Passive Voice ( Waktu sekarang / Present )

Passive Voice adalah kalimat Passif, yang menjelaskan Subyek yang menderita atau dikenai pekerjaan.

Bandingkan Kalimat Passif dengan kalimat aktif

Kalimat Aktif :

I speak English today. (S+ Verb I+ O/ C). Artinya : Saya berbahasa Inggris.

Kalimat Passif :

English is spoken by me. (S+ TO BE (am, is, are)+ Verb III+ O/C).
Artinya : Bahasa Inggris dibicarakan oleh Saya.

The Cake is eaten by her. (S+ TO BE (am, is, are)+ Verb III+ O/ C)
Artinya : Kue dimakan oleh nya / dia wanita.

PASSIVE VOICE DIGABUNGKAN DENGAN PAST TENSE :

Ingat kalau Past Tense diartikan sudah sebagai ciri khasnya.

You was helped by him yesterday. Artinya : Kamu sudah ditolong olehnya/ dia laki-laki kemarin.
(Past Passive Voice karena menggunkan TO BE lampau).

She was loved by her Family. Artinya : Dia sudah dicintai oleh keluarganya.
(S+ TO BE (was/ were)+ Verb III+ O/ C).

PASSIVE VOICE DIGABUNG DENGAN PERFECT TENSE :

Ingat Perfect Tense diartikan telah sebagai ciri khasnya.

You have been gone by your Friend.

Artinya : Kamu telah ditinggalkan oleh temanmu.
(S+ TO BE (Have/ Has)+ been + Verb III + O/ C).

She has been cried by her Parents.

Artinya : Dia telah ditangisi oleh Kedua orang tuanya.
(S+ TO BE (Has/ have) + been + VERB III + O/ C.
Active and Passive Voice – Present Perfect Tense
Active sentences in the present perfect tense have the following structure:
Subject + has/have + past participle form of the verb + object
Passive sentences in the present perfect tense have the following structure:
Object of the active sentence + has/have + been + past participle form of the verb + by + subject of the active
sentence
Changing an assertive sentence into the passive
Active: I have written a story.
Passive: A story has been written by me.
Active: They have built a house.
Passive: A house has been built by them.
Active: He has broken my window.
Passive: My window has been broken by him.
Active: I have placed an order for a digital camera.
Passive: An order for a digital camera has been placed by me.
Active: She has done her work.
Passive: Her work has been done by her.
Changing a negative sentence into the passive
Active: I have not received a telegram.
Passive: A telegram has not been received by me.
Active: She has not written a story.
Passive: A story has not been written by her.
Active: She has not cheated anybody.
Passive: Nobody has been cheated by her.
Changing an interrogative sentence into the passive
Passive forms of these sentences will begin with has or have. When the active sentence begins with a question word
(e.g. when, where, which, why etc.), the passive sentence will also begin with a question word. When the active
sentence begins with who or whose the passive sentence will begin with by whom or by whose. When the active
sentence begins with whom, the passive sentence will begin with who.
Active: Have you kept the secret?
Passive: Has the secret been kept by you?
Active: Who has done this?
Passive: By whom has this been done?
Active: Why have you told a lie?
Passive: Why has a lie been told by you?
Active: Who has torn my book?
Passive: By whom has my book been torn?
Active: Have you written the letter?
Passive: Has the letter been written by you?
Active: Has the policeman caught the thief?
Passive: Has the thief been caught by the policeman?
Active: Has the postal department released a new stamp?
Passive: Has a new stamp been released by the postal department?

1. Use of the passive voice

As explained in the preceding chapter, the Active Voice of a verb is used when the
subject of the verb refers to the person or thing performing the action described by the
verb.

In contrast, the Passive Voice of a verb is used when the subject of the verb refers to
the person or thing receiving the action described by the verb. Only a verb which can
take an object can be put into the Passive Voice.

The Passive Voice is more commonly used in English than it is in other European
languages such as German or French. As well as being used in everyday English, the
Passive Voice is used extensively in official documents and scientific papers.

In the following examples, the verbs in the Passive Voice are underlined.
e.g. The ball was struck by the boy.
Gold has been found by the explorers.
In these examples, the verbs was struck and has been found are in the Passive Voice.
The subjects ball and gold refer to things receiving the actions described by the verbs.

2. Formation of the indicative mood of the passive voice

For every tense in the Active Voice, there is a corresponding tense in the Passive
Voice. In the Passive Voice, the verb to be acts as an auxiliary. The Passive Voice
tenses of an English verb are formed from the corresponding conjugations of to be,
followed by the past participle of the verb.

a. The simple present indicative

For instance, the Simple Present Indicative of to be, and the Simple Present Indicative
of the Passive Voice of the verb to show are conjugated as follows:
Simple Present Indicative Simple Present Indicative
of To Be of Passive Voice of To Show
I am I am shown
you are you are shown
he is he is shown
she is she is shown
it is it is shown
we are we are shown
they are they are shown

b. The other indicative tenses

Similarly, the other Indicative tenses of the Passive Voice of the verb to show are
conjugated as indicated in the following table. The corresponding tenses of the verbto
be are included for purposes of comparison.

The verb To Be compared with the Passive Voice of the verb To Show
Present Continuous Present Continuous
I am being I am being shown
you are being you are being shown
he is being he is being shown
she is being she is being shown
it is being it is being shown
we are being we are being shown
they are being they are being shown

Present Perfect Present Perfect

I have been I have been shown
you have been you have been shown
he has been he has been shown
she has been she has been shown
it has been it has been shown
we have been we have been shown
they have been they have been shown

Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous

have been being I have been being shown
you have been being you have been being shown
he has been being he has been being shown
she has been being she has been being shown
it has been being it has been being shown
we have been being we have been being shown
they have been being they have been being shown

Simple Past Simple Past

I was I was shown
you were you were shown
he was he was shown
she was she was shown
it was it was shown
we were we were shown
they were they were shown

Past Continuous Past Continuous

I was being I was being shown
you were being you were being shown
he was being he was being shown
she was being she was being shown
it was being it was being shown
we were being we were being shown
they were being they were being shown

Past Perfect Past Perfect

I had been I had been shown
you had been you had been shown
he had been he had been shown
she had been she had been shown
it had been it had been shown
we had been we had been shown
they had been they had been shown

Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

I had been being I had been being shown
you had been being you had been being shown
he had been being he had been being shown
she had been being she had been being shown
it had been being it had been being shown
we had been being we had been being shown
they had been being they had been being shown

Simple Future Simple Future

I will (shall) be I will (shall) be shown
you will be you will be shown
he will be he will be shown
she will be she will be shown
it will be it will be shown
we will (shall) be we will (shall) be shown
they will be they will be shown

Future Continuous Future Continuous

I will (shall) be being I will (shall) be being shown
you will be being you will be being shown
he will be being he will be being shown
she will be being she will be being shown
it will be being it will be being shown
we will (shall) be being we will (shall) be being shown
they will be being they will be being shown

Future Perfect Future Perfect

I will (shall) have been I will (shall) have been shown
you will have been you will have been shown
he will have been he will have been shown
she will have been she will have been shown
it will have been it will have been shown
we will (shall) have been we will (shall) have been shown
they will have been they will have been shown

Future Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

I will (shall) have been being
you will have been being
he will have been being
she will have been being
It will have been being
we will (shall) have been being
they will have been being
I will (shall) have been being shown
you will have been being shown
he will have been being shown
she will have been being shown
it will have been being shown
we will (shall) have been being shown
they will have been being shown

c. Summary of the formation of the indicative tenses of the passive voice

The following table summarizes the formation of the Indicative tenses of the Passive
Voice.

The Formation of the Indicative Mood of the Passive Voice

Tense Auxiliary Verb Form
Simple Present am/is/are past participle
Present Continuous am/is/are being past participle
Present Perfect have/has been past participle
Present Perfect Continuous** have/has been being past participle

Simple Past was/were past participle

Past Continuous was/were being past participle
Past Perfect had been past participle
Past Perfect Continuous** had been being past participle

Simple Future will (shall) be* past participle

Future Continuous** will (shall) be being past participle
Future Perfect will (shall) have been past participle
Future Perfect Continuous** will (shall) have been being past participle

* The other modal auxiliaries form conjugations in the same way as shown
for will and shall.
** The Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, and
Future Perfect Continuous tenses of the Passive Voice are cumbersome, and are rarely
used. Only the more commonly used tenses of the Passive Voice will be discussed
below.

3. Questions and negative statements

As is the case for other English conjugations, verbs in the Passive Voice form
questions and negative statements using the first auxiliary.

a. Questions
To form a question, the first auxiliary is placed before the subject. For example:

Affirmative Statement Question

You were shown the sights. Were you shown the sights?
She is being shown the sights. Is she being shown the sights?
He will have been shown the sights. Will he have been shown the sights?
We should be shown the sights. Should we be shown the sights?

See Exercise 1.

b. Negative statements
To form a negative statement, the word not is placed after the first auxiliary. For
example:

Negative Statements
You were not shown the sights.
She is not being shown the sights.
He will not have been shown the sights.
We should not be shown the sights.

See Exercise 2.

c. Negative questions
To form a negative question, the first auxiliary is placed before the subject, and the
word not is placed after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the
contracted form of not follows immediately after the auxiliary. Contractions are often
used in spoken English. For example:

Without Contractions
Were you not shown the sights?
Is she not being shown the sights?
 Will he not have been shown the sights?
Should we not be shown the sights?

With Contractions
Weren't you shown the sights?
Isn't she being shown the sights?
Won't he have been shown the sights?
Shouldn't we be shown the sights?

See Exercise 3.

4. Changing the voice of a verb

When the verb of a sentence is changed from the Active Voice to the Passive Voice
and the other words in the sentence are left unaltered, a change in meaning results. In
the following examples, the verbs are underlined.
e.g. Active Voice: He is driving to the airport.
Passive Voice: He is being driven to the airport.
The person referred to by the subject of the first sentence is behaving actively; the
person is doing the driving. The person referred to by the subject of the second
sentence is behaving passively; someone else is doing the driving.

Using the first person singular of the verb to show as an example, the following table
compares the most commonly used tenses of the Indicative Mood of the Passive
Voice with the corresponding tenses of the Active Voice.

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple Present I show I am shown
Negative Statement: I do not show I am not shown
Present Continuous I am showing I am being shown
Present Perfect I have shown I have been shown

Simple Past I showed I was shown

Negative Statement: I did not show I was not shown
Past Continuous I was showing I was being shown
Past Perfect I had shown I had been shown

Simple Future I will show I will be shown

Future Perfect I will have shown I will have been shown

Simple, with would I would show I would be shown

Perfect, with would I would have shown I would have been shown
See Exercises 4 and 5.

5. Changing the voice of a verb while preserving the meaning of a sentence

In order to preserve the meaning of a sentence when the Voice of the verb is changed,
it is necessary to alter the order of the words in the sentence.

a. Changing the verb from the active voice to the passive voice
When a verb which takes an object is changed from the Active Voice to the Passive
Voice, in order to preserve the meaning of the sentence, the former object becomes
the subject of the verb, and the former subject may be preceded by the preposition by,
and placed after the verb. In the following examples, the verbs are underlined, and the
direct objects of the verbs are printed in bold type.

For instance, in the sentence:

The wind is rippling the water.
the verb is rippling has the subject wind and takes the object water. When the verb is
put into the Passive Voice and the meaning of the sentence is preserved, the former
object, water, becomes the subject of the verb, and the former subject, wind, becomes
the object of the preposition by, as follows:
The water is being rippled by the wind.

Other examples are:

Active: The squirrel ate the nut.
Passive: The nut was eaten by the squirrel.

Active: The child will open the parcel.

Passive: The parcel will be opened by the child.

In the first pair of examples, the verb ate, in the Active Voice, is changed to was
eaten, in the Passive Voice. In order to preserve the meaning, nut, the object of the
verb in the Active Voice, becomes the subject of the verb in the Passive Voice, and is
placed before the verb; and squirrel, the subject of the verb in the Active Voice,
becomes the object of the preposition by, and is placed after the verb.

Similarly, in the second pair of examples, parcel, the object of the verb in the Active
Voice, becomes the subject of the verb in the Passive Voice and is placed before the
verb; and child, the subject of the verb in the Active Voice, becomes the object of the
preposition by, and is placed after the verb.
See Exercise 6.

It should be noted that, when changing the Voice of a verb in a sentence while
preserving the meaning of the sentence, it is necessary to make sure that the verb
agrees with its new subject.
e.g. Active: The boys are mowing the lawn.
Passive: The lawn is being mowed by the boys.

In the first sentence, the subject boys is plural; therefore a plural auxiliary are is used.
In the second sentence, the subject lawn is singular; therefore a singular auxiliary is is
used. The agreement of verbs with noun subjects is discussed in the next chapter.

b. Changing the verb from the passive voice to the active voice
When a verb is changed from the Passive Voice to the Active Voice, in order to
preserve the meaning of the sentence, the former subject becomes the object of the
verb, and, if the sentence includes a phrase beginning with the preposition by, the
former object of the preposition becomes the subject of the verb.
e.g. Passive: The clover is being eaten by the cow.
Active: The cow is eating the clover.

In this pair of examples, the verb is being eaten, in the Passive Voice, is changed to is
eating, in the Active Voice. In order to preserve the meaning of the sentence, clover,
the subject of the verb in the Passive Voice, becomes the object of the verb in the
Active Voice, and is placed after the verb; and cow, the object of the preposition by,
becomes the subject of the verb in the Active Voice, and is placed before the verb.

Other examples are:

Passive: The wine was ordered by the dealer.
Active: The dealer ordered the wine.

Passive: The deer could have been killed by the poacher.

Active: The poacher could have killed the deer.

See Exercise 7.

c. Changing the voice of a verb which takes both a direct object and an indirect
object
When a verb in the Active Voice takes both a direct object and an indirect object,
either object can become the subject of the verb when the verb is put into the Passive
Voice, and the meaning of the sentence is preserved. The object which does not
become the subject remains as an object. When a verb in the Passive Voice takes an
indirect object, the indirect object is usually preceded by a preposition.
e.g. Active: The guide will show you the museum.
 Passive: You will be shown the museum by the guide.
Passive: The museum will be shown to you by the guide.

In the first sentence, the verb will show, in the Active Voice, takes the direct
object museum, and the indirect object you. In the second and third sentences, the
verb will be shown is in the Passive Voice, and the meaning has been preserved by
altering the word order and using the preposition by. In the second sentence, the
former indirect object, you, is the subject of the verb, and the former direct
object, museum, remains the direct object. In the third sentence, the former direct
object, museum, is the subject of the verb, and the former indirect object, you, is
preceded by the preposition to.

A similar example is:

Active: The policeman gave you a medal.
Passive: You were given a medal by the policeman.
Passive: A medal was given to you by the policeman.

In the first sentence, the verb gave, in the Active Voice, takes the direct
object medal and the indirect object you. In the second and third sentences, the
verb was given is in the Passive Voice. In the second sentence, the former indirect
object, you, is the subject of the verb, and the former direct object, medal, remains the
direct object. In the third sentence, the former direct object, medal, is the subject of
the verb, and the former indirect object, you, is preceded by the preposition to.

6. The subjunctive mood of the passive voice

The Passive Voice tenses discussed so far have all been in the Indicative Mood.
However, verbs in the Passive Voice can also be put into the Subjunctive Mood.

It has been seen that all of the tenses in the Passive Voice are formed using
auxiliaries. As has already been explained, the Subjunctive Mood of tenses using
auxiliaries is formed by putting the first auxiliary into the Subjunctive Mood.

Using the verb to show as an example, the following table illustrates the formation of
the tenses of the Subjunctive Mood of the Passive Voice.

The Subjunctive Mood of the Passive Voice of the verb To Show

Simple Present Simple Past
I be shown I were shown
you be shown you were shown
he be shown he were shown
she be shown she were shown
it be shown it were shown
we be shown we were shown
they be shown they were shown

Present Continuous Past Continuous

I be being shown I were being shown
you be being shown you were being shown
he be being shown he were being shown
she be being shown she were being shown
it be being shown it were being shown
we be being shown we were being shown
they be being shown they were being shown

Present Perfect Past Perfect

I have been shown I had been shown
you have been shown you had been shown
he have been shown he had been shown
she have been shown she had been shown
it have been shown it had been shown
we have been shown we had been shown
they have been shown they had been shown

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

I have been being shown
you have been being shown
he have been being shown
she have been being shown
it have been being shown
we have been being shown
they have been being shown
I had been being shown
you had been being shown
he had been being shown
she had been being shown
it had been being shown
we had been being shown
they had been being shown

The following table summarizes the formation of the Subjunctive tenses of the Passive
Voice.

The Formation of the Subjunctive Mood of the Passive Voice

Tense Auxiliary Verb Form
Simple Present be past participle
Present Continuous be being past participle
Present Perfect have been past participle
Present Perfect Continuous have been being past participle

Simple Past were past participle

Past Continuous were being past participle
Past Perfect had been past participle
Past Perfect Continuous had been being past participle
a. Use of the simple present subjunctive
Like the Simple Present Subjunctive of the Active Voice, the Simple Present
Subjunctive of the Passive Voice is often used in subordinate clauses beginning
withthat in sentences which contain formal commands, or requests.

As can be seen from the preceding table, the Simple Present Subjunctive of The
Passive Voice is formed from the invariable auxiliary be, followed by the past
participle of the verb. The following sentences are examples of the use of the Simple
Present Subjunctive of the Passive Voice.
e.g. I request that he be invited to speak.
We asked that our suggestions be considered.
They will insist that their colleague be admitted to the association.

See Exercise 8.

b. Use of the past forms of the subjunctive

Like the past forms of the Subjunctive of the Active Voice, the past forms of the
Subjunctive of the Passive Voice are used in wishes, and in statements containing
false or improbable conditions.
e.g. I wish he were allowed to come.
It would have been better if they had been invited.

In the first example, the Simple Past Subjunctive of the Passive Voice, were allowed,
is used in expressing a wish. In the second example, the Past Perfect Subjunctive of
the Passive Voice, had been invited, is used in expressing the false condition they
had been invited.
In English, verbs may be active or passive. In sentences
with active verbs, the subject performs ("does") the action.
In sentences with passive verbs, the subject receives the
action. (That is, someone or something other than the actual
subject grammatically performs the action.)
Passive verbs always have at least two parts: a form of BE
and a past participle. In the simple present and simple past
tenses, only these two parts are used:

Simple Present

English is used as an international language.

These Hints are written on a Mac.
"Dave's ESL Cafe on the Web" is maintained
by Dave Sperling.

Simple Past

"Dave's ESL Cafe" was started in 1995.

The first Hint of the Day was written about three years ago.
Dave and his wife were married in Thailand.

_______________________________________________

Other Forms of the Passive

The form of the passive in tenses other than simple present

and simple past combines the required form for the tenses
with the required form for passive:

Present Progressive
(BE + -ing verb for present progressive, BE + past participle
for passive):

This Hint is being prepared on a Macintosh.

New WWW sites are being created every day.

______________________________

Past Progressive
(was / were + -ing verb for present progressive, BE +
past participle for passive):

Dinner was being served when I entered the cafeteria.

The last tickets were being sold when we arrived at
the box office.

______________________________

Present Perfect
(has / have + past participle for present perfect, BE +
past participle for passive):

"Dave's ESL Cafe" has been visited by many people.

Many sections have been added to the original
"Dave's ESL Cafe."

______________________________
Present Perfect Progressive*
(has / have + past participle for present perfect, BE + -ing
verb for progressive, BE + past participle for passive):

Questions have been being sent to the ESL Cafe's

Help Center since its first days on the WWW.
His car has been being repaired for more than
a week. When will it be ready?

______________________________

Past Perfect
(had + past participle for present perfect, BE + past participle
for passive):

The last tickets had already been sold when we arrived at

the box office.
Attendance had already been taken before I arrived
in class.

______________________________

Past Perfect Progressive*

(had + past participle for present perfect, BE + -ing verb
for progressive, BE + past participle for passive):

Those questions had been being discussed before

the president arrived and changed the agenda.
Dishes had been being washed by hand before
the restaurant got a machine to do that job.

______________________________

Future Perfect
(will + past participle for present perfect, BE + past participle
for passive):
We're going to be late! Dinner will already have been served
by the time that we get there!

All of the work will have been finished by late tomorrow.

______________________________

Future Perfect Progressive*

(will + past participle for present perfect, BE + -ing verb for
progressive, BE + past participle for passive):

In March, 2002, these Hints will have been being written

for more than four years.

We're going to be late! Dinner will have been being served

long before we arrive at the restaurant!

______________________________

Present / Future Modal + Passive

(modal + BE + past participle):

The meeting may be canceled if there are scheduling conflicts

Applications will be accepted until 5:00 PM on Friday.

______________________________

Past Modal + Passive

(modal + have + past participle, BE + past participle):

Your question could have been answered by several

different people. Why didn't you ask?
His car might have been stolen or it might have been
towed by th police.

______________________________
Present / Future Passive Infinitive
(to + simple verb for infinitive, BE + past participle for passive):

He wants to be elected president.

We expect the work to be completed in about an hour.

______________________________

Past Passive Infinitive

(to + have + past participle for past infinitive, BE +
past participle for passive):

He planned to have been elected president by the time

he was 40 years old.
We expected the work to have been completed yesterday,
but it wasn't.
_________________________________________

* Special Note:
Passives for the progressive forms of perfect tenses are not
very common and are actually rather awkward. They should
be used sparingly and carefully.
THE PASSIVE VOICE

Top of Form
Select from the follow ing

Bottom of Form

Passive and Active Voices

Verbs are also said to be either active (The executive committee approved the new policy)
or passive (The new policy was approved by the executive committee) in voice. In the active
voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a be-er or a do-er and
the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a
do-er or a be-er, but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed (The new
policy was approved). Computerized grammar checkers can pick out a passive voice
construction from miles away and ask you to revise it to a more active construction. There is
nothing inherently wrong with the passive voice, but if you can say the same thing in the active
mode, do so (see exceptions below). Your text will have more pizzazz as a result, since passive
verb constructions tend to lie about in their pajamas and avoid actual work.
 We find an overabundance of the passive voice in sentences created by self-
protective business interests, magniloquent educators, and bombastic military writers
(who must get weary of this accusation), who use the passive voice to avoid
responsibility for actions taken. Thus "Cigarette ads were designed to appeal especially to
children" places the burden on the ads — as opposed to "We designed the cigarette ads to appeal
especially to children," in which "we" accepts responsibility. At a White House press briefing we
might hear that "The President was advised that certain members of Congress were being
audited" rather than "The Head of the Internal Revenue service advised the President that her
agency was auditing certain members of Congress" because the passive construction avoids
responsibility for advising and for auditing. One further caution about the passive voice: we
should not mix active and passive constructions in the same sentence: "The executive
committee approved the new policy, and the calendar for next year's meetings was revised"
should be recast as "The executive committee approvedthe new policy and revised the calendar
for next year's meeting."
Take the quiz (below) as an exercise in recognizing and changing passive verbs.
The passive voice does exist for a reason, however, and its presence is not
always to be despised. The passive is particularly useful (even recommended) in
two situations:
• When it is more important to draw our attention to the person or thing acted
upon: The unidentified victim was apparently struck during the early
morning hours.
• When the actor in the situation is not important: The aurora borealis can be observed in the
early morning hours.
The passive voice is especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific or
technical writing or lab reports, where the actor is not really important but the process or
principle being described is of ultimate importance. Instead of writing "I poured 20 cc of acid
into the beaker," we would write "Twenty cc of acid is/was poured into the beaker." The passive
voice is also useful when describing, say, a mechanical process in which the details of process
are much more important than anyone's taking responsibility for the action: "The first coat of
primer paint is applied immediately after the acid rinse."
We use the passive voice to good effect in a paragraph in which we wish to shift emphasis
from what was the object in a first sentence to what becomes the subject in subsequent sentences.
The executive committee approved an entirely new policy for dealing with academic suspension
and withdrawal. The policyhad been written by a subcommittee on student behavior. If students
withdraw from course work before suspension can take effect, the policy states, a mark of "IW" .
...

The paragraph is clearly about this new policy so it is appropriate that policy move from being
the object in the first sentence to being the subject of the second sentence. The passive voice
allows for this transition.†
Passive Verb Formation
The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the
past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The
measure could have been killed in committee." The passive can be used, also, in various tenses.
Let's take a look at the passive forms of "design."

Auxiliary
Past
Tense Subject
Participle
Singular Plural

The
Present is are designed.
car/cars

Present The
has been have been designed.
perfect car/cars

The
Past was were designed.
car/cars

The
Past perfect had been had been designed.
car/cars

The
Future will be will be designed.
car/cars

The will have will have

Future perfect designed.
car/cars been been

Present The
is being are being designed.
progressive car/cars

Past The
was being were being designed.
progressive car/cars

A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For
instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But
a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed." Also, when an
active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the
role of subject in the passive sentence:
Activ
Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.
e

Passi An A was given to Jorge by

ve Professor Villa.

Passi
Jorge was given an A.
ve

Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions.
Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive
structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we
cannot say "A new car is had by him." We can say "Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say
"Finesse was lacked." Here is a brief list of such verbs*:
resembl look equa agree
e like l with

contai
mean hold comprise
n

lack suit fit become

Verbals in Passive Structures

Verbals or verb forms can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase
in the passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the
active forms of the infinitive).
• Subject: To be elected by my peers is a great honor.
• Object: That child really likes to be read to by her mother.
• Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be elected governor in her own right.
The same is true of passive gerunds.
• Subject: Being elected by my peers was a great thrill.
• Object: I really don't like being lectured to by my boss.
• Object of preposition: I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss.
With passive participles, part of the passive construction is often omitted, the result being a
simple modifying participial phrase.
• [Having been] designed for off-road performance, the Pathseeker does not always behave
well on paved highways.
Active and Passive Voice

May 27th, 2009 | Author: Swara Bhaskara

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat
pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active
voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun
demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan
tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang
lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :

• Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months

• Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:

1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi
perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive
voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak
penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past
future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan
“being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh
pada poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:

• Active : He meets them everyday.

• Passive : They are met by him everyday.
• Active : She waters this plant every two days.
• Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atauwere
Contoh:

• Active : He met them yesterday

• Passive : They were met by him yesterday
• Active : She watered this plant this morning
• Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah beenyang
diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:

• Active : He has met them

• Passive : They have been met by him
• Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
• Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah beenyang diletakkan
setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:

• Active : He had met them before I came.

• Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
• Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
• Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:

• Active : He will meet them tomorrow.

• Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
• Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
• Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
• Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
• Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah beenyang
diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
 • Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
• Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
• Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
• Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahbeen yang
diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:

• Active : He would have met them.

• Passive : They would have been met by him.
• Active : She would have watered this plant.
• Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is,
am atau are) + being.
Contoh:

• Active : He is meeting them now.

• Passive : They are being met by him now.
• Active : She is watering this plant now.
• Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.

i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (wasatau were)
+ being.
Contoh:

• Active : He was meeting them.

• Passive : They were being met by him.
• Active : She was watering this plant.
• Passive : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have)
been + being.
Contoh:

• Active : He has been meeting them.

• Passive : They have been being met by him.
• Active : She has been watering this plant.
• Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had
been + being.
Contoh:

• Active : He had been meeting them.

• Passive : They had been being met by him.
 • Active : She had been watering this plant.
• Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahwill be +
being.
Contoh:

• Active : He will be meeting them.

• Passive : They will be being met by him.
• Active : She will be watering this plant.
• Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would
be + being.
Contoh:

• Active : He would be meeting them.

• Passive : They would be being met by him.
• Active : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will
have been + being.
Contoh:

• Active : He will have been meeting them.

• Passive : They will have been being met by him.
• Active : She will have been watering this plant.
• Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya
adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:

• Active : He would be meeting them.

• Passive : They would be being met by him.
• Active : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
Contoh-contoh yang lain:

1. Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang
berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
2. The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia
dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
3. These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh
adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
4. There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya
telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
5. English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah
menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA).