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Coccidiosis in Chicken

• is a protozoal disease affecting various sites


in the intestine.

• It is characterized by parasite replication in


host cells with extensive damage to the
intestinal mucosa.

• Poultry coccidia are strictly host specific and


the different species parasitize specific parts
of the intestine.
Introduction contd…

• Coccidia are distributed worldwide in


poultry & wild birds.

• Most prevalent significant problem


throughout the country.

• Financial loss is due to heavy morbidity


and mortality.
ETIOLOGY
• Eimeria sps., a protozoa of family
Eimeriidae & phylum Apicomplexa.
• E. tenella
• E. necatrix
• E. brunetti
• E. acervulina
Etiology contd…

• E. maxima
• E. mitis
• E. praecox
• E. hagani
• E. mivati
• Occysts are resistant to some common
disinfetants but killed by freezing or high
temperature.
E. tenella

E. tenella affecting only ceacal region


E. necatrix

E. necatrix affecting anterior and middle small intestine


E. acervulina

E. acervulina parasitizes the upper half of small intestine


E. brunetti

E. Brunetti parasitazes lower intestine,rectum,caeca & cloaca


E. maxima

E. maxima parasitizes the small intestine


causing dilation & thickening of wall.
E. praecox

E. praecox parasitizes upper small intestine.


E. mitis

E. mitis parasitizes the lower intestine


E. mivati

E. mivati parasitzes anterior part of small intestine


E. hagani

E. hagani parasitizes the anterior part of small intestine


EPIDIMEOLOGY
• 6-10 wks.old birds are affected by E.
necatrix.

• 3-6 wks.old birds are affected by E. tenella.


• Generally disease prevails in winter season
due to wet litter.

• Morbity 10-40% and mortality 50%.


TRANSMISSION
• Ingestion of oocysts, contaminated food and
water.

• Infected droppings.

• Mechanically by cockroach,rodents, pets & birds.


Transmission contd…

• Inanimate carriers like equipments,


clothings etc.

• Infection previous flock.

• Infection through attendants.


PATHOGENESIS
• Pathogenicity is influenced by host
genotypes, nutritional factors, concurrent
diseases & species of the coccidium.
• Eimeria necatrix & E. tenella are most
pathogenic in chicken.
• Shizogony occurs in the lamina propria &
crypts of lieberkuhn of small intestine & ceaca
respectively and causes extensive
haemorrage.
Pathogenesis contd…
CLINICAL FINDINGS
IN CHICKS:
• Depression
• Listlessness
• Droopiness
• Chicks hurdled together
• Sleepy in appearance
CLINICAL FINDINGS contd…

• Distended crop
• Chocolate colored faeces in the beginning
that changes into bloody type later on.
• Comb & wattle become pale.
• Severe dirrhoea
• Recovered birds remain unproductive.
Clinical findings contd…

IN ADULTS:
• Chronic intestinal form is common
• Gradual loss of appettite.
• Emaciation and dehydration
• Ruffled feathers
• Wattle & comb become pale.
• Chocolate colored droppings.
• Weakness in limb-lameness.
DIAGNOSIS
BY SYMPTOMS:
• Eyes remain closed.

• Chocolate colored feces.

• High mortality rate, etc.


Clinical symptoms

Sleepy appearance in coccidiosis


Diagnosis contd…

BY HEMATOLOGY:
• Decreased RBC & PCV
• PCR: becoming more broadly available
BY FECAL EXAMINATION:
• Sporulated oocyst containing 4 spocyst
each with 2 comma shaped sporozoites.
Faecal examination

Coccidia in faeces Oocysts of E.maxima


Diagnosis contd…

BY PM LESIONS:
• Submucosal haemorrhage on intestinal
mucosa.
• Haemorrhagic lesion in wall of cecum
• Enlarged intestine or cecum.
• Haemorrhagic kidney,duodenum & gizzard
• Bloody fecal content in cecum
E. tenella

Gross lesion in caeca of broiler chiken


E. necatrix

Gross lesion in small intestine of chicken


E. acervulina

Gross lesion in the upper half of intestine


E. brunetti

Gross lesion in lower intestine by E. brunetti


E. brunetii

Recto-ileal homorrhage
Differential Diagnosis
Necrotic enteritis:
• It is an acute enterotoxemia.
• The clinical signs shows sudden increase in
mortality.
• primarily affects broiler chickens (2-5 wk old)
raised on litter but can also affect
commercial layer pullets raised in cages
• The causative agent is the gram-positive,
obligate, anaerobic bacteria Clostridium
perfringens
Differential diagnosis contd…

• The gross lesions are primarily found in


the small intestine (jejunum), which may
be ballooned, friable, and contain a foul-
smelling, brown fluid.

• The mucosa is usually covered with a tan


to yellow pseudomembrane often referred
to as a “Turkish towel” in appearance.
Differential Diagnosis
contd….

Hemorrhagic rectoileum in E. brunetti infecton Necrotic intestine in Cl. perfringens


Differential diagnosis
contd…

Ulcerative Enteritis:
• Ulcerative enteritis caused by C. colinum.
• Usually produces focal lesions from the
distal portion of the small intestine (ileum)
to the ceca.
• It is almost always accompanied by
hepatic necrosis
TREATMENT
• CHOICE OF DRUG: ESb3 @ 2 gm/lit. for 1st
2 days, then 2 days gap.

• @ 1 gm/lit. for 2 days, then 1 day gap.

• @ 0.5 gm/lit. for 1 day


Treatment contd…

• Coxiquine @ 1 gm/lit. DW dailly for 5


days.,or
• Supercox @ 1 gm/lit DW for 1st 3 days,
then 2 days gap; @ 1 gm/2 lit. DW for next
2 days.,or
• Prococc powder @ 1 gm/1.5lit. DW for 6
days.
Treatment contd…

• Amprolium @ 30-60 gm/25 lit of water for


continuous 5-7 days.

• Multisol K @ 5 ml/100 birds for 7 days.

• Vitablend WM forte liq. @ 5 ml/100


birds,O.D. for 7 days,
Treatment contd…

• Feed supplements: shuttle program

• 1st month- chemical compound: Hi dot @


500 gm/ton;
• Ionophore compound: Cygro 1%
(Maduramycin) @ 500 gm/ton.

• Neftin @ 500 gm/ton of feed


CONTROL
• Maintain good hygiene & sanitation.

• Avoid moisture & humidity in shed.

• Keep the litter dry by frequent turning of


litter & using bleaching powder
@ 1 kg/100 sq.ft and lime @ 5 kg/100
sq.ft
Control contd…

• Prevent the access of infected droppings


to non-infected birds.

• Avoid using vit. B1 because it helps in


multiplication of coccidia & cause more
damage.

• Regular use of anticoccidiostats e.g.


coccinil @ 500 gm/ton of feeds
Control contd…

VACCINATION:
• Coccivac type B & D or
• Immucox,or
• Baycox 2.5% at 1 days old chick

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