphthongs - designated as Group IV diphthongs - the gl ide is from the high-back, rounded vowel position (appr-ox rma be Ly the'u'of'flu'position) and has a '1-1-' like quality. A consonant; immediately preceding such a diphthong is labialized, i.e. it is pronounced with accompanying lip-rounding. The la.bialization is regular and automatic.

Alroup IV diphthong may occur at the beginning of a syllable. It is indicated in the spelling system by an initial ~ or ~- or hu- or ~-, f'o LLowe d immediately by a vo we L symbol of the group listed below.

The following spelling combinations represent a labialized consonant + an on-glide diphthong:

x-

1- tthdchtrnh-

~ +

i

s-

q-

NOTE:

r-:

l-~

-e

-a

(consonant must follow)

-u-

(consonant must follow)

-0-

+

r-e \ -~ l-a

(consonant must follow)

g, the special symbol for a labialized ls-, is always followed by -u- J indica ting the gl ide of an on-glide diphthong. However I in the speech of some Southern Vietnamese,.!1!:!- stands for the labialized

1See Chart 1, Page 1.

1

on-glide only, with no dor-so=ve.Lar- closure (Le. 'k-' quality). For such speakers, initial ~-, hu-, and ~-, followed by a vowel symbol, rerresent the same sound.

A Vietnamese vowel may be both preceded by an on-glide and followed by an off-glide~ For example, the commonly occurring Vietnamese name, spelled Ngu~@n, is pronounced: !!&- (labialized) + 'w-' on-glide '+ vowel i '+ off-gll.de (Group II diphthong) + -n (pronounced

'ngl). - -

Certain spelling combinations may cause dirficulty for the beginning student. For example, lua indicates a 1- followed by a diphthong or Group II (i.e. vowel~ + orf-glide to 'a' or 'sora' position), whereas ~ indicates a labialized 1 + on-glide +avowel. Similarly, tui indicates a t- '+ a diphthong of Jroup I (i.e. vowel u + orr-glide to high-front i position), whereas tuy indicates a labialized ~- + on-glide + i ~ -y_ vowel. Here, as always, the student should first listen carefully to the tape~ and after mastering the pronunciation, learn to associate spelling with sound.

Al. Familiarization Drill truy

,

suy

l\lY huy

nguy huynh

xoe nhoe khoe

A2. Familiarization Drill Speaker (1): qua Speaker (2): qua

'" Hue

toa hoa hoan toan thoang oanh soat

qu~O qUfjo

B. Discrimination Drill/On Tape

C. Recognition Drill/On Tape

Dl. Himicry Drill

(Repeat words of Drill Al,above.)

D2. Himicry Drill

(Repeat words of DriLL A2, abov e , )

ngoai khuya nguyen chuyen

'"

tuyet

'"

quay

'"

quay

quay quay

l.Combinations beginning with a Group IV diphthong are drilled in this section, regardless of the kind of off-glide that follows the principal syllabic vowel.

11

D3. Mimicry Drill: Tone Sequences qua d.~y d~i-uy

"

di Hue

ra ngoai chLhuy noi chuy~n

v rli;uy-hiem

" .

quoc-G~a

di Hu~ cbo'I ra ngoai xe

Hi

hai gid khuya

. ! , n;u.y-hl.em l~m

, -

d J.1y qua

, ,

d Fnap qua

toa d~i-sci

noi chuy~n vdi queo taJT m~ t qu~o tay trai 130 ilgo~i_Giao

Supplementary Tone Sequence Drills

'I'he following are sequences of gradually increasing length

(from two to six syllables), all taken from Vietnamese Basic Course, Lessons 1 - 5. 'rhe tone sequence of mich each is an example is indicated by number at the left. Tone numbers correspond to those introduced in Chart 11, above. Those sequences which occur in the Dasic Course as complete utterances, rather than just part of a longer utterance, are written with conventional sentence capitalization and punctua tion.

Listen carefully to the music of the sequences, including the relative loudness of each syllaule (i.e. stress). Imitate what you hear as closely as possible.

A. Two-tone Sequences:
(1) (1) cl:i lau
mua xiing
anh ehau
Khong sao.
hal muo L
(1) (2) "
anh ay
eng "
ay
CO "
ay
tay trai
(1)(3) A 1 •
Khong p ha L •
chua • 1 •
g i.o a
khong 1
re
khOng -
cu
(1)(Ll-) bay gid
"
mua do
xe do (1) (5) tay mlj.t
khong mttnh
(2) (1) , ong
cae
, c6
cae
(2) (2) mch "
den
" ,
der. sdm
mic ltlm
" -
(2) (J) den tre liii

sau gid cae ba

(2)(5) kll!lch-s~n (3) (1) ph~i khong d dau

d Anh

(3) (2)

2 ,

d Phap

. ,

d do

(J)(J)

2-

d Iiy

, . ,

(J) (!j..) oay gid

(3) (5) (4) (1)

Chao ong. Con ong? r-ha ga ChRC co. ngudi Anh

(4) (2)

'"' ,

gan lam

n€:,rUdi Phap

(ij..) (3) (1+) (L~)

Chao ba. d~ng-ho

'" ,

hoi nao

mudi bid

•

ch~ng nao

(4) (;;) ngtidi Vi~t (5) (1) D~ chua.

D~ khdng. D~ di.

D~ xa .

liv

(5) (2) A
DIi- thay.
D~ ] ·~/n.,
"
D~ biet.
,
D:} co.
,
D~ mci.c.
,
D~ mdi.
(5) (3) DIi- . t.
p na i ,
?
L<; hiou.
2
D~ reo
(5) (ld m~t gid
""
D~ roi.
Vh a?
V~y thl
(5) (5) D~ m~nh. B. Three-tone Seq~ences

(1) (1) (1) 'rei khonc; di.

'"

Ung mua khong?

'fo i chua rnua ,

(1) (1) (2)roi di ph~.

A

'l'ei khonG bie t.

Toi khong th~y. el:i rnua bao

(1) (1) (J) T8i ten :i~i. (l) (I) (4) ce ten gi?

" ,

vng ten gl?

di mUa d~

'roi di c~u. Anh Chau kla.

(1)(1)(5') ben tay m~t di lau vfi.y 'rei eli chq. Sao lfiu v~;;?

lv

(1)(2)(1) Ong th~y kh8ng?

Ong d~n kh8ng? Ong co khOng? ce bi~ t khOng?

(1) (J) (1) Xin lui ca.

Xin 16i 8ng. 'r8i ph~i die

,

Ong hieu khong?

(1) (4) (1) (1)(2)(3)

(1)(2)(1-1-)

(1) (2) (5)

(1) (3) (/+) (1) (3) (5)

(1) (5) (4)

di nha bang

A -

nen den tre

Co noi gl? eng noi gl?

.

Sao PJ,,-c v~y?

Sao 1dn v~y?

Xin 16i ba.

Sao r~ vlj'y? Sao ell vh?

t

Sao nho vfj.y?

C8 h9C gl? eng h<;>c gl?

(2)(1)(1) C~m dn Bng.

Cam dn co.

_, A

den hom qua

d~n hom nay Co xa khBng?

(2) (1) (1+) Cam on ba.

(2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (I-jJ (2) (2) (5) (2) (1~) (l-l-)

(2) (5) (1) U)(2)(5)

Ivi

noi

ti~ng Anh ti~ng Fhap ti~ng Tau

A

tieng Vi~t

" , "

cuoi dudng nay

co dong-ho

, ,

d trude m~t

(J){4)(1) , ,
d dang sau
(it) (l) (/_~) ddng kia kla
midi hai gid
, Chau kia.
3a
(4) (2) (I) Chao , eng.
cac
Chao , co.
cac
(4) (2) (4) chltng , ,--;id
s au
Chao , baa
cac
138. , ~;l ?
noi
(4) (5) (4) Ba h9C gl?
chung m~t gid
(5)(1){2) DIl- xa 16.m.
(5) (2) (2) mdi ,
Dtt lam.
, ,
Dif TnkiC Lam,
D~ Idn Ibn.
(5){})(1) , dau?
h9c d
(5) (J) (2) , ,
DI} re Lum ,
nho ,
DI} Lam,
- ,
ill} cu Lam;
(5){I~)(2) "" ,
Dlf "'an lc.l1n.
0 C. Four-tone Sequences
(1)(1)(1)(2) Ong di dau do?
(1) (1) (3) (1) 'roi nn;he , day.
d
(1) (1) (5) (4) Toi di l~i trudng.
(1) (2) (2) (2) .< , .<
Anh ay Sctp den.
(1) (2) (3) (1) ..:oi " , day •
thay d
(1)(2)(3)(5) 'roi rndi • l~i.
trO'
(1) (2) (11-) (ltl ;.chong , d~ng-ho
co
- ,
(l)(J){;:?)(l) Xin loi cac ong.
(1) (3) (2) (4) Xir. , ,
10', ca c oa.
(1)(3)(5)(1) 'I'Oi • lifi
trd ngay.
(1) (1+) (4) (1) Toi 18. nglidi .mh , J.vii

(1) Utl (4) (2) Tei la ngudi ,
Bite.
(1) U:.) (4) (3) 'fei 1.9. ngudi nY.
(1) (1-/) (ld (Lt) rr<;';i 1.9. ng1.1di 'rau.
(1) (lj.) Utl (5) r~oi 18. nL'1.1di Vi~t.
<.:>
(1) (5) (3) (1) Ong rr.ljnh . • i khdng?
iSle
Tai • day.
dq'i d
(2)(1)(1)(1) Co xa k hdng ang?
(;~) (ir.) (U (l ) Do 18. nha b ang ,
(2) (4) (2) (4) , .~ , "-
Cai nay co roi.
U~) U~) (2) (5) Do 18. khach-s~n.
(2) (It) (4) (5) , 1s. trlidng
Do h9c•
(2) (4) (S) (1) Do la ti~m <in •
(3) (1) (1) (2) • ben trai
d tay
(3) (1) (1) (5) • ben
d tay m{lt
(J) (2) (it! (J-I-) d t<. de/e-ne; ..
CUOl nay
(.\) (1) (1) (2) , 6i dau do?
j3a
(!j..) (J ) (!I.) ( 3) :';1.1di hai gid Pc/Clio
(It) (5) (J) (1) , tl~ :111 ... khong?
13a glOl
('J) (1) (2) Utl D~ khong , ,
co :31.
(5) (1) (3) (S) tai - Inlfnh.
D~ c unj;
( ':5) (1-1-) (1) (2) vfj_y thi hay Itrn. • D. Five-tone 3e::;t:ences 11
(1) (1) (1) (1) (5) Sao Ollt; di Jau vh?
(1) (1) (2) (2) (1) T8i khOng , -c
~l0 i tieng Anh.
(1) (1) (2) (2) (2) !:"'oi l<hong no':. " Phap.
tien~
(1) (1) (2) (.2) (id Tai kher:.;~ , . " fau.
no i tiellg
rroi khonl~ , " chi.
co viet (1) (1) (2) (2) (5)

, A

I'8i khenr~ noi t. L.:l!i.; Vi~t.

(1) (1) (2) Ud (Lj.} rr8i !chOng co d~nr;-h~.

'" A -.... ...

Ons Long den hoi nao?

lviii

(1) (1) (2) (5) (J) (1) (1) (2) (5) (5) (1) (1) (4) (1) (1)

(1) (1) (5) (2) (1) (1) (1) (5) (2) (2) (1) (1) (5) (2) (4) (1) (1) (5) (2) (5)

(1) (1) (5) (4) (1) (1) (1) (5) (5) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (4) (1) (1) (2) (2) (4) (2) (1) (2) (2) (4) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (4) (1) (2) (4) (4) (1) (1) (2) (5) (3) (1) (1) (2) (5) (5) (1) (1) (4) (2) (1) (1) (1) (4) (2) (4) (I_~) (1) (4) (It) (4) (1) (1) (5) (3) (1) (5) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (4) (1) (3) (5) (2) (4) (2) (1) (4) (2) (4) (2) (2) (2) (2) (4) (4) (1) (1) (2) (4) (4) (1) (2)

, t

co tV-dian.

'rai kh~ng co h~p qu~ t. Ong di nha bang chua? Ong di nta ga khong?

Toi khBng hQc ti~ng Anh. Toi kh~ng hQc ti~ng phAp. Toi khong hQc ti~ng Tiu. Toi khong hQc ti~ng Vi~t. Toi di l~i khach-s~n.

Toi di l~i nha gao

TBi di l~i ti~m an.

Toi rodi d~n hom qua.

, ,(..., ,

Toi rodi den nam ngoai.

Toi rodi d~n thang trudc.

I': ' '" ) A

ung co viet ch~ khong?

I ,t '"' ,

Toi mdi den tuan trudc.

h ,( ~ ~ ,

ung den Hue hoi nao?

Co d~n Ny h~i nao? dng co d~ng-h~ kh8ng?

.. , .

Ong co tV-dian khong?

Co co h9P qu~t khong?

, '"

Hai gid thieu hai mudi.

Bay gid mUdi gid chua?

.. .

Ong hQc d dau v¢y?

Ch&c anh ~y sAp d~n. sau gid toi trd l~i.

, ",( "

Do la ben xe do.

, ",( , ,<

Chac ba ay sap den.

Do la dUdng Gia-Long. Do la nha giay thep.

l1x

(2) (4.) (If_) (1) (5) (2) (4) (4) (3) (5) (2) (4) (4) (5) (1)

..I "... ,

ITay giO' ba trO' l~i?

Do 1s. dudng 'IV-Do.

(2) (5)(2)(1)(1) Kh~ch-s,n co xa kh6ng?

(2) (5) (2) (2) (1) (2) (5) (2) (3) (1) (2) (5) (2) (4) (1) (lJ-l (1 ) (2) (2) (1) (4) (1) (2) (3) (1) (4) (1) (4) (3) (4) (4) (2) (2) (4) (4) (tt) (2) (3) (4) (4) UI-) (1-1-) (1) (l) (2) (5) (1) (2) (3) (1) (5) (1) (5) (3) (3) (5) (2) (4) (2) (5)

E. Six-tone Sequences

l~hach-sii-n co Idn kh8ng?

Kh' h ' t 1 h ~ ? Lac -811n co re _.{ iorigr

Khach-s,n co(~n kh6ng? Nhs. ga co mdi kh6ng? ~Jha ga co cu kh6ng? Httdi ha i gid rudi r~i.

...".( ..t ~ "

Ba den Hue hoi nao?

... ,( I'tJ ~ "

13a den l'ly hoi nao?

Ch~ng nao anh Ch~u d~n? 'ri~m an co r~ khong?

Dii- t6i h9c d Hj.

D~ do IS. khach-s,n.

(1)(1)(1)(2)(1)(3) Sao ong kh6ng bi~t ~ng H:i? (1) (1) (1) (2) (1-1-) (1+) Sao 8ng khong d~n 3a.i-gon? (1)(1)(3)(5) (4)(4) Ong PhuO'ng trd l~i h~i ns.o?

(1) (2) (1) (1) (4) (1-1-) (1) (2) (1) (4) (4) (4) (1) (2) (4) (4) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (4) (3) (2) (1) (2) (2) (5) (3) (2) (1) (2) (4) (3) (4) (4) (1) (2) (5) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (5) (1) (4) (4) (1) (1) (5) (4) (1) (1)

lx

.....,.( ...... "

Ong den IJha-Trang hoi na o ?

Ong d~n Dien-Moa h~i nao? T6i d~n Sai-gon hOm qua.

, ,( "" v ,

C8 noi tieng Tau gioi lam.

"" ,'( . , . '

Ong noi tieng Vi~t g i o i, lam.

Co d~n Da.;ling h~i nao?

r6i d~n Vi~t-Ham hOm qua.

Co d~n Vi~t-Nam h~i ns.o?

rei di l~i trudng h6m nay.

(1) (3) (1) (5) (1-1-) (1) 'rch eung cH l~i nha gao

(2) (/-1-) (4) (I_d (1) (1-1-) (2) (5) (5) (4) (1) (ld (2) (1) (J) (1-1-) (2) (5) ( 2) (1 ) (3) (/-1-) (/-1-) (1) (2) (1) (3) (1-1-) (4) (5) (2) (1) (J) (~-) (5) (1) (2) (1) (/+) (2) (2) (1) (2) (5) (3) (1) (1) (2) (2) (5) (3) (1) (1) (5) (L~) (1) (3) (1) (1) (2) (4) (1) (3) (1) (1) (5) (4) (1) (2) (2) (3) (1) (5) (1) (3) (1) (1) (2) (5) (1) (3) (1) (1) (5) (5) ('-t) (1+) (1) (1) (1-1-)

c~ d~ng-h~ d;"nr, Kia Kia.

Co h9P quq t ddng kia kia. Do khong phJi 18. khaeh-s!}n.

'..... v" ..

Do khom~ phai La nha th11dng.

D~ khOng phh Ie. trudng ho c ,

'..... a"

Do khong phai la ti~m an.

A . ' " ,..

Den xe do co Idn khong?

" ,

Khaeh-s~n d ben tay t r-a t ,

, i

Khaeh-s~n d ben tay m~t.

Nhe. ga J oen tay trai.

Hha b ang d ben tay m~t. Nha glay thep e~ ell kMng? 'ri~m iAn d b.gn tay trai. T11m 4n d ben tay mit.

lxi

PART II: LESSONS 1 - 10

INTRODUCTION

Part II of this volume contains ten lessons, all of which have the same basic pattern and involve the same procedures. Each lesson requires many hours of study, in class and/or with recordings of the Vietnamese material.

The method underlying these lessons is guided imitation; the aim is automaticity. Ideally, there are two teachers: under the supervision of a scientific linguis~, who talks ABOUT Vietnamese, the student learns to speak the language in direct imitation of a tutor who is a native speaker of Vietnamese. The tutor drills on the Vietnamese in the text, providing an authentic model for the student to imitate. statements on how the language

is manipulated are included in the explanatory notes in the text, which may

be supplemented, if necessary, by further discussions on the part of the linguist. As a supplement to class hours with a tutor ~ or even, if necessary, as a replacement for them ~ students work with taped recordings which approximate the classroom situation.

Language learning is overlearning. Through memorization of whole utterances, and substitution within and manipulation of these utterances, a student achieves the fluency and automaticity that are necessary for control of a language. Language learning involves acquiring a new set of habits, and habits must be automatic. Just as the experienced driver performs the mechanics of driving unconsciously - turning on the engine, shifting gears, applying the brakes, etc. -- and concentrates on where he is going, so the fluent speaker of a language is concerned with what he is saying rather than the mechanics of how he is saying it.

The student should note the following general suggestions and warnings:

ALWAYS USE NORMAL SPEED. Do not permit yourself to speak more slowly than your tutor, and do not ask him to speak more slowly than is natural for him. The ability to understand slow, deliberate speech never heard outside of a classroom is of little practical value. The aim of the student should be to learn Vietnamese as it is spoken by the Vietnamese --not an artificial classroom dialect.

DRILL HOURS WITH A NATIVE TUTOR SHOULD BE CONDUCTED ENTIRELY IN VIETNAMESE FROM THE FIRST DAY. A class which fluctuates between Vietnamese and English, where valuable repetition and drill aimed at developing fluency

are constantly interrupted by English questions and comments, never achieves the desired results. It is recommended that a specific time be designated

as discussion period and that interruption of drill at other times be avoided. A tutor who has not had technical linguistic training should not attempt technical explanations about Vietnamese. These are provided by the explanatory notes in the book and/or the scientific linguist.

REVIEW CONSTANTLY. DO NOT GO AHEAD TOO RAPIDLY. Remember that each new lesson presupposes thorough mastery of what has gone before.

Do not assume that the patterns of Vietnamese will resemble those of English, or that distinctions made in English will be present in Vietnamese. EXPECT DIFFERENCES AND BE SURPRISED AT SIMILARITIES.

lxiii

Remember that USAGE - NOT LOGIC - DETERMINES WHAT IS ACCEPTED IN A LANGUAGE. A native speaker is the final judge of whether or not an utterance is acceptable in his dialect. Differences of dialect, of course, cause frequent disagreement among native speakers. Not all dialect differences are geographical; many are social and educational.

PROCEDURES

1. Basic Dialogues

Each of the ten lessons begins with a Basic Dialogue which forms the core of the lesson. A student controls a lesson to the extent to which he has learned the dialogue by heart. Thorough memo~ization of the dialogue means thorough mastery of the text. Memorization' is achieved by direct imitation of the native tutor in class, and/or by repeated use of tapes in the laboratory or at home.

Basic Dialogues are presented with their English equivalents. Numbered utterances in the dialogues are basic sentences. New words or phrases occurring in a basic sentence for the first time are listed separately, immediately before the sentence, as breakdowns. They are indented and not numbered.

Following the Basic Dialogue are Notes on the Basic Dialogue, containing assorted information on specific sentences. The numbering of these notes corresponds to that of the sentences.

2. Grammar Notes

Discussions of new patterns introduced in the Basic Dialogue are found in the Grammar Notes. These are to be read outside of class after the Basic Dialogue has been introduced, but before proceeding to the drills.

In the Grammar Notes, the procedure has been to introduce only material which will be of immediate, practical use to a beginning student. No attempt is made to present the full scientific analysis of Vietnamese on which the lessons are based; rather, explanations are provided which will be useful within the framework of the Vietnamese material being studied.

3. Drills

There are five basic kinds of drill in these lessons, each having a special purpose. However, the aim of all drills is the overall aim of the course: to develop fluency and automaticity. Drills are to be performed in class with a tutor, and/or in the laboratory or at home with tapes. Drills have been mastered only when students are able to do them accurately with their books closed.

a. Substitution Drills

The tutor gives a pattern sentence which the student repeats.

Immediately the tutor gives a word or phrase (called a ~) which the student substitutes appropriately in the original sentence. The tutor follows immediately with a new cue.

lxiv

Example (English substitution drill):

Tutor: Where did you put my bo ok ? Student: Where did you put my book?

Tutor: pen
Student: Where did you put my pen?
Tutor: dictionary
Student: Where did you put my dictionary?
etc. In more complicated substitution drills, there may be several substitution items (a compound cue) for each new sentence; or the successive cues may have to be substituted in different parts of the sentence; or the cue may require changes in the pattern sentence.

Substitution drills are printed in two columns, with English equivalents on the left and drill sentences with cues underlined on the right. A drill that looks like this:

l. I'm going to the station. Tai di lcti nha gao
2. I'm going to the bank. Tai di l~i nha bang ,
3. I'm going to the post office. Tai di l?i nha .A thep.
glay
is to be drilled:
Tutor: Tai di l'i-i nha gao
Student: Tai di l~i nha gao
Tutor: nha bang
Student: Tai di l~i nha bing.
Tutor: nha giay thep.
Tai lq_i nha giay ,
Student: di thep.
b. Transformation Drills Here, on the basis of a model provided at the beginning of the drill, the student is required to perform parallel manipulation on a series of utterances by the tutor. For example, he may be required to change each of the tutor's utterances to the corresponding negative, or the past tense, etc.

Transformation Drills are printed in two columns, with the tutor's utterances on the left and the student's responses on the right, all with an English equivalent.

c. Response Drills

On the basis of the model or directions occurring at the beginning of the drill, the student provides an exactly parallel response to a series of questions or remarks by the tutor.

lxv

Like Transformation Drills, Response Drills are printed in two columns, with the tutor's utterances on the left and the student's responses on the right, all with an English equivalent. In cases requiring a response cue from the tutor, this is given between virgules immediately following the tutor's utterance.

Example (English response drill):

Tutor: What did you buy? /a book/ ~tudent:

What did you borrow? /a pencil/

I bought a book. I borrowed a pencil.

etc.

d. Expansion Drills

The student expands a pattern sentence with the cue provided by the tutor. A model is provided at the beginning of the drill. For such drills, the tutor's pattern sentences and cues (marked off with virgules) are in the left column, and the studentts responses in the right column, all with an English equivalent.

e. Combination Drills

The student combines a pair of utterances provided by the tutor into a single utterance, on the basis of the model or directions occurring at the beginning of the drill.

This kind of drill is also printed in two colQmns, with the tutor's utterances on the left and the student's responses on the right, all with an English equivalent.

Drills are not meant to be grammatical puzzles for tricking the student; they are intended to develop fluency. The pace of all drills should be rapid. A student has mastered a drill only when he can provide the required oral responses promptly, fluently, and without reference to his textbook.

4. Supplement

The supplement following the drills contains additional dialogues.

When read aloud in class by the tutor or when listened to on the tapes, this material is a good test of comprehension--but it must be heard at normal speed, and the students' books must be closed. It also provides a stimulus to conversation: students can ask and answer questions pertaining to the material and make up additional, similar conversations; they can use the English equivalents of the dialogues to reconstruct the original Vietnamese conversations, referring only to the English; and they can use the material as a basis for practicing interpreting.

5. Exercises

The final section of each lesson contains suggestions for additional practice appropriate to each lesson. These exercises should be performed orally. Only the student who is able to do them fluently and accurately is ready to proceed to the next lesson.

lxvi

TAPES

The tape series which accompanies these lessons includes all Basic Dialogues, Drills, and Supplements. The material is recorded with a 'beep' signal that tells students step-by-step what to do:

One short beep means Listen! One long beep means ~epeat!

Two short beeps means Participate!

Two long beeps means Redo the same segment!

1. Basic Dialogue

The dialogue is taught in segments first, and then as a whole. The steps involved are (1) listening, (2) memorizing by repetition of breakdowns and whole sentences, (3) developing fluency by additional repetition of whole sentences, (4) participating by assuming one role in the dialogue, and (5) confirming comprehension by re-listening.

During the fourth step, when a student participates in a segment of the dialogue, his utterances are confirmed (or corrected) on the tape immediately following the space provided for his participation. During the participation step for the entire dialogue, however, there is no confirmation on the tape.

2. Drills

Drills are recorded first for listening, then for familiarization through repetition, and finally for participation. During the participation step, when the student performs the required manipulation, his utterances are confirmed (or corrected) on the tape immediately following the space provided for his participation.

3. Supplements

Supplements are presented for comprehension practice. The student listens until he is able to comprehend them perfectly without referring to his text.

Every pause provided on the tapes for repetition or participation is timed to require the student to speak at a normal rate of speed. The student who cannot repeat within the allotted time is talking too slowlY and needs more practice.

The student is always responsible for knowing the meaning of what he is saying and hearing. He is therefore expected to check the English equivalents in his text as long as necessary. However, he has not mastered a lesson until he can participate and comprehend without any reference to his text.

lxvii

SPECIAL SYMBOLS

1. (), [ ]

In a Vietnamese sequence, material enclosed in parentheses () may be omitted. Thus, ~ means that ~and a both occur in the given context with approximately the same meaning.

Square brackets [] in the English equivalent of a Vietnamese sequence enclose material which is needed for natural English but does not correspond to anything in the Vietnamese sequence. Conversely, parentheses () in the English equivalent enclose explanatory material or something literally translated from the Vietnamese which is not needed in the English. Compare:

Ong mua ~ ~u? Chao ong.

'Where do you buy [it]?' 'Hello (you).'

In the first sentence, 'it' is needed for natural English but does not correspond to anything in the Vietnamese. 'You' in the second sentence corresponds to something in the Vietnamese that would not occur in the natural English equivalent.

2. Superscript Letters

Superscript letters ~, ~, ~, and! are used to limit the meanings of certain English words in order to make them correspond more closely to their Vietnamese equivalents. They have the following meanings:

m - refers to a man

w - refers to a woman g - refers to a girl f - is familiar

m-f - refers to a man, familiarly w·f - refers to a woman, familiarly

Examples:

Ong di khong?

m

'Are you going?'

Chao ba.

Cam dn anh. Chi ~y di r~i.

'Hello (yOUW).' m-f 'Thank you .'

'Shef has gone already.'

3. *

An asterisk * at the beginning of a drill sentence indicates that the sentence introduces a new word which has not previously occurred in any dialogue or drill.

4. Miscellaneous

Lit. is used throughout the text as an abbreviation for 'literally'.

lxviii

LESSON I

BASIC DIALOGUE

Mr. Hai

1.

m 1 Hello (you ).

Mr. Smith

m

Are you well?

2. Hello (youm). How are you~

Mr. Hai

Fine.

m Thank you.

m And you?

3. Fine, thank yourb.. And yoUm?

Mr. Smith

4. I'm fine (too).

Mr. Hai

5.

m

Where are you going?

Mr. Smith

railroad station

LESSON I

Ch8.o eng.

~ .

Ong m~h giol khang?

, A t

Chao ang. Ong ~h gioi khOrtg?

D~ mQ,nh. Cam on ang. Con eng?

D~ Jllfnh, cam on Ong. cOn Ong?

nbB. ga

1

LESSON I

-

6. I'm going to the railroad station.

,

T~i di 1,1 nha ga.

Mr. Hal

7. Oh, that's greatl

Vf.y thl bay lAm.

8. I'm going to the railroad station, too.

"., ,

T01 cung d1 1,1 nha ga.

l!otes on th.e B!l8~_C D,ia!0s,ut:

(Numbers refer to sentence numbers in the Basic Dialogue.)

1. Chao occurs in expressions of greeting and rarewell.

2. O!}S is a tormal word tha. t refers to men only. as. refers to marr led and/or older wolllen, and cO to girls and young, unmarried women. (See Drill A, following.)

3. Q~ is an indication or politeness and respect. It regularly occurs at the beginning of a sentence. ~~nh 'is strong or healthy or vigorous' occurs alone, or together with gibi 'is good', in rererence to a person's well-being. For example, all the rollowing are common replies to the question "How are you?"

c.

(D~ ) mann,

,

(DIf) - m,nh gioi.

(De ) to i manh,

t Fine. ' 'Fine. ' 'lim fine. r

Q.

b.

5. Cns. .d:i _d_§."u __ d__~? (Li t. tyoull'1 are going where there? ') is used only when the person addresse-d is actually in the process of going somewhere. Otherwise do is omitted: png di q~u? 'Where are you going (i.e. at some other time)?'

h' ,

7. y~y thi hay lam. (Lit. 'Err] it's like that, then it's very good.') is an expression of

pleasure and surprise.

2

..

....

LESSON I

GRAMMAR NOTES

I. ACTION VERBALS: di and lai

-.-

Di and l~l belong to a class of words which will hereafter be called ACTION VERBALS. Di is an equivalent of English 'go' or 'set out for', and l~l, of English 'reach ~ get to (a place closeby)'_

Unlike English verbs, Vietnamese verbals do not change their form to indicate differences or person, tense, etc. There is nothing in Vietnamese comparable to the differences in English forms

like 'run', 'runs', 'ran', 'running', etc. A Vietnamese verbal has only one form.

GENERAL PATTERN:

person + (di)l + ~~l + place

-

-

'person goes to placet

In this pattern, 'placet is a general place word like 'station', 'restaurant', 'hotel', etc., referring to a place closeby; it is not a geographical place name like 'Vietnam', 'America', 'Saigon' etc.

Note, however, that in questioning where a person is going, di is used without lai. Thus:

-e-

A ,

~i dau do? 'Where are you going (there)?'

"-

Ong

...

II. cung 'too'

Compare: and:

(a) (b)

A

Toi manh.

•

A ,..

Toi cung manh.

•

, I'm fine.'

'I'm fine, too.'

(a) A "
Also: Toi di lai nha ga .
•
(b ) A IJIJ. "
and: Toi cung di lai nha
•
IIJ
In this use, c,-!ng occurs preceding

, too' , 'also' • reference to the
means l.n 'I'm going to the station.'

ga. 'I'm going to the station, too.'

words like ~~nh 'is healthy', ~~ 'go', l~! 'reaoh', and subject.

~The use of parentneses around anything in Vietnamese means that the enclosed word(s) may be omitted.

3

•

DRILLS

LESSON]

A. Substitution Drill

m '" ong.
1. Hello (you ). Chao
(you w) • , "
* 2. Hello Chao ba.

rr " 06.
* 3· Hello (youe) • Chao

A. a , Repeat, using Picture Plate I for visual cues. B. Substitution Drill

3·

m A DU1n..~ gi~i kh6ng?
How are Ong
you ?
w " t khdng?
How are you ? Sa m,nh gioi
----~
youg'l Co manh • f • kh6ng?
How are g10~ 1.

2.

B.~. Repeat, using Picture Plate I for visual cues.

c. Substitution Drill

m , 6ng.
1. Thank Cam dn
you •
w , "
2. Thank Cam o'n ba ,
you •

youg• , cd.
3· Thank Cam o'n

C.1. Repeat, using Picture Plate I for visual cues. D. Substitution Drill
1. I'm .fine, thank m And m TOi , Ong. " 6ng?
you • you ? manh , cam on Con
2. lim fine, thank w And w Tal , " " "
you • you ? DlfIlh, cam dn ba. Con ba?
3. I"m fine, thank 0- youg? TCli , c6. '"
you=, And marih , cam dn Con c6?
-_
E.1. Repeat, using Picture Plate I ror visual cues • 4 •

LESSON I

E. Substitution Drill

m A ,
1. VJhere are you going? On" di dau do?
0-
w going? "' diu ,
2. lNhere are you Ba di do?
._
3. youg going? C8 di d8.u ,
Where are do?
-
E.1 Repea t, • Picture Plate I ror visual
us ang cues. F. Substitution Drill
11m station. T6i l~i "
1. going to the railroad di nha ga.
* 2. 1'm going T6i eli l~i ,
to the bank. nha ba.ng.
7J7!!'RIZTZ22iiiiiiiiiIII _ ...... aw
* , ,
3· I 'm going to the post office. T6i di lai nha g_iaL_~h_eE..
•

* 4· I'ln • hospital. T6i di lai ,
go~ng to the nha t¥-~~g.
•

* 5. I fm • to the restaurant. Tei eli l~i ti~m an.
gOl.ng
. ....- ........
6. I "m T6i ~
* going to the hotel. di lai khach._san.
• ._

* I 1m • station. Tt3i ~ ,.
7. g01ng to the bus di lai ben xe do.
•
* 8. I 'm ~ "
• to the school. T6i di lai tr~~g_.
gOl.ng
• F. 1. Repeat, omi tting eli in each examp.l,e ~

F.2. Repeat, using Picture Plate II for visual cues.

1I•e• going to the school building, not necessArily to attend classes.

•

5

LESSON I

G. Response Dr~ll

"- " 6ng?
EXAMPLE: Tutor: T61 eli lai nha ga • Con
•
1'm going to the railroad station. And m
you ?
T6i ,.., . .. "
Student: cung d:~ lEj~ nha ga.
I "m going to the railroad station, too.
..... ~.-J 1.

, "

T~i di Iii nha gi~y thep. Con eng?

m rim going to the post office. And you?

T8l cUng di l~i nha gi§y th~p.

I'm going to the post office, too.

====

2.

, ,

TOi di Ifi nha bang. Con 6ng?

m I 'n! going to the bank. And you ?

#'W "

T8i cung di l,i nha bbng.

I'm going to the bank, too.

7 = ::::::

4·

I'm going to the hotel.

~ , ,

T6i di l~i ben xe do. Con 5ng?

"

Con Ong?

m And you ?

~ ,

T6i cung di l~i khach-s~n.

I'm going to the hotel, too.

Gaa::ti azb &£0& d&&

I'm going to the bus station.

m And you ?

~ ~,

Tei cung di l~i ben xe do.

11m going to the bus station, too.

_........ &&& = ::rt=

5. T6i di l~i ti~m an.

,

Con ang?

T8i cUn8 di l~i ti~m an.

I'm going to the restaurant.

m And you?

· I'm going to the restaurant, too.

WE --...&&

6.

" '"

TOi di l~i trudng. Con 8ng?

m I'm going to the school. And you?

T6i cUng di l~i tr~dng.

I'm going to the school, too.

•

, ,

7. Toi di l~i nha thudng. Con eng?

m I'm going to the hospital. And you?

..., "

TeS i. cung d i 1 ~ i nha t hirong ,

I'm going to the hospital, too.

= =::= 1=_=

G.1. Repeat, ommitting di in each example •

..."" 11

G.2. On the basis of visual cues provided by the tutor from Picture Plate II,

one student gives the question (i.e. the tutor's part above) and &

second stUdent the response.

6

LESSON I

t

EXAMPLE: Tu tor:

TOi di 1,,1 nhB. ga. /nhi bang/

I'm going to the railroad station. /bank/ Student: Con tal, tdi di 1,i nhA bang.

And 1'm going to the bank. (Lit. And me, I'm going to the bank.)

at __

, , jnhs. thudng/ " tOi, tcSi di "
1. TOi ttl l~i nha gilly thep. Con 1,i nha thttdng.
I'm going to the post office. And I'm going to the hC?_ 81' i ~!ll •

TOi di l~i trUong. filii dol , tA '-
2. /ben xe Con t~i, t8i di 1,1 ben xe do.
I 1m going to the school. And I'm going to the bus station.
. - - _
_ . 3. Tei di l~i k~ch-s,n. /tifm ani Ilm going to the hotel.

4. Tel di 1,,1 n~ bang. /nh8. giay thep/ I'm going to the ban~.

,

Con t61, tei di lti ti~m an.

And Ilm going to the restaurant.

,. _.

" "

Con t~i, t61 di 1,1 nha gl§y thep.

And I'm going to the EO~~ office.

-

5. Tei eli 1,"i titIn In. /trdC1ng/ I'm going to the restaurant.

, ,

Con to!, t~i eli 1,i trUdng.

And I'm going to the school.

6. TO i di l~ i nbS. thucfng. /nh8. blng/ I'm going to the hospital.

7. Tai di 1~i b~n xe do. /k~eh-8,n/ I'm going to the bus station.

, ,

Con t8i, t8i di l,i nha bang.

And I'm going to the bank.

-

- ..

, ,

Con t6i, tOi di l,i khach-s,n.

And I'm going to the hotel.

H.~. Repeat using Picture Plate II for visual cues.

H.2. On the basis of visual cues provided by the tutor from Picture Plate II,

one student takes the tutor's part and a second student gives the response.

7

LESSON I

I. Response Drill

- - - .

TeSl tti l~i " Inhi gal
EXAMPLES: Tutor: nha ga.
I'ITl going to the railroad station. /railroad station/
Tdi ciing di ,
Student: l~i nha ga ,
I'm going to the railroad station, too. o~ (depending on cue):

TO! di 1Q.i nha ga , Inhi bang/ .

I'm going to the railroad station. /bank/

Student: Con tOi ,tei <1i 1"i nhit bang ,

Tutor:

And 11m going to the bank •

... . -

1.

" ,

T6i di l~i nha gidy thep.

/nhB. gi4y th~p/

~ , ,

T~i cung di l~i nha gi4y thep.

I'm going to the post office, too.

I'm going to the post office.

2. TOi di l~i nb8. thl.1dng. /ti~m ani I'm going to the hospital.

,

Con t8i, tei di l~i ti~m an.

And I'm going to the restaurant.

, /b~n dol , tB1 cii 1ii b~n xe "
3. TOi di l~i khach-s~n. xe Con t6i, do.
I 1m going to the hotel. And I 'm go Lng to the buS station.
=wa:c
4. TOi <11 lai " /trl1.dng/ .,..., "
trttdng • TBi cung <i1 l~i truo'ng.
•
I 'm going to the school. 11m going to the school, too. 5. T6i eli l~i nhB. bang. Inh8. gal I'm going to the bank.

, . '

Con t5i, t6i eli 1,1 nha ga.

And 11m going to the railroad station •

..,.... -

6. TOi eli l,i ti~ro an. Iti~m anI lim going to the restaurant.

IiW

Tai cung eli l~i ti~m an.

I'm going to the restaurant, too.

JIiIi$ * = =:J

8

LESSON I

1. TOi di l~i b~n xe do. /b~n xe dol 11m going to the bus station.

~ ~,

T8i oung di Ifi ben xe do.

I'm going to the bus station, too.

8.

"

T8i di l~i nha ga.

, "

Con tOi, t8i di 1,i nha giAy thep.

And I'm going to the ~~st_oftic~.

I'm going to the railroad station.

9. T~i di l,i khAch-B~n. /khich~s~n/ I'm going to the hotel.

10. TBi eli l~i nh8. gi4y thep. InbS. thl.1c1ng/ I "m going to the post office.

"", ,

TOi cung di 1,i khach-s~n.

11m going to the hotel, too.

, ,

Con t6i, t~i eli l~i nha thudng.

And I'm going to the hospital.

,-- -- - --

H.l. Repeat, using Picture Plate II ror visual cues.

SUP PLE~IEN T

1.

" "

~1. Chao ba.

,

W. Chao Ong.

M. B8. manh gi~i khang?

,

~v. D{l manh , cam dn 6ng.

"

Con Ong?

~ -,

M. D, tOi cung m,nh, cam dn ba.

2. " c<S •
M. Chao
"
G. Chao tSng.
,
M. C~ eli d4u eto?
" " 8ng, 8ng di diu #
G. Dt t6i di lai nhB. bang. Con do?
•
t6i <11 " ,
M. Da l~i nha gilty thep.
• ... "
3. G. Chao ba.
" cO. CO di ,
w. Chao diu cio?
" ... " , ,
G. Da t8i di 1,1 nha thudng. Con ba, ba di ct4u do?
•
TOi eli 14i ,
w. trUdng. 9 4. M.
G.
M.
G.
M.
G.
M. 5.

1\.

M2- MI· M2- MI- M2•

~-

"

Chao cO.

"

Chao Ong.

CO ~nh gi~i kh6ng?

LESSON I

, "
D, D14nh, cam on Ong. Con cSng?
..., , ,
D, tOi cung manh , cam on cc5. CO eli diu do?
,( '" , ,
DQ. t8i <11 lti ben xe eto. Con cSng, cSng di d~u do?
D~ t6i (1i llili ti~m an. ,

Chao ilng.

"

Chao ~ng.

Ong ~nh gi&1 khBng?

, ,

D~ m~nh, cam dn 6ng. Con

""" ,..

D, tai cung ~nh. Ong di

8ng?

,

d4u do?

r , ,

Di tOi di l,i nha gi4y thep •.

Vi,y thl hay liml TOl cling di 1,,1 nbS. g14y thep.

English equivalents:

1.

2.

3.

w M. Hello (yo~).

W_ Hello (you ~.

M. How are you? m m

W. Fine, thank you. And you?

M. I'm fine, too, thank youw•

M. Hello (yo~).

G. Hello (you ).

M. Where are youg going? m m

G. I'm going to the bank. And you, where are you going? M. 11m going to the post office.

G. Hello (you w) •

w. Hello (youg). Where are youg going?

G. 11m going to the hospital. And youW, where are youW going? w. I'm going to the school.

10

...

4. }1.

G. M. G. ~1.

G.

M.

Heilo (youg).

m Hello (you l.

How are you~-")?

Fine, thank youm• And YOUm?

I'm fine, too, thank youg. Where are youg going?

I'm going to the bus station. And youm, where are youm going? 11m going to the restaurant.

Hello (youm).

Hello (youm).

How are youIn?

Fine, thank youM• And youm?

I'm fine, too. Where are youm going?

I'm going to the post orfice.

Oh, that's great I I'm going to the post

LESSON I

office, too.

EXERCISES

Conduct the following conversations in Vietnamese:

1. Mr. Smith and Mr. Ha I meet on tihe street.

a. They greet each other and inquire about each other's health.

b. ~1r. Smi th asks Mr. Hai where he is going.

c. Mr. Hai replies that he is going to the bank. He asks Mr. Smith where he is gqing.

d. Mr. Smith answers that he is going to the railroad station.

2. Mr. Smith and Miss Hai meet on the street.

a. They greet each other and inquire about each other's health.

b. ¥~. &nith asks Miss Hai where she is going.

c. Miss Hai replies that she is going to the post of rice.

d. i1r. Smith replies with enthusiasm that he is going to the post office, too.

1.1

LESSON 2

BASIC DIALOGUE

1. (1] beg yourm pardon.

hotel

Majestic Hotel

i

that's the Majestic Hotel

2. That's the Majestic Hotel, isn't it?

Caravelle Hotel

3. No. (Lit. Not correct.) That's the Caravelle Hotel.

4.

is located where?

where's the Majestic Hotel?

Then where's the Majestic Hotel?

street

this street

end of this street

is located at the end of this street hand

Mr. Smith

Stranger 1 (man)

Mr. Smith

Stranger 1

LESSON 2

Xin l~i 6ng.

,

khach-san

•

,

khach-s~n Majestic

'" ,

do la khach-s~n Majestic

Do la khach-s~n Majestic, p~i khong~

,

khach-san Caravelle

•

? • ,,,,

Kh6ng pha~. D~ do la khach-s~n

Caravelle.

t

d dau?

, ?

khach-s,n Majestic d dAu?

V§..y

. ,

, ~

khach-s~n Majestic d d§u?

"

dttdng

, "".

dl1dng na.y

,(, ').....

cuoi dttdng nay

? .;{" ~

d cuoi dudng nay

tay

12

LESSON 2

right hand right hand side

5. [Itl's at the end or this street, on the right hand side.

tay ~t

ben tay mit

~ cuoi d~g nay, bin tay mJt.

Mr. Smith

is far

is [it] far?

6. Is [it] far, (youm)?

xa

,

co xa khOng?

,

Co xa kh8ng Ong?

Stranger 1

•

18 near

~

gan

• •

18 near or ~s very near

..... ,

gan lam

'" "

Dt. kh~ng, gan llm.

7. No, [i t J' 8 near.

Mr. Smith

8.

m Thank you •

,

Oam .C1n &ng.

stranger 1

9. You1re welcome. (Lit. It's nothing.)

~ -_

, ,

D, khOng co ga ,

• • • • • • •

Mr. Smith

10. (1] beg yourW pardon.

That's the Majestic Hotel, isnrt it?

Xin l~i ba.

" , t

Do la khach-stJl Majestic, pba1 khang?

13

LESSON 2

11. Yes. (Lit. Correct.)

Stranger 2 (woman)

D h'·

a pal .

•

Mr. &0.1 th

12.

w Thank you .

, "

Cam on ba.

Notes on the Basic Dialogue

~ b ~

1.

~ A " .,..

Xin 10i '(1] beg your pardon', 'please excuse me' occurs both with and without o~8, ba, or co.

Grammar Notes

"

I. COPULA: la

"

La is a Vietnamese COPULA: it occurs as the joining word in expressions of equivalence,

comparable to English 'that is (i.e. equals) a school', 'Saigon is (i.e. equals) a city', etc.

"

Non-verbals which can occur following la will hereafter be called NOMINALS. Vietnamese nominals

have only one form, and do not distinguish between singular and plural by the form of the word.

GENERAL PATTERNS:

(a) (b)

, ,

Do + la + Nominal A = 1That is A.'

,

Nominal A + la ~ Nominal B = 'A is B.'

Thus:

, '" ,

Do la khach-san Majestic.

•

A "

Toi la Smi th.

'That's the Majestic Hotel.' 'I am Smi t h. r

In the

" A 9 1.

naga ti ve eq ui valen t s of' the above pa t terns, 1a i s pre ceded by !,cho_ng Eha.~ :

, A .,." ,

Do khong phai la khach-s~n Majestic.

A ..... 2"

Toi khong phai la Smith.

'That's not the Majestic Hotel.' 'I am not Smith.'

" '1

Now compare Ia and £:

,

la 1- Nominal A

2

d + Nominal A

-

-

-

-

tbe At

'be (or live) in or at At

, ~

La indicates equivalence, whereas d indicates location.

-

,

a place word; the nominal following la may be a place word.

,

The nominal following ~ is regularly

1Any word negated in this way will be classified as a copUla.

14

LESSON 2

Compare:

A ~ , )

Toi d khach-san Majestic. 'I rum (located at the Majestic Hotel.'

•

, ~"

Khach-s~n nay 1a khach-s~n Majestic. 'This hotel is the Majestic Hotel.'

II. STATIVE VERBALS

~ 9

Words like x~ 'is rar', san 'is near', Sio} fis good' belong to a word class which will

hereafter be called STATIVE VERBALS.

Stative verbals rarely occur alone in a sentence or phrase. They are usually at least followed"

,

by a qualifying word and/or are preceded by ~~- One such qualirier is lam, which, unless stressed,

is a very weak 'very'; with stress, it corresponds to a stronger English 'very'.

For example:

Xa lim. '[It] is (very) rar' or (with stressed lim) '[It] is y~rI far.'

III.

Questions:

, "-

(_9_o~)_~_:_v __ k_h_o_n~g~~ with Stative Verbals

~ ,

A stative verbal expression followed by ~hons, with or without a preceding unstressed co, is a

,

question equivalent of the verbal expression alone. The use of c~ indicates emphasis on the immedi-

ately following word.

Thus:

, A

(Co) xa khong?

, ~ ".,.

(Co) gan khang?

, I s [i t ] far?' tIs [i t] near?'

In the affirmative answer, the stative verbal is repeated with a preceding ~ and/or a following qualifier like lim.

Thus:

, A

(Co) xa khang?

Da xa •

•

'Is] it far?'

,

or (Da) xa lam.

•

, [I t ] 's far.'

LESSON 2

,

The subject of a (.95» k.l:l8~ question,

, ,

Khach-s~n Majestic (co) xa khOng?

,

(Dg) _k1!OI!S occurs as a negative answer to a (co) = .kp:'~~s. question.

,

if e~~ressed, precedes (co):

lIs the Majestic Hotel far? I

The person to whom the question is addressed, if expressed, follows ~h~~&:

,

(Co) xa khOng 6ng?

( m ,

'Is it far, I'm addressing you )1

,

IV.

Questions:

Ehai khOns.

_ a _ --

, A •

The addition or phai k~ong to a statement makes a verification question: 'so-and-so lS true --

right?', 'so-and-so is true, isn't it?'

Examples:

Question:

, " ,
Do la khach-s~n Majestic. f Tha t t s the Ilajes tic Hotel. I
, la , ptuii kh8ng? ..
Do khach-sQIl Majestic, t Tha t' s the 11ajestic Hotel - right?-
or 'That's the Majestic Hotel, isn't it? r
.££W,I:L'"
A ,..
Ong di l~i nha 'You're • to the station. ,
ga. go~ng
A , phAl khdng?
Ong di Ilfi nha 'You're • to the station - right?'
ga, go~ng
'You're • to the station, aren't you? I
or go~ng
- Statement:

Statement:

Question:

• o. khA ••

The afr1r.mative answer to a Ehal 1 ~ng questlon 18:

The negative answer to a Eh~i khang question is:

or

(Da)

_. .

(Da )

._. .

(Da)

_ ..

h2 .E a:l:..

'Correct.'

A

khong.

, No. ,

A '2

khong phai.

'Not correct.'

16

LESSON 2

v. Modification of Nominals

, '\ ~
Oompare: (a) dUdng ·street' and: dudng na v 'this street'
"
(b) , , 'Majestic Hotel'
khach-sfn 'hotel' and: khach-s~n Majestic
(c) " I ho sp L tal' " Hospi tal'
nha thuo'ng and: nha thudng Grall 'Grall
(d) tay 'hand' and: tay m~t Iright hand t
(e) b8n 'side' and: ben bav InJt 'right hand side'
"
and: ben , 'right hand side or the
tay m(it nha ga
station.' 1 ' .

When a Vietnamese nominal or nominal phrase is described, the describing word(s) follow it directly.

DRILLS

A. Substitution Drill

.. _ rz_ ....... - _ - ...

1. That's the (or a) hotel.

-

,,, ,

Do la khach-s~n.

2. That's the post office.

"" ,

Do 1 a ~~ __ g ~ a.z the.!?.

-

3. That's the bus station.

, ,,.( "

Do la bell xe do.

-.----

5. That's the railroad station.

,,, "

Do la ~~B: _ban_&.

DO' la' "

nha SB;..

4. That's the bank.

6. That's the hospital. *7. That's the school.

,,, "

Do la l2:~ _tl!t!d_~g.

Do la ~~~ng_h9£.2

8. That's the restaurant.

, "

Do la ti~m an.

~~ ~ iii-'~

A.I. Repeat, using Picture Plate II for visual cues.

lA nominal phrase is a nominal + descriptive word(s).

2Note different equivalents for 'school', depending on surrounding words.

17

LESSON 2

B. Substitution Drill

1. That's the Majestic Hotel.

,... ,

Do la khach-s~ Majestic.

2. That's Mr. Doan.

3. That's Mrs. Phuong.

4. That's Miss Lien. S. That's Mrs. Hai.

6. That's Le-Loi Street.

, .... "

Do la ~ P_hU9'ns..

, "-

Do la cd Lien.

, " , "

Do la ba Hai.

I

, "' "

Do la d;!dng L.§. -.~" i .

7. That's Gia-Long School.

8. Thatls Tu-Do Street.

, " '-

Do la dUdng ~-Do.

b • • -_ .....

9. Thatls Grall Hospital.

10. That's the Ngoc-Lan-Dlnh Restaurant.

,,, "

Do la nha thudng Grall.

FEW ... ...".... ~ ..... d 2L£Q_ 1IA'7 "

Do 18. ti~!!l, ~. NB_Qc-La.n-Dlnh.

c. Substitution Drill

w (i.e. Youw're " '- " , .
1. Are you Mrs. Phuong? Sa la ba Phuong, pha~ khOng?
r~'lrs • Phuong.-riJht,)
m A " ~!?-g t 2" •
2. Are you Mr. Hai '? Ong la Hai p ha i khOng?
-------,

youg CO , cO Lien, t khdng?
3. Are Miss Lien? la phai
-
4. w '" , " " 1 t • khOng?
Are you Mrs. Doan? Ba la ba Doa!l, p ia i
1 rrw...._zzzq_ Au
m ,.. , ? •
5. Are you Mr. Phuong? Ong la On&. ~h~5!.ng, p ha L kh~ng?

6. m ~ng , 6p.E Li~n, ' .
Are you Mr. Lien? la p ha I khOng?

youg Miss CO " o t • 2' • khOng?
7. Are Hai? la c Ha~, pha L

8. youg , " 2 .,
Are Miss Doan? CO la ccS Doan, pha i khdng?
~~ ... -- C.l. Repeat, checking on the names of classmates and instructor with actual name s , 18

..

LESSON 2

D. !iesE~ns~ Drill

,,, , 2' •

Do la khach-siD Caravelle, pba~ khOng?

That's the Caravelle Hotel, isn't it?

Do la cO H~i, phAi khOng?

That's Miss Bait isn't it?

Do la dtldng L§-Lqi, ph~i khang?

Thatls Le~Loi street, isn't it?

5. Do 1a nha. th1.to'ng Grall, phB.i kh8ng?

That's Grall Hospital, isn't it?

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

8.

EXAMPLE: Tu to r:

,,,,, r

Do La nha bang , phai khOng?

That's the bank, isn't it?

Student:

, ,,,,

D~ phai. Do 1a nha bang ,

~

Yes. (Lit. Correct.) That's the bank.

, , \?

Do la ti~m In NgQo-Lan-D1nh, phai khOng?

That's the Ngoc-Lan-Dinh Restaurant, isn't it?

t

D~ phai.

DO IS. tifm An NgQc-Lan-Dlnh.

Yes. That's the Ngoc~Lan~Dinh Restauran

t ,,, ,

D~ phai. Do la khach-s~n Caravelle.

Yes. That's the Caravelle Hotel.

DIl- ph~i.

" ,

Do la cO Hai.

Yes.

That's Miss Hai.

,

D~ pha i ,

, " .. A

Do la duO'ng La -Lq'i.

Yes. That's Le-Loi street.

D~ pIJ.i. Do 1a nh.8. thudng Grall.

Yes. That's Grall Hospital.

,,, " t

Do la trudng Gia-Long, phai kh6ng?

That's Gia-Long School, isn't it?

,

D~ phai.

, , "

Do la trudng Gla-Long.

Yes. That's Gia-Long School.

, " , ,

Do la ba Phuong, ph.8.1 khOng?

That's Mrs. Phuong, isn't it?

t • ,,,,,

D~ pha L, Do la ba Phuong.

Yes. Thatls Mrs. Phuong.

D~ ph~i. DO IS. d~dng TtJ.-Do.

Yes. That's Tu~Do street.

, " " ,

Do la dudng ~~Do, phai kh6ng?

That's Tu-Do Street, isn't it?

19

E. Transformation Drill

EXAMPLE: Tu tor:

student:

,... "

1. Do la nha bang.

That's the bank.

, " "

2. Do la nha ga.

That's the railroad station.

,,, ,

3. Do la trudng ho c ,

That's the school.

4.

,,, "'

Do la nha thudng.

That's the hospital.

5.

, ,

Do la ti~m an.

That's the restaurant.

6.

, "filii ,

Do la ben xe do.

That's the bus station.

7.

,,,,, ,

Do la riha gigy thep.

That's the post office.

LESSON 2

, ,"' ,

Do la nba giay thep.

That's the post office.

Do khOng p~i la nhA gi!y thep.

That's not the post office.

, t"

Do khOng p ha f la nha bang.

That IS not the bank.

, t"

Do khOng phai la nha ga ,

That's not the railroad station.

, t,,,

Do kh6ng phai la trUdng h9C•

That's not the school.

, ~"

Do khOng phai La nha bhuong ,

That's not the hospital.

, t,

Do kh~ng phai la ti~m an.

That's not the restaurant.

, t, ~ ,

Do kh6ng phai la ben xe do.

That's not the bus station.

Do kh6ng phai la nbi gi~y thep.

That's not the post office.

20

LESSON 2

, " " , p~i /nha bang/
EXAMPLE: Tutor: Do la nha gi§.y thep, khOng?
That's the post office, isn't it? /bank/
2' • , '- "
Student: Kh6ng Do la nha b';
pha i , i.... - ....
a11~s •
No. (Li t. Not correct.) That's th~ bank. 1. Do la nha ga, ph~i khOng? /b~n xe dol That's the railroad station, isn't it?

2. ''';;( "

KhOng phal. Do la ben xe do.

No. That's the bus station.

", t "

2. Do la khach-s~n, phai kh6ng? /nha bang/

That's the hotel, isn't it?

3. Do la nha thudng, ph~i kh6ng? /trudng h9C/ That's the hospital, isn't it?

2 ''''

Kh6ng phai. Do la nha bang.

No. That's the bank.

A ' • ' l' \

Khung p Ml. • Do a t rl1dng h9 c •

No. Thatts the school •

•

, .. iii "t I'" /

4. Do la ben xe do, phai khOng? nha ga

That's the bus station, isn't it?

? ",

KhOng phai. Do la nha ga.

No. That's the railroad station.

,,,,, t "/

5. Do la nha bang, phai kh6ng? /khach-s~n

That's the bank, isn't it?

6. Do 18. nhA giAy thtip, ph:'i kh8ng? /nha thl1dng/ That's the post office, isn't it?

7 • DO la trl1dng no c , Ph~i khOng? /nh8. giAy thep/ That's the school, isn't it?

Kh8ng ph~i. Do la khAch-3~n.

No. That's the hotel.

KhOng phAi. Do la nha thudng.

No. Thatls the hospital.

Kh6ng ph~i. v~ Ii nh~ gily th~p.

No. Tha t f S t.he p o s t office.

F.l. Repeat, using Picture Plate II for visual cues. Tutors may use both (~~). kl!.6.n&...E.1!~~ and £~_ P.l:!&1: s1 tua tions.

21

LE3S0~J 2

G. Substitution Drill

• _ dol ---__ iIIIE _ _ ... _ _

- -

, ,

Nha tl1udng Grall d dau?

~O:~.K _L_e_-lt.cti d dfiu?

2.

I beg yourm pardon. Where's 3ral1 Hospital? I beg yourW pardon. Where's La-Loi Street?

Xin IlJi eng. Xin l~i ba.

1.

3. I beg yourg pardon. Where's the Majestic Hotel?

4. I beg yourm pardon. ~ihere's the Ngoc-Lan-Dinh Restaurant?

~' 2

Xi n 10 i cO • KhB=...~l!.-:-_§I_~_D:. r·~a j e_ s_ ~ i ~ d d Ii u ?

Xin 16i ~n~. Ti~~ .~t:l ]~E9~c-~an=:.D.lnh

7

d diu?

5. I beg yourW .pardon. Where IS Gia ... Long School?

6.

I beg yourg pardon. \mere t s the Caravelle Hotel?

Xin l~i

A

co.

, 7

i=:hacll-san Caravelle d dau?

. . __ ----------

-.

G.l. Repeat, using Picture Plates I and II for visual cues.

H. Substitution Drill

- - *_

1. The railroad station is on the right. * 2. The railroad station is on the lef't.

3. The bank is on the lert.

" 2 411"'\ ' •

I~~ ~~n~ d ben tay tra1.

4. The bank is on the right.

" t

Nha bAng d b§n tay m~t.

____ 'i'- __

5. The hotel is on the right.

6. The hotel is on the lert.

, t

Khach-s~£ d ben tay m~t.

, t ,

Khach-s~n d ~~n_t~y ~~~.

7. The bus station is on the left.

t " 2' ,

Ben xe do d ben tay trai.

Be'n xe do d be_I!._t'~:Y ~~l.

8. The bus station is on the right.

R.I. Repeat, using marked blocks to provide visual cues.

22

•

LESSON 2

I. Substitution Drill

, , b8n tay m,t ,
1. The station is to the left of the hotel. Nha ga d khach-stn•
(Li t. The station is at the hotel's
right hand side.1)
sta tion is right of the hotel. " , , ,
2. The to the Nha ga d b8n taz _1?.ra:;_ kha ch-stn•
..... ---
(Lit. The station is at the hotel's
left hand side. ) 3. The restaurant is to the right of the bus station.

4. The restaurant is to the left of the bus station.

A • '" ,.("

Ti~m &n d ben tav m.t ben xe do.

-

5. The school is to the left of the bank.

6. The school is to the right of the bank.

7. The post orrice is to the right of the hospital.

8. The post orfice is to the left of the hospital.

'" 'A "

Truong hc c d .e.en _~az_tz:a~ nha bang.

.... • A ' 2' ,,,

~Lht! s~aI. ~h:eE. d ben tay trai n~ ~hl.idlJ.~.

" , 2' "

Nha giay thep q ben _t~:[ _I!2(i~ nha thudng.

1.1. Repeat, using marked blocks to provide visual cues.

---- .. - ---

1The station is to the left of the hotel, as I face the two b~ildings, but in Vietnamese, directional relationships are stated from the point of view of the things compared, not of the viewer.

Ba cz

Back

Right side X Left side Right side t - --l Left side
11: f J


Front Front
X t ben tay mit Y. IX • y' s
d 1.S at right hand side.'
y v b~n ' . 'Y • X, a left hand
d tay tra1 x. 1.8 at Bide. r 23 LESSON 2

J. Transforlna tion Drill

EXAMPLE:

Tutor:

" I

.Nha b 8.ng d

The bank

(Lit.

,

b3n tay m,t khach-s~.

1s to the left of the hotel.

The bank is at the hotel's right hand side.)

student:

, t A ' '"

Khach-s~n d ben tay trai nha bang.

The hotel is to the right of the bank.

(Lit. The hotel is at the bank's left hand side.)

1. Ti~m an d ben tay ~t b~n xe do.

The restaurant is to the lett of the bus station.

2. Nha ga & ben tay trai nh& glay th~p.

The railroa.d station is to the right of the post orfice.

, t '" ,,,

Khach-s,n d ben tay trai Dba ga.

The hotel is to the right of the railroag station.

6. B~n xe do d ben tay mft nbR gi~y th~p.

The bus station is to the left of the

3.

4.

5.

7.

",_ " t , A

Ben xe do d ben tay trai ti~m an.

The bus station is to the right of the restaurant.

'" , ... ,

Nha gi~y thep d b~n tay m,t Dba ga.

The post office is to the left of the railroad station.

Nha thudng d ben tay m~t .nha bang.

The hospital is to the left of the bank.

, ,~ "

Nha bang d ben tay trai nha thudng.

II'<

The bank is to the right of the hospital.

,t ,

Trudng h9C d ben tay ~t nha thddng.

The school is to the left of the hospital.

" . , . ,

Nha thudng d ben tay tra~ trUdng h9c.

The hospital 1s to the right of the school.

" t A ,

Nha ga d ben tay mit khach-s~n.

The railroad station is to the lert of

the hotel.

post office.

" , , , . ". "

Nba gi~y thep d bSn tay tra~ ben xe do.

The post office is to the right of the bus station.

, , "

Nha thudng d ben tay trai nha bang.

The hospital is to the right of the bank.

,t "

Nha bang d ben tay m~t Dba thudng.

The bank is to the left of the hospital.

LESSON 2

8.

,,' "

Trudng hQc d ben tay mtt nha ga.

The school is to the left of the

railroad station.

" t A ,,,

Nha ga d ben tay trai trudng hQc.

The railroad station is to the right or the school.

J.l. Repeat, using marked blocks to provide visual cues. Students should take both the tutor's and student's roles.

~

K. Substitution Drill

1. The hotel 1s to the right of the station. (Lit. The hotel is at the station's le.ft hand side.)

, , ,,,

Khach-stn d ben tay trai Dba ga.

. 2. The hotel is to the left of the station. (Lit. The hotel is at the station's right hand side.)

, 'A "

Khach-s~n d, ~e~ tay !it nha ga •

* 3.

The hotel faces the station. or The

..

, t I ,

Khach-s,n d trudc mJt nha ga.

---.----- -

hotel is in front of the station.

* 11. 1

~ The hote is in back of the station.

KhAch-stn ~ d!ns_sau nhi ga.

K.l. Repeat, using different building names.

K.2. Repeat, using marked blocks to provide visual cues.

25

LESSON 2

L. aesponse Drill

student:

Bhi bing /J b8n tay mjt nbS. gUy thep, p~i kh6ng? (1) //J b~n tay mj t/ £!: (2) //J ban tay trail

The bank is to the lert or the post orrice, isn't it?

(Lit. The bank is on the post orrice's right hand side, isn't it? (1) lis on the right hand side/ Or (~) lis on the left

hand side/ -

(1) Df, p~i. Nha bing /J b~n tay mjt nbS. gUy thep.

Yes. The bank is to the left of the post office •

EXAMPLE: ~:

9.!. (2)

•

Df, khOng ph8.i.

NbS. bang /J b3n tay trai nha gi4y thep.

No. The bank is to the right of the post office.

1. Nha ga /J ben tay mjt khach-sf,n, ph~i khOng? //1 bSn tay mjt/

The station is to the left 01· the hotel, isn't it?

t '" t ,

Df, phai. Nha ga d ban tay mjt khach-sf,n.

Yes. The station is to the left of the hotel.

2. '" t '" ,
Nha bang d ban tay trai nha giAy thep,
t //1 b3n tay mjt/
phai kh6ng?
The bank is to the right of the post
office, isn't it?
BIn xe do • •
3. d ban tay mjt ti~m an, phai
khOng? ~. A ' /
d ben tay trai D, khOng p~i. NbS. bang d b3n tay mjt nh8. gUy thep.

No. The bank 1s to the left of the post otfice •

The bus station is to the left of the restaurant, isn't it?

• t# ' , ,

D, khOng phai. Ben xe do d ban tay trai

tifm an.

No. The bus station is to the right of the restaurant.

26

..

4.

5.

6.

8.

LESSON 2

,. '.'

Trddng h9c d ben tay tra~ Dba thuang,

ph~i khOng? /~ b3n tay trail

The school is to the right of the

hospital, isn't it?

t ,. ,,,

Dt pha L, Tr\1ctng he;» c cJ b8n tay trai nba

thl1o'ng.

Yes. The school is to the right of the hospital.

, tAt.' f "

Khach-sfn d ben tay trai nha b~ng,

phii khOng? /a b~n tay m~t/

The hotel 1s to the right of the bank,

ian't it?

, t A

Khach-84n d ben tay mtt

D~ khOng Ph~i.

,

nha bing.

No. The hotel is to the lert of the bank.

" , t #IT"

Nha giAy thep d ben tay mJt ben xe do,

p~i khOng? /d ben tay trail

The post office is to the lert of

the bUB station, isn~t it?

n, khOng p~i. Nhi giAy th~p d ben tay trai bln xe do.

No. The post office is to the right of the bus station.

Ti~m an ~ b~n tay trai trudng hQc, phai khOng? /d ben tay trail

The restaurant is to the right of

the school, isn't it?

D~ ph~i. Ti~m an d ben tay trai trudng hQc.

Yes. The restaurant is to the right of the school.

,. ".'

Nha thudng d ben tay mit nha g~4y thep,

ph~i kh6ng? Id ben tay mitl

The hospital is to the lert of the

post orfice, isn't it?

. " ...

DQ. phai. Nha thudng d ben tay mit nha

,

giay thep.

Yes. The hospital is to the left of the

post office.

27

LESSOI~ 2

M. Transformation Drill

EXAMPLE: Tutor:

'- ,,, "

Nha ga d dang sau nha bang.

The railroad station is behind the bank.

Student:

" f' ,

Nha bang d trudc m~t nha ga.

The bank is in front of (or faces) the railroad station.

-

1. Nha ga d ben tay trai tr~drtg hQc.

The railroad station is on the

school's left.

" '", "

Trudng h9c d ben tay m~t nha ga.

The school is on the railroad station's · right.

2.

" " ,

Trudng h9c d trudc m~t khach-s~n.

The school is in front of (or faces) the hotel.

, t, ,

Khach-s~n d dang sau trudng h9c.

The hotel is behind the school.

3.

, t "

Khach-s~n d ben tay m~t nha gi§y thep.

The hotel is on the post office IS rigat.

" A. ' t b"'" "

Nha giay tihep d en tay trai kha cn -e an ,

The post office is on the hotel's left.

4.

" .._, , " ,

Nha bang d dang sau riha thlldng.

The bank is behind the hospital.

, t, ,

Nha thudng d trudc m~t nha bang.

The hospital is in front of (or faces) the bank.

5.

_, ,t,

Ben xe do d trudc m~t ti~m An.

The bus station is in front of (or

faces) the restaurant.

li.l. Repeat the drill with students placing marked blocks in such a way that they represent the statement being drilled.

2 " "" "

Ti~m an d dang sau ben xe do.

The r-e s t aur-ant; is behind the bus station.

28

•

-

LESSON 2

1.

2.

s.

6.

EXAMPLE : Tutor:

NbS. ga ~ ~uo i ditctng nay, pMi khOng?

The railroad station is at the end o~ this street, isn't it?

student:

f , I " ." ,..

n, pha L, Nha ga d cuo i, d1.1c1ng nay.

~

Yes. The railroad station is at the end or this street.

, ."" ~ .

Khach-s,n d .cuo L d\to'ng nay, phai khOng?

The hotel 1s at the end of this street, ian r tit?

t. ' ,~, ~

D, pha t , Khach"sf,n d cuo L d\1dng nay'.

Yea. The hotel is at the end of this street.

t ", ~ •

Tiim in cJ cuo L dudng nay" phai khOng?

The restaurant is at the end of this

street, isn't it?

D hi • i ~ XWI'\ dt ,f ." '"

• p aa , T ~m CU~ cuo a duang nay'.

Yes. The restaurant is at the end of

this street.

D, ph~i. NhA glAy thep ~ 'cu~i dtldngnay.

~

Yes. The post office" is at the end of

this street.

, , , ,(, " t

Nha giAy thep d 'cuofdUdngOnay, pbai khOng?

The post Orri"ce is a t the end or" this street, isn't it?

~ t", ~ t

Nha thuO'ng cJ cuo i d\1c.1ng nay, ph8.i khOng?

.

The hospital is at the end of this

street, isn't it?

Nh8. bing d ello], ddctng n~y, ph~i khOng?

The bank is at the end of this street, isn't it?

, , t.4, ~

Dt p ha I , Nha thUctng d cuo i ctuO'ng nay.

<

Yes. The hospital is at the end of

this street.

D, p~i. Nh8. bang It cu~i dl1c:1ng nay.

Yes. The hospital is at the end of this street.

, t" ~,

TrUo'ng h9C d cuoi. nay, phad, kh~ng?

The school is at the end of this street, isn't it?

, " • Ill" "....

D, phai. TrdO'ng hQc d cuo L dUO'ng nay.

Yes. The school is at the end of this street.

29

LESSON 2

" t "" '" '.

Nha ga d cuoi. dudng nay, pha1 khOng?

The railroad station 1s at the end of

this street, isn't it?

DQ. p~i.

, 2" l1li., ~

Nha ga d CUOl dudng nay.

Yes.

The railroad station is at the end

of this street.

8.

,,' ,t #'t{ '" ~ t • '"

Ben xe do d cuoi dUdng nay, pha1 khong?

The bus station is at the end of this street, isn't it?

t. ~ ,,' A '- '-

D~ pha~. Ben xe do d cuoi dudng nay.

Yes. The bus station is at the end of this street.

o. Substitution Drill

, * 5. it , ,
1. Is it far? Co xa khOng? Is new? Co IllO'i khdng?

, '" * 6. , -
2. Is it near? Co gc:n kh6ng? Is it old? Co eu khOng?
_._
* , , * 7. , ,
3· Is it expensive? Co mac khOng~? Is it big? Co Idn khOng?
._ RlszI&& 22iQ$
*. , , * 8. , ,
4· Is it cheap? Co re khOng? Is it small? Co nho khOng?

0.1. omitting "
Repeat, co.

0.2. Repeat, • Picture Plate III for visual
uS1ng cues. ,

Co xa kh8ng?

Is i t far~!

EXAMPLE: Tutor:

Student:

,

Da xa lam.

•

It's .f'ar-,

1.

, ~

Co gan khOng?

Is it near?

~ ,

D~ gan lam.

It's near.

2.

, ,

Co re khOng?

Is it cheap?

'7 ,

D~ re lam.

It I s cheap.

30

' .•

LESSON 2

, , , , 4. ~ ,
). Co DX1i khOng? D, rrr::Ji llm. Co xa kh&ng? D, xa Ilm.
Is it new? It's new. Is it far? It's far.
S. I , , , 6. ' , , ,
Co mlc khOng? n, mlc llm. Co lc:1n kh8ng? D, lo'n lAm.
Is it expensive? It's expensive. Is it big? It's big.
, ell khOng? Dt eu 11m. B. ~ I t ,
. 7. Co Co nbo lcheng! D, nho lim.
Ia it old? It's old. Is it SDB.11? Itls small.
P.l.

Repeat, with Repeat, with

Repeat, with

tutor omitting c& from question. student omitting dt trom response.

-

,

student omitting l~ from ~esponse.

Q. Res~opse Dril~

EXAMPLE: Tu to r :

,

Co xa khOng?

Is it f'ar?

Student:

"... ,

D, khOng, gaIl lim.

No, it's near.

1.

, '" , 2." ' #IItI
Co gan khOng? Dt khOng t xa lam. Co cu kbang'
Is it near? No, it's far. Ia it old?
, , D, khOng, .. , 4. ' ,
Co DK1i kheng'l cu 11m. 00 mAc kh&ng'
Is it new? No, it's old. Is it expensive? , ,

D, khOng, mdi lim.

No, it's new.

3.,

. ,

D, khOng, re l~.

No, it's cheap.

, ,

Co re khOng?

Is it cheap?

, ,

D, khOng, mac lim.

No, it's expensive.

6.

, t

Co nho kh8ng.

Is it 81f&.11?

, ,

D, khOng, ldn l~.

No, it's big.

, ,

Co lo'n khOng?

Is it big?

t ,

D, khOng, nho l~.

No, it's small.

8.

,

Co xa kh6ng?

Is it tar?

,.._ ,

n, khOng, gan 11m.

No, it's near.

Q.l.

,

Repeat, with tutor omitting co from question.

-

LESSON 2

R. Substitution Drill

1. Is Gia-Long School rar?

, ,

Trudng Gia Long co xa kh~ng?

2. Is Gia-Long School new?

, , ,

Trudng Gia Long co mdi khOng?

- --

3. Is the Majestic Hotel new?

4. Is the Majestic Hotel near?

5. Is the Ngo c-Larr-Dd.nh Restaurant near?

6. Is the Ngoc-Lan-Dinh Restaurant old?

7. Is Grall Hospital old?

8. Is Grall Hospital far?

, , ,

Khach-sa.n _l:!.ajesti£ co Indi khdng?

, , ~

Khach-s~n Majestic co gan khOng?

Ti~m an NSQc-Lan-fllnh CO g~n khOng?

_ b&d

Ti~m An NgQc-Lan-~inh co ell khOng?

- ...

, , ,_

N}!a thuO'ng G~~lLl co cu khOng?

, ,

Nha thudng Grall co xa khOng?

_...._

9. Is the Ngoc-Lan-Dinh restaurant far?

Ti~m ~n _Ng_Q e-Lan-Dlnh CO xa khOng?

10. Is the Ngoc-Lan-Dinh restaurant e~enslve?

l "

Ti~m an Ng9c-Lan-D1nh co mac khOng?

11. Is the Caravelle Hotel expensive?

, , ,

Khach-s~n Caravelle co mac kh6ng?

12. Is the Caravelle Hotel big?

·13. Is the bus station big?

14. Is the bus station small?

15. Is the Ngoc-Lan-Dinh Restaurant small?

16. Is the Ngoc-Lan-Dinh Restaurant cheap?

17. Is the Majestic Hotel cheap?

18. Is the Majestic Hotel far?

, , ,

Khach-s~n Caravelle co ldn khOng?

~ ",

Ben xe do co Idn khOng?

.I"i ", 2'

Ben xe do co nho kh6ng?

l ' ,

Ti~m an !Jg,Q c-Lan-Dl.nh co nho khOng?

--

\ ' 9

Ti~m an NS9c-Lan-D1nh co re khOng?

, , ,

Khach-s aan ,11~J.e.sti<:. CO re khOng?

, ,

Khach-s~n Majestic co xa khOng?

R.I. R.2.

I

Repeat, omitting co rrom question.

Repeat, using Picture Plates II and III to provide visual cues.

32

1

LESSON 2

EX»1PLE:

Tutor:

, ,

Khach-stn co xa khOng?

Is the hotel far?

Student:

(1 )

,

D~ xa lam. It's far. or

(I) /xa/ or (2) /g~/

L __

(1) lis far/ or (2) lis near/

(2) D, khOng, gin lAm. No, it's near.

1. KhQch-stn co xa khOng? /xa/ Is the hotel rar?

2. Nhs. giay thep co g~n, khOng? /xa/ Is the post orrice near?

,

n, xa lam.

It's far.

,

D~ khOng, xa 1 am.

No, it's .far.

" , ~ / '"

3. Nha ga co gan khOng? ganl

Is the railroad station near?

" ~

D~ gan lam.

It's near.

.

4. Nha thl1dng co mdi khOng? Icul

Is the hospital new?

5. Trtldng hQ c co :rrxt i khong? /md 1/ Is the school new?

... ,

D~ khOng, cu lam.

No, it's old.

, ,

D, IOO'i lam.

I tis new.

6.

" ", ,

Ben xe do co nho khOng? Inho/

Is the bus station small?

2' ,

Da nho lam •

•

It's small.

7.

, t ,

Tifm an co re kh8ng? /mac/

Is the restaurant cheap?

, ,

D~ khOng~ mac lam.

No, it's expensive.

, " 1

Khach-s~n co Idn khdng? /nho/

Is the hotel big?

9. Nha gidy thep co cu khOng? leu/

8.

. ,

D~ khOng, nho lam.

No, it's small.

Is the post office old?

t/IIIJ ,

D~ cu lam.

It's old..

S.l. Repeat, using Picture Plate III to provide visual cues.

33

LESSOlt 2

SUPPLEMENT

AI Xin l~i , , , , , ph8.i
1. Ong Johnson: ba. Do la nha giAy thep, khOng?
, KhOng ph~i. , " "-
Ba Phl1dng: Do la nha bang.
A. " , ,
Ong Johnson: Viy, nha giAy thep d dau?
" fJ ~ , '" b8n tay ,
Ba Phuong: cuoi dl1o'ng nay, trai.
A , ,
Ong Johnson: Cam dn ba.
" , \
Ba P h1.1dng : D, khOng co g~. - - - - - - ... ~

2. Ong 8mi th: co Ll'~n:

Ong Smith:

CO Li8n:

, f

Chao cO. cO ~ gioi khOng?

, ,

D, ~nh, cam dn Ong. Con Ong?

All' ,

n, t~i cung ~nh, cam dn cO. CO di diu 4o?

, , ,

Dt tei di 1,i trUdng Gia-Long. Con Ong, Ong di diu do?

A

Ong Smith:

CO Li3n: dog Smith:

CO Li8n:

, , ,

Dt tOi di 1,1 khach-s,n Majestic. Khach-sfn Majestic co xa khOng 061

~ , , ,c " ~

D, khOng, gan lam. d cuoi dttO'ng nay, ban tay mit.

, ", t

Cam an cO. Con khach-s,n Continental d diu?

~ I IfIf , ""',.. ,

Cung d cuoi <111dng nay, ben tay tral.

A

Ong Smith:

CO Lien:

, .', t

Viy, khach-s,n Majestic d trUdc mtt khach-s4Jl Continental, phai khOng?

Df. p~i.

A

Ong Smith:

CO Li8n:

,

Cam dn cO.

, \

D, khOng co g~.

Ii

LESSO~l 2

A Xin 10i .. t •
3. Onp- Jones: co. C~ la " T. A pha:L kh6ng?
C ulen,
0
" " t8i " " "
Ba Do an : Da khOng, la ba f)oan.
•
Ong Xin l~i , CO Lien d d§.u?
Jones: ba.
" , (pointing) , " cO Lien.
Ba Doan: Do la
A- , "-
Ong Jones: Cam dn ba.
.... " , '-
Ba Doan: Da khOng •
co gl..
•
A Xin l~i la 2
Ong Jones: cO. CO cO Lien, phai khOng?
co Lien: ' .
D~ pha L, - - - - - - - - -

4. C8 Lien:

~ , Do' la' A t. 2 A

Xin loi ba. ung Ha1, phai khvng?

co Lien:

, "

D~ kh8ng, do la Ong Phudng.

V4y ang Hai d d§u?

... ,

Ba Doan:

" "

Ba Doan:

(• )' '- A t.

p01nting Do la ung Ha~.

co di l~i trudng Gia-Long, ph~i khOng?

co Lien:

, .

Da nhad ,

· ~

" " A t • ~ ..
Ba Doan: Ong Ha~ cung di lai trlldng ~. L
!,.zl.a... ong.
•
CO r · A V~y thl , , ,
.J aeri : hay lam. Cam dn ba •
, , , ,
Ba Doan: Kh8ng co gi..
CO Li~n: "
Chao Ong.
A H' · "-
Ong a1: Chao ca. A ,

Ong Hai:

Xin lOi Ong, Ong Is eng H~i, phai kh8ng? D~ p~i.

co Lien:

co Lien:

A \ 7 •

Ong di l~i trudng Gia-Long, pha~ khOng?

t •

D~ pna L,

35

A ••

Ong Hal.:

LESSON 2

5. ....
Ong Smith:
A ,. .
Ong Ha:L :
A
Ong Smith:
"" t •
Ong Ha~:
A
Ong Smith:
A- H' ·
On~
al.:
0
A
Ong Smith:
A 2' •
OnB Ha I :
A Smi th:
Ong Xin l~i Ong.

" • A

Nha ga d cl:au?

" , ". ,,~ ,

Nha ga d CUOl d~dng nay, ben tay trai.

, " , ,

Cam dn Ong. Con nha gi~y thep d d§u?

Nha giAy th~p cung d cuoi dUdng n~y, ben tay Mit. d trtldc ~t nhi ga.

, A' t •

Cam dn eng. Ong la Ong Hai, pha~ kheng?

D~ khOng, tei khOng p~i la 6ng Hai.

, ~

TOi la 6ng Hai.

Xin lOi Ong.

f

, .

Hal. •

: :a

D~ ph~i. Con Ong la Ong Smith, phai khOng? D, prJi.

_. - - - - - - - -

EI?-gl i~!; ~9.~i val_ep_t_~.:

1. I1r. Jolmson:

Mrs. Phuong: }fr. Johnson:

Nr-s , Phuong:

Mr. Johnson: ~llrs • Phuong:

[11 beg yourW pardon. That's the post office, isnlt it? No. That's the bank.

\fuere is the post office [tIlen]?

At the end o~ this street, on the left hand side. Thank youw•

You're welcome.

.. _.. - - - - - - - -

2. Mr. Smith:

Miss Lien: !1r • Sroi th:

I'tliss Lien:

Mr. Smith: }Iiss Lien:

i~'lr. Smi tll:

Miss Lien: }t!r. Smi th: p~iss Lien:

Mr. Smith: ~1iss Lien:

Hello (you~J. How are youg? Fine, thank youm• And youm?

11m fine, too, thank youg. ~fuere are youg goin~?

I 'm going to t_]·ia Long School. And where are loum going?

I'm going to the Majestic Hotel. Is the Majes~ic Hotel far, (you~]? No, it's near. At the end of this street, on the right ~and side. Thank you~. And where is the Continental Hotel?

(It] also is at the end of this street, on the left hand side. 'Phe n the !~ajestic Hotel faces the Contine ntal :{otel?

Yes.

Thank you8. You're welcome.

36

LESSON 2

3. Mr. .Jones:

Mrs. Doane

Mr. Jones:

Mrs. Doan:

Mr. Jones: }lrs. Doan :

Mr. Jones:

Miss Lien:

[I] beg yourg pardon. No, I'm Mrs. Doan. Excuse me. ~Vhere is l1iss Lien?

(pointing) That's Miss Lien.

Thank youw• You're welcome.

(to Miss Lien):' [I] beg your-S pardon.

Yes.

Youg are·Miss Lien, aren't you?

Youg ar-e Miss Lien, ar-en ' t you?

- _--_ - _-----

4. Miss Lien:
~Irs " Doan:
Miss Lien:
Mrs. Doan:
Miss Lien:
Mrs. Doan:
Miss Lien:
Mrs. Doan:
Miss Lien:
Mr. Hai:
Miss Lien:
Mr. Hai:
Miss Lien:
Mr. Hai: [I] beg yourW pardon. That t S Mr. Ha.l , ian t tit? No, that's Mr. Phuong.

Then wherefs Mr. Hai?

(pointing) Thatrs r1r. Hai. You'reg going to Gia-Long School, aren't you?

Yes.

Mr. Hai is also going to Gia Long School.

That's fine I Thank youw•

You're welcome.

(to Mr. Hai): Hello [youmJ.

Hello [youg J.

Excuse me~ you're Mr. Hai, aren't you? Yes.

You'reg going to Gia-Long School, aren't you? Yes.

...-- --- ---

Mr. Smith:

Mr. Hai:

Mr. Smith:

Mr. Hai:

IvTr • Smi th:

[1] beg youm pardon. Where is the railroad station?

The railroad station is at the end of this street, on the lert hand side. Thank youm• And where1s the post ofrice?

The post office is also at the end of this street, on the right hand aide.

It faces the railroad station.

Thank youm• You~ are Mr. Hai, ~rentt you? No, rim not Mr. Hai. 1'm Mr. Hai.

- 2

Excuse me. Ha i.,

•

Correct. Ana youm are Mr. Smith?

Yes.

5. l\Ir. Smith:

Mr. Hai:

Mr. Smith:

Mr. Hai:

37

1