Cvl
Engneer'sReferenceBook
Fourth
Edition
Edited
by
L
S
Blake
BSc(Eng), PhD, CEng,
FICE,
FlStructEConsultant; formerly Director
of the
Construction
Industry
Research
andInformation Association
With
specialist contributors
Butterwo
rth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford
OX2
8DP
225Wildwood Avenue,
Woburn,
MA
01801-2041
A
division
of
Reed Educational
and
Professional Publishing
Ltd
6<
A
member
of the
Reed Elsevier
pic
group
OXFORD
AUCKLAND
BOSTON
JOHANNESBURG
MELBOURNE
NEWDELHI
Firstpublished
as
Civil Engineering
Reference
Book
1951
Secondedition 1961
Third
edition 1975
Fourth
edition 1989
Paperback
edition
1994Reprinted1995(twice),1997,1998,
2000, 2001
©
Reed Educational
and
Professional Publishing
Ltd
1989
All
rights
reserved.
No
part
of
this publication
may be
reproduced
in
any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by
electronic means and
whether
or not transiently or
incidentally
to
someother use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyrightholder except
in
accordance with
the
provisions
of the
Copyright, Designs
and
Patents
Act
1988
or
under
the
terms
of a
licence issued
by the
CopyrightLicensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London
WlP
OLP.
Applications
for the
copyright
holder's
written permission
to
reproduce
any
part
of
this publication should
be
addressed
to the
publishers
British
Library Cataloguing
in
Publication Data
Civil engineer's reference book
- 4th ed.
1.
Civil engineering
I.
Blake,
L. S.
(Leslie Spencer)624
Library
of
Congress Cataloging
in
Publication Data
Civilengineer's reference bookIncludes bibliographies
and
index
1.
Civil engineering
-
handbooks, manuals, etc.
I.
Blake,
L. S.
(Leslie Spencer),
1925-
TA151.C58
1989 62488-30220ISBN
O
7506 1964
3
Formore
information
on all Butterworth-Heinemann
publications
please
visit
our
website
at
www.bh.com
Printed and
bound
in
Great
Britain
by The Bath Press, Bath
FOR
EVERV
TITLE
THAT
WE
PUBLISH,
BlTTERWORTH-HEIiVEMAIVN
WILL PAY FOR BTCV TO
PLANT
AJSD
CAKE
FOR A
TREE.
Preface
tothe
fourthedtion
The aim of this edition, as of those that preceded it, is to give
civil
engineers a concise presentation of theory and practice in
the
many branches
of
their profession.
The
book
is
primarily
a
first point of
reference which, through
its
selective
lists
ofreferences
and bibliographies,
will
enable the user to study a
subject
in greater depth. However, it is also an important
collection
of state-of-the-art reports on design and constructionpractices in the UK and overseas.First published
in
1951,
the
book
was
last revised
in
1975.
Although
civil
engineering
is not
normally regarded
as
involving
fast-moving
technologies, so many advances have occurred inthe theory and practice of most branches of
civil
engineeringduring
the
past decade
or so
that
the
preparation
of a
fourth
edition
became essential. Someofthese advances have takenthe
form of
improvements
in
earlier practices,
for
example
insurveying,
geotechnics,
water management, project manage-ment, underwater working, and the control and use of materials.Other radical changes have resulted from the evolving needs of
clientsfor
almost
all
forms
of
construction, maintenance
and
repair. Another major change has been the introduction of newnational
and
Euro-codes based
on
limit
state design coveringmost aspects of structural engineering.
The
fourth edition incorporates these advances and,
at the
same time, gives greater prominenceto thespecial problems
relating to
work overseas,
with
differing
client requirements
and
climatic conditions.As before,
careful
attention has been given to the needs of the
different
categoriesofreaders. Studentsandgraduatesat thestart of their careers need guidance on the practice of design andconstruction
in
many
of the fields of
civil
engineering covered
in
Chapters
11
to 44. The engineer in mid-career
will
also find thesechapters valuable as presentations of the state of the art byacknowledged experts in each field, in addition to the referencesand bibliographies they contain for deeper study of
specific
problems. Chapters
1 to 10
provide engineers,
at all
levels
of
development, with up-to-date
'lecture
notes'
on the
basic theor-
ies of
civil
engineering.Although
the
book
was
primarily
prepared
for
civil engineers
in
the UK and elsewhere in the world, members of otherprofessions involved
inconstruction—architects,
lawyers,mechanical engineers, insurers and
clients—will
also
benefit
by
referring
to it.
I
am most
grateful
to the authors who have contributedchapters. They
are all
engineers
of
considerable
standing-
consultants,
contractors, research workersor
academics—who
have devotedasubstantial amountoftimetopresenting theirexpert knowledge
and
experience
for the
benefit
of the
profes-sion.L.S. BlakeBournemouthNovember 1988