you're defending your own territory. The testosterone surges in the goalkeepers wasunbelievable and obviously they're the ones who are most involved in defence."If coaches can use motivational techniques to boost testosterone before away matches, theyshould be able to improve their teams' scores, say Neave and Wolfson. But it is also importantto study individual differences in testosterone levels, they say. "Some players go on the pitchand they go for it too hard, injuring themselves and others. We want to see whether there arealso links between high testosterone levels in some players and subsequent poor performancein a match."Wolfson and Neave studied players in the Under-19 squad of a UK Premiership team. Theytook saliva samples one hour before three training sessions, two away games and two homegames. The players were matched with two separate opposition squads: one a bitter rival, oneclassed as a moderate rival. They played each rival once at home and once away.The players' testosterone levels were at the male average before the training and awaymatches. But they were 40 per cent higher just before the match against the moderate rivaland 67 per cent higher before the bitter rival match.The goalkeepers showed the biggest variation in testosterone, says Wolfson. "In training, theyhad the lowest levels of the all the players, but before the home match, they had the highest.When playing the game, it looks as if the burden of responsibility falls upon them."Other factors are likely to be involved in the home advantage. Crowd support, referee bias andfamiliarity with the pitch, have all been put forward as explanations. "But none of these on their own has been found to have a strong effect," says Wolfson.Wolfson and Neave's research was presented at the annual conference of the BritishPsychological Society in Blackpool, Lancashire, UK.
Low Testosterone
In the last several years, and, more specifically, with the development of testosteronein a formthat simplifies administration and dose, our understanding of
low testosterone
in men haschanged.Historically, a discussion of treatment with testosterone conjures up an image of a weight lifter or body builder, which usually carries negative connotations. Consequently, physicians havebeen taught that testosterone should be used only in severe cases where the patient cannotfunction in normal society.The medical profession has generally believed that, as men age, many of thechanges they experience are due to the aging process rather than tohormonal changes such as are seen in women during menopause.
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