/  9
 
 Ai E`l`it` ol I`o{`hjatu Pie`{tuhieaift ol Sov`{ o{ Ug` Lhajp{` ol Sotu Noe`{iauq
 — 
To{h [qpHi pie`{tuhieaif ol sov`{ ght u`ie`e uo k` hu ug` d`iu`{ ol notu ug`o{a`t ol aiu`{ihuaoihj{`jhuaoit 'A[!* sh{uadpjh{jq ug` A[ ug`o{a`t ol {`hjatut) @|`i vg`i sov`{ at doitae`{`e oputae` ol {`hjatu ug`o{a`t ug` u{heauaoihjjq {`hjatu pie`{tuhieaif ol sov`{ ptphjjq s{`|hajt ai A[ tupea`t)[adgh{e I`e J`kov* h sotu noe`{i doitu{pdua|atu A[ tdgojh{* oll`{t hi hju`{ihu` uhb` oi djhttadhj
{`hjatut‟ pie`{tuhieaift ol sov`{ 
hie doiu{htut ug`t` pie`{tuhieaif hfhaitu ug` |a`vt ol doiu`nso{h{q {`hjatu tdgojh{t) Ht h sotu noe`{i doitu{pdua|atu* J`kov huu`nsut uo jodhu` h i``elo{ mptuad` vaugai ug` djhttadhj {`hjatu pie`{tuhieaif ol sov`{ ai o{e`{ nhb` ug` djhan ughudoiu`nso{h{q {`hjatu ug`o{a`t hie A[ ug`o{a`t tgopje aido{so{hu` mptuad`) Gov`|`{ ug` i``e uoaido{so{hu` mptuad` at h sotu noe`{i sptg uo {`epd` hja`ihuaoi* sh{uadpjh{jq ug` hja`ihuaoi ol i`o{`hjatu ug`o{a`t ughu h|oaet tpkm`dua|` h{`ht tpdg ht pie`{tuhieaift ol mptuad` hie gpnhiihup{` ai lh|o{ ol hi pie`{tuhieaif ol hih{dgq hie t`jl.g`js) Ug` s{om`du ol sotu noe`{iauq ghtai `ll`du lhaj`e uo {`epd` hja`ihuaoi* to h {`up{i uo u{hea
uaoihj pie`{tuhieaift ol djhttadhj {`hjatut‟
|a`vt oi sov`{ o{ h up{i uo {`jhua|`jq okm`dua|` i`o{`hjatu |a`vt oi sov`{* at ai o{e`{)Os`{huaif pie`{ ug` k`ja`l ughu doiu`nso{h{q i`o{`hjatut tpdg ht B`ii`ug Vhju}* gh|`nat{`he ug` djhttadhj {`hjatut tpdg ht Ugpdqeae`t* Djhpt`vau} hie Ghit No{f`iughp*
8
J`kov
t``bt uo laie ‚ug` lpiehn`iuhj piauq ol djhttadhj {`hjatn„ ai ‚ug`n`t ol o{e`{* mptuad` hiedghif`„ hie `wsjhai ughu djhttadhj {`hjatut hduphjjq eae ‚tu{`tt ug` tanajh{aua`t iou eall`{`id`t
k`uv``i eon`
tuad hie aiu`{ihuaoihj sojauadt*„ k`ja`|`e ai ‚donnpihj koiet*„ ‚ug` i``e lo{ t`jl 
.
{`tu{haiu„ hie notu anso{uhiujq ug` ‚`llada`iu u{hitjhuaoi ol sov`{ aiuo ailjp`id`)„
;
J`kov nhb`tug{`` anso{uhiu h{fpn`iut ht uo vgq djhttadhj {`hjatut v`{` iou ht {`hjatu ht ug`q hss`h{ hiehduphjjq nhe` |`{q doitu{pdua|atu h{fpn`iut) Ug`t` h{fpn`iut lhjj
pie`{ ug` g`heaift ol ‚O{e`{ hie Tuhkajauq*„ ‚Khjhid` ol Sov`{*„ hie ‚Aiu`{`tu hie Mptuad`„ ai gat dghsu`{ ‚Ug` vateon ol djhttadhj {`hjatn)„
 
Ai ‚O{e`{ hie Tuhkajauq*„ J`k
ov hee{`tt`t ae`ht oi vghu `w`{ut dog`ta|` sov`{ vaugai
hie vaugopu tuhu`t) G` soaiut opu ughu doiu`nso{h{q {`hjatut k`ja`|` ughu ‚`ll`dua|` d`iu{hjhpugo{auq„
4
a)`) h Gokk`tahi J`|ahughi
5
 
nhb`t tuhu`t thl` vaugai vgaj` ug` ‚aiu`{ihuaoihj h{`ih
{`nhait hie hih{dgadhj* t`jl.g`js tqtu`n)
„
0
Uo donkhu ugat g` djhant ughu k`dhpt` djhttadhj{`hjatut tpdg ht Ugpdqeae`t ghss`i`e uo e`|ou` `xphj huu`iuaoi uo koug aiu`{ihj hie `wu`{ihjsojauadhj {`hjaua`t ai Hug`it
<
hie `jt`vg`{`* ug`i sojauadt hu `|`{q j`|`j nptu k` ug` thn` hie hjj
h{` fo|`{i`e kq ‚ug` dog`ta|`i`tt ol ug` donnpiauq '
gonoioah
!„
6
Uo k` h fooe A[ ug`o{atu oi`
nptu 
joob hu sojauadt oi
eall`{`iu j`|`jt kpu ughu eo`ti‟u i`d`tth{ajq n`hi ughu sojauadt oi hjjj`|`jt at fo|`{i`e kq ‚ae`iuaua`t hie io{nt„ tpdg ht ‚l`h{ hie tghn`„ hie ‚ton` donnoi t`it`ol goio{ hie mptuad`)„
7
Sojauadt hu eall`{`iu j`|`jt dopje |`{q v`jj k` fo|`{i`e kq |h{a`es{om`duaoit ol sov`{ hie ailjp`id` hu `hdg j`|`j)
8
 
J`kov* [adgh{e I`e) ‚Uosad 0
= Vghu at Aiu`{ihuaoihj [`jhuaoit Ug`o{q
?„ J`dup{`) Oduok`{ ;383)
 
;
J`kov* [adgh{e I`e)
Ug` u{hfad |ataoi ol sojauadt= @ugadt* aiu`{`tut hie o{e`{t
) Dhnk{aef` Pia|`{tauq S{`tt) ;06*;07)
4
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;07)
5
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;<3)
0
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;07)
<
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;01)
6
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;<3)
7
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;<5)
 
Ae`iuaua`t hie io{nt h{` kq ug`a{ |`{q ihup{` tpkm`dua|` hie dpjup{`.kht`e) H donnoit`it` ol goio{ hie mptuad` nhq iou k` |`{q dog`ta|` o{ jhtu |`{q joif oputae` h tuhu` pij`tt ug`tuhu` ai xp`tuaoi `watut ai h {`faoi vaug h non`iu ol tu{oif dpjup{hj piauq 'hjto tpkm`dua|`)! Ug`{`nhq iou k` h J`|
ahughi vaugai h tuhu`* kpu au‟t h nhu`{ahj {`hjauq ughu au‟t
`hta`{ uo s{om`du sov`{*ailjp`id` hie t`dp{auq vaugai ug` doilai`t ol h tuhu`* ughi k`qoie ug` kopieh{a`t ol h tuhu`)
G`id`* vgq k`qoie h tuhu` ug`{` at {`jhua|` hih{dgq) Hddo{eaif uo Vhju} ‚Tuhu`t* jab` s`osj`* h{`ait`dp{` ai s{oso{uaoi uo ug` `wu`iu ol ug`a{ l{``eon…O{fhia}huaoit ughu `tuhkjatg {`jhuaoit ol 
hpugo{auq hie doiu{oj nhq aid{`ht` t`dp{auq ht ug`q e`d{`ht` l{``eon) Al nafgu eo`t iou nhb`{afgu* vg`ug`{ hnoif s`osj` o{ tuhu`t* ug`i ton` aituaupuaoi o{ hf`idq ght aiu`{|`i`e uo jalu ug`n
opu ol ihup{`‟t {`hjn) Ug` no{` ailjp`iuahj ug` hf`idq* ug` tu{oif`{ ug` e`ta{` uo doiu{oj au
k`don`t) Ai doiu{htu* piaut ai hi hih{dgad o{e`{ hdu lo{ ug`a{ ovi thb`t hie iou lo{ ug` thb` ol 
 s{`t`{|aif hi o{fhia}huaoi hie lp{ug`{aif ug`a{ lo{upi`t vaugai au)„
1
 
Ai ‚Khjhid` ol Sov`{*„ J`kov v`jet ug` khjhid` ol sov`{ uo oijq najauh{q dhshkajaua`tthqaif ‚doiu`nso
{h{q {`hjatut doitae`{ najauh{q dhshkajauq hie hjjahid`t ug` |`{q lopiehuaoi ol 
t`dp{auq) Ug`q {`fh{e ug` khjhid` ol sov`{ ht h pia|`{thjjq hssjadhkj` n`dghiatn)„
83
G` l``jtughu g` ght k{ob`i eovi i`o{`hjatu pie`{tuhieaift ol sov`{ kq s{o|aif vghu {`hjatut hj{`heq
biov= najauh{q sov`{ ati‟u ug` oijq donsoi`iu uo h piala`e doid`su ol sov`{ hie ug` khjhid` ol  sov`{ eo`t iou hjvhqt s{`|`iu vh{) Dauaif ughu e`u`{{`id` vht e`l`hu`e kq ‚h{{ofhid` hieaiu`jjaf`id`„ o{ ‚ug` k{`hbeovi ol donnpiauq hie ug` doi|`iuaoit au tptuhai`e„
88
at mptu httpkm`dua|` ht huu{akpuaif vh{ uo ug` ipnk`{ ol soj`t ai h tqtu`n) S`osj` gh|` eall`{`iupie`{tuhieaift ol vg`i h lafp{` ai gatuo{q at k`aif h{{ofhiu o{ aiu`jjaf`iu o{ hkopu ug` {`jhua|`
tu{`ifug ol ‚aiu`{ihuaoihj toda`uq„
8;
mptu jab` gov s`osj` gh|` eall`{`iu pie`{tuhieaift ol vghudoituaupu`t h soj`) Aiu`{ihuaoihj toda`uq at nhe` uoo tpkm`dua|` kq aut nhiq |h{ahkj`t) Vgod{`hu`t aiu`{ihuaoihj toda`uq vaug aut dpjup{` hie io{nt* hie gov eo ug`t` tu{oif io{nt vgadgoid` s{o|ae`e {`
tu{haiu* tpee`ijq eattoj|`? Ug` lhdu ughu ‚najauh{q dhshkajauq hie hjjahid`t v`{`
io fph{hiu`` ol t`dp{auq hie dopje s{o|ob` vh{t ug`q v`{` aiu`ie`e uo s{`|`i
u„ dhi `htajq k`
huu{akpu`e uo ug`
t`dp{auq eaj`nnh hie iou i`d`tth{ajq hi ‚hkt`id` ol donnpiauq)„
84
 Donnpiaua`t h{` gafgjq tpkm`dua|` hie dhi `htajq k{`hb eovi oi h vgan o{ o|`{ ton`tpkm`dua|` `j`n`iu) Au at iou `iopfg uo kht` ug` opuk{`hb ol vh{ oi tpkm`dua|` {`htoit) S`{ghsts{`.noe`{i {`hjatut dopje f`u hvhq vaug lajjaif ug`a{ ug`o{a`t ol A[ vaug hi`deou`t hie oug`{`j`n`iut ol tpkm`dua|auq* kpu A[ ai ug` noe`{i hie sotu noe`{i hf`t e`nhiet ton` j`|`j ol okm`dua|auq hie {huaoihjauq* sh{uadpjh{jq vg`i au don`t uo foaif uo vh{) J`kov oid` hfhai{`l`{`id`t ug` djhttadhj {`hjatut hie e`jai`hu`t ug` dhp
t` t ol vh{ hddo{eaif uo ‚h npjuasjadauq ol noua|`t*„ sh{uadpjh{jq ‚l`h{* goio{ hie aiu`{`tu„
85
hu j`ifug* `ts`dahjjq ai dghsu`{ ol gat ospt*
 HDpjup{hj Ug`o{q ol Aiu`{ihuaoihj [`jhuaoit
)
80
 
G` doidjpe`t ughu ‚kq ae`iualqaif l`h{* goio{ hie
aiu`{`tut ht b`q noua|`t hie httodahuaif eall`{`iu baiet ol k`gh|ao{ vaug `hdg* djhttadhj {`hjatutoll`{ pt h pt`lpj
 — 
kpu jh{f`jq afio{`e
 — 
 
l{hn`vo{b lo{ ug` tupeq ol lo{`afi sojadq„
8<
kpu al ugat ath l{hn`vo{b au at lh{ uoo tpkm`dua|` uo oll`{ hiq tpktuhiuahj fpaehid`) Ug` khjhid` ol sov`{ al lhjjakj` ht v`jj kpu au ght h jh{f`{ tdos` ughi n`{` dhshkajaua`t
 — 
au `wu`iet uo `doionadt hie
1
Vhju}* B`ii`ug)
Ug`o{q ol Aiu`{ihuaoihj Sojauadt)
Heeatoi.V`tj`q Spkjatgaif Donshiq) 8161) 88;)
83
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;<5)
88
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;<0)
8;
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;<6)
84
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;<7)
85
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;<1)
80
J`kov* [adgh{e I`e)
 H Dpjup{hj Ug`o{q ol Aiu`{ihuaoihj [`jhuaoit
) Dhnk{aef` Pia|`{tauq S{`tt) 54.8;8)
8<
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;65)
 
easjonhdq ht v`jj) Oi` dopje dhjj au h khjhid` ol ailjp`id` al oi` jab`e
 — 
 
e`s`ieaif oi h tuhu`‟t
sjhd` ai ug` khjhid` ol ailjp`id` h tuhu` dhi s{onou` aut fohjt hie f`u vghu au vhiut)
Vhju} ght h jou uo thq hkopu ug` khjhid` ol sov`{* pie`{tuhiehkjq) G` thqt ughu ‚al ug`{`
at hiq eatuaidua|`jq sojauadhj ug`o{q ol aiu`{ihuaoihj {`jhuaoit* khjhid`.ol.
 sov`{ ug`o{q at au„
86
hiel``jt ughu notu ol ug` doilptaoi hie d{auadatn tp{{opieaif khjhid` ol sov`{ ug`o{q tu`nt l{onnatpie`{tuhieaift hkopu vghu ug`o{q at)
87
Ug`o{a`t nptu doiuhai hu j`htu oi` ug`o{`uadhjhttpnsuaoi) Tpdg httpnsuaoit h{` iou lhduphj* to oi` dhiiou j`fauanhu`jq htb al ug`q h{` u{p`* kpuoi` dhi htb al tpdg httpnsuaoit h{` pt`lpj) Ug`o{a`t nptu k` `|hjphu`e ai u`{nt ol vghu ug`q dhi`wsjhai hie ht h f`i`{hj `wsjhihuo{q tqtu`n* kpu ug`o{a`t dhiiou hddopiu lo{ sh{uadpjh{aua`t)
81
 Ug` i`o{`hjatu |ataoi ol ug` khjhid` ol sov`{ fo`t e
a{`dujq hfhaitu J`kov‟t tqtu`n ol noua|`t — 
 
‚Khjhid`
.ol.sov`{ ug`o{q djhant uo `wsjhai ug` {`tpjut ol tuhu`t hduaoit* pie`{ fa|`i doieauaoit*
hie ugot` {`tpjut nhq iou k` lo{`tgheov`e ai hiq ol ug` hduo{t‟ noua|`t o{ k` doiuhai`e ht
okm`dua|`t ai ug`a{ soj
ada`t„ — 
 
 kpu ug` khjhid` ol sov`{ n``ut J`kov‟t ae`h ol A[ ug`o{a`t= aueo`ti‟u s{`eadu*
;3
au {pit oi ih{{hua|`t hie `wsjhihuaoit hie dhi k` ht tda`iualadhjjq {okptu ht`|ojpuaoih{q kaojofq
;8
 
o{ `doionadt taid` ‚khjhid`
.ol.sov`{ ug`o{q at nad{oug`o{q s{`dat`jq ai
ug` `doionatu‟t t`it`) Ug` tqtu`n* jab` h nh{b`u ai `doionadt* at nhe` kq ug` hduaoit hieaiu`{hduaoit ol aut piaut* hie ug` ug`o{q at kht`e oi httpnsuaoit hkopu ug`a{ k`gh|ao{)„
;;
 Iov ughu nhuu`{t ol ug`o{q gh|` k``i piuhifj`e* Vhju} `wsjhait gov ug` khjhid` ol sov`{ at iou janau`e kq n`{`jq kq najauh{q nafgu o{ t`dp{auq kpu aiu`{`tut hie noua|`t koug{huaoihj hie a{{huaoihj) La{tu* g` `wsjhait hih{dgq* vgadg npdg jab` ug` u`ihiut ol ug`o{q* t``ntuo hjto k` vae`jq
natpie`{tuooe) J`kov d{auada}`t ‚noe`{i {`hjatut„ lo{ lhajaif uo doitae`{ ug`‚npjuasjadauq ol noua|`t„ ‚k`dhpt` ug`q doid`a|` ol hih{dgq ht ug` e`laiaif dgh{hdu`{atuad ol aiu`{ihuaoihj tqtu`nt„ hie ‚doitae`{ t`dp{auq ug` s{aidashj* hjugopfg kq io n`hit ug` `wdjpta|`*
doid`{i ol lo{`afi soja
dq)„
;4
Ai {`s`hu`ejq o|`{tansjalqaif hie dh{adhup{aif ug` k`ja`lt ol 
uoehq‟t {`hjatut* J`kov lhajt uo {`hja}` t`jl 
.g`js ai {`tsoit` uo hih{dgq eo`t doitae`{ hnpjuasjadauq ol noua|`t vgadg nhq iou hjj lau pie`{ ug` g`heaif ol t`dp{auq kpu tgopje hjj laupie`{ ug` g`heaif ol 'huu`nsu`e! t`jl s{`t`{|huaoi lo{ ug` k`uu`{n`iu ol ug` tuhu`)Lo{ Vhju}* noua|`t lau pie`{ tansjq u`{nt vgadg `wsjhai ug` {huaoihj q`u hjto ton`uan`ta{{huaoihj o{ tpkm`dua|` k`gh|ao{t ol tuhu`t ai hi okm`dua|` donnoi t`it` vhq) La{tu g` `wsjhait
ug` doid`su ol hih{dgq hie t`jl g`js= ‚piaut ai h doieauaoi ol hih{dgq — 
k` ug`q s`osj`*do{so{huaoit* tuhu`t o{ vghu`|`{
 — 
nptu {`jq oi ug` n`hit ug`q dhi f`i`{hu` hie ug`
h{{hif`n`iut ug`q dhi nhb` lo{ ug`nt`j|`t)„
;5
I`wu Vhju} tvalujq jhqt opu ug` khjhid` ol sov`{ht hi o{fhia}`{ ol ug` t`jl.
g`js tqtu`n= ‚H khjhid`
.ol.sov`{ ug`o{q* s{os`{jq tuhu`e k`fait vaughttpnsuaoit hkopu tuhu`t= Ug`q h{` piauh{q hduo{t vgo* hu naianpn* t``b ug`a{ ovi s{`t`{|huaoihie* hu nhwanpn* e{a|` lo{ pia|`{thj eonaihuaoi) Tuhu`t* o{ ugot` vgo hdu lo{ ug`n* u{q ai no{`o{ j`tt t`itakj` vhqt uo pt` ug` n`hit h|hajhkj` ai o{e`{ uo hdga`|` ug` `iet ai |a`v) Ugot`
86
Vhju} 886
87
Vhju} 887
81
Vhju} 886* 887
;3
J`kov* [adgh{e I`e)
 H Dpjup{hj Ug`o{q ol Aiu`{ihuaoihj [`jhuaoit
'Dhnk{aef`= Dhnk{aef` Pia|`{tauq S{`tt*;337!) 84)
;8
K`{itu`ai* Tu`|`i `u hj)
‚Todahj Tda`id` ht Dht`
.
Kht`e Eahfiotuadt*„
ai [adgh{e I`e J`kov hie Nh{b A{|aifJadgkhdg*
Ug`o{q hie @|ae`id` ai Donsh{hua|` Sojauadt hie Aiu`{ihuaoihj [`jhuaoit
'I`v Qo{b= Shjf{h|`Nhdnajjhi* ;336!) ;4;)
;;
Vhju} 887
;4
J`kov)
U{hfad |ataoi
) ;<1)
;5
Vhju} 888

In Defense of Neorealist Understandings of Power or The Failure of Post Modernity

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