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Lecture 1
1) Chemical level: includes atoms, the smallest units of material that participate in
chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
2) The cellular level: the cells are the basic structural and functional units of an
organism and are the smallest living units in the human body (muscle cells, nerve
cells and blood cells).
3) Tissue level: tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that
work together to perform a particular function. There are 4 basic types of tissues in
the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
4) The Organs: are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues,
they have specific function and usually have recognizable shapes (stomach, liver
and lungs).
5) The system level: consists of related organs that have a common function
(digestive system).
• Integumentary system: the skin and structures derived from it such as hair, nails
and sweat and oil glands, its functions are :
1- protects the body.
2- regulate the body temperature .
3- eliminates some wastes
4- sensation.
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• Skeletal system: all bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.
• Lymphatic and Immune system: lymph, lymphatic vessels and structures or organs
containing lymphatic tissue such as spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils.
• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs such as the
eyes and ear.
• Endocrine system: all hormone-producing cells and glands such as the pituitary
and thyroid glands and pancreas.
• Respiratory System: lungs and the airways leading into and out of them (pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs).
• Digestive system: organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and the anus.
• Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra that together
produce, store and eliminate urine.
• Anatomical position: the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head
level and the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are flat on the floor and
directed forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward.
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• Regional Names:
- The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limp and the lower limbs.
- The head consists of skull (encloses and protects the brain) and face (is the anterior
portion of the head).
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- Each upper limb (extremity) is attached to the trunk and consists of the shoulder,
armpit, arm (from shoulder to elbow), forearm (from elbow to wrist), wrist, and
hand.
- Each lower limb is also attached to the trunk and consists of buttock, thigh, leg,
ankle, and foot.
- The groin is an area on the anterior surface of the body marked by a crease on each
side where the trunk is attached to the thighs.
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The names of the major parts of the body and their corresponding form (adjective)
for each part:
• Sagittal plane (midsagittal or median plane): is a vertical plane that divides the
body or organ into right and left sides or halves, passes through the midline of the
body and divides into equal R & L sides.
• Parasagittal plane: not pass through the midline and divides the body or organ
into unequal R & L sides.
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• Frontal (Coronal) plane: divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior
(back) portions.
• Transverse (horizontal or cross sectional) plane: divides the body or organ into
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
- All of them are at right angles to each others.
• An oblique plane: passes through the body or organ at an angle between the
transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane.
- Each one above gives us section view, meaning that we look at only one flat surface of
three dimensional structures.
Directional Terms:
- They are words describe the position of one body part relative to another.
Superior (cranial or cephalic): toward the head, or the upper part of the structure.
Inferior (caudal): away from the head, or the lower part of the structure.
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Proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the point of
origin.
Distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the point of
origin.
Body Cavities:
- They are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal
organs.
- Bones, muscles and ligaments separate the various body cavities from one another.
Body cavities and their membranes
Cavity divisions subdivisions definition Contents
- The Dorsal body cavity: is located near the dorsal (posterior) surface of the body
and has two subdivisions (cranial and vertebral).
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- The Ventral body cavity: is located on the ventral (anterior) aspect of the body.
- The Diaphragm: is the large dome-shaped muscle that powers lung expansion
during breathing and it forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the roof of the
abdominopelvic cavity.
- The Viscera: are the organs inside the ventral body cavity.
- The thoracic cavity: is encircled by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum
(breastbone), and the backbone.
3. Peritoneum:
- It is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. The visceral peritoneum covers the
abdominal viscera, whereas the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall.
- Between them is the peritoneal cavity.
-Most of abdominal organs are located in the peritoneal cavity, but some are
located behind the parietal peritoneum (they are between it and the posterior
abdominal wall.
- To describe the location many human abdominal and pelvic organs more easily, we use
two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller compartments.
- The first method, two transverse and two horizontal lines, partition this cavity into nine
regions.
• The subcostal line (top transverse) is drawn just inferior to the rib cage, across the
inferior portion of the stomach.
• The transtubercular line (bottom transverse) is drawn just inferior to the tops of the
hip bones.
• The right and left midclavicular (two vertical) lines are drawn through the
midpoints of the clavicles (collar bones) just medial to the nipples.
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-The name of these regions and the structures found in each region:
Right Left
Epigastric
hypochondriac hypochondriac
Region
region region
Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar
region region region
Right Iliac Hypogastric Left Iliac
(inguinal) region (pubic) region (inguinal) region
- The second method is simpler and divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four
quadrants.
- The transverse plane and midsagittal plane are passed through the umbilicus or belly
button.
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The End
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