Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Synthesizing Salts
1. Meaning of salts
Example 1 :
Na+ NaCl
HCl → H+ + Cl-
NH4+ NH4NO3
+ -
HNO3 → H + NO3
Example 2 :
K2SO4
Na2SO4
K+ SO42-
Sulphuric acid
(NH4)2SO4
H+ SO42-
Activity 1:-
K+
Na+ NH4+
Hydrochloric acid
H+ ……..
Cu2+ Zn2+
Al3+
DIAGRAM 1.1
K+
Na+ NH4+
Nitric acid
H+ ……..
Cu2+ Zn2+
Al3+
DIAGRAM 1.2
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 3 Chapter 8
NH4+
Type of salt
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 4 Chapter 8
Attention!
All metal oxides and hydroxides are insoluble in water except Na2O, K2O, NaOH and KOH.
(Barium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are slightly soluble in water)
Activity 2:-
*Shade the insoluble salts in Activity 1; Question 2.
Activity 3:-
Classify the salt in the table below :
Nitrate
Chloride EXCEPT
EXCEPT
Sulphate
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 5 Chapter 8
Preparation of salt
.
Soluble Insoluble
Method I Method II
Method III
K+, Na+, NH4+ Other than K+, Na+, Double decomposition reaction
NH4+ salt [Method : Precipitation]
Activity 4 :-
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 6 Chapter 8
Based on your practical book [ page 113] and diagrams given, describe how to prepare the
potassium chloride salts in the laboratory. (Method I)
KOH
KOH
KOH
V cm3
Salt solution
(no indicator)
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 7 Chapter 8
Activity 5 :-
Filter papers
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 8 Chapter 8
(a) State two steps that are required to speed up the reaction betwen metal oxide and acid.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(b) Based on the diagram, state two substances that are used to prepare zinc chloride salt.
........................................................................................................................................
Solution X Solution Y
Salt
Salt
(a) Based on the diagram, state two suitable substances that are used to prepare lead(II)
iodide salt.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 9 Chapter 8
Barium sulphate
Silver chloride
Lead(II) chloride
Zinc carbonate
Calcium carbonate
Diagram :
Impure salt
Stir
Impurities
Salt solution
Distilled water
Salt solution
Heat
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 10 Chapter 8
Activity 5 :-
Write √ for soluble salts and X for insoluble salts.
Write all the possible chemical equations to prepare the soluble salts
Write chemical equation and ionic equation for insoluble salts.
Sodium nitrate √
Silver chloride X
Copper(II) sulphate
Lead(II) sulphate
Aluminium nitrate
Lead(II) chloride
Magnesium nitrate
Potassium chloride
Lead(II) nitrate
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 11 Chapter 8
Barium sulphate
Activity 6 :-
1 Salt is prepared by following methods :
Method A : reaction between metal oxide and acid.
Method B : double decomposition involving two solutions of salts.
You are required to prepare lead(II) sulphate and copper(II) sulphate salts.
(a) Based on the method above, select suitable method to prepare each salt.
(b) State the chemical substances needed for preparing each salt.
(c) Write a chemical equation to prepare each salt.
(d) Describe an experiment to prepare each salt.
2 (a) The following are three examples of chloride salts that can be prepared in the laboratory.
Sodium chloride
Lead(II) chloride
Copper(II) chloride
(i) From these examples, identify the soluble salt and insoluble salt.
(ii) State the reactants for the preparation of the insoluble salt in (a) (i).
(b) You are required to prepare magnesium nitrate salt from the chemical substances provided
below.
Magnesium oxide
Dilute nitric acid
Your answer should include the chemical equations involved in the reactions.
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 12 Chapter 8
4 Diagram below shows the reactions involved in the preparation of soluble salts.
Potassium salts
Ammonium salts Asid + alkali salt + water
Sodium salts
Soluble salts
Reaction X
Reaction Z
(a) Sodium, potassium and ammonium salts can be prepared using reaction between acid
and alkali. State the reaction X, Y and Z.
(b) By choosing one of the reactions in (a) (i), suggest example of reactants used and
products formed.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction based on your suggestion.
5 Diagram below shows a series of reactions for the production of copper(II) nitrate and
substance B with coper(II) carbonate as the initial reactant.
Solution A
+ HCl + + Pb(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2
CO2 +
CuCO3 Stage I Stage II
+ Substance B
Water
..…………………………………………………………………………………
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 13 Chapter 8
(ii) Substance B :
..…………………………………………………………………………………
(b) In Stage I, 20 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is reacted with excess copper(II)
carbonate powder.
(i) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
..…………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas that can be produced at room
condition.
[The molar volume of any gas is 24 dm3 mol-1 at room condition]
(c) (i) Name the type of reaction that takes place in Stage II.
..…………………………………………………………………………………
..………………………………………………………………………………………
6 Diagram below shows the set up of apparatus for the preparation of copper(II) sulphate.
Copper (II) oxide powder is added into acid X until in excess.
Stir
Excess copper(II) oxide
powder
Acid X
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Heat
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 14 Chapter 8
...................................................................................................................................
(b) Based on the diagram, state the name the of acid X used to prepare copper(II) sulphate.
..............…………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Write the chemical equation for the preparation of copper (II) sulphate.
...................................................................................................................................
(d) State the reason why copper(II) oxide powder is added until in excess.
..............…………………………………………………………………………….
A Sodium sulphate
B Copper(II) chloride
C Lead(II) chloride
D Potassium carbonate
A Zinc nitrate
B Silver nitrate
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 15 Chapter 8
C Calcium nitrate
D Magnesium nitrate
I Physical Properties
(a) Physical state at room conditions :
Most of salts exist as solid ionic compound
If the salt exist as an aqueous solution it must be a soluble salt.
(b) Colour
Aqueous
Solid Salts / Metal oxide
solution
White Colourless K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, NH4+ salt
Green CuCO3
Black CuO
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 16 Chapter 8
II Thermal Effect
Lower a glowing wooden splinter into the Glowing wooden splinter is The gas liberated is
test tube. rekindled. oxygen, O2
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 17 Chapter 8
turns red.
The gas liberated is
Bring a piece of moist blue litmus paper to Moist blue litmus paper acidic and it is
the mouth of the test tube. turns red. hydrogen chloride,
HCl
1. Thermal effect on nitrate and carbonate salts.
Activity 6 :-
Write down the chemical equations for the reactions that occur.
- 2-
Cation Nitrate (NO3 ) Carbonate (CO3 )
(i) Decompose into metal nitrite and O2 gas Is not decomposed by heat
K+ …..KNO3 → ……KNO2 + O2
Na+
(ii) Decompose into metal oxide, NO2 gas and O2 gas Decompose into metal oxide and CO2 gas
Mg2+
Al3+
Zn2+
Fe3+
Pb2+
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 18 Chapter 8
…………………………
(b) Based on the observation, name the products in the experiment and write the chemical
equation for the reaction occured.
Products : …………………………………………………………………………………..
2 Diagram below shows the decomposition of compound X to form lead(II) oxide, and gas Q.
................................................................................................................................................
(ii) state the colour of lead(II) oxide when it is hot and cold.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 19 Chapter 8
................................................................................................................................................
+ NaOH(aq)
No Precipitate Yes
formed?
+ excess NaOH(aq)
Mg2+ Ca2+
Zn2+ Al3+ Pb2+
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 20 Chapter 8
+ NH3(aq)
No Precipitate Yes
formed?
Colour of White
2+ precipitate
NH +
Ca
4
+ excess NH3(aq)
+ excess NH3(aq)
2+ 3+ 2+
Zn2+
Mg Al Pb
Precipitate dissolve
in excess NH3 (aq)
to form blue
solution
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 21 Chapter 8
Test with a small amount of sodium Test with a small amount of ammonia
Cations
hydroxide solution until in excess solution until in excess
Fe2+
green precipitate, insoluble in excess green precipitate, insoluble in excess
NH4+ - -
(b) Heat
sodium hydroxide solution is added to a small amount of solution contains NH4+
the solution is heated.
A piece of moist red litmus paper is placed. Red moist litmus paper turns blue.
NH4+
+
NaOH(aq)
heat
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 22 Chapter 8
Al3+ // Pb2+
+ H2SO4 / Na2SO4
+ KI
+ HCl / NaCl
No changes Yellow precipitate
(a) : ……………………………………………………………………….
(b) : ……………………………………………………………………….
(c) : ……………………………………………………………………….
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 23 Chapter 8
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 24 Chapter 8
Activity 8 :-
1 Table below shows four types of salts.
Sodium carbonate
Zinc nitrate
Lead(II) chloride
Copper(II) sulphate
With reference to the salts given above, answer the following question :
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(d) State the type of reaction in the preparation of lead(II) chloride salt.
........................................................................................................................................
(e) Describe how to verify copper(II) ion and sulphate ion in copper(II) sulphate solution.
(i) copper(II) ion :
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 25 Chapter 8
2 Nitric acid reacts with substance Y and produces a gas which changes lime water chalky as one
of the products.
Which of the following is substance Y?
A Mg
B NaOH
C CaCO3
D Al2O3
A FeCl2
B FeSO4
C Fe(NO3)3
D Fe2(SO4)3
4 Which of the following reagent can be used to differentiate iron(II) ion, Fe 2+ and iron(III) ion, Fe3+?
I Ammonia solution
II Potassium bromide solution
III Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
IV Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution
A I and II
B I and IV
C II and III
D III and IV
A Zinc nitrate
B Silver nitrate
C Calcium nitrate
D Magnesium nitrate
Chapter 8 Salts
4541 CHEMISTRY 26 Chapter 8
6 Figure below shows an incomplete flow chart of cation and anion tests for salts X?
Salt X
Mg2+ NO3-
(ii) Describe the test that you use in the laboratory to confirm that salt X contains magnesium
ions, Mg2+ and nitrate ions, NO3-. Include in your observations.
[10 marks]
Chapter 8 Salts