Rudolph Angelou R.

Musngi ABCOMM2A Reviewer in

PHILO1

Chapter I: Logic and Critical Thinking

1.
2. Man is a Rational Animal (Aristotle)
3. Φ – Philosophy
4. Questions are always important than answers
5. Scholastic – the science of all things in their ultimate casus and principles
6. Orientals – Asian Φ (Way of Life)
7. Contemporary – reflection of life; authenticity of human existence
8. Pre-Scientific K. – senses; perception: the earth is FLAT
9. Scientific - empirical verification
10.Philosophical K. – ultimate causes and principle

ANCIENT 18.Theologians are also

Philosophers
11.Cosmocentric – universe
12.Urstoff – fundamental stuff MODERN
13.Presocratic Philosophers
14.Ionian – ionia (Turkey); Milesian 19.Epistemocentric
- miletus; elastics – elea 20.Rationalism vs Empiricism
15.Monoism – one fundamental CONTEMPORARY
Stuff
16.Pluralism – two or more 21.Anthropocentric
fundamental stuffs 22.Human life
23.Existentialist – man exists
MEDIEVAL

17.Theocentric - God Centered

THE PHILOSOPHERS

Name Date Philosophy/Urstoff

Lived

THALES 624 – 546 Urstoff – Water

BC First Philosopher
Predicted the 1st recorded Solar Eclipse.
He was an empiricist
ANAXIMANDER 610 – 546 The First Primitive Rationalist
BC Urstoff – boundless – Apeiron
ANAXIMENES 585 – 525 Urstoff – AIR
BC Empiricist
 Well known for Rarefraction and
Condensation Experiment
PHYTAGORAS 569 – 475 Universe written in Mathematics
BC Harmony of Spheres (Music)
Famous for Phytagorean Theorem
PARMENIDES 510 BC Urstoff – Being/ Permanence
Founded the Elatic School
“All is being (Uncreated, Permanent)
ZENO 490 – 430 Paradoxes
BC He was the disciple of Parmenides
He argued against Motion and Change
Absurd
HERACLITUS 535 – 475 Urstoff – FIRE
BC Solved the Problem of Becoming
(Change)
Nothing is permanent except change.
Everything is in constant flux
EMPEDOCLES 490 – 430 Pluralist
BC Urstoffs – Water, Air, Fire, Earth
Was a Magician
ANAXAGORAS 500 – 428 Pluralist
BC Urstoff – seeds (spermata)
“Everything is in Everything”
DEMOCRITUS 460 – 370 Founder of ATOMISM
BC Urstoff – combination of Atoms
“Unity of the Opposites”
PROTAGORAS 490 – 420 Sophist
BC Enemy of Socrates
He was a political adviser and was
known for success and skepticism
“Man is the measure of all things”
SOCRATES 469 – 399 “KNOW THYSELF”
BC “An unexamined life is not worth living”
Teacher of Plato
Idealist
Father of Moral Φ
35 Dialogues
Charged of corrupting the minds of the
youth
Use of dialectical approach
Death – Hemlock
PLATO 428/427 – Father of Idealism
348/347 Founder of the ACADEMY
BC wrote 35 dialogues
“To Know is to Remember”
 Transmigration
The Allegory of the Cave
Idea of Utopia and PHILOSOPER KING
ARISTOTLE 384 – 322 Founded LYCEUM
BC Peripatetic Approach
Wrote the Organon – first book on Logic
Father of Logic, Scholasticism and
Biology
10 Categories
Teacher of Alexander the Great
“Nemo dat Quod Non Habet”
Medieval

St. Anselm 1033 – “Credo Ut Intelligam” – I believe I may

1109 understand
Ontological Argument of God’s
existence.
Every person has an idea of God
St. Thomas Aquinas Father of Scholasticism
Angelic Doctor of the Church
Wrote Summa Theologica – proofs of
God’s existence
Wrote Quinque Viae (the Five Ways)
MODERN

Francis Bacon January Father of Modern Φ

1561 – Empiricist
April 1626 Inductive Method of Reasoning
Knowledge is Power
Rene Descartes March Father of Modern Φ
1596 – Rationalist
February Father of Skepticism
1650 “COGITO ERGO SUM”
I think therefore, I exist
Immanuel Kant April 1724 Ethics
– February Science Empiricist
1804 Categorical Imperative: “Act on the
maxim which is universal to all”
Contemporary

Soren Kierkgaard May 1813 Father of Existentialism

– Leap of faith
November Authentic Human being a Chirstian
1855
FriedRich Nietszche October Father of Existentialism/ Post Modernity
15, 1844 – Father of Atheism
 August 25, The Ubermensch
1900 God is Dead
Man is condemned to Freedom
Edmund Husserl April 8, Father of Phenomenology
1859 – German Mathematician
April 26, Epoche (bracketing)
1938 Eidetic Reduction
Transcendental Reduction

The Ten Categories of Aristotle

1.
2. Substance (ousia) – what is?
3. Quantity (poson) – how many/much?
4. Quality (poion) – what kind
5. Relation (Pros ti) – toward to what?
6. Place (pou) – Where?
7. Time (pote) - when
8. Position (Keisthaii) – where does it lie?
9. State (echein) – acted on what? Have what?
10.Action (poien) - What does it go?
11.Affection (paschein) – undergo what?

The Three Areas of Knowledge

1. Productive K – making things

2. Theoretical – sought for its own sake
3. Practical – guide for action

Fallacies

Name Description Example

Ad Hominem (abusive and attack to the personal Waiter Ka lang dito.
circumstantial) character of the person. Kaya wala kang kwenta
at wala kang karapatang
pagsabihan ako!
Ad Ignorantiam (apeeal to The fallacy that a Papasukin mo na ako,
ignorance) proposition is true mabait naman si Among
because it has not been Manny kasi pari sya at di
proven false. ko pa sya nakitang
nagalit
Ad misericordiam (appeal When pity or a related Sige na, maawa ka na.
to pity or misery) emotion such as mamatay ako pag di mo
symphaty or compassion ako sinagot,
is appealed to get a malulungkot ang mga
conclusion accepted magulang ko. Sige ka
Ad Vericundiam False testimony from a Sabi nung nanay ng
(authority) person outside his kapitbahay naming
special field pwdeng pumasok sa
mall kahit may sigarilyo
Ad populum (popular To win popular assent to Tara! E ta na lulub! Ala
appeal to the majority) a conclusion by arousing tamung abalu kanyan!
the feelings of the Tara na!
multitude
Ad Baculum (fear of When one appeals to Sige ka, susumbong kita
Force) force to bring about the sa nanay ko pag di mo
acceptance of a tinigilan asarin.
conclusion
Accident When a general rule is Diba sabi nila dapat
applied when a araw-araw pasko? So
circumstance suggests dapat araw-araw din ang
an exception to the rule Aguinaldo nay!
Petitio Principii (Begging It takes for granted what B: Ma’am ipapasok ko
the Question) is supposed to prove na po ba sa loob?
Vice Ganda: Hinde.
Hinde. Try mong ipasok
sa labas. Pwede bang
ipasok sa labas?
False Cause When one asserts that
the occurrence of two
events, one after the the
other.
Advantage Sige pag peluban mu ku,
dinan da kang pera
Non Sequitur It does not follow I am officially enrolled,
so pede akong pumasok