Two Dimensional Viscous MHD Flow in a Semi-

infinite Channel with Dilating or Squeezing

Porous Walls

Naveed Ahmed
CIIT/FA07-R03-001/ATD

MS Thesis
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Abbottabad- Pakistan.
August, 2009
Two Dimensional Viscous MHD Flow in a Semi-infinite Channel
with Dilating or Squeezing Porous Walls

A Thesis submitted to the

Department of Mathematics,

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,

Abbottabad, Pakistan.
In partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the degree of

M.S
(Mathematics)

By

Naveed Ahmed

CIIT/FA07-R03-001/ATD

August, 2009
Two Dimensional Viscous MHD Flow in a Semi-infinite Channel
with Dilating or Squeezing Porous Walls

A Post Graduate Thesis submitted to the Department of Mathematics as partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of M.S (Mathematics).

Name Registration Number

Naveed Ahmed CIIT/FA07-R03-001/ATD

Supervisor

Professor Dr. Tahira Haroon

Head of Department of Mathematics,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT)
Abbottabad, Campus.
August, 2009.
 Final Approval

This thesis titled

Two Dimensional Viscous MHD Flow in a Semi-infinite Channel

with Dilating or Squeezing Porous Walls

By
Naveed Ahmed
has been approved

for the COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad

External Examiner: ________________________________________

Supervisor: ______________________________________________
Professor Dr. Tahira Haroon
Head of Department of Mathematics, CIIT Abbottabad

Co-Supervisor: ______________________________________________
Professor Dr. A. M. Siddiqui
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Declaration

I Naveed Ahmed hereby declare that I have produced the work presented in this thesis,
during the scheduled period of study. I also declare that I have not taken any material
from any source except referred to wherever due. If a violation of HEC rules on
research has occurred in this thesis, I shall be liable to punishable action under the
plagiarism rules of the HEC.

_____________________
(Naveed Ahmed)
(CIIT/FA07-R03-001/ATD)

Date: _______________________
 Certificate

It is certified that Mr. Naveed Ahmed has carried out all the work related to this thesis
under my supervision at the Department of Mathematics, CIIT, Abbottabad.

Supervisor:

Professor Dr. Tahira Haroon

Head of Department of Mathematics
CIIT Abbottabad, Campus
 Dedicated to

My Parents & Teachers

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

While I am writing these lines today, many kind faces appear in

my mind, those who made me what I am today. First of all, my
teachers at CIIT, who put me on track of research. My supervisor,
Prof. Dr. Tahira Haroon and co-supervisor Prof. Dr. A.M.
Siddiqui, to whom I pay sincere gratitude and appreciation that
they honored me by allowing me to work under their kind
supervision. Without their help, this thesis would not have been
possible.

Also, I am greatly indebted to my colleagues and all the staff of

CIIT, for the environment which they have provided me that
really helped me to complete my work.

I am obliged to Dr. Haroon Rashid, Director CIIT, Abbottabad,

who offered us scholarships that made us free from financial
worries.

I would like to express my gratefulness to my parents and other

family members who always encouraged me, supported me and
always stood by me when I was worried.

Finally, I would like to thank my friends, especially Sohail Ahmed

Khan, Sarfaraz Ali who helped me in numerical work, Miriam J.
Woods for her help regarding writing the thesis, the Kayanies and
all of my friends who encouraged me during the course of my
work.
Naveed Ahmed
 ABSTRACT
The two-dimensional, viscous, laminar, isothermal,
incompressible, MHD flow is considered in a channel having
infinite length and two expanding/contracting porous walls.
Flow is only due to uniform suction or injection. Governing
equations are reduced to single fourth order non-linear ordinary
differential equation which is then solved by homotopy
perturbation method. Comparison between the analytical and
the numerical solution is provided which shows a good
agreement. Analytical simulation of the behavior the velocity
with the varying flow parameters is provided with the help of
graphs.
Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Preliminaries 9

2.0.1 Magnetic Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.1 Current Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2 MHD Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2.1 Maxwell Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2.2 Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.3 Basic Equations of Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.3.1 Equation of Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.4 Equation of Motion for Viscous Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.5 Analytic Methods for Approximate Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.6 Perturbation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.7 Homotopy Perturbation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3 Two-dimensional Viscous Flow Between Slowly Expanding or Contracting Walls

with Weak Permeability 21

1
 3.1 Formulation of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.1.1 Dimensionless Form of the Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.2 Solution of the Problem Using Perturbation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.2.1 Zeroth Order Problem with respect to R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.2.2 First Order Problem with respect to R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.3 Solution of the Problem Using HPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4 Two-dimensional Viscous MHD Flow in a Semi-infinite Channel with Dilating or

Squeezing Porous Walls 45

4.1 Formulation of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

4.1.1 Dimensionless Form of the Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.2 Solution of the Problem Using HPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.3 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

2
Chapter 1

Introduction

In the study of fluid transport in biological organism we deal with the flow between permeable walls

that may expand or contract, which has a great importance in medical and biological sciences. Oozing

through porous walls is an important phenomenon in blood flow, which contribute a lot in inter-body

transportation of different substances and it may effect the entire health of the living organism. The

study of pumping effect in physiological vessels can help in understanding the function of different

organs of the body of living organism such as lungs and kidneys.

The pioneer work of steady flow solutions in channels with porous boundaries can be traced back to

Berman (1953) [2]. He introduced a method to reduce Navier Stokes equations into a single ordinary

differential equation on the basis of the assumption that the suction or injection is uniform. His study

opened a new door for many researchers who later worked on the guidelines provided by him. In the

beginning, studies were restricted to limiting cases or to obtain solution to the problem over restricted

fluid domains. Such assumptions were imposed, which in fact were not appropriate to approximate

real life flows. However with the passage of time many researcher tried to overcome those hurdles and

now more flexible work can be seen in literature regarding these types of flows.

3
 In 1956, Yuan and Finkelstein [30] presented analytical solutions in the limiting cases of small

suction and both small and large injection for the laminar flow in porous circular pipes and tubes. Their

formulation depended on the cross flow Reynolds number R, where this parameter was dependent on

the tube radius a, kinematic viscosity ν and uniform injection speed V . For large R. They successfully

reduced the solution of the problem to inviscid expression, that was reported by Taylor [25] at the same

time for infinite injection in an independent study. However Yuan’s regular perturbation expansion

was unable to incorporate the viscous layer near the centerline of the flow. This problem was later

overcome by Terrill (1965) [26], who used matched asymptotic expansions to capture the central layer.

Uchida et al. (1977) [27] described the possibility of surpassing peristaltic motion by successive wall

expansions and contractions. They were first to examine the viscous flow inside tube with impermeable

and contracting cross section by reducing Navier-stokes equations to a single differential equation for

semi infinite tube. Then their equation was solved numerically and was used to explain the flow

characteristics. Their study made a considerable improvement on previous work performed by Jones

[18] relating to peristaltic motion of inviscid flows in valve-less tubes of infinite lengths, they also made

improvements on the work presented by Lighthill [20], Fung et al. [6] and Shapiro [24], which was

related to pulsating flow inside infinite valve-less tubes.

Later Goto and Uchida [7] not only discussed the effect of viscosity and pressure distribution but

also the effect of wall contraction and realistic length of the body. Governing equation was reduced to

a single ode by using similarity transform in time and space.They generalized the work presented by

Yuan et al. [30], and Terrill [26]. The ode presented by Yuan et al., and Thomas could be obtained

as a special case of ode worked out by Goto and Uchida. In fact all previous results derived from

other investigators could be regenerated from Goto et al.’s work using constant wall contraction or

expansion rate and with impermeable walls.

4
 Dauenhauer with Majdalani in 1999 [4] presented their study related to unsteady flow inside semi-

infinite channel with injecting and uniformly expanding walls. They showed a technique that led

to exact similarity solution of the governing flow equations. In their work they utilized the idea of

vorticity and steam function to obtain a single fourth order nonlinear ode, which was a result of

imposed similarity transform in space and time. From their study it was evident that in case of those

rectangular domains where injection and regression takes place at the same time, shear stress, stream

lines and pressure distributions were function of time and space. They characterized flow parameters

with the help of two non-dimensional parameters, one the wall dilation rate α and permeation Reynolds

number R . Numerical solution with the help of fourth order Runge–Kutta method coupled with

shooting method was sought to support analytical results collected by double perturbation technique.

In 2002 J.Majdalani et al. [16] presented asymptotic solution for slit flow problem with out using

overly simplified assumptions which were imposed in previous studies presented by Wang [29] and

Bhatnagar [3], they also supported their analytical solution with numerical solution. They utilized

Proudman–Johnson [22] form of flow formulation to write the stream function in a form that is

consistent with conservation of mass. They obtained single fourth order nonlinear ode by using

similar transform in both space and time. Later they solved it using double perturbation method and

to support their asymptotic results, they provided a numerical solution which was based on shooting

method coupled with fourth order Runge–Kutta method

Majdalani and Zhou [17] presented their work moderate to large injection and suction driven

channel flows with expanding or contracting walls. They studied the incompressible laminar flow in a

porous channel with expanding or contracting walls. They considered the head-end to be closed by an

obstructional membrane and while downstream end is left open with no hurdle. Assuming uniformly

expanding porous walls, they reduced Navier–Stokes equations to a single, non-linear ordinary differ-

5
ential equation for symmetric suction or injection. Using perturbations in cross flow Reynolds number

R, the resulting equation is solved both analytically and numerically. They showed two separate ap-

proaches for suction and injection cases. They first integrated the governing equation and obtained

third-order differential equation which was later solved by using the method of variation of parameters,

for the large injection case. For the large suction case, they first solved simplified governing equation

close to the wall and then solved it using successive approximations. Results were then correlated and

compared for variations in R and the dimensionless wall expansion rate ȧ.

In 2007 Youssef Z. Boutros et al. [31] presented Lie-group method solution for two-dimensional

viscous flow inside a rectangular domain with slowly expanding or contracting weakly permeable walls.

They applied Lie-group method to reduce the governing partial differential equation by determining

reduction symmetric transforms. They applied a different approach form J. Majdalani et al. [16]

to reduce Navier-stokes equations to a single nonlinear ode but used the same double perturbation

method to obtain the analytical solution. They also obtained the numerical solution in the same

manner and provided comparison between numerical solution, Majdalani’s work and their analytic

solution. They showed that their’s was a better approximation to the flow simulation on the basis

of numerical results. They visibly reduced the percentage error between numerical and asymptotic

results.

We present this work to discuss the same problem of two dimensional flow inside a semi-infinite

channel with porous walls. Our aim is to improve the work done by previous researchers. We first

consider incompressible, laminar, isothermal flow inside a channel having infinite length and use the

so called exact similar transform in both space and time to reduce the governing equation of the flow

and then solve it with double perturbation method as a review of work presented by J.Majdalani

et al. [16]. It is also solved by homotopy perturbation method(HPM) [9], and it is observed that

6
the results obtained by the HPM are more accurate and provide such results which are nearer to

numerical simulation. Visibly low percent age error is observed as compared to the work presented by

Youssef Z. Boutros et al. [31] and J.Majdalani et al. [16]. One may also observe from our work that

the HPM method is less laborious and gives a more accurate result as compared to preciously used

double perturbation method. It also does not require to impose assumption of weak permeable walls

which was necessary in previous studies to obtain small parameter for double perturbation method.

On the basis of effectiveness and accuracy of those result we apply the same technique to simulate

two-dimensional unsteady magneto-hydrodynamic flow inside a channel with slowly expanding or

contracting permeable walls. The effect of magnetic parameter is discussed with the help of appropriate

graphs and comparison between electrically conducting and simple viscous flow is also described with

the help of analytical simulation.

7
8
Chapter 2

Preliminaries

In order to understand the behavior of fluid properties inside a channel with contracting/expanding

walls it is appropriate to review basic concepts, notions and parlances that are involved in the for-

mulation and the solution of the problems. The fundamental definitions and terminologies, which are

used in the text, are the subject of this chapter and they are described briefly as under.

2.0.1 Magnetic Permeability

Permeability is a material property that describes the ease with which a magnetic flux is established

in a component. It is the ratio of the flux density to the magnetizing force and is represented by the

following equation:

B
m= , (2.1)
H

where B is flux density and H is magnetizing force.

9
2.1 Current Density

A vector quantity whose magnitude is the ratio of the magnitude of current flowing in a conductor to

the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the current flow and whose direction points in the direction

of the current. In SI units, the current density is measured in amperes per square meter denoted as J.

2.2 MHD Equations

Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) is the study of an electrically conducting fluid moving relative to a

magnetic field. The situation is essentially one of mutual interactions between the fluid velocity and

the electro-magnetic field. Electric currents induced in the fluid as a result of its motion modify the

field, at the same time their flow in the magnetic field produces mechanical forces which modify the

motion. In Magneto-hydrodynamic approximation, the behavior of the electrically conducting fluid

is governed by a simplified form of Maxwell equations, together with Ohms law and equations of

continuity and motion.

2.2.1 Maxwell Equations

We begin with Maxwell equations in MKS units,

1 ∂E
∇ × B = µ∗ J + , (2.2)
c2 ∂t

∇ · B = 0, (2.3)

∂B
∇×E = − , (2.4)
∂t
ρ∗
∇· E = , (2.5)


where B = B0 + b is the total magnetic field, with B0 as imposed magnetic field and b as induced

magnetic field. E denotes the electric field, ρ∗ stands for the charge density, J is the current density,

10
µ∗ represents magnetic permeability and  is the permittivity. The first Maxwell equation shows that

either current or time varying electric field, may produce magnetic field, whereas the third and fourth

equations imply that either electric charges or time varying magnetic field may give rise to electric

fields. The second equation assumes that there are no magnetic poles and implies that a magnetic flux

tube has a constant strength along its length. A fundamental supposition of magneto-hydrodynamics

is that the electro-magnetic variations are non-relativistic or quasi-steady. In other words,

V0 << C, (2.6)

where V0 is a characteristic electro-magnetic (or electrically conducting fluid ) speed, while c is the
1 ∂E
speed of light. Thus one consequence of Eqn. (2.6) is that the term may be neglected in Eqn.
c2 ∂t
(2.2). Another is that the equation of charge continuity, which is obtained from the divergence of

Eqn. (2.2), becomes ∇ · J = 0; this implies physically that local accumulations in time of charge are

negligible and electric current flows in closed circuits.

2.2.2 Ohm’s Law

Electrically conducting fluid, moving at a non-relativistic speed, in the presence of a magnetic field is

subjected to an electric field (q × B) in addition to the electric field E which would act on material at

rest. Ohm’s Law asserts that the current density is proportional to the total electric field (in a frame

of reference moving with the electrically conducting fluid), and it may be written as,

J = σ (E + q × B) . (2.7)

11
2.3 Basic Equations of Flow

2.3.1 Equation of Continuity

The continuity equation is one of the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics. According to the law

of conservation of mass, mass can neither be created nor destroyed.

In differential form its most general form can be written as

Dρ
+ ρ∇ · V = 0, (2.8)
Dt

D
where is called material derivative. Eqn. (2.8) can also be written as,
Dt

∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂u ∂v ∂w
+u +v +w +ρ +ρ +ρ = 0. (2.9)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

Which for steady case leads to,

∂(ρu) ∂(ρv) ∂(ρw)
+ + = 0. (2.10)
∂x ∂y ∂z

Also for incompressible fluids,by taking ρ=constant, we obtain

∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + = 0, (2.11)
∂x ∂y ∂z

or

∇ · V = 0. (2.12)

2.4 Equation of Motion for Viscous Fluid

In this study we deal with viscous incompressible magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) fluid, the equation of

motion is derived from Newton’s second law of motion, according to which the product of acceleration

and mass of the body is equal to the sum of all forces acting on the body. In those flows where

the fluid involved is electrically conducting, while considering the fluid motion we must consider the

12
electro-magnetic force (Fem) involved. The Electro-magnetic field induces the current density and

charge at the same time which leads to the magnetic force J × B and electric force qE, which acts on

the fluid element in motion. The momentum equation in vector form, in the absence of gravitational

force, can be written as,

DV
ρ = ∇ · S + Fem. (2.13)
Dt
DV ∂V
The symbol represents the substantial acceleration, which contains the local acceleration
Dt ∂t
(in unsteady flow), and the convective acceleration (V · ∇)V (due to translation). The Cauchy stress

tensor for viscous incompressible fluid is

S = −P I + µA1 . (2.14)

And the electro-magnetic force which acts over a unit area is given by the following equation

Fem =qE + J × B. (2.15)

Lorentz force is another name for the force which is represented by Eqn. (2.15). By dimensional

analysis it can be deduced that the electric and the magnetic parts of the body force qE + J × B are
V02
in a ratio which is a very small value and thus qE can be neglected. Hence Eqn. (2.15) can be
C2
rewritten as,

Fem = J × B. (2.16)

First we consider left hand side of Eqn. (2.13)

DV ∂V
ρ = + (V · ∇)V,
Dt ∂t

13
which in component form may be expressed as,

   
DV ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
ρ =ρ +u +v + , (2.17)
Dt x ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

   
DV ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
ρ =ρ +u +v + , (2.18)
Dt y ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

and
   
DV ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
ρ =ρ +u +v + , (2.19)
Dt z ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

the subscripts are used for x, y and z components.

Now
 
−p 0 0
 
 
−PI =  0 −p 0 

, (2.20)
 
 
0 0 −p

and

∗
A1 = (∇V) + (∇V)t , (2.21)

where t∗ denotes transpose of the matrix and

 
∂u ∂u ∂u
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 
 ∂v ∂v ∂v 
 
∇V =  , (2.22)
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 
 ∂w ∂w ∂w 
∂x ∂y ∂z
where

V = V(u(x, y, z, t), v(x, y, z, t), w(x, y, z, t)), (2.23)

14
and
 
∂ û ∂v ∂w
 ∂x ∂x ∂x 
 
t∗
 ∂ û ∂v ∂w 
(∇V) =  .
 ∂y ∂y ∂y 
 
∂ û ∂v ∂w
 
∂z ∂z ∂z
Using in Eqn. (2.21) we have,

 
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂w
 2 + +
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x 


 ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w  .
 
A1 = 
 ∂x + ∂y 2 + 
 ∂y ∂z ∂y 

 ∂w ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂w 
+ + 2
∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
Substituting values in Eqn. (2.14) we obtain

 
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂w
 
−p 0 0   2 + +
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x 

  
 ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w 
   
S =  + µ ,
 0 −p 0   ∂x + ∂y 2 +
 
   ∂y ∂z ∂y 

   ∂w ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂w 
0 0 −p + + 2
∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z
 
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂w
 −p + 2µ µ( + ) µ( + )
 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x 
 ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂w 
 
=  µ( .
 ∂x + ∂y ) −p + 2µ ∂y µ( ∂z + ∂y )
 
 ∂w ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂w 
µ( + ) µ( + ) −p + 2µ
∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z

Now x component of ∇·S is

∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂w
(∇·S)x = (−p + 2µ ) + (µ( + )) + (µ( + )),
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂z ∂x
∂p ∂2u ∂2u ∂ ∂v ∂2u ∂ ∂w
= − + 2µ 2 + µ 2 + µ ( ) + µ 2 + µ ( ),
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z
∂p ∂2u ∂2u ∂ ∂v ∂w ∂ 2u
= − + 2µ 2 + µ 2 + µ ( + )+µ 2.
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z

15
Using continuity equation we get

∂p ∂2u ∂ 2u ∂ ∂u ∂2u
(∇·S)x = − + 2µ 2 + µ 2 + µ (− )) + µ 2 ,
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂z
2 2 2
∂p ∂ u ∂ u ∂ u
= − +µ 2 +µ 2 +µ 2. (2.24)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z

Similarly y component becomes

∂ ∂v ∂ û ∂ ∂v ∂ ∂v ∂w
(∇·S)y = (µ( + )) + (−p + 2µ ) + (µ( + )),
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y
∂ 2v ∂ ∂u ∂w ∂p ∂2v ∂2v
= µ 2 +µ ( + )− + 2µ 2 + µ 2 ,
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z
2
∂ v ∂ ∂v ∂p 2
∂ v 2
∂ v
= µ 2 + µ (− ) − + 2µ 2 + µ 2 ,
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z
2 2 2
∂p ∂ v ∂ v ∂ v
= − + µ 2 + µ 2 + µ 2. (2.25)
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z

And z component of ∇·S can be written as

∂ ∂w ∂u ∂ ∂w ∂v ∂ ∂w
(∇·S)z = (µ( + )) + (µ( + )) + (−p + 2µ ),
∂x ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂z
∂p ∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂2w ∂ ∂u ∂v
= − + µ 2 + µ 2 + 2µ 2 + µ ( + ),
∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y
∂p ∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ 2 w
= − +µ 2 +µ 2 + . (2.26)
∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z 2

Also

J × B = σ[(V × B) × B]. (2.27)

We take the following assumptions,

1. The magnetic field B is perpendicular to the velocity field V and the induced magnetic field is

negligible compared with the imposed field so that the magnetic Reynolds number Rm is small

[19].

2. The electric field is assumed to be zero.

16
 In view of these assumptions, the electro-magnetic body force involved in (2.27) can be written as

J × B = −σB 0 2 V, (2.28)

where B 0 is magnitude of imposed magnetic force. x, y, z component of J × B are given as

(J × B)x = −σB 0 2 u, (2.29)

(J × B)y = −σB 0 2 v, (2.30)

and

(J × B)z = −σB 0 2 w. (2.31)

Now combining Eqns. (2.24), (2.17) and (2.29) we get x component of momentum equation as,

∂2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
 
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p
ρ +u +v + =− + µ 2 + µ 2 + µ 2 − σB02 u. (2.32)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z

Similarly combination of Eqns. (2.25), (2.18) and (2.30) yeild y component of momentum equation

as,
∂2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
 
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂p
ρ +u +v + =− + µ 2 + µ 2 + µ 2 − σB02 v. (2.33)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z

Finally combination of Eqns. (2.26), (2.19) and (2.31) leads us to z component as,

∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ 2w
 
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂p
ρ +u +v + =− + µ 2 + µ 2 + µ 2 − σB02 w. (2.34)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

2.5 Analytic Methods for Approximate Solutions

2.6 Perturbation Method

The method of Perturbation is widely used in approximating solutions of nonlinear problems which

involves a small parameter  (say). Presence of the small parameter  is essential in either the governing

17
equation or boundary conditions. Solution to these type of problems is assumed to be a decreasing

series involving the small parameter. This type of solution is also termed as asymptotic solution,the

resulting series is convergent if  is considerably small.

2.7 Homotopy Perturbation Method

Recently the interest of scientists and engineers in finding the analytic solution to nonlinear problem

has increased, for this purpose many new techniques and methods have been developed. Traditional

perturbation methods have their own limitations, presence of a very large or very small parameter

inside the problem is essential, so that the solution of the problem may be expressed as a series

expansion in terms of that small parameter. Choosing the small parameter is not an easy task and

requires special skills. A proper and good choice of small parameter will make results more accurate,

while on the other hand a wrong choice may lead to inaccurate results .

However in 1998 a new method known as homotopy perturbation (HPM) was presented by J-H. He

[8, 9]. In which, the presence of small parameter was not necessary, he used the idea of homotopy along

with traditional perturbation method to develop this technique. Many scientists and researches have

successfully employed this method to discuss practically important and significant nonlinear problems

in different fields of science.

To explain the basic idea of homotopy perturbation method for solving nonlinear differential equa-

tions, we consider the following nonlinear differential equation

A(u) − f (η) = 0, η ∈ Ω∗ , (2.35)

with boundary conditions

 
0 ∂u
B u, = 0, η ∈ ∂Ω∗ (2.36)
∂ζ

18
where A is a general non-linear operator, B 0 is a boundary operator, f (η) is known as analytic
∂u
function, ∂Ω∗ is the boundary domain and is the directional derivative. The non-linear operator
∂ζ
A can further be divided into two parts, linear L and non-linear N , so Eqn. (2.35) can be expressed

as

L(u) + N (u) − f (η) = 0. (2.37)

Now we construct a homotopy as

v (η, r) : Ω∗ × [0, 1] → R, (2.38)

which satisfies the equation

(1 − r) [ L(v) − L(u0 ) ] + r [ A(v) − f (η) ] = 0, (2.39)

where r ∈ [0, 1] is an embedding parameter, u0 is the initial approximation. Therefore, the Eqn. (2.35)

can be written as

H [ η, r ] = L(v) − L(u0 ) + rL[ u0 ] + r [ N (v) − f (η) ] . (2.40)

On setting r = 0, in Eqn. (2.40), we get

H(v, 0) = L[ v ] − L[ u0 ] = 0, (2.41)

which provides us initial guess u0 .

Similarly by setting r = 1 in Eqn. (2.40) we have

H(v, 1) = L[ v ] − L[ u0 ] + L[ u0 ] + N [ v ] − f (η),

= L[ v ] + N [ v ] − f (η),

= A[ v ] − f (η). (2.42)

19
Thus the changing process of r from zero to unity is essentially the change in of v(η, r) from uo (η) to

u(η). In topology, this is called deformation.

We expand v(η, r) in terms of a series in the form

v(η, r) = v0 + rv1 + r 2 v2 + · · · , (2.43)

and then letting r → 1, the Eqn. (2.43) yields

u (η) = lim v(η, r) = v0 + v1 + v2 + · · · . (2.44)

r→1

The question of convergence of series in Eqn. (2.44) has been discussed extensivly by He [12].

20
Chapter 3

Two-dimensional Viscous Flow

Between Slowly Expanding or

Contracting Walls with Weak

Permeability

This chapter contains the review of the paper by J. Majdalani et al. [16]. He has considered

two-dimensional viscous incompressible flow in a simulated channel with expanding or contracting

porous walls. First he reduces the governing equations to a single nonlinear ode using similarity

transform and then solves it using perturbation method. On careful observation and calculation we

detected some calculation error in his work and we have corrected them appropriately in this review.

We have supported our corrections with the solution obtained by HPM and it is found that it gives

the same results (after neglecting higher order terms that we have in HPM solution) as we obtained

21
using perturbation method after correcting the error.

3.1 Formulation of the Problem

In this study laminar, incompressible and isothermal flow is considered in a rectangular duct

of infinite length, which contains two permeable walls, from where the fluid can enter or exit during

successive expansions and contractions (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Two-dimensional flow in a semi-infinite duct with expanding or contracting

permeable walls

The aspect ratio of the width W to the hight 2a of the duct is taken to be sufficiently large so that

the effect of lateral walls can be ignored, it is normally taken as (W/a > 8) [5]. The head end of the

duct is closed with an impermeable, solid membrane that is capable to expand or contract with the

dilating or squeezing walls. Due to the the higher aspect ration between the hight and the width of

the duct we can confine the whole problem to half domain and a plane cross section of the simulated

domain is shown in Fig. 2.

22
 Fig. 2. Two-dimensional domain with expanding or contracting porous walls

Both walls are assumed to have equal permeability and to expand uniformly at a time dependent rate
∂a
ȧ (= ). Flow is only due to suction or injection, and at the walls the suction or injection velocity
∂t
vw is assumed to be independent of position. Furthermore, the origin x̂ = 0 is assumed to be the

center of the classic squeeze problem. This enables us to assume flow symmetry about x̂ = 0. The

auxiliary conditions for this problem are specified as

ȧ
û (x̂, a) = 0, v̂ (a) = −vw = − , (3.1)
c
∂ û
(x̂, 0) = 0, v̂ (x̂, 0) = 0, û (0, ŷ) = 0. (3.2)
∂ ŷ

where û and v̂ are the velocity components in x̂ and ŷ-direction, respectively, the suction coefficient
ȧ
c= is the measure of wall porosity [7].
vw
For two dimensional, unsteady, incompressible viscous fluid, equations of continuity (2.8) and momen-

tum (2.32 - 2.34) in the absence of magnetic field becomes

∂ û ∂v̂
+ = 0, (3.3)
∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ

∂ 2 û ∂ 2 û
 
∂ û ∂ û ∂ û 1 ∂ p̂
+ û + v̂ =− +ν + 2 , (3.4)
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ρ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ

∂ 2 v̂ ∂ 2 v̂
 
∂v̂ ∂v̂ ∂v̂ 1 ∂ p̂
+ û + v̂ =− +ν + , (3.5)
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ρ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2

23
while p̂, ρ, ν and t are the dimensional pressure, density, kinematic viscosity and time, respectively.

We can simplify this system of equations by elimination pressure terms from Eqns. (3.4) and (3.5).

For this by differentiating Eqn. (3.4) with respect to ŷ and Eqn. (3.5) with respect to x̂ we get

∂ 2 û
  2
∂ û ∂ 2 û
      
∂ ∂ û ∂ ∂ û ∂ 1 ∂ p̂ ∂
+ û + v̂ = − + ν + 2 ,
∂t∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ρ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂x2 ∂y

or

∂ 2 û

   2      2 
∂ û ∂ û ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ û ∂ û
+ + û + + v̂
∂t∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ 2
 2 
∂ ∂ û ∂ 2 û
 2 
1 ∂ p̂
= − +ν + 2 . (3.6)
ρ ∂ x̂∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂x2 ∂y

And
∂ 2 v̂
  2
∂ v̂ ∂ 2 v̂
      
∂ ∂v̂ ∂ ∂v̂ ∂ 1 ∂ p̂ ∂
+ û + v̂ = − + ν + ,
∂t∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ρ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂x2 ∂y 2

or

∂ 2 v̂

   2      2 
∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ v̂ ∂v̂ ∂v̂ ∂ v̂
+ + û + + v̂
∂t∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ 2 x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂∂ ŷ
 2 
∂ ∂ 2 v̂ ∂ 2 v̂
 
1 ∂ p̂
= − +ν + . (3.7)
ρ ∂ x̂∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂x2 ∂y 2

Subtracting Eqn. (3.6) form Eqn. (3.7) gives

     
∂ ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ û ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ ∂ û ∂v̂
− + − + û −
∂t ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂
   
∂v̂ ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ ∂ û ∂v̂
+ − + v̂ −
∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂
2 
∂ 2 ∂ û ∂v̂
  
∂ ∂ û ∂v̂
=ν 2 − +ν 2 − . (3.8)
∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂

We can introduce vorticity by putting

 
∂v̂ ∂ û
Ω= − , (3.9)
∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ

24
then Eqn. (3.8) becomes

∂ ∂ û ∂ ∂v̂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2
− (Ω) − (Ω) − û (Ω) − (Ω) − v̂ (Ω) = −ν 2 (Ω) − ν 2 (Ω)
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ

or

∂ 2Ω ∂ 2Ω
   
∂Ω ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂Ω ∂Ω
+Ω + + û + v̂ =ν + .
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2

By using continuity Eqn. (3.3) we obtain

∂ 2Ω ∂ 2Ω
 
∂Ω ∂Ω ∂Ω
+ û + v̂ =ν + . (3.10)
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2

Due to conservation of mass, a similar solution can be developed with respect to x̂ as under,

y = ŷ/a, û = ν x̂a−2 F̂y , v̂ = −νa−1 F̂ (y, t), (3.11)

∂ F̂
where F̂y represents . By using Eqn. (3.11) in Eqn. (3.9) we get,
∂y

 
∂ û ∂v̂
Ω = − −
∂ ŷ ∂ x̂
∂   ∂  
= − ν x̂a−2 F̂y + −νa−1 F̂ (y, t)
∂ ŷ ∂ x̂

= −ν x̂a−3 F̂yy . (3.12)

25
By using Eqn. (3.12), term-wise transformation of Eqn. (3.10) is given as under:

∂Ω ∂  
= −ν x̂a−3 F̂yy
∂t ∂t
∂  −3 
= −ν x̂ a F̂yy
∂t
 
= −ν x̂ −3a−4 ȧF̂yy − a−4 ȧy F̂yyy + a−3 F̂yyt ;

∂Ω −2 ∂  −3

û = ν x̂a F̂y −ν x̂a F̂yy
∂ x̂ ∂ x̂

= −ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂y F̂yy ;

∂Ω ∂  
v̂ = −νa−1 F̂ (y, t) · −ν x̂a−3 F̂yy
∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ

= ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂ F̂yyy ;

∂ 2Ω ∂ 2Ω ∂2  ∂2 
   
−3 −3
ν + = ν −ν x̂a F̂yy + ν −ν x̂a F̂yy
∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2 ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2

= −ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂yyyy .

Substituting these expressions in Eqn. (3.10) we have

3ν x̂a−4 ȧF̂yy + ν x̂a−4 ȧy F̂yyy − ν x̂a−3 F̂yyt − ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂y F̂yy + ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂ F̂yyy = −ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂yyyy .
 
1
Multiplying 2
on both sides we get,
ν x̂a−5
1 1 1
3νx̂a−4 ȧF̂yy · + ν x̂a−4 ȧy F̂yyy · − ν x̂a−3 F̂yyt ·
ν 2 x̂a−5 ν 2 x̂a−5 ν 2 x̂a−5
1 1
−ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂y F̂yy · + ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂ F̂yyy ·
ν 2 x̂a−5 ν 2 x̂a−5
1
= −ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂yyyy ·
ν 2 x̂a−5

or
ȧa ȧa a2
3 F̂yy + y F̂yyy − F̂yyt − F̂y F̂yy + F̂ F̂yyy = −F̂yyyy .
ν ν ν

After rearrangement, we get

  a2
F̂yyyy + α 3F̂yy + y F̂yyy − F̂y F̂yy + F̂ F̂yyy − F̂yyt = 0, (3.13)
ν

26
 ȧa
where α(t) = is non-dimensional wall expansion or contraction rate taken to be positive for
ν
expansion.

Now auxiliary conditions will also be transformed as under,

F̂yy (0) = 0, F̂ (0) = 0, F̂y (1) = 0, F̂ (1) = R, (3.14)

avw
where R is the permeation Reynolds number defined by R = and is taken to be positive for
ν
injection.

We can obtain F̂yyt = 0 by setting α to be a constant or a quasi-constant in time [5]. In that event

, the value of the expansion ratio α can be specified by its initial value

ȧa ȧ0 a0
α= = , (3.15)
ν ν

dȧ0
where a0 and ȧ0 = represent the initail channel hight and expansion rate, respectivly. By
dt
integrating Eqn. (3.15) with respect to time a similar solution for temporal channel altitude evolution

can be determined and is given by

a(t)
= (1 + 2ναta−2
0 ) (3.16)
a0

3.1.1 Dimensionless Form of the Governing Equations

Eqns. (3.11), (3.13), (3.14) can be made non-dimensional by introducing non-dimensional parameters

û v̂ x̂ F̂
u= , v= , x= , F = .
ȧ ȧ a R

By using transformation (3.11), we have

0
u = xF /c, v = −F/c, c = α/R.

F̂
Substituting F = in Eqn. (3.13) and (3.14) we get
R

27
 000 00 000 0 00
F iv + α(yF + 3F ) + RF F − RF F = 0, (3.17)

with auxiliary conditions

00 0
F (0) = 0, F (0) = 0, F (1) = 0, F (1) = 1, (3.18)

0
where denotes differentiation with respect to y.

3.2 Solution of the Problem Using Perturbation Method

For small injection or suction, R may be used as perturbation parameter and one may expand the

solution in a series of decreasing terms by substituting

F = F0 + RF1 + O(R2 ), (3.19)

in Eqn. (3.17). Equating coefficients of equal powers of R, we obtain two sets of differential equations

along with their corresponding boundary conditions.

3.2.1 Zeroth Order Problem with respect to R

By substituting Eqn. (3.19) in Eqns. (3.17), (3.18), and comparing coefficients of R0 we get

000 00
F0 iv + α(yF0 + 3F0 ) = 0, (3.20)

with
00 0
F0 (0) = 0, F0 (0) = 0, F0 (1) = 0, F0 (1) = 1. (3.21)

Now since α is also small so it can be used as a secondary perturbation parameter, so we assume

F0 = F00 + αF01 + O(α2 ) (3.22)

Immediately we will obtain two sets of equations of zeroth and 1st order with respect to, α.

28
Zeroth Order Problem with respect to α

The first set is obtained by putting Eqn. (3.22) in Eqn. (3.20) and Eqn. (3.21), and comparing the

coefficients of α0 .That gives zeroth order equation with respect to, α,

iv
F00 =0 (3.23)

with corresponding boundary conditions

00 0
F00 (0) = 0, F00 (0) = 0, F00 (1) = 0, F00 (1) = 0. (3.24)

Solution of Eqn. (3.23) is

1 1
F00 (y) = C1 y 3 + C2 y 2 + C3 y + C4 . (3.25)
6 2

Using boundary conditions (3.24) we get

3
C2 = C4 = 0, C1 = −3 and C3 = .
2

Substituting values of C1 , C2 , C3 and C4 in Eqn. (3.25) we obtain

1 3
F00 = − y 3 + y. (3.26)
2 2

First Order Problem with respect to α

Similarly second set of equations can be obtained by putting Eqn. (3.22) in Eqn. (3.20) and (3.21),

and comparing the coefficients of α1 , that yields first order equation with respect to, α,which is written

as under

iv 000 00
F01 + yF00 + 3F00 = 0, (3.27)

with corresponding boundary conditions

00 0
F01 (0) = 0, F01 (0) = 0, F01 (1) = 0, F01 (1) = 0. (3.28)

29
Eqn. (3.27) with the help of Eqn. (3.26) becomes

iv
F01 = 12y. (3.29)

Solution of Eqn. (3.29) leads to

1 5 1 1
F01 = y + C5 y 3 + C6 y 2 + C7 y + C8 . (3.30)
10 6 2

Using boundary conditions from Eqn. (3.28), we get

6 1
C6 = C8 = 0, C5 = − , C7 = .
5 10

By using values of C5 , C6 , C7 and C8 in Eqn. (3.30) we obtain

1 5 1 3 1
F01 = y − y + y. (3.31)
10 5 10

Putting Eqns. (3.26) and (3.31) in (3.22) we have

 
1 3 1 5 1 3 1
F0 = − y 3 + y + α y − y + y , (3.32)
2 2 10 5 10

which is the solution of Eqn. (3.20) subject to boundary condition Eqn. (3.21).

3.2.2 First Order Problem with respect to R

By putting Eqn. (3.19) in Eqns. (3.17), (3.18), and by comparing coefficients of R1 we get

000 00 0 000 0 00
F1iv + α(yF1 + 3F1 ) + F0 F0 − F0 F0 = 0, (3.33)

with boundary conditions

00 0
F1 (0) = 0, F1 (0) = 0, F1 (1) = 0, F1 (1) = 0, (3.34)

30
which is first order problem with respect to, R.

To proceed we need to calculate successive derivatives of Eqn.(3.32) which are as follow

 
0 3 2 3 1 4 3 2 1
F0 = − y + +α y − y + , (3.35)
2 2 2 5 10
 
00 3 6
F0 = −3y + α 2y − y , (3.36)
5
 
000 2 6
F0 = −3 + α 6y − . (3.37)
5

Using in Eqn. (3.33) we get

     
 000 00
 −3 2 3 1 4 3 2 1 3 6
F1iv + αy F1 + 3F1 = y + +α y − y + −3y + α 2y − y
2 2 2 5 10 5
     
1 3 3 1 5 1 3 1 2 6
− − y + y+α y − y + y −3 + α 6y −
2 2 10 5 10 5
       
−3 2 3 6 3 3 6
= y −3y + α 2y − y + −3y + α 2y − y
2 5 2 5
   
1 4 3 2 1 6
+α y − y + −3y + α 2y 3 − y
2 5 10 5
     
3 3 9 −3 5 3 3 3 −1 3 2 6
− y − y+α y + y − y +α y 6y −
2 2 10 5 10 2 5
    
3 6 6 1 5 1 3 1
+ y 6y 2 − + α 6y 2 − y − y + y
2 5 5 10 5 10
    
9 3 9 24 9 −3 5 9 3 3
= y − y + α −3y 5 + y 3 − y + α y + y − y
2 2 5 5 5 5 10
  
6 1 3 18 3 3 9
+ α2 y 7 − y 5 + y 3 − y 5 + y 3 − y − y3 − y
5 5 5 25 25 2 2
   
−33 5 51 3 21 3 7 33 5 21 3 3
+α y + y − y + α2 y − y + y − y
10 5 10 5 25 25 25
   
6 18 2 7 12 5 2
= 3y 3 + α − y 5 − y 3 + α2 y − y + y3 (3.38)
5 5 5 25 25

with boundary conditions

00 0
F1 (0) = 0, F1 (0) = 0, F1 (1) = 0, F1 (1) = 0. (3.39)

Again in similar manner as we adopted earlier by putting

F1 = F01 + αF11 + O(α2 ) (3.40)

31
in Eqn. (3.38), (3.39) and comparing powers of α we have two sets of equations as follows,

Zeroth Order Problem with respect to α

By substituting Eqn.(3.40) in Eqn. (3.38), (3.39) and comparing coefficient of α0 we get

iv
F10 = 3y 3 (3.41)

with auxiliary conditions

00 0
F10 (0) = 0, F10 (0) = 0, F10 (1) = 0, F10 (1) = 0. (3.42)

Solution of Eqn.(3.41) gives

1 7 1 1
F10 = y + C9 y 3 + C10 y 2 + C11 y + C12 . (3.43)
280 6 2

00
Using boundary conditions F10 (0) = 0, F10(0) = 0, we get

C10 = C12 = 0.

0
Also by using boundary conditions F10 (1) = 0, F10(1) = 0, we obtain

9
C9 = − ,
140

and

1
C11 = − .
140

Using values of C9 , C10 , C11 andC12 in Eqn. (3.43) we get

1 7 3 3 1
F10 = y − y + y. (3.44)
280 280 140

32
First Order Problem with respect to α

Again by substituting Eqn. (3.40) in Eqn. (3.38), (3.39) and comparing coefficient of α1 we have

000 00 6 18
iv
F11 + yF10 + 3F10 = − y 5 − y 3 (3.45)
5 5

with boundary conditions

00 0
F11 (0) = 0, F11 (0) = 0, F11 (1) = 0, F11 (1) = 0. (3.46)

To proceed we must calculate successive derivatives of Eqn. (3.44) as under

0 1 6 9 2 1
F10 = y − y + , (3.47)
40 280 140
00 3 5 9
F10 = y − y, (3.48)
20 140
000 3 4 9
F10 = y − . (3.49)
4 140

Using Eqns. (3.48), (3.49) in Eqn. (3.45) we get

   
3 4 9 3 5 9 6 18
iv
F11 +y y − +3 y − y = − y5 − y3,
4 140 20 140 5 5

with

00 0
F11 (0) = 0, F11 (0) = 0, F11 (1) = 0, F11 (1) = 0.

On simplification we obtain

iv 12 5 18 3 9
F11 =− y − y + y, (3.50)
5 5 35

with

00 0
F11 (0) = 0, F11 (0) = 0, F11 (1) = 0, F11 (1) = 0. (3.51)

33
Successive integrations leads to

1 9 3 7 3 5 1 1
iv
F11 =− y − y + y + C13 y 5 + C14 y 2 + C15 y + C16 . (3.52)
1260 700 1400 6 2
00
Using boundary conditions F11 (0) = 0, F11(0) = 0, we get

C14 = C16 = 0.

0
Also by using boundary conditions F10 (1) = 0, F10(1) = 0, we obtain

37
C13 = −
525

and
37
C15 = − .
4200

Using values of C13 , C14 , C15 and C16 in Eqn. (3.52) we get

1 9 3 7 3 5 37 3 37
F11 = − y − y + y + y − y.
1260 700 1400 3150 4200

Substituting value of F11 in Eqn. (3.40) we get

 
1 7 3 3 1 1 9 3 7 3 5 37 3 37
F1 = y − y + y+α − y − y + y + y − y .
280 280 140 1260 700 1400 3150 4200

Hence using Eqn. (3.19), we obtain final solution F as,

  
1 3 3 1 5 1 3 1 1 7 3 3 1
F = − y + y+α y − y + y +R y − y + y
2 2 10 5 10 280 280 140
 
1 9 3 7 3 5 37 3 37
+ α − y − y + y + y − y . (3.53)
1260 700 1400 3150 4200

3.3 Solution of the Problem Using HPM

Now we solve Eqn. (3.17) along with boundary conditions Eqn. (3.18) with the help of homotopy

perturbation method, by following standard procedure of HPM we have

L(f ) − L(F0 ) + rL(F0 ) + r [N (f ) − g(y)] = 0, (3.54)

34
where in our particular case linear and nonlinear operator L and N are defined as

L(f ) = f iv ,

 000 00
 000 0 00
N (f ) = α yf + 3f + Rf f − Rf f ,

and

g(y) = 0. (3.55)

Substitution of expressions of N and g(y) in Eqn. (3.54) leads to

h  000 00
 000 0 00
i
L(f ) − L(F0 ) + rL(F0 ) + r α yf + 3f + Rf f − Rf f = 0. (3.56)

Now we suppose solution of Eqn. (3.56) is of the form

f (y) = f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · (3.57)

Substituting Eqn. (3.57) in Eqn. (3.56) we get

h   000 000 000


L f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · − L(F0 ) + rL(F0 ) + r α y f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · ·

 00 00 00

 000 000 000

+ 3 f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · + R f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · ·
 0 0
  00 00 00
i
− R f0 + rf1 0 + r 2 f2 + · · · f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · = 0. (3.58)

The auxiliary conditions becomes


00 00 00
2
f0 + rf1 + r f2 + · · · = 0, at y = 0, 







f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · = 0,

at y = 0, 

. (3.59)
0 0 0 
f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · = 0, at y = 1, 







f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · = 1, at y = 1, 


Comparing the coefficients of r 0 , r 1 and r 2 on both sides of Eqns. (3.58) and (3.59) we get zeroth,

first and second order problems respectively.

35
Zeroth Order System

By equating coefficients of r 0 we have

L(f0 ) − L(F0 ) = 0. (3.60)

As L is linear operator so it can be deduced from Eqn.(3.60) that

f0 = F0 , (3.61)

with boundary conditions

00 0
f0 (0) = 0, f0 (0) = 0, f0 (1) = 0, f0 (1) = 1. (3.62)

First Order System

Similarly by equating coefficients of r 1 we obtain

 000 00
 000 0 00
f1iv + L(F0 ) + α yf0 + 3f0 + Rf0 f0 − Rf0 f0 = 0, (3.63)

with boundary conditions

00 0
f1 (0) = 0, f1 (0) = 0, f1 (1) = 0, f1 (1) = 0. (3.64)

Second Order System

Also by equating coefficients of r 2 , we have

 000 00
  000 000 0 0 0 00

f2iv + α yf1 + 3f1 + R f0 f1 + f1 f0 − f0 f1 − f1 f0 = 0, (3.65)

with boundary conditions

00 0
f2 (0) = 0, f2 (0) = 0, f2 (1) = 0, f2 (1) = 0. (3.66)

36
Zeroth Order Solution

From Eqn. (3.61) we can conclude that the initial approximation f0 can be obtained by solving

f0iv = 0, (3.67)

with corresponding boundary conditions (3.62).

The solution of (3.67) leads to

1 1
f0 (y) = A1 y 3 + A2 y 2 + A3 y + A4 , (3.68)
6 2

where Ai s are constants to be determined, using boundary conditions (3.62) we get

3
A2 = A4 = 0, A3 = and A4 = −3.
2

Therefore Eqn. (3.68) becomes

1 3
f0 = − y 3 + y. (3.69)
2 2

First Order Solution

Using Eqn. (3.69) in Eqn. (3.63) we obtain

    
1 3 3 3 2 3
f1iv + 0 + α (y(−3) + 3(−3y)) + R − y + y (−3) − − y + (−3y) = 0
2 2 2 2

or
 
3 3 9 9 3 9
f1iv + α (−3y − 9y) + R y + y − y + y = 0
2 2 2 2

or

f1iv − 12αy − 3Ry 3 = 0

or

f1iv = 12αy + 3Ry 3 . (3.70)

37
Now we solve Eqn. (3.70) subject to boundary conditions (3.64).

Successive integrations leads to

1 1 1 1
f1 = αy 5 + Ry 7 + A5 y 3 + A6 y 2 + A7 y + A8 . (3.71)
10 280 6 2

00
Using boundary conditions f1 (0) = 0, f1 (0) = 0 we get

A6 = A8 = 0.

0
Also by using boundary conditions f1 (1) = 0, f1 (1) = 0, we have

6 9
A5 = − α − R
5 140

and
1 1
A7 = α+ R.
10 140

Using values of A5 , A6 , A7 and A8 in Eqn. (3.71) we obtain

   
1 1 1 6 9 1 1
f1 = αy 5 + Ry 7 + − α− R y3 + α+ R y,
10 280 6 5 140 10 140
   
1 5 1 3 1 1 7 3 3 1
= α y − y + y +R y − y + y , (3.72)
10 5 10 280 280 140

which is solution of the first order problem

Second Order Solution

To obtain this solution we need to calculate some successive derivatives of Eqn. (3.72) and they are

as follow
   
0 1 4 3 2 1 1 6 9 2 1
f1 = α y − y + +R y − y + ,
2 5 10 40 280 140
   
00 3 6 3 5 9
f1 = α 2y − y + R y − y ,
5 20 140
   
000 6 3 4 9
f1 = α 6y 2 − +R y − .
5 4 140

38
 0 00 0 00 000
Using values of f0 , f0 , f0 , f1 , f1 , f1 and f1 in Eqn.(3.65) we have

        
2 6 3 4 9 3 6 3 5 9
f2iv + α yα 6y − +R y − + 3α 2y − y + R y − y
5 4 140 5 20 140
        
1 3 3 2 6 3 4 9 1 5 1 3 1
+ R − y + y α 6y − +R y − + α y − y + y
2 2 5 4 140 10 5 10
      
1 7 3 3 1 3 2 3 6
+ y − y + y (−3) − − y + α 2y 3 − y
280 280 140 2 2 5
       
3 5 9 1 4 3 2 1 1 6 9 2 1
+ R y − y − α y − y + +R y − y + (−3y) = 0.
20 140 2 5 10 40 280 140

On simplifying we get

       
3 24 6 5 9 33 5 51 3 21
f2iv + α α 12y − y + R y − y +R α − y + y − y
5 5 35 10 5 10
    
27 9 9 3 33 9 5 33 3 21
+ R − y7 + y5 + y − y + α y − y + y
70 8 140 280 2 5 10
 
3 7 9 5 27 3 33
+ R y − y − y + y =0
10 40 140 280

or

     
2 24 3 6 5 9 6 5 18 3
f2iv + α 12y − y + Rα y − y + Rα y − y
5 5 35 5 5
 
3 9 9
+ R2 − y 7 + y 5 − y 3 = 0
35 10 70

or

     
2 3 24 12 5 18 3 9 2 3 7 9 5 9 3
f2iv + α 12y − y + Rα y + y − y +R − y + y − y = 0
5 5 5 35 35 10 70

or

     
23 24 12 5 18 3 9 2 3 7 9 5 9 3
f2iv = −α 12y − y − Rα y + y − y −R − y + y − y , (3.73)
5 5 5 35 35 10 70

39
with boundary conditions (3.66).

Successive integrations of Eqn. (3.73) leads to

    
1 7
2 1 5 1 9 3 7 3 5 2 1
f2 = −α y − y − Rα y + y − y −R − y 11
70 25 1260 700 1400 92400

1 9 3 1 1
+ y − y + A9 y 3 + A10 y 2 + A11 y + A12 .
7
(3.74)
3360 19600 6 2

Eqn. (3.74) is solution of Eqn. (3.65), where A9 , A10 , A11 and A12 can be determined with the help
00
of boundary conditions. Using boundary conditions, f2 (0) = 0 and f2 (0) = 0 we get

A10 = A12 = 0.

0
Also by using, f2 (1) = 0 and f2 (1) = 0, we obtain

39 37 219
A9 = −α2 + Rα + R2
175 525 53900

and

2 37 703
A11 = α2 − Rα − R2 .
175 4200 1293600

Substituting values of A9 , A10 , A11 and A12 in Eqn. (3.74) we have

    
2 1 7 1 5 1 9 3 7 3 5 2 1 1 9
f2 = −α y − y − Rα y + y − y −R − y 11 + y
70 25 1260 700 1400 92400 3360
   
3 7 1 2 39 37 2 219 2 37
− y + α + Rα +R y + α2
3
− Rα
19600 6 175 525 53900 175 4200

2 703
−R y,
1293600
  
2 1 7 1 5 13 3 2 1 9 3 7 3 5 37 3
= α − y + y − y + y + Rα − y − y + y + y
70 25 350 175 1260 700 1400 3150
  
37 1 1 9 3 73 703
− y + R2 y 11 − y + y7 + y3 − y , (3.75)
4200 92400 3360 19600 107800 1293600

40
which is solution of Eqn. (3.65) subject to boundary conditions Eqn. (3.66).

Now using values of f0 , f1 and f3 in (3.57) and by putting r = 1, we get

    
1 3 1 5 1 3 1 1 7 3 3 1
F = − y3 + y + α y − y + y +R y − y + y
2 2 10 5 10 280 280 140
   
1 1 13 3 2 1 9 3 7 3 5
+ α2 − y 7 + y 5 − y + y + Rα − y − y + y
70 25 350 175 1260 700 1400
  
37 3 37 1 1 9 3 73 703
+ y − y + R2 y 11 − y + y7 + y3 − y ,
3150 4200 92400 3360 19600 107800 1293600

or

  
1 3 3 1 5 1 3 1 1 7 1 5 13 3 2
F = − y + y+α y − y + y+α − y + y − y + y
2 2 10 5 10 70 25 350 175
 
1 7 3 3 1 1 9 3 7 3 5 37 3
+R y − y + y+α − y − y + y + y
280 280 140 1260 700 1400 3150
  
37 1 11 1 9 3 7 73 3 703
− y +R y − y + y + y − y , (3.76)
4200 92400 3360 19600 107800 1293600

which is required final solution.

3.4 Discussion

We now compare the results obtained by using HPM with the numerical and the analytical results
0 uc
presented by Youssef et al. [31] and Majdalani et al. [16], for coaxial velocity F (= ) with the
x
help of the tables and and the graphs. They have discussed the same problem with but different

approaches.

41
 Table 1. Comparison between numerical solution with the analytical results obtained by present,

Majdalani and Youssef’s work for coaxial velocity with,α = 0.5, R = 5

y Numerical Youssef Majdalani Present % Error % Error % Error

work[31] analytical analytical[16] analytical Youssef Majdalani Present

0.00 1.550312 1.556324 1.536002 1.552961503 0.386295 0.931639 0.1709012766

0.05 1.545822 1.551780 1.531846 1.548339326 0.383946 0.912363 0.1628470807

0.10 1.532369 1.538164 1.519377 1.534497356 0.376748 0.855087 0.1388931778

0.15 1.510004 1.515522 1.498596 1.511509533 0.364099 0.761246 0.0997039080

0.20 1.478813 1.483935 1.469505 1.479499950 0.345163 0.633411 0.0464527969

0.25 1.438916 1.443517 1.432114 1.438643879 0.318735 0.474962 0.0189115278

0.30 1.390473 1.394421 1.386445 1.389168778 0.283128 0.290527 0.0937970028

0.35 1.333681 1.336839 1.332539 1.331354764 0.236229 0.085701 0.1744222194

0.40 1.268776 1.271006 1.270464 1.265534023 0.175452 0.132865 0.2555200445

0.45 1.196038 1.197207 1.200325 1.192088405 0.097644 0.357153 0.3302232036

0.50 1.115785 1.115778 1.122275 1.111444412 0.000627 0.578290 0.3890165220

0.55 1.028382 1.027110 1.036527 1.024064667 0.123843 0.785797 0.4198180248

0.60 0.934234 0.931656 0.943364 0.9304347977 0.276712 0.967813 0.4066649576

0.65 0.833788 0.829933 0.843156 0.8310446428 0.464495 1.111064 0.3290233489

0.70 0.727532 0.722523 0.736373 0.7263626041 0.693265 1.200614 0.1607346344

0.75 0.615994 0.610078 0.623597 0.6168018416 0.969712 1.219217 0.1311443943

0.80 0.499738 0.493322 0.505538 0.5026770137 1.300570 1.147293 0.5881109101

0.85 0.379365 0.373046 0.383052 0.3841501869 1.693893 0.962533 1.261367522

0.90 0.255507 0.250109 0.257149 0.2611645201 2.158259 0.638540 2.214232917

0.95 0.128823 0.125435 0.129010 0.1333643114 3.525233382 2.701001 0.144950

1.00 0.000001 3.470E-18 3.966E-17 1.7E-11 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

42
 Table 2. Comparison between numerical solution with the analytical results obtained by

present, Majdalani and Youssef’s work for coaxial velocity with,α = −0.5, R = 5

y Numerical Youssef Majdalani Present % Error % Error % Error

work[31] analytical analytical[16] analytical Youssef Majdalani Present

0.00 1.500575 1.515104 1.535426 1.497009123 0.958944 2.269794 0.2382000848

0.05 1.496936 1.511345 1.531279 1.493443014 0.953389 2.242766 0.2338881341

0.10 1.486004 1.500051 1.518837 1.482727864 0.936435 2.161720 0.2204661629

0.15 1.467741 1.481177 1.498104 1.464814341 0.907116 2.026762 0.1993988721

0.20 1.442085 1.454653 1.469083 1.439623928 0.863986 1.837745 0.1706606753

0.25 1.408956 1.420383 1.431787 1.407054373 0.804501 1.594581 0.0134967096

0.30 1.368263 1.378261 1.386238 1.366987022 0.725407 1.296675 0.0466847789

0.35 1.319912 1.328174 1.332474 1.319295802 0.622057 0.942758 0.0033663946

0.40 1.263815 1.270018 1.270560 1.263857545 0.488418 0.530868 0.0552698558

0.45 1.199900 1.203708 1.200590 1.200563183 0.316356 0.057472 0.1076535637

0.50 1.128115 1.129200 1.122702 1.129329456 0.096086 0.482140 0.1587655444

0.55 1.048446 1.046507 1.037090 1.050110571 0.185283 1.094987 0.2068991339

0.60 0.960917 0.955722 0.944014 0.9629092509 0.543568 1.790545 0.2516374887

0.65 0.865603 0.857047 0.843823 0.8677866766 0.998312 2.581110 0.2922843561

0.70 0.762635 0.750818 0.736968 0.7648705971 1.573883 3.482784 0.3301242242

0.75 0.652208 0.637541 0.634023 0.6543610966 2.300558 2.868192 0.3290379901

0.80 0.511408 0.517928 0.505712 0.5165333335 1.258862 1.126333 0.9922560980

0.85 0.389300 0.392938 0.385530 0.3897366731 0.925846 0.977875 0.1120431127

0.90 0.261924 0.263822 0.259708 0.2609896181 0.719424 0.853266 0.3580149689

0.95 0.131760 0.132178 0.131204 0.1319700076 0.316240 0.423768 0.1591328241

1.00 0.000001 3.47E-18 1.13E-16 4.3E-11 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

43
 Fig. 3. Comparison between numerical solution and present work analytical solution

Form Fig. 3, it can be observed that our work produced such results which agree with the numerical

results, While the table 1, and table 2, show that the percentage error is visibly reduced and we

obtained more accurate results as compared to the previous work done by Majdalani [31] and Youssef

[16]. From these observation we can conclude that the use of HPM is more useful in solving this

problem and it requires less effort to reach better results as compared to those obtained by standard

perturbation method.

44
Chapter 4

Two-dimensional Viscous MHD Flow

in a Semi-infinite Channel with

Dilating or Squeezing Porous Walls

As we have discussed in introduction of this study that the type of the flow which we are considering

here has a great importance in Biofluid Mechanics.As most of the bio-fluids are electrically conducting,

so to discuss the behavior of electrically conducting fluid flow in a expanding/contracting domain with

permeable walls, we present this work .

4.1 Formulation of the Problem

We now consider laminar, incompressible, isothermal electrically conducting fluid with the same

geometry as we have considered in previous chapter. Flow again is only due to suction or injection.

Again we assume origin ŷ = 0 to be the center of the classic squeeze problem. This enables us

45
to assume flow symmetry about ŷ = 0. Under these assumptions the continuity and momentum

equations, respectively are given as

∂ û ∂v̂
+ = 0, (4.1)
∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ

 2
∂ û ∂ 2 û
  
∂ û ∂ û ∂ û 1 ∂ p̂
+ û + v̂ = − +ν + 2 − σβ 2 û, (4.2)
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ρ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ
 2
∂ 2 v̂
  
∂v̂ ∂v̂ ∂v̂ 1 ∂ p̂ ∂ v̂
+ û + v̂ = − +ν + − σβ 2 v̂, (4.3)
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ρ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2

where û and v̂ are x and y component of velocity respectively, also β, p̂, ρ, ν and t are the magnitude

of imposed magnetic field,dimensional,pressure, density, kinematic viscosity and time, respectively.

The auxiliary conditions for this problem are specified as

ȧ
û (x̂, a) = 0, v̂ (a) = −vw = − , (4.4)
c
∂ û
(x̂, 0) = 0, v̂ (x̂, 0) = 0, û (0, ŷ) = 0, (4.5)
∂ ŷ

where vw is the suction/injection velocity and c is measure of wall porosity.

We can eliminate the pressure term from Eqn. (4.2) and (4.3) by differentiating Eqn. (4.2) with

respect to y and Eqn. (4.3) with respect to x, we get

∂ 2 û
  2
∂ û ∂ 2 û
      
∂ ∂ û ∂ ∂ û ∂ 1 ∂ p̂ ∂ ∂ û
+ û + v̂ = − + ν 2
+ 2 − σβ 2
∂t∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ρ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂x ∂y ∂ ŷ

or

∂ 2 û
    2      2 
∂ û ∂ û ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ û ∂ û
+ + û + + v̂
∂t∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ 2
 2 
∂ ∂ û ∂ 2 û
 2 
1 ∂ p̂ ∂ û
= − +ν 2
+ 2 − σβ 2 . (4.6)
ρ ∂ x̂∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂x ∂y ∂ ŷ

And

∂ 2 v̂
  2
∂ 2 v̂
      
∂ ∂v̂ ∂ ∂v̂ ∂ 1 ∂ p̂ ∂ ∂ v̂ ∂v̂
+ û + v̂ = − + ν 2
+ 2 − σβ 2
∂t∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ρ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂x ∂y ∂ x̂

46
or

∂ 2 v̂
    2      2 
∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ v̂ ∂v̂ ∂v̂ ∂ v̂
+ + û 2
+ + v̂
∂t∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂∂ ŷ
 2   2 2

1 ∂ p̂ ∂ ∂ v̂ ∂ v̂ ∂v̂
= − +ν + − σβ 2 . (4.7)
ρ ∂ x̂∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂ x̂

By subtracting Eqn.(4.6) from (4.7), we have

       
∂ ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ û ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂v̂ ∂ û ∂v̂
− + − + û − + −
∂t ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂
∂ 2 ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ 2 ∂ û ∂v̂
       
∂ ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂ û ∂v̂
+v̂ − =ν 2 − +ν 2 − − σβ 2 − . (4.8)
∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂

We now introduce vorticity by putting

 
∂v̂ ∂ û
Ω= − . (4.9)
∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ

Then Eqn. (4.8) becomes

∂ ∂ û ∂ ∂v̂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2
− (Ω) − (Ω) − û (Ω) − (Ω) − v̂ (Ω) = −ν 2 (Ω) − ν 2 (Ω) − σβ 2 Ω
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ

or
∂ 2Ω ∂ 2 Ω
   
∂Ω ∂ û ∂v̂ ∂Ω ∂Ω
+Ω + + û + v̂ =ν + − σβ 2 Ω.
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2

With the help of continuity Eqn. (4.1), we obtain

∂ 2Ω ∂ 2Ω
 
∂Ω ∂Ω ∂Ω
+ û + v̂ =ν + − σβ 2 Ω. (4.10)
∂t ∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2

Due to conservation of mass, a similar solution can be developed with respect to x̂ as under.

y = ŷ/a, û = ν x̂a−2 F̂y , v̂ = −νa−1 F̂ (y, t), (4.11)

47
 ∂ F̂
where F̂y represents . Using Eqn. (4.11) in Eqn. (4.9), we get
∂y

 
∂ û ∂v̂
Ω = − − ,
∂ ŷ ∂ x̂
∂   ∂  
= − ν x̂a−2 F̂y + −νa−1 F̂ (y, t) ,
∂ ŷ ∂ x̂

= −ν x̂a−3 F̂yy .

Hence term-wise transformation of Eqn. (3.10) leads to

∂Ω ∂  
= −ν x̂a−3 F̂yy ,
∂t ∂t
∂  −3 
= −ν x̂ a F̂yy ,
∂t
 
= −ν x̂ −3a−4 ȧF̂yy − a−4 ȧy F̂yyy + a−3 F̂yyt .

∂Ω ∂  
û = ν x̂a−2 F̂y −ν x̂a−3 F̂yy ,
∂ x̂ ∂ x̂

= −ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂y F̂yy .

∂Ω ∂  
v̂ = −νa−1 F̂ (y, t). −ν x̂a−3 F̂yy ,
∂ x̂ ∂ ŷ

= ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂ F̂yyy .

∂2Ω ∂2Ω ∂2  ∂2 
   
−3 −3
ν + = ν −ν x̂a F̂yy + ν −ν x̂a F̂yy ,
∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2 ∂ x̂2 ∂ ŷ 2

= −ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂yyyy .

And
 
−σβ 2 Ω = −σβ 2 −ν x̂a−3 F̂yy = σβ 2 ν x̂a−3 F̂yy .

Substituting these expressions in Eqn. (4.10), we have

3ν x̂a−4 ȧF̂yy +ν x̂a−4 ȧy F̂yyy −ν x̂a−3 F̂yyt −ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂y F̂yy +ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂ F̂yyy = −ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂yyyy +σβ 2 ν x̂a−3 F̂yy .

48
  
1
Multiplying on both sides we get
ν 2 x̂a−5
1 1 1 1
3ν x̂a−4 ȧF̂yy · + ν x̂a−4 ȧy F̂yyy · − ν x̂a−3 F̂yyt · − ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂y F̂yy ·
ν 2 x̂a−5 ν 2 x̂a−5 ν 2 x̂a−5 ν 2 x̂a−5
1 1 1
+ ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂ F̂yyy · = −ν 2 x̂a−5 F̂yyyy · + σβ 2 ν x̂a−3 F̂yy · ,
ν 2 x̂a−5 ν 2 x̂a−5 ν 2 x̂a−5

or
ȧa ȧa a2 a2
3 F̂yy + y F̂yyy − F̂yyt − F̂y F̂yy + F̂ F̂yyy = −F̂yyyy + σβ 2 F̂yy .
ν ν ν ν

Rearrangement leads to,

ȧa   a2  
F̂yyyy + y F̂yyy + 3F̂yy − F̂y F̂yy + F̂ F̂yyy − F̂yyt + σβ 2 F̂yy = 0,
ν ν

or
  a2  
F̂yyyy + α 3F̂yy + y F̂yyy − F̂y F̂yy + F̂ F̂yyy − F̂yyt + σβ 2 F̂yy = 0, (4.12)
ν
ȧa
where α(t) = is non-dimensional wall expansion or contraction rate, which is positive for expansion.
ν
Now auxiliary conditions will also be transformed as under,

F̂yy (0) = 0, F̂ (0) = 0, F̂y (1) = 0, F̂ (1) = R, (4.13)

avw
where R is the permeation Reynolds number defined by R = = cα and is taken to be positive
ν
for injection.

A similar solution with respect to time can also be developed now if we make our function F̂

dependent on y and α(t) instead of (y, t), further We can obtain F̂yyt = 0 by setting α to be a constant

or a quasi-constant in time [5]. In that event , the value of the expansion ratio α can be specified by

its initial value

ȧa ȧ0 a0
α= = , (4.14)
ν ν
dȧ0
where a0 and ȧ0 = represent the initail channel hight and expansion rate, respectivly. By
dt
integrating Eqn. (4.14) with respect to time a similar solution for temporal channel altitude evolution

49
can be determined and is given by
a(t)
= (1 + 2ναta−2
0 ) (4.15)
a0

4.1.1 Dimensionless Form of the Governing Equations

Eqns. (4.11), (4.12), (4.13) can be made non-dimensional by the introduction of the following non-

dimensional parameters
û v̂ x̂ F̂
u= , v= , x= , F = .
ȧ ȧ a R

Using transformation (4.11), we have

0
u = xF /c, v = −F/c, c = α/R. (4.16)

F̂
So by using F = in (4.12) and (4.13) we have
R
000 00 000 0 00 Ra2 σβ 2 00
RF iv + Rα(yF + 3F ) + R2 F F − R2 F F − F =0
ν

or
000 00 000 0 00 00
F iv + α(yF + 3F ) + RF F − RF F − M F = 0. (4.17)

With the boundary conditions

00 0
F (0) = 0, F (0) = 0, F (1) = 0, F (1) = 1, (4.18)

a2 σβ 2 0
where M = is magnetic parameter and denotes differentiation with respect to y.
ν

4.2 Solution of the Problem Using HPM

Now we will solve Eqn. (4.17) along with boundary conditions (4.18) with the help of homotopy

perturbation method, by following standard procedure of HPM. Thus we have

L(f ) − L(F0 ) + rL(F0 ) + r [N (f ) − g(y)] = 0. (4.19)

50
In our case linear and nonlinear operators L and N can be set as

L(f ) = f iv ,

 000  000 0 00 00
N (f ) = α yf + 3f 00 + Rf f − Rf f − M f .

And

g(y) = 0. (4.20)

Substitution of expressions of N and g(y) in Eqn. (4.19) leads to

h  000 00
 000 0 00 00
i
L(f ) − L(F0 ) + rL(F0 ) + r α yf + 3f + Rf f − Rf f − M f = 0. (4.21)

Solution of Eqn. (4.21) can be supposed to be of the form

f (y) = f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · , (4.22)

substituting Eqn. (4.22) in Eqn. (4.21), we get

h   000 000 000


L f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · − L(F0 ) + rL(F0 ) + r α y f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · ·

 00 0 00

 000 000 000

+ 3 f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · + R f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · ·
 0 0 0
  00 00 00

− R f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · ·
 00 00 00
i
− M f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · = 0. (4.23)

The auxiliary conditions become


00 00 00
2
f0 + rf1 + r f2 + · · · = 0, at y = 0, 







f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · = 0,

at y = 0, 

. (4.24)
0 0 0 
f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · = 0, at y = 1, 







f0 + rf1 + r 2 f2 + · · · = 1, at y = 1, 


Comparing the coefficients of r 0 , r 1 and r 2 on both sides of Eqns. (4.23) and (4.24) we get zeroth ,

first and second order systems, respectively as under.

51
Zeroth Order System

System obtained by comparing coefficients of r 0

L(f0 ) − L(F0 ) = 0. (4.25)

As L is linear operator so it can be concluded for Eqn. (4.25) that

f0 = F0 , (4.26)

with boundary conditions

00 0
f0 (0) = 0, f0 (0) = 0, f0 (1) = 0, f0 (1) = 1. (4.27)

First Order System

Similarly comparison of coefficient of r 1 leads to,

 000 00
 000 0 00 00
f1iv + L(F0 ) + α yf0 + 3f0 + Rf0 f0 − Rf0 f0 − M f0 = 0, (4.28)

with boundary conditions

00 0
f1 (0) = 0, f1 (0) = 0, f1 (1) = 0, f1 (1) = 0. (4.29)

Second Order System

Also by comparing coefficient of r 2 , we obtain

 000 00
  000 000 0 00 0 00
 00
f2iv + α yf1 + 3f1 + R f0 f1 + f1 f0 − f0 f1 − f1 f0 − M f1 = 0, (4.30)

with boundary conditions

00 0
f2 (0) = 0, f2 (0) = 0, f2 (1) = 0, f2 (1) = 0. (4.31)

52
Zeroth Order Solution

From Eqn. (4.26) we can conclude that the initial approximation f0 can be obtained by solving

f0iv = 0, (4.32)

with corresponding boundary conditions (4.27).

The solution of Eqn. (4.32) leads to

1 1
f0 (y) = B1 y 3 + B2 y 2 + B3 y + B4 , (4.33)
6 2

where Bi s are constants to be determined. Using boundary conditions (4.27) we get

3
B2 = B4 = 0, B3 = and B4 = −3.
2

So Eqn. (4.33) becomes

1 3
f0 = − y 3 + y (4.34)
2 2

First Order Solution

Using Eqn. (4.34) in Eqn. (4.28), we obtain

    
1 3 3 3 2 3
f1iv + 0 + α (y(−3) + 3(−3y)) + R − y + y (−3) − − y + (−3y) − M (−3y) = 0,
2 2 2 2

or
 
3 3 9 9 3 9
f1iv + α (−3y − 9y) + R y + y − y + y + 3M y = 0,
2 2 2 2

or

f1iv − 12αy − 3Ry 3 + 3M y = 0,

or

f1iv = 12αy + 3Ry 3 − 3M y. (4.35)

53
Now we will solve Eqn. (4.35) subject to boundary conditions (4.29).

Successive integrations leads to

1 1 1 1 1
f1 = αy 5 + Ry 7 − M y 5 + B5 y 3 + B6 y 2 + B7 y + B8 . (4.36)
10 280 40 6 2
00
By using boundary conditions f1 (0) = 0, f1 (0) = 0, we get

B6 = B8 = 0.

0
Also by using boundary conditions f1 (1) = 0, f1 (1) = 0, we obtain

6 9 3
B5 = − α − R + M.
5 140 10

And
1 1 1
B7 = α+ R − M.
10 140 40

Substituting in Eqn. (4.36), we obtain

   
1 1 1 6 9 3 1 1 1
f1 = αy 5 + Ry 7 + − α− 3
R+ M y + α+ R− M y
10 280 6 5 140 10 10 140 40

or
     
1 5 1 3 1 1 7 3 3 1 1 5 1 3 1
f1 = α y − y + y +R y − y + y + M − y + y − y . (4.37)
10 5 10 280 280 140 40 20 40

Which is solution of the first order problem.

Second Order Solution

To deduce this solution we are required to calculate some successive derivatives of Eqn. (4.37) and

those are as follow

     
0 1 4 3 2 1 1 6 9 2 1 1 4 3 2 1
f1 = α y − y + +R y − y + +M − y + y − ,
2 5 10 40 280 140 8 20 40
     
00 3 6 3 5 9 1 3 3
f1 = α 2y − y + R y − y +M − y + y ,
5 20 140 2 10
     
000 6 3 4 9 3 3
f1 = α 6y 2 − +R y − + M − y2 + .
5 4 140 2 10

54
 0 00 0 00 000
By using values of f0 , f0 , f0 , f1 , f1 , f1 and f1 in Eqn. (4.30) we have,

       
2 6 3 4 9 3 2 3
f2iv + α y α 6y − +R y − +M − y +
5 4 140 2 10
      
3 6 3 5 9 1 3 3
+ 3 α 2y − y + R y − y +M − y + y
5 20 140 2 10
       
1 3 3 2 6 3 4 9 3 2 3
+ R − y + y α 6y − +R y − +M − y +
2 2 5 4 140 2 10
       
1 4 3 2 1 1 6 9 2 1 1 4 3 2 1
+ α y − y + +R y − y + +M − y + y − (−3)
2 5 10 40 280 140 8 20 40
       
3 2 3 3 6 3 5 9 1 3 3
− − y + α 2y − y + R y − y +M − y + y
2 2 5 20 140 2 10
       
1 4 3 2 1 1 6 9 2 1 1 4 3 2 1
− α y − y + +R y − y + +M − y + y − (−3y)
2 5 10 40 280 140 8 20 40
      
3 6 3 5 9 1 3 3
− M α 2y − y + R y − y +M − y + y = 0.
5 20 140 2 10

On simplifying we get

      
3 24 6 5 9 3 6
f2iv + α α 12y − y + R y − y + M −3y + y
5 5 35 5
    
33 5 51 3 21 27 7 9 5 9 3 33
+ R α − y + y − y +R − y + y + y − y
10 5 10 70 8 140 280
    
33 5 51 3 21 9 5 33 3 21
+ M y − y + y + α y − y + y
40 20 40 2 5 10
   
3 7 9 5 27 3 33 9 5 33 3 21
+ R y − y − y + y +M − y + y − y
10 40 140 280 8 20 40
     
6 3 5 9 1 3
− αM 2y 3 − y − M R y − y + M 2 − y 3 + y = 0,
5 20 140 2 10

or

       
2 24 3 6 5 9 3 6 6 5 18 3
f2iv + α 12y − y + Rα y − y + M α −3y + y + Rα y + y
5 5 35 5 5 5
     
3 9 3 9 9 6
+ RM − y 5 − y 3 + R2 − y 7 + y 5 − y 3 − αM 2y 3 − y
10 10 35 10 70 5
   
3 5 9 1 3
− MR y − y + M 2 − y 3 + y = 0,
20 140 2 10

55
or

     
2 3 24 12 5 18 3 9 3 12
f2iv + α 12y − y + Rα y + y − y + M α −5y + y
5 5 5 35 5
   
3 9 9 9 9 9
+ R2 − y 7 + y 5 − y 3 + RM − y 5 − y 3 + y
35 10 70 20 10 140
 
2 1 3 3
− M − y + y = 0,
2 10

or

     
2 3 24 12 5 18 3 9 3 12
f2iv = −α 12y − y − Rα y + y − y − M α −5y + y
5 5 5 35 5
   
3 9 9 9 9 9
−R2 − y 7 + y 5 − y 3 − RM − y 5 − y 3 + y
35 10 70 20 10 140
 
1 3
+M 2 − y 3 + y , (4.38)
2 10

with boundary conditions Eqn. (4.31).

Successive integrations of Eqn. (4.38) leads to

     
1 7 1 1 9 3 7 3 5 1 7 1
f2 = −α2 y − y 5 − Rα y + y − y − Mα − y + y5
70 25 1260 700 1400 168 50
   
2 1 11 1 9 3 7 1 9 3 7 3 5
−R − y + y − y − RM − y − y + y
92400 3360 19600 6720 2800 5600
 
1 7 1 5 1 1
+M 2 − y + y + B9 y 3 + B10 y 2 + B11 y + B12 . (4.39)
1680 400 6 2

Eqn. (4.39) is solution of Eqn. (4.30), and B9 , B10 , B11 and B12 can be determined with the help of

boundary conditions.
00
Using auxiliary conditions, f2 (0) = 0 and f2 (0) = 0, we get

B10 = B12 = 0,

0
and by using boundary conditions, f2 (1) = 0 and f2 (1) = 0, we obtain

39 37 93 219 23 27
B9 = −α2 + Rα + Mα + R2 − RM − M2 ,
175 525 700 53900 1400 1400

56
and
2 37 17 703 23 11
B11 = α2 − Rα − Mα − R2 + RM + M2 .
175 4200 2100 1293600 11200 8400

By putting values of B9 and B11 in Eqn. (4.39) we have ,

     
2 1 7 1 5 1 9 3 7 3 5 1 7 1 5
f2 = −α y − y − Rα y + y − y − Mα − y + y
70 25 1260 700 1400 168 50
   
2 1 11 1 9 3 7 1 9 3 7 3 5
−R − y + y − y − RM − y − y + y
92400 3360 19600 6720 2800 5600
  
1 7 1 5 1 39 37 93 219
+M 2 − y + y + −α2 + Rα + Mα + R2
1680 400 6 175 525 700 53900
 
23 27 2 37 17 703
− RM − M2 y 3 + α2 − Rα − Mα − R2
1400 1400 175 4200 2100 1293600

23 11
+ RM + M2 y,
11200 8400
  
2 1 7 1 5 13 3 2 1 9 3 7 3 5
= α − y + y − y + y + Rα − y − y + y
70 25 350 175 1260 700 1400
  
37 3 37 1 7 1 31 3 17
+ y − y + Mα y − y5 + y − y
3150 4200 168 50 1400 2100
 
2 1 11 1 9 3 7 73 3 703
+R y − y + y + y − y
92400 3360 19600 107800 1293600
 
1 9 3 7 3 5 23 3 23
+RM y + y − y − y + y
6720 2800 5600 8400 11200
 
2 1 7 1 5 9 3 11
+M − y + y − y + y , (4.40)
1680 400 2800 8400

which is solution of Eqn. (4.30) subject to boundary conditions Eqn. (4.31). Now using values of

f0 , f1 and f3 in Eqn. (4.22) and by putting r = 1, we get

    
1 3 1 5 1 3 1 1 7 3 3 1
F = − y3 + y + α y − y + y +R y − y + y
2 2 10 5 10 280 280 140
    
1 5 1 3 1 2 1 7 1 5 13 3 2
+M − y + y − y + α − y + y − y + y
40 20 40 70 25 350 175
  
1 9 3 7 3 5 37 3 37 1 7
+ Rα − y − y + y + y − y + Mα y
1260 700 1400 3150 4200 168
 
1 5 31 3 17 1 1 9 3 73
− y + y − y + R2 y 11 − y + y7 + y3
50 1400 2100 92400 3360 19600 107800
  
703 1 9 3 7 3 5 23 3 23
− y + RM y + y − y − y + y
1293600 6720 2800 5600 8400 11200
 
1 7 1 5 9 3 11
+ M2 − y + y − y + y , (4.41)
1680 400 2800 8400

57
or

   
1 3 3 1 5 1 3 1 1 7 3 3 1
F = − y + y+α y − y + y +R y − y + y
2 2 10 5 10 280 280 140
   
1 5 1 3 1 2 1 7 1 5 13 3 2
+M − y + y − y + α − y + y − y + y
40 20 40 70 25 350 175
  
1 9 3 7 3 5 37 3 37 1 7
+Rα − y − y + y + y − y + Mα y
1260 700 1400 3150 4200 168
 
1 31 3 17 1 1 9 3
− y5 + y − y + R2 y 11 − y + y7
50 1400 2100 92400 3360 19600
 
73 3 703 1 9 3 7 3 5 23 3
+ y − y + RM y + y − y − y
107800 1293600 6720 2800 5600 8400
  
23 1 7 1 5 9 3 11
+ y + M2 − y + y − y + y , (4.42)
11200 1680 400 2800 8400

which is required final solution.Now if we put magnetic parameter M = 0 we obtain the same result

as it was in the case of viscous fluid.

58
4.3 Results and Discussions

We are considering the two-dimensional MHD flow in a semi-infinite channel with expanding/contracting

porous walls. We assume that the flow is laminar, unsteady, incompressible and isothermal. Flow
0
is only due to suction or injection. We have calculated coaxial velocity uc/x (= F ) which involves

different parameters and effect of those parameter over the coaxial velocity is studies in this section

with the help of graphical simulation obtained by analytical results. α represents the wall dilation

rate and is taken to be positive for expansion, R is permeation Reynolds number and positive sign of

R represents injection, and M is magnetic parameter.

Fig. 4. Effect of Permeation Reynolds number for injection (a) and Suction(b) on the

coaxial velocity uc/x in absence of dilation and magnetic effect

From Fig. 4, (a). It can be seen that for low injection, coaxial velocity increases in the center

of the channel, but for higher injection it increases near the walls where boundary layer is formed,

and decreases in the center on the channel. Fig. 4, (b). Depicts that the increase in suction results

increase in the coaxial velocity near the walls and decrease in it in the center of the channel

59
Fig. 5. Effect of Permeation Reynolds number for injection (a) and Suction(b) on the

coaxial velocity uc/x in absence of magnetic effect and for constant expansion rate

α = 0.5

Fig. 5, (a). Describes that for constant expansion rate α = 0.5 and with low injection there is

no effect on velocity profile for coaxial flow but, for higher injection velocity races near the walls and

delays at the center. While Fig. 5, (b). Illustrates that for the same expansion rate, and increasing

suction the decrease in the coaxial velocity in the vicinity of the center in observed prominently and

also the decrease in it near wall is clear even for small suction.

Fig. 6. Effect of Magnetic parameter for constant injection (R = 5) (a), constant

suction (R = −5) (b) and fixed walls on the coaxial velocity uc/x

60
 From Fig. 6, (a). It can be concluded that for constant injection and fixed walls, the small increase

in magnetic parameter leads to small decrease in the coaxial velocity near center and minor increase

near the walls, but for higher magnetic effect the phenomena is reversed and increase in the central

velocity can be seen. Fig. 6, (b). Shows that for increased magnetic parameter and constant suction

the decrease in the coaxial velocity near center and increase near the center can be observed.

Fig. 7. Effect of Magnetic parameter on the coaxial velocity uc/x, for higher injection

(R = 15) (a), higher suction (R = −15) (b), and constant walls expansion rate α = 0.5

From Fig. 7, (a). It can be seen that for increasing magnetic parameter with higher injection

and constant expansion, the coaxial velocity increases in the center of the channel, but decreases near

the walls. While on the other hand, Fig. 7, (b). Depicts that with the same expansion rate but

higher suction the increase in magnetic parameter provide opposite results that is, the coaxial velocity

increases near the walls and decreases in the center.

61
Fig. 8. Effect of Permeation Reynolds number for injection (a) and Suction(b) on the

coaxial velocity uc/x in absence of magnetic effect and for constant walls contraction

rate α = −0.5

Fig. 8, (a). Shows the effect of increasing injection on the coaxial velocity with constant contraction

and in the absence of magnetic effect. It can be observed that for lower injection the velocity increases

in the center and decreases near the walls but when injection is higher the processes in reversed that

is, velocity decreases in the center and increases near the walls. Fig. 8, (b). describes the effect

of increasing suction on the coaxial velocity in the absence of magnetic effects and for the constant

contraction. It can be seen that the velocity increases near the walls and decreases in the center and

this change is very prominent.

62
Fig. 9. Effect of Magnetic parameter on the coaxial velocity uc/x, for higher injection

(R = 15) (a), higher suction (R = −15) (b), and constant walls contraction rate α = −0.5

From Fig. 9, (a). It can be illustrated that for higher injection and constant contraction, the

increase in magnetic parameter leads to the decrease in the coaxial velocity near the walls and increase

in it in the center of the channel. While from Fig. 9, (b). It can be seen that for higher suction and

constant contraction the increase in magnetic parameter leads to opposite results that is, the increase

in the coaxial velocity near the wall and rapid decreas in it in the center of the channel.

Fig. 10. Effect of Permeation Reynolds number for injection (a) and Suction(b) on the

coaxial velocity uc/x in presence of higher magnetic effect (M = 15) and for constant

walls contraction rate α = −0.5

63
 From Fig. 10, (a). It can be observed that under the influence of higher magnetic effects and

constant contraction, the increase in the injection results in rapid decrease in the velocity near the

walls of the channel and visible increase in the center of the channel. Fig. 10, (b). describes that with

higher magnetic effects and constant contraction, the increase in suction leads to brisk decrease in the

coaxial velocity in the center, and rapid increase near the walls of the channel.

64
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