Social Media and the Paradox of Cooperation
Bernardo A. HubermanSocial Computing LabHP LabsNovember 2010We are witnessing an inversion of the traditional way by which content has been generated andconsumed over centuries. From photography to news and encyclopedic knowledge, the centuries oldpattern has been one in which relatively few people and organizations produce content and mostpeople consume it. With the advent of the web and the ease with which one can migrate content to it,that pattern has reversed, leading to a situation whereby millions create content in the form of blogs,news, videos, music, and so on, and relatively few can attend to it all. This phenomenon, whichsometimes goes under the name of
crowdsourcing
, is exemplified by websites such as Digg, Flickr,YouTube, Twitter and Wikipedia, where content creation without the traditional quality filters managesto produce sought out movies, news and even knowledge that rival the best encyclopedias.That such content is valued is confirmed by the fact that access to these sites accounts for a sizablepercentage of internet traffic. YouTube, which in many ways can be considered a media company thatoutsources the production of its content to millions of users, has more viewers than all of the U.S. TVnetworks combined.What makes crowdsourcing both interesting and puzzling is the underlying dilemma facing everycontributor, which is best exemplified by the well-known tragedy of the commons [1]. In such dilemmas,a group of people attempts to provide a common good in the absence of a central authority.In the case of crowdsourcing, the common good is in the form or videos, music, or encyclopedic
knowledge that can be freely accessed by anyone. Furthermore, the good has ‘jointness’ of supply,
which means that its consumption by others does not affect the amounts that other users can use.And since it is nearly impossible to exclude non-contributors from accessing and consuming content, it isrational for individuals not to upload content and free ride on the production of others. The dilemmaensues when every individual can reason this way and exploit the efforts of others, making everyoneworse off [2
–
6].And yet paradoxically, there is ample evidence that while the ratio of contributions to their consumptionis indeed small, the growth in content provision persists at levels that are hard to understand if analyzedfrom a public goods point of view.Our studies of the mechanisms underlying the creation and consumption of content within social mediashows that the puzzle is explained by the fact that those contributing to the digital commons perceive itas a private good rather a public one, in which payment for their efforts is in the form of the attentionthat their content gathers in the form of media quotes, downloads or news clicked on.As we empirically showed a few years ago, attention is such a valued resource that people are oftenwilling to forsake financial gain to obtain it [7]. In the world of academia, for example, attention is the
main currency, for we publish to get the attention of others, we cite so that other researcher’s work gets
attention, and we cherish the prominence of great work because of the attention it gathers [8].
Similarly, within online communities, status and recognition have been shown to be very importantmotivators for contributing [9]. Another important example of the role that attention plays incontributing to the commons is open source software development. Several studies have shown thatopen source projects are characterized by a very small core of contributors [10] where the free-ridingproblem is not acute; the idea of prestige seeking in the open source community has been explored.
Raymond describes it as a ‘gift culture’ in which participants compete for prestige by giving time, energy
and creativity awayIn a recent study of a massive data set from YouTube we showed that the productivity exhibited incrowdsourcing exhibits a strong positive dependence on attention, measured by the number of downloads. Conversely, a lack of attention leads to a decrease in the number of videos uploaded andthe consequent drop in productivity, which in many cases asymptotes to no uploads whatsoever.Moreover, short-
term contributors compare their performance to the average contributor’s
performance while long-term contributors compare it to their own [11].Moreover the contribution to the commons is not distributed evenly among all participants. While anyuser can contribute to these forums, a disproportionately large percentage of the content is submittedby very active and devoted users, whose continuing participation is the
key to the sites’ success.People’s propensity to participate increases the more they contribute, suggesting motivating factors
which increase over time. While submitters who stop receiving attention tend to stop contributing,prolific contributors attract an ever increasing number of followers and their attention in a feedbackloop. As we recently demonstrated this mechanism leads to the observed power law in the number of contributions per user to top content sharing websites such as Digg.com and Youtube.com[12].
References[1] G. Hardin, The tragedy of the Commons,
Science
162 (1968) 1243
–
1248.[2] E. Adar and B.A. Huberman, Free riding on Gnutella,
First Monday
5(10) (2000).[3] A. Asvanund, K. Clay, R. Krishnan and D. Smith, An empirical analysis of network externalities in peerto-peer music-sharing networks,
Information Systems Research
15(2) (2004) 155
–
174.[4] D. Hughes, G. Coulson and J Walkerdine, Free riding on Gnutella revisited: The bell tolls,
IEEE Distributed Systems Online
6(6) (2005).
[5] N. Glance and B.A. Huberman, Dynamics of social dilemmas,
Scientific American
270(3) (1994) 76
–
81. See also, D. Wilkinson and B. A.Huberman, Assessing the value of Cooperation in Wikipedia,http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1763/1643[6] S.S. Levine and S. Shah,
Cultivating the digital commons: A framework for collective open innovation
,Available at:http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p108966_index.html (accessed 4 August 2009).[7] B.A. Huberman, C. Loch and A. Onculer, Status as a valued resource,
Social Psychology Quarterly
67(1) (2004) 103
–
114.[8 G. Franck, Science communication,a vanity fair,
Science
286 (1999) 53
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55.[9] J. Lampel and A. Bhalla, The role of status seeking in online communities: Giving the gift of experience,
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
12(2) (2007) 435
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455.[10] A. Mockus, R.T. Fielding and J.D. HerbsleTwo case studies of open source software development:Apache and Mozilla,
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology
11(3), (2002) 309
–
346.[11] B. A. Huberman, D. Romero and F. Wu, Crowdsourcing, attention and productivity
,
Journal of Information Science
, Vol. 35, 758-765 (2009).
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HP Labs: Social Media and the Paradox of Cooperation
HP Labs position paper, December 2010
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