3.5.2 for closed strings: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.6 Energy, momentum, angular momentum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 Quantization. 18
4.1 Commutation rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.2 The constraints in the quantum theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.3 The Virasoro Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.4 Quantization of the closed string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.5 The closed string spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5 Lorentz invariance. 256 Interactions and vertex operators. 277 BRST quantization. 318 The Polyakov path integral. Interactions with closed strings. 34
8.1 The energy-momentum tensor for the ghost fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9
T
-Duality. 38
9.1 Compactifying closed string theory on a circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399.2
T
-duality of closed strings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.3
T
-duality for open strings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.4 Multiple branes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429.5 Phase factors and non-coinciding
D
-branes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
10 Complex coordinates. 4311 Fermions in strings. 45
11.1 Spinning point particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4511.2 The fermionic Lagrangian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4611.3 Boundary conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4911.4 Anticommutation rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5111.5 Spin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5211.6 Supersymmetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5311.7 The super current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542