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Abstract
In this paper,we extend the notion of semi α-open sets of General topology
to fuzzy topology, and study some notions based on this new concept in fuzzy
topology. Also, we study the relations between fuzzy semi α-open sets and other
types of fuzzy open sets. We also introduce the concept of fuzzy semi α-
continuous mapping and other weaker forms of fuzzy semi α-continuous mapping
and discuss their relations with fuzzy continuous mappings and other weaker
forms of fuzzy continuous mappings. Counter examples are given to show the
non-coincidence of these mappings.
Key words and Phrases : fuzzy semi α-open set; fuzzy semi α-closed set fuzzy semi α-
continuous mapping; fuzzy semi α-open mapping; fuzzy semi α-closed mapping.
1. Introduction
In [8], Navalagi has introduced the concept of semi α-open sets in general
topology. Several notions based on semi α-open sets have been studied by
Hakeem [4]. In [9], Zadeh has introduced the important concept of fuzzy sets. The
notion of fuzzy subsets naturally plays a signification role in the study of fuzzy
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topology which was introduce by Chang [3].In this paper, we study the several
properties of semi α-open sets in fuzzy setting.
2. Preliminaries
Throughout this paper by ( X, τ ) or simply by X we mean a fuzzy topo- logical
space ( fts, shorty) and ƒ : X ⎯→ Y means a mapping ƒ from fuzzy topological
space X to a fuzzy topological space Y. If A is a fuzzy set and p is a fuzzy point in
X then N(p), Int A, clA, Ac will denote respectively, the neighbourhood system of
p, the interior of A, the clousure of A and complement of A.
Now we recall some of the basic definitions in fuzzy topology:
DEFINITION 2.1 [9] : Let ƒ : X ⎯→ Y be a mapping from a set X to another set Y.
{
−1
supλ ( x ) if f (y ) ≠ Φ
f (λ )( y ) = 0
x ∈ f −1 ( y )
otherwise for each y ∈Y
DEFINITION 2.2 [3] : Let X be a non empty set and τ be a family of fuzzy sets of X.
Then τ is called a fuzzy topology on X if it satisfies the following conditions :
Also, we find that v3c and v4c are fuzzy semi α-closed sets . But v3c ∪ v4c = (v3 ∩
v4 )c is not a fuzzy semi α- closed set, because (v3 ∩ v4 ) is not a fuzzy semi α-
open set.
THEOREM 3.12: Let A be a fuuzy semi α-open set in fts X, if B is a fuzzy set
satisfying : A ≤ B ≤ cl A . Then B is fuzzy semi α-open set in X.
PROOF: Since A ≤ B then int A ≤ int B ⇒ cl int cl int A ≤ cl int cl int B ---- (1)
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From the definitions 2.3 and 3.1, the following “Implication Diagram -1” illustrates the
relation of different classes of fuzzy open sets.
Fuzzy regular
open Fuzzy preopen
Diagram(1)
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REMARK 3.15: We can see the converse of these relations need not be true, in general
as shown by the following examples .
EXAMPLE 3.16: Let X = {a, b, c} and v1 , v2 , v3 and v4 be fuzzy sets of X defined as:
v1 (a) = 0.5 v1 (b) = 0.3
v2 (a) = 0.5 v2 (b) = 0.6
v3 (a) = 0.6 v3 (b) = 0.3
v4(a) = 0.6 v4(b) = 0.7
Consider the fts 's τ1 and τ2 where τ1 = {0, v1, 1 } and τ2 = { 0, v2, 1 }.
(1) With respect to τ1, v2 is fuzzy semi α-open set which is neither fuzzy α-
open set nor fuzzy preopen set .
(2) With respect to τ1, v3 is fuzzy preopen set which is neither fuzzy α-open
set nor fuzzy semi α-open set, also neither fuzzy open set and nor fuzzy
fuzzy regular open set.
(3) With respect to τ2, v4 is fuzzy α-open set which is not fuzzy open set .
EXAMPLE 3.17: Let X be a fuzzy indiscret space, each fuzzy set of X are fuzzy β-open
set and fuzzy preopen set which is neither fuzzy semi α-open set nor fuzzy α-open set
EXAMPLE 3.18: Let X = {a, b, c} and v1 and v2 be fuzzy sets of X defined as :
v1 (a) = 0.5 v1 (b) = 0.3
v2 (a) = 0.5 v2 (b) = 0.6
and let τ = {o, v1, 1 }, then v2 is fuzzy β-open set which is neither fuzzy α-open
set nor fuzzy preopen set .
4. Fuzzy Semi α-Continuous Mappings and
Fuzzy α-Open (Fuzzy α-Closed ) Mappings
semi α-closed ) set in X for each fuzzy semi α- open (fuzzy semi-α-closed ) set B
in Y.
(iii) Fuzzy semi α**-continuous if and only if ƒ−1(B) is fuzzy open ( fuzzy
closed ) set in X for each fuzzy semi α-open ( fuzzy semi α-closed ) set B in Y.
THEOREM 4.2: Let ƒ : X ⎯→ Y where X and Y are fts's . Then the following
statements are equivalent :
(i) ƒ is a fuzzy semi α-continuous .
(ii) For every p ∈ X and every M ∈ N (ƒ (p) ), there exists a fuzzy semi α-open set A
such that p ∈ A and A ≤ ƒ−1( M ) .
(iii)For every p ∈ X and every M ∈ N (ƒ (p) ), there exists a fuzzy semi α-open set A
such that p ∈ A and ƒ ( A ) ≤ M .
(iv) The inverse image of each fuzzy closed set in Y is fuzzy semi α-closed set in X.
(v) ƒ ( int cl int cl U ) ≤ cl ƒ ( U ), for each U ∈ X .
(vi) int cl int cl (ƒ−1( B ) ) ≤ ƒ−1( cl B ), for each B ∈ Y.
PROOF:(i)⇒ (ii). Let p ∈ X and M ∈ N (ƒ (p) ), there exists a fuzzy open set U in Y
such that ƒ (p) ∈ U ≤ M . Since A = ƒ−1( U ) is fuzzy semi α-open set and we have p ∈
ƒ−1( U ) = A ≤ ƒ−1( M ) .
(ii)⇒ (iii). Let p∈X and M ∈ N (ƒ (p) ), there exists a fuzzy semi α-open set A such that
p∈A and A ≤ ƒ−1( M ). So we have p ∈ A , ƒ ( A ) ≤ ƒ ( ƒ−1( M ) ) ≤ M .
(iii)⇒ (i). Let M be a fuzzy open set in Y and let us take p ∈ ƒ−1( M ). This shows that ƒ
(p) ∈ ƒ ( ƒ−1( M ) ) ≤ M . Since M is fuzzy open set, we have M ∈ N (ƒ (p) ). There exists
a fuzzy semi α-open set A such that p ∈ A and ƒ ( A ) ≤ M . This show that :
p ∈ A ≤ ƒ ( ƒ−1( A ) ) ≤ ƒ−1( M ) ( by theorem (3. 14 ), it follows that ƒ−1( M ) is fuzzy
semi α-open set in X and hence ƒ is fuzzy semi α-continuous.
(i)⇒ (iv). Let B be fuzzy closed set in Y .This implies that Iy-B is fuzzy open set .Hence
ƒ−1(Iy-B ) is fuzzy semi α-open set in X i.e (IX - ƒ−1 ( B ) ) is fuzzy semi α-open set in
X.Thus ƒ−1 ( B ) is a fuzzy semi α-closed set in X.
(iv)⇒ (v). Let U be a fuzzy subset of Y then cl ƒ (U ) fuzzy closed set in Y. So that
ƒ−1 (cl ƒ (U ) ) semi α-closed set in X. Thus we have ƒ−1 (cl ƒ (U ) ) ≥ int cl int cl ƒ−1 (cl
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g(a) = a g(b) = c g(c) = c .It is clear that ƒ and g are fuzzy semi α- continuous
mapping . But goƒ : ( X , τ1 ) ⎯→ ( X , τ3 ) is not a fuzzy semi α-continuous mapping.
This is because (goƒ )-1 ( v4 ) = v5 and v5 is not fuzzy semi α-open set and hence goƒ is
not semi α-continuous mapping.
THEOREM 4.5:If ƒ : X ⎯→ Y is fuzzy semi α-continuous mapping and g :Y ⎯→ Z is
fuzzy continuous, then goƒ : X ⎯→ Z is fuzzy semi α-continuous mapping.
PROOF: Let v be a fuzzy set of Z . Then (goƒ )-1 ( v ) = ƒ−1 ( g-1 ( v ) ). And because
g is fuzzy continuous this implies that g-1 ( v ) is a fuzzy open set of Y and hence
ƒ−1 ( g-1 ( v ) ) is a fuzzy semi α-open set in X. Therfore goƒ is a fuzzy semi α-
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continuous mapping. ■
DEFINITION 4.6: For a mapping ƒ : X ⎯→ Y from a fts X into a fts Y is said
to be :
(i) Fuzzy semi α-open (fuzzy semi α-closed ) if and only if ƒ(A) is fuzzy semi α-
open (fuzzy semi α-closed ) set in Y for each fuzzy open ( fuzzy closed ) set
A in X.
(ii) Fuzzy semi α*-open (fuzzy semi α*-closed ) if and only if ƒ(A) is fuzzy semi
α-open (fuzzy semi α-closed ) set in Y for each fuzzy semi α-open ( fuzzy
semi α-closed ) set A in X.
(iii)Fuzzy semi α**-open (fuzzy semi α**-closed ) if and only if ƒ(A) is fuzzy
open (fuzzy closed ) set in Y for each fuzzy semi α-open ( fuzzy semi α-
closed ) set A in X.
THEOREM 4.7: A mapping ƒ:X ⎯→ Y is fuzzy semi α-open if and only if for
PROOF: Necessity:For any fuzzy set A in X, ƒ ( int A ) is fuzzy semi α-open set
in Y this implies that ƒ ( int A ) ≤ cl int cl int ƒ ( int A ).Hence ƒ ( int A ) ≤
cl int cl int ƒ ( A ).
Sufficiency:For any fuzzy open set A in X, we have by hypothesis
ƒ ( int A ) ≤ cl int cl int ƒ ( A ).So ƒ ( A ) is fuzzy semi α-open set in Y and hence
ƒ is a fuzzy semi α-open mapping. ■
THEOREM 4.8: A mapping ƒ:X ⎯→ Y is fuzzy semi α-closed if and only if for
(i) goƒ is semi α-open mapping if ƒ is fuzzy open mapping and g is semi α-open
mapping.
(ii) goƒ is semi α-closed mapping if ƒ is fuzzy closed mapping and g is semi α-closed
mapping.
PROOF: (i) Let A be fuzzy open set of X, then ƒ ( A ) is fuzzy open set in Y .Thus,
open mapping.
(iii)It is analogous ( 1 ). ■
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Diagram (2)
The following “Implication Diagram-3” illustrates the relation between different classes
of fuzzy continuous mapping .
F. s.α-c
F. w.c F. a. c
Diagram (3)
Where , F.s. α.-c = Fuzzy semi α-continuity, F.c = Fuzzy continuity
F. α-c = Fuzzy α-continuity , F.a.c = Fuzzy almost continuity
F.p.c = Fuzzy precontinuity, F.w.c = Fuzzy weak continuity
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REMARK 4.12: We can see the converse of these relations need not be true, in general
as shown by the following examples .
EXAMPLE 4.13: Let ƒ be injective mapping from a fuzzy indiscrete space to a fuzzy
discrete space is a fuzzy precontinuous mapping, which is neither a fuzzy α-continuous
nor fuzzy semi α-continuous mapping.
EXAMPLE 4.14: Let X = {a, b, c} and v1 and v2 be fuzzy sets of X defined as :
v1 (a) = 0.3 v1 (b) = 0.6
v2 (a) = 0.5 v2 (b) = 0.6
Consider the fts's τ1 and τ2 where τ1 = {o, v1 , 1 } and τ2 = {o, v2 , 1 }. The identity
mapping ƒ : ( X , τ1 ) ⎯→ ( X , τ2 ) is a fuzzy semi α-continuous mapping which is
neither fuzzy α-continuous mapping nor fuzzy precontinuous mapping.
EXAMPLE 4.15: Let X = {a, b, c} and v1 and v2 be fuzzy sets of X defined as :
v1 (a) = 0 v1 (b) = 2/3 v1 (c) = 0.5
v2 (a) = 1 v2 (b) = 0 v2 (c) = 0
Consider the fts's τ1 and τ2 where τ1 = {o, v1 , v2 , 1 } and τ2 = {o, v2 , 1 }. The identity
mapping ƒ : ( X , τ1 ) ⎯→ ( X , τ2 ) is a fuzzy weakly continuous mapping which is not
fuzzy almost continuous mapping.
The following “ Implication Diagram -4 ” illustrates the relation between different classes
of fuzzy open and fuzzy closed mappings .
F.s. α-o. (F.s. α-c.)
F. p.o. (F.p.c.)
Diagram (4)
Where , F.s. α.-o.(F.s. α-c.). = Fuzzy semi α-openness(Fuzzy semi α-closedness),
F.o.(F.c.) = Fuzzy openness(Fuzzy closedness)
F. α-o.( F. α-c.) = Fuzzy α-openness(Fuzzy α-closedness)
F.p.o.(F.p.c..) = Fuzzy preopenness( Fuzzy preclosedness)
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REMARK 4.16: We can see the converse of these relations need not be true, in general
as shown by the following examples .
EXAMPLE 4.17: By referring to example 4.13. We can see ƒ are a fuzzy preopen
mapping and fuzzy preclosed maping which is neither fuzzy α-open mapping nor fuzzy
α-closed mapping.
EXAMPLE 4.18: Let X = {a, b, c} and v1 and v2 be fuzzy sets of X defined as :
v1 (a) = 0.5 v1 (b) = 0.6 v1 (c) = 0.7
v2 (a) = 0.5 v2 (b) = 0.6 v2 (c) = 0.6
Consider the fts's τ1 and τ2 where τ1 = {o, v1 , 1 } and τ2 = {o, v2 , 1 }. The identity
mapping ƒ : ( X , τ1 ) ⎯→ ( X , τ2 ) are a fuzzy α- open maping and fuzzy α-closed
mapping which is neither fuzzy open mapping nor fuzzy closed mapping.
EXAMPLE 4.19: Let X = {a, b, c} and v1 , v2 and v3 be fuzzy sets of X defined as:
v1 (a) = 0.4 v1 (b) = 0.6 v1 (c) = 0.5
v2 (a) = 0.6 v2 (b) = 0.5 v2 (c) = 0.4
v3 (a) = 0.4 v3 (b) = 0.4 v3 (c) = 0.5
Consider the fts's τ1 and τ2 where τ1 = {o, v2 , 1 } and τ2 = {o, v3 , 1 } and the
mapping ƒ : ( X , τ1 ) ⎯→ ( X , τ2 ) defined as : ƒ(a) = b ƒ(b) = c ƒ(c) = a .
It is clear that ƒ are a fuzzy semi α- open maping and fuzzy semi α-closed mapping
which is neither fuzzy α-open mapping nor fuzzy α-closed mapping.
References
[1] Azad, K. K., On fuzzy semi continuity, fuzzy almost continuity and weakly
continuity, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 82 (1981), pp.14–32.
[2] Bin Shahna, A. S., On fuzzy strongly semi continuity and fuzzy precontinuity,
Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 44 (1991), pp.330–308.
[3] Chang, C. L., Fuzzy topological space, J. Math. Anal. Appl ., 24 (1968), pp.
182 –190.
[4] Hakeem Ahmed Othman, "New types of α-continuous mapping", Master degree
Thesis , Al-Mustansiriya University, IRAQ (2004).
[5] Mashhour, A. S., Ghanim, M. H. and Fath Alla, M. A., On fuzzy non continuous
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