laB't ;+s6sf sf/0f b|'t hnlaB't lasf;sf

r'gf}tL / pkef]Qmfsf ;jfnx?

l8NNfL l3ld/]
1.k[li7e"dL -Back Ground_ M

g]kfndf sl/a *# xhf/ d]3faf6 hnlaB't pTkfbgsf] k|f/lDes ;DefAotf b]lvPsf]

ePtfklg xfn;Dd sl/a ^() d]3fjf6 dfq laB't pTkfbg ePsf]5 . ;o aif{sf] calwdf sl/a $%Ü
hg;+VofnfO{ dfq laB't ;'lawfdf k‘x'r k'u]sf]5 . ;dfhsf x/]s au{sf] cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf] a:t' laB't lagf lagf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pGgtL ;Dej 5}g . Gofok"0f{, ;'ne /
e/kbf]{ laB't ;'lawf kfpg' pkef]Qmfsf] clwsf/ xf] . t/ laB't ;'lawf k|fKt pkef]Qmf
nfdf] nf]8;]l8ª, cAoaxfl/s laB't dxz'n ;+/rgf, Go"g u'0f:t/sf] laB't cfk'tL{ /
clgoldttfsf] df/df 5g\ . afFsL g]kfnLn] lah'nL kfpg] :ki6 of]hgf 5}g . laB't lasf;sf]
of]hgf th'{df, gLlt lgdf{0f / pkef]udf ;d'bfosf] ;xh kx'‘r 5}g . hnlaB't af6 k|fKt x'g]
k|ltkmn g]kfnsf] k|d'v /fli6«o cfo, ul/aL lgjf/0f / ;+a[l4sf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf pkof]u
ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf eP/ klg pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. hnlaB't pTkfbg lab]zL / l;dLt
Aofkfl/s 3/fgfsf] lgoGq0ftkm{ pGd'v 5 .

;fd'bflos laB'lts/0fsf] If]qdf ;d'bfon] v]n]sf] e"ldsf lgs} k|efasf/L /

pknAwLd"ns /xb} cfPsf] 5 . ;d'bfon] u|fld0f If]qsf dflg;sf nflu laB't ;'lawfdf kxFr
la:tf/,u|fdL0f laB"tLs/0f,n3' hnlaB't pTkfbg / lhlasf]kfh{gsf If]qdf ;d]t]
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Øfpb} cfPsf] 5 . hnlaB't pTkfbg tyf k|ltkmn lat/0fdf cfd
g]kfnLsf] k‘x'r / u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0fsf] g]kfnL] cy{/fhlgtLdf Hofb} dxTjk"0f{
:yfg /x]sf] 5 . phf{ >f]tdf k/lge{/tf -k]6«f]lnod cfoft_ 36fpg, lab]zL d'b|f ;+lrtL
a9fpg / u|fdL0f cy{tGq alnof] agfpg] cfwf/ g} hnlaB't lasf; / u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f xf] .
g]kfnsf] ul/aL 36fpg, Aofks /f]huf/L ;[hgf / cfTdlge{/ cfly{s lasf;ug{ klg hnlaB't
pTkfbg, lat/0f Aoa:yfkgdf x/]s AolQm kl/jf/,;d'bfosf] nufGfL / k|ltkmndf
kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/]/ dfq ;Dea x'G5 . o;af6dfq g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lbuf] cfly{s lasf;sf] cfwf/
tof/ x'G5 . hnlaB't pTkfbg, k|ltkmn lat/0f, nufgL, laB't lat/0f Aoa:yfkgdf pkef]Qmf
clwsf/sf] /Iff h:tf ;jfndf :ki6 sfg'gL Aoa:yf gePsfn] pkef]Qmfx?n] al9 ;d:of
ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . hnlaB't pTkfbg, laB'tLs/0f pke]fu tyf Aoa:yfkg / k|ltkmn k|fKtLdf
dlxnf, blnt, k5f8L k/]sf au{ nufot ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ ;xeflu u/fpg] lalw, ;+oGq /
Aoa:yf lasf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}Gf . kmn:j?k laB't ;'lawf k|fKt u/]sf pkef]Qmfx? klg cg]sf}
+ ;d:of a]xf]/L /x]sf 5g\ .

@= kl/ro -Introduction_
nufgLstf{sf] ;+ul7t cfly{s, k|flalws / ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf cfwf/dfdfq hnlaB't
pBf]udf k|a]z ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Aoa:yfn] ubf{ hnlaB't pBf]udf l;ldt AolQmx?n]]
dfq cjz/ / nfedf kxF"r kfO{/x]sf 5g\ . /fHon] hnlaB't pBf]udf ;xeflu x'g
pTk|]/0ff / ;xlhs/0f gubf{ ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;xeflutf ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . lglh If]qnfO{ k|j]z
lbg] qmddf cfd g]kfnLsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu pTk|]/0f / Ifdtf lasf;df ;xof]u ug]{tkm{
1
/fHosf] Wofg hfg ;s]sf] 5}g . pbf/ gLltsf] gfddf k|lt:kwf{ / v'NNff la1fkg dfkm{t
laB't cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'dlt kq lbg] gLlt cjnDag ugf{n] ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLn] laB't
pTkfbgdf ;xeflutf ug{ c;+ej aGb} uPsf] 5 . gLlh If]qsf] nfut lgodg / cg'udg ug]
{ sfg'gL / ;+:yfut Aoa:yf 5}g . s[ltd nfut ;[hgf ug]{ / dxz'n ;+/rgfdf k|efj kfg]
{ ldn]dtf]sf :j/ ;'? eO{;s]sf 5g\ . ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLlaB't pkef]QmfnfO{ hnlaB't, lgtL,
sfg'g, k|lqmof / ;+oGqaf/] hfgsf/L g} 5}g . u|fdL0f If]qdf a:g] em08} () k|ltzt
afl;Gbf ;w}el/sf] nf]8;]l8ªdf 5g\ . laB'tsf] ;'lawf k|fKt u/]sfx? nf]8;]l8ª, u'0f:t/lxg
;KnfO{, cAoaxfl/s dxz'n ;+/rgf, gSsnL laB'tLo pks/0f / k|flws/0fsf] s'zf;gsf] df/df
5g\ . o;af6 hnlaB't pTkfbgdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] k‘x'r 6f9f eO{/x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f
afl;GbfnfO{ laB't ;'lawf emg} b'n{e aGb} uO{/x]sf] 5 . lgdf{0f ePsf hnlaB"t
cfof]hgfaf6 l;ldt kl/af/ / 3/fgfn] dfq k|ltkmn k|fKt ubf{ wlg / ul/a larsf] b'/L
km/flsnf] eO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] elaZodf cfly{s Gofo / cjz/sf nflu åGb a9fpg] ;+efjgf klg
TolQs} 5 . ;dfhsf ul/a,dlxnf k5fl8 k/]sf] au{sf nflu hnlaB'tsf] k|ltkmn k|fKt
ug{ c;Dej k|fo aGb} uO/x]sf]5 . To;}ul/ /fHon] tf]s]sf] of]Uotf, cg'ea ;+ul7t lalQo
>f]t / k|lqmof k'/f ug{ g]kfnL ;dfh h:tf] c;+ul7t ;dfhnfO{ ;xh 5}g . xfd|f] c;+ul7t tyf
cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq / To;sf] cgf}krfl/s cfly{s s[ofsnfk cg'?ksf sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut
Aoa:yf ug]{tkm{ Wofg guPsf]n] :jb]zL nufgLdf cem} hl6ntf ylkPsf] 5 . o;af6 l;ldt
Aofkfl/s 3/fgfsf] 3]/fdf hnlaB'tsf] nfe l;ldt x'g]] :ki6 l:ytL ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . kmn:j?k
hnlaB't pTkfbg / laB't ;'lawfdf cfd g]kfnLsf] kx'Fr 6fl9+b} 5 . o;af6 ax';+Vos
g]kfnLx? ;w}e/L c?sf] pTkfbgsf] pke]fQmf x'g'kg]{ afWofTds ca:yf ;[hgf
eO{/x]sf] 5 .
;a{;fwf/0fn] cg'dltkq k|fKt ug{ g;Sg], /fHon] plgx?sf nflu ;xlhs/0f gug]{,
Aofkf/L / lab]zLn] lnPsf cg'dltkqdf plgx?sf] k‘x'r gk'Ug] ,Aofkf/L / lab]lzn] lnPsf
cg'dlt kqsf] ;d]t Aofkf/ x'g] nufotsf las[tL a9\bf]5 . of]hgfa4 u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f / laB't pkef]udf ;d:ofx? al9/x]sf 5g\ . pkef]Qmfn]
lat/0f, Aoa:yfkgdf kfPsf] l;ldt k‘x'rnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug]{ k|ofz x'‘b}5 . /fhgLlts
bn / /fHo ;+rfnsx? pko'Qm gLlt, sfg"g / ;:yfut Aoa:yf ug'{sf] abnf ;a} ;jfndf cg'dlt
kq / cfof]hgfnfO{ /fhg}lts /+u lbg] lk|o gf/f / efif0f ug]{ h:tf s[ofsnfknfO{ a9fjf
lbO{/x]sf 5g\ . hnlaB"t pTkfbgdf cfd g]kflnsf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] sfg"gL Aoa:yf / ;:yfut
;+/rgf v8f gubf{ g]kfnsf] hnlaB't pTkfbgdf g]kfnLsf] kx'Fr b'n{e aGb}5 / laB't
pkef]Qmfsf ;d:of ylkb}5g\ . hnlaB'tdf /xsf] POTENTIALITY k|lt cfd g]kfNlsf] ckgTj
sdhf]/ x'‘b}hfg] r'gf}tL ;d]t b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 .
olx d'n sf/0fn] ubf{ hnlaB't lasf;, pkef]u, lat/0f / la:tf/df ult cfpg ;s]g . b]zdf
cGtlxg nf]8;]l8ªsf] ca:yf l;h{gf x'g k'Uof] . k}zf lt/]/ k|fKt ug]{ ;]jfdf pke]Qmfsf
;d:of ;jfn / rf;f]x?nfO{ Aoa:yfkg ul/g'kg]{ ePklg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfh ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jf
u|fxL larsf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg h?/L 5 . g]kfnL laB't pke]fQmfx? at{dfg ;dodf
lgDg ;d:of÷;jfnaf6 u'h|L/x]sf 5g\ .

#=laB't pkef]Qmfsf d'Vo ;d:ofx?

!= clgoldt laB't cfk'tL{
@= Go"g u'0f:t/ - High/Low Voltage _
2
 #= cAoaxfl/s dxz'n ;+/rgf
$= lgoldt lalnªsf] cefj, dxz'n e'QmfgL ug]{ :yfg Hofb} 6f9f / cAoaxfl/s
%= vt/f ef]N6]h cfk'tL{ - Dangerous Voltage Supply _
^= ;]jf k|bfosn] kfpg' kg]{ lzi6 / ;Ddflgt Aoaxf/sf] sdL
&= laB't rf]/L -;]jf k|bfos / pkef]Qmf_ / k|flalws r'xfj6
*= k|ltkmnsf] c;dfg lat/0f
(= gLlt lgdf{0fdf pkef]Qmfsf] kx'‘r gx'g'
!)= laB'tLo z'/Iff lzIffsf] sdL / laB'tLo b'3{6gf
!!= laB'tLo cf}hf/ / u'0f:t/ ;DalGw 1fgsf] sdL
!@= lgodgsf/L lgsfo / sfg'gsf] cefj
!#= ;a} g]kfnLsf] 3/df laB't k'Øfpg] of]hgfsf] cefj
!$= ph'/L tyf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] lgsfosf] sdL
!%= gSsnL ;fdfg / clgolGqt ahf/ d'No
!^= hnlaB't pTkfbgdf pkef]Qmfsf] nufgL ;xeflutf / ;+oGq
!&= hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tf
!*= k|rlnt P]g, sfg'g / lgod ;+alGw pke]fQmf cgla1tf
!(= laB't nfut lgodg tyf cg'udg-gLlh tyf ;fj{hlgs_

$= laB't pTkfbg tyf lat/0f ;DalGw ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf nflu rflnPsf s]xL
sbd÷kxnx?
!= laB't P]g @)$(
@= hnlaB't gLlt @)%*
#= hnlaB't pTkfbgdf gLlh If]qsf] k|a]zsf nflu gLlt @)%)
$= k|:tflat laB't P]g
%= k|:tflat laB't lgodg cfof]u P]g
^= ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfdf laB'tLs/0f
t/ pke]fQmfsf] Ifdtf lasf; / zzlQms/0f ug]{ gLlt, sfg'g / ;+:yfut Aoa:yfsf] k|ofz eg]
/fHosf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] 5}g .

%= b|'t hnlaB't lasf; tyf laB't pkef]usf nflu rflng' kg]{ kfO{nfx?÷
pkef]Qmf :jo+n] ug{;Sg] kxnx?
!= hnlaB't pTkfbgsf nflu 3/3/af6 oyf;So >f]t ;+sng / nufgL 8fnf] - Investment
pool_ :yfkgf ug]{
@= ;fgf hnlaB't pTkfbgdf hf]8
#= ;xeflutfd'ns pTkfbg tyf lat/0fdf cu|;/tf lng]
$= laB't rf]/L lgoGq0f -;]jf k|bfos / pkef]Qmf_
%= gLlt lgdf{0fdf pkef]Qmfsf] ;xh ;xeflutf / k|efj k'Øfpg]
^= pkef]Qmf hfu/0f
&= Aofks k|rf/ k|zf/ / hgr]tgfd'ns sfo{qmd ug]{

cGo ;fem]bf/af6 x'g'kg]{ sfdx?

3
 != :jb]zL / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf gLlt
@= Aoaxfl/s gLlt, sfg'g / ;+:yfut ;+/rgf
#= kf/bzL{ / ;xeflutfd'ns hnlaB't pTkfbg gLlt÷sfo{lalw th'{df
$= pTkfbsn] :yfgLo ;d'bfo / ;s];Dd w]/} ;fem]bf/nfO{ ;xeflu u/fpg' kg]
{ lalw / Aoa:yf
%= hnlaB't pTkfbgdf cfd g]kfnLsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{
^= ;a}sf] 3/df lah'nL k'Øfpg] cleofg
&= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f÷Go"lgs/0f
*= hjfkmb]xL k|0ffnLsf] lasf;
(= hjfkmb]xL lgsfo / ;+:yfsf] lasf;
!)=laB't P]g, lgod, lgodg P]g,laBt' z+/If0f P]g h:tf P]g / k|efjsf/L ;+:yfsf]
:yfkgf / k|efjsf/L kl/rfng
!!= gLlh tyf ;fj{hlgs nfut cg'udg / lgodg
!@= hnlaB't cfof]hgfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] lglZrt k|ltzt k|flslt{s clwsf/sf] sfg'gL
Aoa:yf ug]{ .
!#= :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ nufgLsf] jftfj/0f

^= laB't pkef]Qmfsf k|d'v ;jfnx?

s_ laB't dxz'n
laB't dxz'n ;+/rgf Aoaxfl/s / Gofok"0f{ x'g'kb{5 . dxz'n lgwf{/0f ubf{ u|
fdL0f cy{tGqsf] lasf; / ul/ad'vL cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5 . laB't ;'lawfdf kx'r k'u]sf]
;donfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ nfdf] ;dob]vL laB't ;'lawf k|fKt u/]sf / k5f8L laB't k|fKt u/]sf
pkef]Qmf lar ;sf/fTds lae]bsf] l;4fGt / kf/bzL{ lawLaf6 dxz'n th"{df ug'{ cfjZos
x'G5 . u|fdL0f cy{tGqnfO{ alnof] agfpg laB't dxz'n xd]zf ;xof]lu x'g'kb{5 . xfd|f] k|
rlnt laB't dxz'n ;+/rgf Aoaxfl/s 5}Gf . pbfx/0fsf nflu @) o'lg6 ;Dd laB't vkt ug]{ u|
fxsn] Psd'i6 ? *) ltg'{kb{5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf] pkef]QmfdWo] % o'lg6 laB't vkt ug]{ u|
fxs klg k|z:t 5g\ . plgx?n] k|lt o'lg6 ?= !^ ltl//x]sf x'G5g\ . t/ zx/sf dxndf a:g]n] ( ?
k}of o'lg6df lah'nL kf‘p5 . o;af6 ul/a / lakGg au{k|lt Gofo ePsf] 5}g plgx? df/df
kl//x]sf 5g\ / u|fdL0f cfly{s lasf;df ca/f]w l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o:tf] dxz'n ;+/rgf ;fdflhs
Gofosf b[li6n] pko'Qm x'g ;Sb}g . Gofo gkfPsf] ca:yfdf AolQmn] st{Ao la;{G5 .

v_ k|zf/0f nfO{g la:Tff/ / laB'tLs/0f

k|zf/0f nfOgsf] lasf; / la:tf/ lagf laB'tnfO{ Ps 7fpaf6 cs]f{ 7fpdf k'Øfpg / u|
fdL0f laB'tLs/0f ;Dej 5}g . laB't pTkfbg s]Gb|af6 pTkflbt laB'tnfO{ /fli6«o k|
0ffnLdf k'Øfpg / u|fdL0f If]qdf la:tf/ ug{ laB't k|zf/0f ;+/rgfx?sf] la:tf/ cfjZos x'G5 .
laB't k|zf/0f ;+/rgf lgdf{0fnfO{ pk]Iff ul/b} cfPsf] sf/0f laB't k|zf/0fdf r'gf}tL
ylkPsf] 5 . o;sf] pbfx/0f sltko laB't ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f eP/ klg k|zf/0f nfO{gsf] cefjdf
laB't v]/ uPsf] / dfu ePsf] ahf/;Dd k'Øfpg g;lsPsf] laut xfd|f cuf8L 5g\.

4
 k|zf/0f nfO{g lgdf{0fsf nflu d'Vo lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno, k|flws/0f /
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] Aoaxfl/s of]hgf th'{df gubf{;d:of ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . gLlh
If]qnfO{ laB't pTkfbgdf kx'‘r lbPklg k|zf/0f /k|0ffnL laB't pTkfbg cfof]hgf lar
tfnd]n / ;dGoosf] cefjdf laB't k|zf/0f ug{ sl7gfO{ pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
;/sf/, of]hgf cfof]u / g]kfn laB't k|flws/0f o;sf d'Vo lhDd]jf/ lgsfo x'g\ . laB't
k|flws/0f laB't Aoa;fo ug]{ ;fwf/0f ;+:yf dfq geP/ p k|flws/0f - Authority _ klg x'‘b}
cfPsf] ca:yfdf p;sf] k|d'v e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L ePklg klg p;n] To; cg'?k e"ldsf v]Ng
;s]sf] 5}g . k|flws/0f gLlt th'{df ug{ /fHo ;xof]lu x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

u_ ;+:yfut Aoa:yf
laB't ;DalGw ;+:yfx? laut !)) aif{b]lv lqmoflzn 5g\ . ;+:yfut Aoa:yf
ubf{ cfkm\gf] cfjZostf eGbf k/fO{sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ ;+:yfx? v8f ul/+b} cfPsf] x'gfn] ;
+:yfut Aoa:yf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . rGb|Hof]lt b]lv laB't k|flws/0f ;Dd
cfO[k'Ubf cg]sf} ?k / gfd wf/0f u/]sf ;+:yf, sDkgL, :f+:yfg, k|flws/0f, laefu, cfof]u
h:tf lgsfox? v8f ul/Pklg ltlgx? k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] rNg ;s]gg\ . oltv]/ klg phf{ dGqfno,
laB't lasf; laefu, hn tyf phf{ cfof]u / g]kfn laB't k|flws/0f, a}slNks phf{ k|a4{g
s]Gb| h:tf lgsfox? laBdfg 5g\ . tL lgsfox? lardf cfjZos tfnd]n / ;dGjosf] cefj emg}
a9\bf] 5 . :ki6 lhDd]jf/L ls6fg gx'g', pTkfbg, k|zf/0f / lat/0f ;a}df Psflwsf/ x'g',
Aoa;fo cg'?ksf 5l/tf lgsfosf] Aoa:yf gx'g', s'g}nfO{ ;a} sfd / s'g}nfO{ a]sfd /flvg',
lgodgsf/L lgsfo / P]g x'b} gx'g', pkef]Qmfsf] kx'‘r / cg'udgsf] Aoa:yf gx'g' h:tf
sf/0faf6 phf{ If]qsf] ;du| lasf;df ca/f]w l;h{gf eof] . pkef]Qmfn] z'ne / e/kbf]{ laB't
kfpg] clwsf/ u'dfP .
k|efjsf/L / laifout lgsfox?sf] cefjdf laB't ;'lawfdf kx'‘r la:tf/, ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f
nufot pkef]Qmfsf] Ifdtf lasf;, pkef]Qmf clwsf/sf] /Iff h:tf sfd x'g ;s]gg\ . u'0f:t/
lgoGq0f, Gofok"0f{ dxz'n ;+/rgf, pke]Qmf lzIff, laB't pTkfbg / u|fdL0f laBtLs/0fdf
k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] sfd x'g ;s]gg\ .

3_ laB'tnfO{ cfGtl/s vktdf hf]8 lbg] ls lgof{tdf <

laB't ;fdfGotof lgsf;Lsf] a:t' xf]O{g . xfd|f] laB'tsf] k|d'v >f]t hnlaB't ePsfn]
o;sf] lgsf;Ldf cem} a9L ;ts{tf cfjZos 5 . laB'tsf] vktaf6 g} b]zsf] cfly{s tyf
cf}Bf]lus lasf; x'g] ePsfn] laB'tsf] lgsf;L eGbf klg cfGtl/s vktn] b]z lasf; / ;Da[4
agfpg ;xof]u k'Øfp5 . To;}n] b]zsf] gLlt klg laB't vktnfO{ a9fjf lbg] vfnsf] x'g'
cfjZos 5 . b]zdf pTkfbg ePsf] laB't ;a} vkt x'g] ca:yf gePdf l5d]sL b]zx?;+u laB't a}
+lsª ug]{ jf cfGtl/s vktsf nflu cfjZos ePsf avt k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ;'lglZrttf ;lxt lgof{tsf]
Aoa:yf ug'{ plrt x'G5 . o;f] ubf{klg hnlaB't lgsf;L ubf{ k|fs[lts >f]tsf] pkof]u / k|
ltkmndf pke]fQmfsf] k‘x'r / /fli6«o lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ dfq ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

ª_ k|:tflat laB't P]g÷lgodg cfof]u P]g

nfdf] ;dob]lv gof laB't P]g / laB't lgodg cfof]u P]g rrf{df 5g\ . k|:tflat
P]gnfO{ lgofNbf of] P]g laB't P]g geP/ “laB't pTkfbg tyf lgsf;L P]g” cyf{t
“lgsf;Lsf nlu laB't pTkfbg ug]{ P]g” eGg] cy{df a'lemG5 . o;af6 laB't pTkfbg u/]/
5
g]kfnn] nfe lng] eGbf lab]zdf lgsf;Lsf] nflu jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ k|sf/sf] Aoa:yf
b]lvG5 . o;n] u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0fnfO{ klxrfg g} lbPsf] 5}g .hnlaB't pTkfbgaf6 k|fKt
x'g] nfe ;a} g]kfnLdf k'Øfpg], u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f ug]{, g]kfnL nufgL k|a4{g h:tf
s'/fdf o;sf] k|fyldstf 5}g . csf{tkm{ laB't lgsf;L dfkm{t b]znfO{ ;Da[4 agfpg] eGg]
vfnsf] ;f]+r /fv]sf] kfO{G5 . lab]zL nufgL leqof\pg] / laB't lgof{t u/]/ b]znfO{ wlg
agfpg] eGbf :jb]zL nufgLsf nflu jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{nfO{ k|lt:yfkg
ug]{ / b]znfO{ wlg agfpg] dfGotf /fVg' kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . k|:tflat P]gdf ePsf
sltko Aoa:yfn] xfd|f] hn>]ftsf] dflns c?nfO{ agfpg] vt/f 5 . P]gnfO{ g]kfnsf] lxtdf
x'g]u/L agfpg ;+;bdf !$@ j6f ;+;f]wg k|:tfa ;lxt larf/flwg 5 .lah'nL lgsf;L u/]/
xf]O{g pkof]u u/]/ dfq b]zsf] cfly{s tyf cf}Bf]lus lasf; ug{' k5{ . ef]6]sf]zL /
lvDtL h:tf cfof]hgfdf lab]zL nufgLdf laB't pTkfbg ePklg 7'nf] wg/fzL lab]zLg]
lhjGt pbfx/0f klg ag]sf 5g\ .

r_ laB'tLo ;fdu|L / u'0f:t/

laB't pke]fQmfsf nflu cfkm\gf] 3/df k|of]u ug]{ laB'tLo ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ yfxf
x'‘b}g . pke]fQmfnfO{ o; laifodf 1fg lbg] s'g} lgsfo / sfo{qmd 5}gg\ . ahf/df gSsnL
;fdfgsf] laulalu 5 . u'0f:t/ / plrt d'Nosf] Plsg ug{ pkef]QmfnfO{ ;xh 5}g . gSsnL
;fdfg / s[ltd dx+ufO{af6 pkef]Qmfx? 7ufO{df k/]sf 5g\ . plgx?nfO{ hf]ufpg]
lhDd]jf/ lgsfox? k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

5_ Ifltk'tL{sf] Aoa:yf M
sdhf]/ u'0f:t/sf] a:t'af6 kg]{ dsf{sf] pkrf/ kfpg sl7g 5 . pRr ef]N6]hsf sf/0f
ePsf] Ifltsf] Ifltk'tL{ klg pke]fQmf P]gdf Aoa:yf ePklg k|fKt ug{ sl7g 5 . ;fd'bflos
laB'tLs/0fdf pRr ef]N6]hsf] sf/0f ePsf IftL e/fpg] Aoa:yf gx'‘bf cem sl7g 5.

h_ u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ / u|fxsk|ltsf] Aoaxf/

;]jfk|bfosdf pkef]Qmfsf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg] / Aoa:yfkg ug]{lt/ k|fyldstf 5}g .
pke]fQmfx? u'gf;f] /fVbf al9 b'vdfq x'g] / ;dfwfg glg:sg] wf/0ff /fV5g\ / e/;s u'gf;f]
g} ub}{gg\ . u|fxsk|ltsf] Aoaxf/, ;]jf k|bfos / u|fxssf] larsf] Aoaxf/ kf‘O{b}g . zfzs /
zflztsf] Aoaxf/ xf]O{g pkef]Qmf / ;]jfk|bfos lar ;xof]ufTds / laZjf;k"0f{ ;+aGw
lasf; x'g' cfjZos 5 .