(iE, ..... ":, , "-NIU' ,', - .

"'IS:'-<:'

1 _ .'" , '_ "

'L":: D: "C·: '::-'.11' '.,' _' : .... ,'

~~. ~ ',' '.~" "_". I. "

TO' . ni;in~D'" :' .

.l; ,r,:fl-1..R 1_ ••

.. ·..j··;.,. .. r·",..' ~'L ... : .... ~ ·~L·. "" "1:--: "1-.

I?HEN('· , OL.OGY,OF

~llTEcrURE

~~E.F.!,G;I:::

'L(lI~k ls ~q,~bl.~~.s$. 't.'!.1lsi!m~bk, 1~~t-!llr C.~m!(li[ ""vI'lt!li~U(l

,<"I lFI'!a1 \;,tho. W,mJ1S ~!;Ili\le. ~ F).·.a!I~ . .!'i~&~~ "flu T~r.J",t

·;thi!:lg5 ~re m";1idc. thaE.i~~ iI: dep~l'l.:'ls on fo·nil: -;a,nd- ·te~hnC?lQmr: t':ins:piiJeil [cc:h~· ~rtol v":\,· t(H:q's,;K<I~;d:· ,~:riid) .. ~ Tn!s ~1so 'it~(i[li1[~·~:., '~he ~".I{-owT' of the NiI'tufa~ tiii.;,<'im; '. lnenr. Ijl :[b~ p..fe~eii~ ·bQt;)k .,~;,I;'

. . .. t· 'b' ~ . "h I

hilve' thCr~;iqrc clliose~· to ,1ppro1)C t 'c

·e)d~teJlit.ia_l dimensklll.in terms of place, The Rliic~. reR~_e¢lll~<a.~chil::tl¢tmre's 'sliale :io 't~Il:tW. The. p.~~c:e· i;S the .~o;~t;~et(! 1,11.ftll.ifi:."1irar.lon of :~l~n>s .dwelling" and hi~ idciuiilr'dc.pel1ds Oil h.IS, helonsi:flg te

fla(,:ct~, . . '

I want ~o thank ali ~hos~ cnll(la.gues and .. s:!"lufel:1.(S who h~\ ve gjv:en m~ler 'h;-l'pif;~6ol1 .alld '~lcl[l. III P<'i~tit!UIa!~:·dl ~n~ksgo to ITtY \vife ·-AOIl<:l Mat.i~t De Dorn inlcis for hee cd·tid:sm and untiring,help.

Because M the ):;onl'pri~ite .narure of rhe h.oqk I b1lVe not Included any bihliograpby. An references .nre f01Wd i'f.] ·:tl.le" fuq,t"Jiotes •.

OsIo. J~Hle J 276 .

[ .

PI.:A:CE?

'We shall, !'lor repenr l-:lieid~m~{l:l'iiS' pro_.:;;:.;::.;;;:;,:,..,.;;;;..;.:;~.:,.,_:;.;,;;...;.;.;...,:::r.=~=~~~~;;;;;;~....;;;fC).lmi::l· analYSIs, of- the poel11~ b:ut.. .. ra:ther _.....,~".,..,.~~.<.-~..;._....>.,.;:,,_;:_."'--~~_'"'--''-'-.,:___-'----'ll:i.Qint:... .~tn· .;,]. ~.w -

~" Pror,,~id~·hj_'~j\jl!. ,fltl".th~grow.r(llmgt'r 11m. SillY.· N;1d~~r/l~111.1 . GJjlf.J:;~fJricf. J::_lilit#;l.

:it O~t('$i8IJ.!Jl'i;lik,-GigriQ. Q5Mlib.,

4:, sxrqtll!WW, iJardic. fqr<'~1 tI~JI~: QS~D~

'~,

l~~ m]~Ue~1I:5' r.ecognized as ,th,~!: "~~p. ~(ls\i~(' in,ril)1' ,ha·s~~~) {iQ!l~~ to'. t~f.m~;·"v~th, J!R b~e,;i'lMe' ['j) ~l wei i I'" •

:~. ~~flit!m~~~, r:ro.se.ru,;U~8r;' Q,f{lf'hl~ K/farl().i!1i'" 1;.. U1sJfljJ_.· QM Ni1nl>'tJs:;;,r co.tiaij¢-. TI!1<!"~lwrJ'i.

".or." S~u."'/rif,<:i~"t. n.l 1.fK;i "SiilId{wl"i" C~/JiI1.lh11"1i," "l~~m{{!.

9~ -, "r.iWw/;ti't;[J.·. It c:.i"m/nJ, s.iCllii..

- r ? ~.. ••••• • - ." ..

c~(,:i'! i:s~:a.t: the .same drne 3. motc " ,a'n~: "'l "~n.(lpr:: (;"Q:nt:"l;e,t~ cgnt~pt 'i~~,k't;er!i., "P.n~ ~ht? ~ne~h~l~lldl< ott itC[JR1~~ --4 '~ile.r::ill ;cPlm:Ri:ch~~l:]s"i%c i1i~,~

11. HfJ,iir"'Str~!<i~ hi ·Sb:lJ.r(Jlit!I.Q, ul::io.

~? ... j~1a~ifIg;, ·SI .j\:lilI9~Y'WaarIlClrh~· l(mtlfl'tJ.by H~i{~Jirsi'$~..t.

IImlinml1.ritj'jtai 1.;:,Ili!i., .... 'W}Jlri#ali(m., CiJ.;jliP •. UI,;fi).

.2l1 .MiJ.'Jitl/idilNnl. NiM .. l:i',;'l.rhYf!l!;J',

.:21 . 'MemlfftrmJip,'!,~h,:lr:l,Qjml . .:J;~I~}J"c

.24

'2'l', $ji!~J~JiI, ,Bifff!:"l."

,2J~ H1ld'O!ir~,7<? "Munl<!'.rJi![gi(;Jffi, T05,;;"11mt,

U

N ATUItA1 PLACE

2:?i, Mfnl~,(i .~M~ji::~ •. 2~~ ·~~i!t,!'.fl;l,

. 2ft ~R·I~~.k~ d~ I'>d,.. .• j{J'ffd}m,

l~ .. :rJ~!.R@iit!rfj" ·~i:.r'''WY.t.!:')~lli

~{i:_.·,i{~cjj i;1tht!,~hIHtm~.'II'j.Ji!t a t'l'!le Pel!:"I7.,

101'(1(111.· . .

JJ \1."t)r.1f/ !((l Am;c.la" II (~ur Iii/los., :'111: N,wJ~fii'rl lfuui.r -,

J,J. ::,"{;rp;u~ )1,1 :~pid:rt~ItPI~. ,~J~~:(l!j~, ,

34,. 'Olr~t':i;V'lJtt£l, S~¥r!,!'S:Qt{(? .. C'm"'/J~i'ti.

:lo. lJ!!yl·~J~IJiJhrj~. ti!illpI.: vI HamlHowl." .i.l ilM

1!l~~llm![N. .

lhnh to the uni.ver:sei" ., l-:Iea.\,·~f1· was imaghllf;d to. rest.- on fou:rpQst's ar th~ ci.Qr:(l'~~5LS." hb l,n,e;/NQ',rc,dic -. ¢Cll..l.HtrJ'i!,!s '~;j{!)drcl tll'eo sun kl~CS·,m. eli ~f its imP'"B"·tanci:, an llDstrabt:iifheaven;!y '~xjs" mlltli.n.g· IRlrtihsom-h was i m <lgiiu~d, a.ro.up.d \\i·h.iGh" the· ,;yO }['ld tiJ:itll,S • nIls '~itxhj end~ .in. 'the rola:r Sml':; ~vli~t~~ it is c3.rrIccl hy a cpl~.inn: ';lfl i·n.ilin.}t./il·(,. A siuliliu' /J;!dj m.lmd"i ';lt~ .. iti'i,~tgi'Qe'd by· th~ 'Romp:rls; whose h§a\l.cn~

~:y I.;; tunsi·south- fr.pm dttl. P.oh,.; .!l(titr;t

. . .:1 r·· E ~~~¥gl~ ~Eit".dtlt~u':!ll'mws'.'·

LI~]'·"""'_'''·I' rbe ·cQm:'Se of die 'Still rhe wes~ri'. Ttl Rome,

ITRLruU]n, "'10:;::''''''''.1.1.::' or Sbtl.theru .-an(l,

,~i'J'. ,NI)~~~'.i'1JJ j~~t!s",~.~ l'!;l"fJ/er.'

4,1. r:,xl~'VJ.itI lfJ'l1 :. \tu~l!! d,;j MUl 'fC:liJ~.JffJtli

'mO,tc or .w itt, in the ·b..; f-Qrm~cJ

~2! JL;:tll~.r4~'tlliilS.l, V'ifk,.d'h((ia, l';r~.lia, J.ii.t"E;f~rlrilih'lti inl.yiJ. Jrm/llig'rii~

"4,:{ IJ;HeI1l1eiJ'll1.lloi_ Nmriffl-ypwn Ihf! "ir·ij~· jlii"irrc"

t~;e m.aJ~l'() cjrullet~~t_s are ~l·Hllo.[!.O~Lsly tQO :t~I',~C., . .Sp'''J~~s~,~~lich . a,r,e . ~:i(ec~.ly sl.i~d f,q.[ ,or ,(Ii n1C"PI~lomdly rel~(~.a ~(t .. 'l-Il.,iil:! RIJ m'l!"e'lli~g h;a v~, ',-j rl1.<::di.i:iill or "human' -s,t.'1le. 'As 'c:'t{}lmpll;!s ';cif different .'ell~ v~J{lmlle!lml scales '~v.~ .:nUl}" l1~~iltj,o~ th,L:!. NJo.r,,,egia{l.If.(}(1e.~t. the pJai,is. of ':is o·rd.le'r~ }J;iU}C.~~ (d~e t;'(rniWlgne), •. il.I'lCl- tI.'fe -rolUl1g c'tmi'atryside of Demt!i;llrb In rhe Nori,le,girao' fii"rcSl' d,e:gl'U~Ui.(r is. cO'l'eJ·t:'d by ffii iuuicPJle. h'illocks and mfr:s. TIH~ g[Ql~tfd;"[~ uie\rer ~p'~~, and rrBil. hl\r~l.!t 't'u'6~u.gll_ ... oJ( ti f.lY '\r'~tlJ¢'ys" bet·\vc_c[j III iInl~(;\d" "hil:lsY';' A kinrl-"ofmjorQ~lilUld~ scape 15,' [~r.Illed·.wh:~ch s~e:~~s~o haVoc' be,clli nHld:e ~qr- gl.tQ~je$.' ~( dw~~.rf~ _.1 n .

_ N~i:-th'f!'rr:iJ FI'_~m::e~ ii:lste·~·(;L,. ,lilu~' .s.~d~ •. Cc:: r~hf!f . '~i.l.sjsr,e~ij: of ~~"tei1ided but Im,\I' ,; ondu1ilti.ng- m.o·undls:, whose !mper-hl,lm<ll;n. &C:t1.ie ~l:~i;tC;ls a .feelhlg .~riMi[ll,t~·~ '~c,u5rn.i~!!l'·.; .e,ktefl~iOr'l. 11:1' D~[J.ltl:lt'k the' 13na~[;ape is s9mewh;;tt si:tnilnr, bur rhe:

S:ciil~:" i.~: smliii!e'r~, ·· ... nd 'all intimate "hum!u]'''' c'n V'J~oln,mem;,Ir~.i~[i.hs.1 f we m"i;]!:liil die -.: m~1tm.ish; sea'ie h.odionJialb':', ·~iJJ.t ai"-"'ht~;-~t'~ tbk '\rert.lc:.a] .~:i.~efl;~ simI!; o~ '. e re1i:ef~3! 'b:Ull:liI."[1 "hlU hiudsG'lp:e-'1. Is fOI'l'nll;d, ;8;'.' ,ex:all:\pl~s~wc may meJltt{jll :rhe: !i:~ijttill -p:art$; ,o;f '1'(.1 .. ~~Rl1J:y ._. fHcl tb~Nfbn-rett'aiJ;? In, ·]~~lr .. Wlle"ril t1t~ dep!ess~6:I'Ii~, r,~~!,h '<I ,d:i'i:.tin C1ep.d~. bu~, ... ever, ~h"C'~h~tls'· beo~)me~!>ep3- tared and the. grpund loses, it~~ (~i1,' .ti:lIl'lity •. As " . .- . if'~!ill) It: the I:pr.ds~·qp& 'p.~ pe~(!l, fQr~id_d;'~ tthd ~~witd~ ,. :'Ihi.s' ls, (~!~ case in L.~Slli'i;J:j; ',vh_c:Ji"e' -the I~nd is ell.t: thliough, by. 'a net\vork _ -eof rn.a'J?OO''r!f ·r8i;yi·~~~~;;:~ •. J!, 'ret1ti'~'ely ~u].~lk:c:h~L'iI,ge .. ;h~s, ·silffic;cs; W ~qi.I1SfOrln the i!j:vitiIJg,and 'g[dt::recl' hill la!l_~;stape -, '·of the 'njeig110nur -reguo])s ifll00·1l. kl.n,d ()t_wnJtlsoecl maze, Of Ii: e:-.?t<l~pl(l-s h~ve.ii:!dm.~ate.d how \i~lii~!. [lOO:!) In the :sht:fllce ~elie:f"dtictmine dle iI;lritial ~'riop:erfi~s?t ~he l:1~~:i(;OIpe' ~~;ii;d to S"clnlC' extenc it~f'·chara,cter, Chil:ni.cters· stid~.;,is ~~wildJ:- and. '':fdendb;;' are ~hus £llIl.G~l.QJ]:l' of tlle'l'el.!c(! -;l.l~~hol!lgh I:l~e.y ;tll;1.Y b;iB atcciltliat¢d or c:tUltr._adided b)!

~f'S'. l:jIltf;j,j "'''~ Ail I!;ilrNm~U!_ 4,~' fii!i,FiJh .fI~li(J.~~,jpc.

~lJi. ~wkrC'; V.(~>tlrt'./)jtll'i9" l:..o~rp"

.m- 'J/lftl{f'fiJfik,"{~iY, i$'3. ·N~fj~\;;}.ltirlir· fc~;tU'!"d~ • ..:rJ .:!,f,f;)ryt'lJgli5J~..JJq,(d;

g,mlld:iof;~, ln places with Oil proneuaced s'~Lrfm:;e' r-elief' or dc;iI1 vegeraricrr, hawever, oilly a." ~~cmrr of the sky is seen [I[ the rime. Space contracts, ;rod the tfl rld,sc~pc b('l(;omcs. in"tinmre or (;vell c.onstm:;t,e.d. That dns~s not il modem experience, :Is c.o,ilfii'ni~~, by the report of .. 1.1'1 ancient EgYI)\'itHl sc,ribe: "Thou I:H1St not trodden the road roM~ge!r (ill 'Syrl,a) ,i!l which ~he sky ~5dla rk by .day .. \IIi 11 ich is~ O'ldgr(lWn ,,,ith. .cypr.esses, onks und cedars that re'ft<:h the: hcavens.c, Si.1U.dde-rillg,. se,!ze:s 'thee, hhe hair of) til,)' b~md smnds on end and ehe soul lies in lthy' ,h~t[ldH" The: :~.wi!le is on one side uf rhee, while th~ mounrain !i'is~s 011 ~~le -other";ts. A frigb ten irig: eXp'eri~Jlca i.ildee<:!:

Ior an Egyptiai1 whowas used ro see the sun ·iil ~]i its coarse. I'll s!.:tncn-.I we Illay sa~ that tit,,: s,ky is as l:tjrga as th'f1S/Mt;P ltonf wbich it is seen. Rememb(!;r.in.g thar n space begins it's "presencing" from rhe bQulldar}l!, we understand h~)w tn,t silb'DuaU(.l' of th~ ~urroundiJ.lg '\\,<\111-..becuniJC~~ ~mpor~ail[ wht:!'ri (be Sp1i,c-e: is narrow. Instead of being II ,oE'1l.prehenshre hernisphese within alinc~l:[ horizon, the sky ~.~ reduced 'itO a background foE the iOrmiol.lr,s of the sl~r.fiice f,did. Th.e landscape ch'll~ac[et'-tbt]s be~Qmes nlni'i,l'tesl: as. a silhouene ~g,ainst thcsikY. ,sQ.tne--timl?s gentl,), unduiathlg, -somedrrim;. serrute and "\I'ild~r.,"

The di:n11.1.tic:dly deremline'd .,a~)pe,fii:.m~~ of foe. sky acts as ~i COU'lli:erpoirll: to its, gel1cn(i $patinlprop~rties. In the desert areas {if ·No.r~h Afric.a and the Near East, the e:!.ot·id.!~~s bim: sky .gives em.ph:uils ro dw infinite (i'xtcasIClil of the I.a n.d; :ll'ld ''''e expctien ce :thc- lalld!s~ape. n5 embody iag an e:tema I order;. cemerod on our:selve.s. OJ;i ~he pbfns 6f N()nh~r-n· EUrope, i:clf>OOad, the skY. ~s usuitlly "'!i1.),\i'Ii'" and "f1a.t" .. Ilven on doudle!;s ~ay~ irs ,ool.oll' is relm::ivc.!y pa Ie > and the feeling oJ b~irlg, 'Lmdt'f ~I! 'emlmrdng dome i.s IIslIal]y ,ahscb1t. The hoti Z;OI1:~il! di f'(~[;[] On is tlie're.fore elolperiellced ,a'S i1lil!n'f ,ex:~

tension. M:lI\)' \f~lri:iltion!t art ·howeve'r possible <]ccording co theIecal $Udllc.e relief nnd the qtlalh)1 of the lighr, In areaswhich are not tot) d~t~lrH .fmm the c!O~~st! the "fi'l'l.OS;phcricconditi.ons are coritinfilomdy . (hanging ~nld light becomes .11' live and strongly poetic. dem -, cut. 10. ,iii, cvuntry II];;ar--,i.o~laHd, where the ground is flat :Jnd S1lbdivldt'ld in small S'paces, li.Sllt rl;:!ll,<lim';;.1 IOS11 ~m"d intimate value, In Northam fa";m.ce. instead, :thclan(hcap.e opens up.and ~h@ e'x,fe'l1 tied $ky becomes .] con; p.eJlclilsi ve "stage" [(.l,r the continuously ch;;!l1Igillg qmllity of lighr, A "'1!i,ghr-''1vo'dd'' is CXPCI"ICI1.,cto.,d ~ w'bich evidtmd y _ i nsp.ircd ~!he lmninol.!l:s \1I,~<l.Hs: 0'£ th~ Gotilicctlth~ e-d.[al~·aod the imprc!i!iiorl.is.tk p~\iuf.ing:;; of Monerl'. 1:0 'So:utilerii Europe these p,oettc qmtlides ()f light ure n1f)sdy iI bsen t·; the Strong <I no Warm sun ":fills· (he sP·;l.c!i"'llld oriil,g;.~ 0\1 t the:!;]a:sti!!; '1u~lIiti.es of narurul forms and "things" .. .As. ,<1 tOl'l.sequcllcl!l. !ralhmi,:inclsClpe p a ~:rn6!'!g has 'l!W':a~S concentrated its j1 n.e~ldOI"l{)n the scu] ptu.ral t1bj'ecJt:, .l~l1d CleJ,icts' 'an ~I1\'1itol1fncrn cQ'il.s~liril1g 0.1 'e\l1Cn~y illumiHlncd tli~cretc gbiects3~o.

ln gooera i the earth is rhe "stage" where ll'Hrf,li.s daRy ,IU-e takes place •. To some exrenr iJ m<lY be conrrolled e'nd shaped, and 3. friendly :rel~\tionship' resuhs, N,,· [mal land,sr.:ape thus becomes culJrmu .l(,j1;idsc(Jp,~, dHiit is, ~J1I environmenr \'fhc.r~ man 11,1\;,5. :~(;n:l.I!1{1 hi:-; !net:lningfi:'l,1 p! l'lc.e- ,\,j;tllill En e t-OtElJ i 1;)".; The s.ky, In·stead·,. re'l:mdl1is d:istam' .;,:i1l=! :is distinglJli~shed by it~ "orherrtess", Ill' serucw!:.,,1 terms' i:hellc hask facts· are ·(~Xpiess~d by .rhe hori'ztj,ftq! ,md fhc v«r· tical. Tbesil\ip~est :n1udel,:of ri1011i1S ,exisrel'lti,ll space ]s tber-efur~. ~~ :~oriz{~ntal p~.'lIl.e pierced. by·.a, \'ert:lC(tl ,:.IXiS·J9. On the pl.,ne l:no1:O. ,chQs~s --a.nd V[,I!.E1tes cenues, il::lt'itS .1.i:rt4 dum 31.n5 whith rnake:· up, the conCrete SI)~lCi!ufhi.51l·'leryd<}y wortd. _ Our brief excun.ioll into the structure of a],ltul;,a'l P'kl~(; has implied rhaJ i'( ]).0:>-

sesses 00 ·sc\tcni.l "levels". A whole c;,o~Hltr)! mar be ~Ile ()bjcc~ of 'SQ:lllcr~H? .id~nti.lk;'H:iOTl, in ~~ccon;lail'ci! wii.~~ i-~ rr.micula[ srrucrure, h~ly I.s '~tn"s· ~is~ dFigJl.Iished by its beinga peninsula: wIth ~i th'l~n of IllO\HHaiw in .the .lilliddJe.··6Ui both sides of th:e ~Ili:nd riclg,e kl1,d~ scapes of '~'ll;ious kil1!ds are: fo[.~ar~ plalns, Y<11l1eys,basi''ls.' and b~Y$'~ \o,ihli:'h; because: of the .topogJIlpl1)' o.f rtie::cmm:" try I 1l1,.~hll[ailt ~I certain iod,cpel'ide,ilGCt.; Wi.thin rhe ~f1nd$t;lpe.:>" sub~ph.lt.Cs i!ffi.ll' m~UJ~he ,ro:ssibi li ty ,()f1ntilU .. ~,ed;"~~II:L!)Ig, }\mo.n,g th~ suh-places we nlse fllla plm ;irdleryp."l retrea/' \¥herc' nmn mny ._stiIJ

experience t;h.f:.' p.r~gn~'· {)f the C ••

fotoes of dl(l ea'i'~h. The ·"Carteri."" francis onrside ,.r\>.>sisi or the Sacrn of St .. B,~nedi'ct· 1it',IT Sublaen are chl.uaereristic e.)('iIImplc~, III fhes.cpl~ceii th~ saints of .the ~1[ddlc~ Agc:!.~ e:xp.::t.lf::i~.ccQ the mysn: r:y 0 f . muulm'.. ·wbitJ:i rt!' ... t~e~iI meant rhe presence of God·I.{1 •. Hei!1l? lli p,eii.,j!i!~II;I!<l dh'idcd hoy 111 range of moj):ntag ns l' Sc;md.ioilvhiis· .s""uctLrr,01Il)1 ·:sit:tii~iiiI to rudy. But she clim.cllsinm; il.re~ lif . ~m(1 rile spatial p.rope:rties of rh.~' e ,_' more varied. f'\S aresalr, the, pe!ljil~u];1 comprises two CO:(IHt,rtCS. \\rith dis:tLil()tl t:;hal'(!,c[er'i'ntcs, \\'I\ei'c.ils ~[ '\'V,outd. -nil make sense w :split It"l y IO;tigi~.ai[lia.li~ il:J "hnh'cS:", In sourhern .Norw.:ly··wtftdq .. ~, p.riul;;"·Y "bii.nd~ s hi.1.ped" 1iy~.rem.. : 'VaH!.!i'S \,\\,Jdi. the centre in :O~lo..wlb

Ith~refort: nets as .a natural (tlC:lI:S~... _

rem _Not\vay.is subdivided b~. n 5D,t-ic~J2f -c pamlld fiords between mJJ mounsams, ~\lic,l tlle'refore S;.o·l1,:s,il1:t,S of more .sep'!'l~r_a~ a.i bei t "s tlnO 1.11'1' I~. [l.dscap~~. . Not~H~rq. Si\'i'edellp'a&~,~se:s an. anillogotl~ 'syJ:~~m o.~ tOlig,. pan.ll1ci\'alleys., .iil:lI:ln; .. ~s '.(~ sourllem part ",f t'be cO~lIur)' nltbe;r Illay b~ . caUe.d 3 e!;l.i:~te!· df dOI'lla:i 11S. ~efil1it:'4:;Ib; 1ake:s 'ztnd bill!>. Tlii,~ CQ~lS~ of b'o1h COtlnlTue::; i$ ilOXlmp~mted by ~f bell o~ i.sT'II]~s and skc[ri~s, whh:h introduces. a "mnc!r95f,r.uCtllre1' i;nrirely lacking. in h·-;);· Jy •.

- :9,. SCllitllrllllJio'l •. m~f"

~Q\. ~l'5hi. E~'IJf!i1 ,dj~r,~ Cn'c<!l"i.

41

St1'"l,l(t~.rjmy ·Ofi·i.e!'l~ij.lti~!:l and id.~[HHhi;~" t~o.t'l 'thll1i mG·~tl].s rhe expeeienee Qf IHuurrll plaee; wit.MIl· !1.l1l!!.I.r,,~r P~il~:e:. The diH~f't::m. '~rn&ide~" :<IFe "k[lOWllu m . i~~coFl]ari'Ctl 'i..,,~"h· rkeir ~t:r(:JL::t1J,,:d pr~p~r'" ties, Ill! all ceuntries i il faet W~ ffn:d [n:iliE ~he·· !~~I~i ng . of regions and ~andSGlIp~l> r~fl(;.c~ ~hc ~Xi!>til,.rl!C:~ ;of narural plm;:;e~ which have W Stfl.!tC~Il:r[lU}' ~¢I:eni:tihed 'lcle:rl.~io/" .. Tile indivtdual' g,{(nius Ed.;.} is thereIoTt!pm-t of'.:1 hIcn{rdlfca~ .1I.}'!ltllNl .. <lnd muse be seen in rhis ~mm:;;o;l' to b~ funy imUCI:St:CiIo (I ,

3. Th'l!: -.spi'l'ilo/N(l/.ural Pl'(l~~

O:l:U' diS(;U~'iinl] elf the ph e!Vornell~l of [,],\tui'31 p~ace ho,ls U!rH.'i!)v:CtJ:llci se¥~~<ll 'bj~,ic typ,es ()of jlati:.lnd fwcw[s~ \ioIhich in ge!ll~[ .. 1 :!IItt:: related w ];h~ f!.!lft.11 . or rhe: sky. 'Or (lxf.:lr~.~, s -an i~l[;erilct.ion of th,e. twobasic '''e~emen:t~''. OUr' ·d'isc~.m,iQnh,,& fLl.rtn>tL't'll0~~ i!Jlp~ied th:l~ in som~e {-e'gi'l!lis d'le s~kym,;'\y appg-i!r the:! dnminanr f<JGtor:~ \\lhetel~S i.n oth~r5 the ~ar:t.h comdbl:,ue~ the primary p'l'esenpe. AId~ol,l.gh 5!.'Jmc ki nd of i]jwn~cd(oll between !tnt:': ~woele'lltenti' ~.1(is~s ev:e,ry'- ~ .. 'ht;e, 'd~:ere <If~ 'J!1{1~es .vhere .sky mld e<lnh . :s6ei'Q; ro ll;~y;e rCilHzed 'a par-

, " ] In'" '. ,," ln these

c~c;uaf y ~1;;1;pp)lnuu'n:ilg.". "I';C,.

pblCYe$ ~hc."emjiromnoel1r b.?c.nm~ll, t:tI~m!fi::sr~ts n l.l'U'L<10niQiH' who:ll! of. f.n~rlUJI" $t~llrJ: \~]:ili~b aUpws for relHt~vdy e:H.y. and ·c~mple't"'· :ude~tiHc~H;[.on,. AlJl(l,ng th.e l<lnds.~H~te~wh~re~h't, sky d!mutnat~!5< W!:l m",y d.istiUgt~isht~tw:ee~ t'hoo~. where 1!P~ "aici;[I'lic,ord,er" is or Inun~lFy IInp·or.r,l'(ln:e and ~iho!'!cwherc (b;~ cCh'!llgi.ng ;annos" pheric: c;;O!1:didpns,. GO.il:trihute a~i&iv~ly tb r:lre e:t:I,~lI:Oflmem tal. t.t1~lraJ;ter, Wh¢re - th!l' f-ar.t:h. i,s·· ,donlil1 ;'ln~, a. chtSSlfic~~dO!l ml,]~t be b:aSitl<d ,on [:he p:t1e,s~m::e' 'of '1lrcnerypal "chf!lID" a~ well· as '\i'~~riatuQ[I~; in: $,cl'Ile ttni~r:O~m'lCI'o}.

RmlfcP1Jic LaHlls'<:a.lre

h' is [tatuml. ro stan: ,1 discousslo:n of archety!p~I. nanlt:alplilOC5wito the kinA

. oJ lnndseape where d:r~. lirigim~.1 Fc.~tc:''s ';I,re .still mO~l s[[{)ng!~1 felti1;he Morgue forest, ~t~, it is kno\..iu in certai n p~~ns of Cem:ra ~ .Europe. a rid 11~lrticLJhtdy in S.;:: .... [1,~ ,rll~'lVh_. The N9n;l.i~ fQ~~~t i:-; di.sting.lIl~hoo .[)~ .il·l~ 11'~·ei'mInllb ~e!~.Uiltitlldc of d~Hemnt ph~fnOltn.c.~Hl;

Jl~e :gl'J]i~.m:l ~~i;; rarely continuous; bUJ~I ~s s:[ib~Hv'id~d a:tI.d has II v'lr.i.::d !"c;lhif. ~'O'cks -~r~d .. d~p;eii'lilO:ll$~ .griwli!',<; 'il.i:lcl '~gbtk~5, bushes ,tlml~llh!\ create ,tl'!ch ·'lnUCro.stn.lCtlln:" .

the sky [s h,udly .l:x.rc::d.~mc(;(Las a Toml hemlsplrere, bm U> 1~.'1[i:g\ved iri blltwecfil

'dl,t. C{}nbOli~:> of ~:IX'~~ imd wcks,. and is

mu[(!;c:).\'tl:r L""6f1tinll'o'HS!,y modHied by

clouds,

The SIlIl. 'is !'~hlti\!~~y ~ow audcrt,}t:(t,,<;,t. v~i'r~,cdl pk\}t. 0'( '~P,O[!i of Hght tmd ~hild(iw! with ,d~,)uds. :.~nd, vegerstien ~'Ct:iLlg *, ~nt'i(]hiL1g "filters", W1H(;t is, everpreseut as ad YlHllniG[Ok:[]u::I!I~ ,both m:; runntngstremns and ql~i~t, r~t1eai~og.

POf]c.i:S." '" '

Th~ qu~.I~t:y of, the lIir is ·OO!lS'~.:nHly ,c;h.fl!lglngi fi"O'Ul] mni Sf fog eo r.cfereshi ng ozone.

lbtawholc, dw :~.'Il\!:i.rt),l.H'!.~!e'~.t :~Benl~ to Iflak.e a tlIl.u,ml:ilc and ril'[~'C'r im:nmp.~ehell.sibkwtirjd ,manifest, ~v.h~re su rpr.ises L'H:IQug '[D. tl~l~ order of the d.\y. T:he' gcmmtl in:S~';;tbjlity ~s ~~nphilsijz.ed b~· ~hc c.(mh'a.srherwcCt1 du~ s.e,\sqn~ n:nci by fr{)!f,lll.i:lllt changes of weather. ]n' ~eRenj! W~ may.· ~:iI·Y that :tnt; Nordic hl.n&'Jcnpe ~s cJhruact.er:i',L;'d by ,lUl indp(initq m,~dlr~urJ(!;· 11/ ~ifj'frent p}(lre.'$"B~hiiTJ eye:rfl.'I'iHcick ~md .. r.oc'k:rhere. is ,1 nei;'I' pla't;"{!'.j :~111d nn~1 ~.X{_:eptiflIilln y rhe~alid,!>cape is nl1inecl~o, fonll . ,l !'impil;:. 1J!]]IY~)C'.iI" S~m~(;,. In r~]e:

Non;j~c' l<l·nd~~<Lp~ tM"e'fo'r(~) jll",!J:J o!.\'n~:otL01 tel'S '~lh(lsr of ri':f~~ir~'Il "'f{)rcc~s'\ \ .. 'hcre:~Hs~ .ll I}~r~end lHlffjing orde'r,' ~s: ~.acking.l. This bi()wmes d,eailY-I1tHlt'J.ife5[ ~n dll,e' 1Ir~ratur(!, ~,tn <ll:1d n:ttt.sio:: Qf ~he, Non:Hc i;:cl1.m~fi~$,~ whe[~ ,n:::i.'tuth!. ifl'lpr~ssjo~ls <Iud moods P~i!:Y, ~l~i[UIU:l[}' (ole.,. in kJ;!l!nds and f~~ify·t~ll.es we

e~lCt;lJl,in~e~ ~h~ Jnyt!~ie'a' inn ab"h\I'1 .Ms \.l.Iofld! gUlqme~" dwoi'~fs ~nJ.d~ rr

5tH! roda.y' Nordiem<!rJ <L.;ir:r~6S: Hl~s~.li 'beings whhln his :p~ydle:" "UI,~ w.I~·etl ['e\ ''!',m~~. ~(j: ."1 ~\1f_.,'." I~i:' ];I;;'~t ~~~ '. ~J"~\"'dr ... ~~ expeuence th~ m'Y$:~~.ru"s·'pJ 'th,,'.v~ kuldsttlpe. In' dciiniJ,' thi..s· he ~{)( rhe g~lti:US ted ,whiCh h~ hils. eo- \11l~~ sMm~ tu w~ El'l :111r /c¥ts~ll.rit~ l £0- . .:g~11I~~\~1 '!f\;e may chiita(j:c;riic:: l~ world ".~ .~ f{mM1ttil: ~'!Ior;M~ lIJ ~ sense that ~t:, b"dn~ !llan back, rro '3 distanr "past" ~ which is ~~p~de.llc~ '~mD~u(Jn .. Hy(~tllC::r thf.l~ J~m~~iiitJ?:!?@ at: <l]le~'Qry or hustm:y:,

WhHr kUld 0[ dwe~H~~g is pGssiMill ,m ~ th~· Nor{tic~ Itn:IJd,!>:C~tpd \l'le hllye ah::e~(f~ s~ggl1tcs.t:t~d" tha~ Nordic tDlm~ 'I 'lpprb.i('lt!]an.jr(~. ,vitI:. dljil!cul?y"O' . [0 live witi1rmture in <III in sen i>t.. DlI1OC[ parciCL!)3 tion i~5 ,. thus, ;H](I[~ lm[ppnktur' rnoAli .tbSn'lCli()~. 0.' de~iic.ll~· <l,ud OFc,l,e.r. Tlii~piarddp1ltu9I1." h:Q\y; j,s, no'[ social. Ra~he:f 'iit: ~mpUe~' . i.ndi.'itidHl~1. flmls; h~s own {\hiQl [[I nature. "My home ism}, ,eaiil!' e

ill fact n Nordic 5,<D!ing. The pr:

C:ll,l'l ... ~~th}' "~lid p:uht:;pnt'Loi1~ h

,f", . -. _ ' .. _ ~ ~ ~-'-:-j- I

nd<es phl·ce in ciiffe!l'em ',V1PJ~ 1:1). i._u.u,'"

fcrent: regions .. ln De:nrrark~ whe,r~,tli'~ ::>~1I1ti is. nmman ;,l:lld ;i;(ly~li¢., dw~l(mg. !l11~;rll~~ ED ~tth.~ b(![WC!tfi ~nc> ... 1~1 ounds, , u nder t'b~, b~ge . ~.~(,~~~ bn"tccd by ['he dun:lg,I.I~g sky;· I ~ I, way. i nstead, it meaus [0 fhl.tt a . in "'Wtld" mu.u r~" 'bct\V(le~:l rofk:r ' d~.k>glooniy. cr.mlf~rs~~)[t'(~fa~~x to a swi fr .st:renlH '()fWHl>e:r'u, 1n 'j) tast.~ however.' rh~ "'(ooces", of jH!.·touJ~ .are::: pm~it.Q.tt Ol;ni.dltl~t·k~ dweU~llg b~CQU1't, 'i1111 .~'nl~Nl(ltit:m lJ~nvc::&n .m ltl:linii~J ~l

. el.lvit;!ln:~lkTJc·~ rhl! ~~s'(!'ltU3~p:(o ..

w,hkh fil<i"kes thc:S'>e forces m~nif .ltlictG$lI:rllCm~e. Th~ Nprdicl~~Ul~~~~ i'l tht.~t.f::Jore ~.olrl.i i)!nted by rhe: em'rl1, I .. .1&.," c;:1hI1(mi:c b[]&~.c~l?el' WhDC1i tiO:ct~of 'Wu1~ case rwe 'UP to I~p'(:n.(l;lch !tIm . ~lil ',' lltldi1'S Ch1u'3r::~erjS" derer,n:llned bY"ali

'~. liPllIK, 1!<'trll':"Il'm.rtJ rmfkr ,rI,,' Stet'S .. Qi:m.IIr1l'k. (M~ RiJ~j4l'.fJlk kmfl':~(II"·. NiJrw<'g;'ur.1D!·e~l,.

~,.1, . M~w~rmt.rlji'e, .l\rt)nUf'gi,~.ti f~"j:$,I:.

. S,' j':'~m~, Jrlml~<"'rlll"" Di1 .. ",!'",r u4rh 'wm!l~. !j rdim,

~, Q<Ni~, <'Ii l..r!',\'o[;.

interacting m.uhitude· ,of lmi,nt.eUigtble derail.

,'!Sci.s,mi~ .Llindsclrf!tt

10 the d(w(!l't the cqmp[C):ltdeS of our itQncrcte Ufi!·worldare reduced to a few. ·shnplc phe'liIOllilcl1a~~::

;Fhe hlfitill~'C ,(,'x;tc'm:i,~tHil, uf tnt:' morroto- 1Wl!~;" Wilrwn grmll]d~ the i·,lmtl.e"n:>e, emh,r.'icio]g vault or the c!oudless sky :(~\;Jlidl is nueiy experienced :as a sec~orlfet\!ileel~ rocks and ["tee:;,); the burmll'g, :§i.iliJ ;,:"rl~lch ·gi\·cs au 'lhll(}S.t sha.dQwle";'s Hgfu;',dill dry, warm air, which rdls LtS how impo(l'tant b reach i i.g·i:!i~o:r the e;"per,ienoe 'Of p~ ,lee.,

As ;! whole, the environment 5~em$ to lifa'1k6 :iII i]O;s(j,lute and eternal order ·m .. niiiJeSct, a,,~·n:!.'li w'hi;~r~ lis 'dl.s~·hlS'il.ished .bx rerm(iincf](;:(.': ,auld SU·l1.ClUre., Even . the

. imc'Ilsicm of :rime dc)~~ not .introduce tt:~y .. ~mbigl,!ilit'(;!i" The course '()f the !),LlU flil.l.s;,jjes.trihe~ an ,dIHO'S( exace meridian, ;'~;llt1: idH'idcssp:lce lneo "'Oriem"',i'oc~ ~ci~ea:lt"·. '"miti.night."" and "midday" j. that 'J;. qu.~'1;/;ar.i,~d()!nUlin~ whi'l;h j'n. the ft]u~l:f~in~ c"Om:J:Dlf)'rlly used ~lS denorarloes fiff. the ;£;m:thoill polnrs" ,. Su user and sllnr~se .eonnecr day andjiighr without ~nlll!.li:dQo.ital ·.(lrfcct.~ (:if light, 'l,11 d! create. a .si.ili'lp!~ ·.f~:mronll rhydm'l' EW;!'11i ~he anirn.~15 (if the deser~' ".'lJ'l'idpape ii1: the

. irtfii1:It'e. mnnoronmes ~ md w nmen ra I rhythuJs. ns it b~comC5 Hl~lIlifesl; tn. the rrn()V~mii:ilri-s. I)ftlH~ .c~ll1d, "'tIle ship of ,t~_~. ~~,se~t".

The:'only surp li"i!lll! one m l~.ht encounter 1n [he' desert 'is, rhe $'lrl'~~-Storm. the IHibooh of the Amos. But the sandstorm .i{'alst, 1110·[J{)tC:):ll'(1U!'1. It does lim repn!.!;enll <l different kind of order; it 1~ide!i the world i but does nO[ cl1ang'e ir..

En the d!~s,e([" thus, ~hc ~artf, d,'es not 'QlHe:, mml ~l S~I.m.c:ient: ex iitellti~\~ 'fQo~ .[hold. JI tioes flQ r cr:muliuil1djuh:iwit pi{lc{!~, but forms' II :conrlnuolls IlcHrral gWLlnd. The .skJr, instead, is strlJ(::tU['cd '~y the: stln (.I.nd ~Iso by tb~ mODf,I .ilnd

45

the! stars) and its: simple order is nor obscured ·by atmospheric changes. in the .de£Gn, therdo~e;, man do~ not t~llli:otll:lter the .m lilrif..u·i,Qus "fatcc.""~' 'of nature, bill!: ext);eriell~s, k';ITIQst :ii bsolu [e cosmic ·propeIl'J.jes ... 'T'his is the existential situatlon bcMnd i:h~ Ar;;lhic proverb:

"Jh~ f'\!rt~er ,yq,!,J ,So'? fh.o ~h~' deserr, the eloser YPJ. coiile: t.o Go·(j ', TIlt: :bd uef' that 'du~re~, [:$: on Iy'~ .one God:, mun,nt:heism.; has in fact come iilm be,iug 'in -the desen oounE:rt~~ 0'£ the Ne:a,r, $a's:t .• Btlii:h .Juclais:Ili ~!1d G1:tr.isti~rI~tf; . slel)l frOrll d:H~ desert, ~lth(lUgh tile·i.!' Q9,e:rtifil!S h.;;J;ve :he-come ·'hlll:~l:l:l1iu:tfI;. b}'.. thC:!_ mciEle~ friendly ~Htn(t~ciipe of Pale-strlle~, [I} ls~ [am. 'll![nv'~'I"e:r" th~d,i5e!"'t has' FO.lIlU~ its s~pnlml'f eipress:iotr~ . For' the' Mt;slirr;th~ t:m'lcep~i(l:n of ,the 'o.ne· God _i,s. the 'o~b' clQg~~~{\! and ttve t:ill'ies a daX, he· tm;Ll.5 to\!"aj~$ M~c(;a to S:~\y~ .. '''ttl'' W~/m i:UtUah"'; rhere is ]]9 Gci.dbu,t .:A.I.I~~h;'~6" Bf thus proclaiming tile. ,unity .:o.f 0,04, die Muslim' confirms rhe: unity 'Qf his world, '~l world which has the g:e.11ij~.s lad .O[ ~he desert a.S h;s uarural: mod:etFor: tb~ d~~t~~dwcll~~ J:~'~ geiriiis lm;.~ is ,~l1il~lIii. fC'5c<lti.oil 9£-' the Absohue". EXlsten[ially. fbe -deserr isitl, a 'lIe~y particular \\'.:1)1 •.. and .it$bcini?;: 1l<1~ to. be known ~1;S si1,.l~h to ittFlke d\l.l'e~litlg. PJ:issib]c·. hkml tae:rdo"c' COt1 f:i nus .th~~r 'rhc A:mlJ hlt!) become 'a .friend 'uJ the desert. h' is no Ij)ng~r .anderstnoel as "de-nth", as it was b}· th.e ,.a:ncietH:E~y}Hi~.ms." bm has become a biisi~ rorlif.e. This ~ll(::o>.!1!Ol mefln hOVI,I'CVC'I",. rhar the Arab t~,t'tfe$ in the descrr.f6:r Sietdi.ng. he needs ehe ixj~~is. that is, he nee~s an in[inm;re place w.i:rhi.n the c,Qsmic Iluicrow()rld~a. In tIfe o~lsis ~he slender tl:U~:ks,' of [h,~ p,d;n~ w,hich rise from rile flat c'x,p,rnse of tile Jj;nmnl."il, seem to m.tke tile order 0.£ ~ori~ontal;$ and.. 'vertic~\~s; w[,i,1'i ~o:rus6rut{!, Ara'bi:e: sj)~tce:l1').atiifes·f, . Within thi.s ,ah!oOtract order no truly pfast!C aOjeGi[:,! ar~' possiMe, .the "play ·of. light !:mq 'shadqow"'is e'x,t.i.~gl;li~h~+l", O;lndevery-

thi.I:i~, is Tedu!cc.d ro surface .~,tld line. In the O~~SLS dwelling ii~~s ·its fun range, eomprishng the mt[t~ity as weH as the indh,li(/t.mltOQIUty ..

Clll$$it:al Ltll1dsc,lpe

Between the South ami the NOfthwe find the classical landscape, h was "di.'scqv,~[~.d" In Gr~et;e, ~ui,d later it bH#"C:f\me one of the p'ritil~~lI~Y components of the ROrll,Ul envirenmenr. The CJ~IS·· sica] landscape 'is IJicirhc.r char.iCH;rized by mO:llO!lOny 1'I0'.r by muleifneiousness, Ra:' d:'i*rwc liiid 'an i!'l~e'lI igi bl,e"'ta;mlppsitioll of d;uS:ii:IJ.c~· elements] t:161:dy de'f:in{'il h:m~ and mounrains whlc:~ are r:.tn:iy cOV-!lrerJ

by dli~ . Ii: '1 " .. 'oadi; of idle NQrth"

¢.fe:irl.y, "'. in=<I,.' imig~:a.bl~ I]JH~lr'J,1

~pa.c#'su(;'h tis' :\'a,lIe)~s and Oil sins •. w.hich aJp'peaf a~ i.llfdu\iidl.l~.1 "wod.ds~~~· a s~ranii all~ :eve'jl h! .,!isl!'i-ibmoo lighit . 'l1lcl j} u~nsi?';;:tI:em' aim:. wJliingiv,e the fonus 11 m~\kimiliu 'of s(:u~pfur"11 prc:sj;:nce. TI:H:. ground i:-; :fiilHult~l neously eonrinuuus and varied, and [he sky is hi~1h arid ernbrilldng wid'lQ,~tt !wwc:VC'li pessesslng the ~\h591uj;{' quttl.1ty eflt(~~nn~red ~11' the desert . .A true rniceestrucmre is lacking, all dimensions are "human" and constinrte !II! roral, harmoeious equilibrium, The env ironmen t thus mmsjMs ot pal~),~lble ~~~bit1g>!i~"\"'hidj $~-.a.nd. :1:l'tH ("ek~si!i.t) ill light. The das~ic hm~scape· "rca;i\'~s" light \j\'ithout IO~i~g its concrete pre-

5~llce~9. .

In general rhe cl~s:-;icall.md5A:;ape may be deserlbed as a ;uei1Ji~'ll,rd}(r OI;",(}.eV qf di5tintt ,iu.di[!idutd pJ~I'(.(J.~1; ," Thus;' Lua'l.~'ig CD.lr~iillJsw!f'hes:''Th.,e ,single Greek 1.1.l1d:" s.c:ape is !Huurally .g:Lven.a,s <1 deady deliinhed i:i.nit~ which w. the .¢ye apperu:s, :l~ .~iI'i .iifltegff.!.tcd tot:;JiH ~~' (g'e-S.c_b{D'sS·811.'(! 5' GebihJ(l ). The Gr,eek jj;~rlsc~i fi:)r pi~s,tic: [QI"I:rl 1U1,d boulidarr, ft;n: the \;whore and thepahs.. is f()~nde-d 911 the hlrld· !j,cape ... ;·":W • 'Xf,~ ha!,i';f! "llfeild)l' po.in Eetl :i:lut that. th~ Greeks persollified r:l1e":'ribI.1S c.lHlr'li:;:~e-r:5 ex perietlC(xt i I1i the .ia!'lclS'C<tpe

(,7, Clrrs.,k;~r.l' lf~mJs"o1J~IJ, ,t..-!ill\Q dl A{lwrm ,rrurth JL!~!YPJr~'.C,'l:f'Lo.

t;:S. ·~Vi'.~r: ·l~~f,rm;,",£. ·lli C(,ft~bri:fj..

~:9, S{,;ji'Ii1.mi.lj~dllr.r,f! l#'.mls~';fI!,IJ. S,_rirmlw .~J' .J!;i/l'jinp_ . . _,

if)., ' fmjN~ '\'WI1J:(iwlli;" 1ll"1.r Ihrl;'!t'~_

7·j! j"!ijrnh;·~j. pttflWqma.

i~f!! l'~~ ctp'lirr ;6! lb~ V. .. ·i~~~l() .. .,1. V",I;\::" ..... ~i'cJ~,~ ~}~dli&t;i('m, i:t". :Ni'i1'!'(~)1~ri }"r.I(~·~'~,~r'! ..

H"' ,A{~i1.r.· .il1lltl~r.;n$ie.

t'h~'r' md~!: R~a.l'!e, fee} > "k~s\"'w hu-'f:J. ~ithe:;.y . at~.mmred l,{), 'a "far.e~n" li1:nld~e'lpe1' II: 'is\.y'eH k,l~Q,wn rha[· p$lople or the g:1'~"U .f,kI,,\i'r~iS\ . ~",~i Iy Sn.:I ff~,r'/ff;fl:!~l': 9J.:n;J;S~r,o.phQ:bj 11 -Whe'Jl di.et" ri~ve' . to: Hve..: itl~~ .. hi.l.~y· (:>JuhI[TII'. ~ancl diax those ·tWh(Y~l[:C' l:i$ed t·i) be · . .snr:rounded by. iflil:imam Sra(~~ ~>I.$.iiY

. b~prrw:~I_lctlm~, 0 f 'i~go r@Jphob~.J.'hfi allY e:as,e;, J('O\\,;!::yh, .I<~nd~q{r~\ !:\m·~~j 0 1.1:> ,as 11 ~J: ~¥J~i-Ide~i ffa'(iui~d ,co rhe . In:~ul~in~tlll .plil~!;. ,ll" cD;rl.ttllins· l:hcl>cp.i~:c.es ~ ~lIi1{F.(i.1~ a "'IJ~p)lr~don" .l1lJt dl!t:m.it «~{)~ .'cBntilil1S ~n<'ll!u["tl.· '(~ilside~1}. w~ h:'1v·e d!e,SGtH;;id ·l:h's.~ '~tS' j'nieii~':i~,gf\d i)l~fcis" w:b.i2h i)~e' . '*llnw'l'l he~"iu.'!lc)he'J'· pess'.C:ss .par~I:C[L~;8ir. 'AltrIllL~un}i iDropc.rcies. D~\vclling ~nRl:nl]:r,(;' 'is' ~he;,t:for:e I~or as:lmp.le . quest'ort of

,,~.t .... ."'''; r\~'j" ,.,." .. ,..l". ',,J

rC),l,Ege. -, 1~.,I!!nl!:f. W m~~~~ N[Q" .\J!J1[;Ii;I::'~~~ !W

~he .giV(\f;L _ envi ~m:ln]~[!r ,l~; ~: . set Of '~JIil.~ides'''\ :~rt~m 'the. ntaero down lC6~ zhe micro 1,€'veL Ii ... the romantic J11:il,c!:SG:..1:pl:t·

,,_iil"""~~ln~i.!'1!~,~'a'ff~t .~ori:s:j! '~.i? <fr.QJtt :tll~

" .' , !' ""' , I' 1 1'0 I

!m~c~, .. m, t. u~ m:]Hor(le'l'i:l ~ .~efe' t re

irl'imooia·t.cl~~g~l/er("<ll'e rhe force!:: ofrh¢ . eilrth.~ w~.e'r;~:a8. 'G.od Js hidden. In the ... ~t_'i~:lll:uC ~~n~l!;~\li>.ii ~he p:~:.u~c:is~., -h,l;lj the; ~ PPI~©si(~f ~Hl' ~iLb]~ 'aitld ~litl :el1,clQ$Cid. .g:~:ft1e:if 0... _, ,.(" lf~cQdl.m; '~he :I.JI~ [,1 mare gO<l~. [11 the, d aLs~~~~~' ia!ld~e;81p(:.

fl·[jlil!ly.: m'l.i] " ]li'lilS~~f'l,\l l~eli'l;i,:tt~

", .... ··n~~" !. '" ,'·I, .. ~ "

Tm~!1Jw'U!~m~u·e:' n lna¥ i'caocll' .eut ns

~l .,~.,-" ,~'H ""'I'" ,. -. :, , ..

'we.~ .,1'lf '-I n· . Rh "e ~'Q~t1. ttl> wl'iiiJ 1.'£ !~S, .all

:aboul:~. '<Em"[h;, l.!;', Ili~If{ tfui( ... ,~('l-ii~ totu

wmu :t11 'if usib~}' E.o~"Eisr:: ;Ui.l;I;l,5:? '~~!l:.. .

m

MAN·MADE PLACE

1" '1 'h'C. Pblt"If)mlf"'(l"OfJl.,~aJ1'~I'J'UJde' -P1p.CIl To dwell- between i1e·a:V:t\ll and t;.;iiufi 111C',':iI1,S ['0 ~~'Sil~~rlc": ·.in die ~'I1"l~Jtlhll'il(:ly:-i 'in-be~wccn"', d~a[ is. (ri' 'ctlfrC,reti7.e' 't~~le g~ll~ra'l !!o~lM:q;<llti(U] as' a milu':'m,adie pl.'3C-C'l The '~'or.Q, ~ senl eo;, he ee does 'riot mcsn .• 1 !i~~ie' \C~on?lfl'Cal r~lat:ih~d~ip;'i,~' is 1;:;1.: rl:i,er ~.Ilr exi:stcm:ti: .. l c;ent¢pt ~!lhich .d.e.:. notes . the abi:lil:)" to S-y:mho:li'te .1I~e~mi~igs.. Wlum thelnan·made envimnrnenr- is; ru~~~.in~ftll, ~;l~li:l i~. "'~':r home" The p~~ces whe~e wf!_ h.~lIvc-,gr~v.'n tlli ~.(c:.'i~Lch '~'IIo,.m,es .. ;· ...... f>'i knmv ~xa.Cltl\l hcl'\"; Lt feels .rEI, w1lilk on th~llt .P~il'ticl;~~,r"',p<! ~~;llen ~~' ro be' bC'~\~t,een those parrku ~u" walls, O~1i ~(l~~~r th,H ~Hl.r.t~c.n~ar Iceil,iilg,; we, ~D.O\'" the cool,' el'id.oS'u re of ~lll:!' Southern' pouw .. and the ,Gol1forting W,UTl.lti1 of 'lie No[d~.c dwcl.lin!5. ·lngen~l:;d •. we kno.\v ":rc:alities';_ which I;~U'f,)1 our existenoe, 'B:lU ~'s~ttlifig~' :soe~ '~c:'~ol1il, such ,imrricdnillte g.r'alIfic<llio,nTs;:· From [h~ b~gin'!ling 'of time man, has recognized that to create a phlp}~me.<lll-l" to. express ~he essence-of Q.~:n$.' Tl~~ li)~.I1I:m~1~\i? t;tt",I'un:i!\l:nc:tJ1i: where he ii§~'.!l l~n[;t 'anle.lre: practibll woq! - ot - L'ne . tl!t<:i(:ll& 'of .u::bi:u<lIi:y happenings, it ~ .. s str.m:(l,tre r%UUl ombodilcSi me-.m:u·i:ngs; T~'ese miijilf1tlJg~. l\}ul ~~tn"c" tu res lir.:e'r~:flt:dif'if.ls, ?E!tlll1r'~' \ln~e'r;, stan,d.ing o~ the :lHltuN1.~:ei1.).+mmne!'lt ,aild his uxis[(lIlti'1.1sttll'1.doo· in gr.:ncnlJI" A 5,tl!dy Oflliulp·nm$le p~~we-~herefollC; ~)~IS;I'Ut,O' h{lve ~'1 UU;/!~rl/~ 9"'as~:;:; It sMnlld r.ak~ lEI; ~. r.l:,I~iJ!'i6'i~s.hip. t6' tHe 1li.(t!Jr.i11 ellv~ r"~.]ilfi(Jll'[ []!:, u't~ poi n:rnf dlf.l[f .. fl!luf,e:

Architl;!CtLH:al . hi'ilQD' shows dl;;;lt' Jr1:;lltl:.s

p?:Lme,w'~l ,~~pci'i6rctce Joi ,~,>!:er> '. . ti

wrh~~1 "., ),t150 ,dr...:¢rmi~\eU 'hi~ I'd t 4i

ow' !.ml~dlnlis :Hid 3rtibet!>:., tike .rnllUlt'l~

. ~ '. ~

elements, the)" 'were Imbu!;Sd wlth hfe"

they had ma1Ul-; or magicel Pfi.w'.ct. D,eil'IPl-li . c powt:r~ i:i':i. fact nee ct>nqL:.!(l[ed. by ghfhl.~"r.I~b:n :a"'i:h!lti:l1ililf. 11:1 ~hi!i ,,,'ay .:h~111:te fhi.ed[o a.' place :~119 ma" be influenced by m'H1I1., "The-archireemre .ef ea1'!)' - c"i'vi rI7.~:tf~ilS may .the;r~fg;e b~. i ill.e·rpr.~[e~ ttS~Jl q;i11cr.e~j:'i,~l~~1:i a,f th,.~, .up~eT-

'76" 11' rliWl s,r,i1l11!. ,.hu..r(:h, ·,I\!o{U'<I)I.·

77,,: .M"\S;'tiiIJ,!{; ip;~(ililr.it, ~J.:s.n;. 1...1:;;9;.

f-K !irI!J1r.)i!'!!':'fM'il/" &Ul.t:1"o'i .. ?;2t 'i:i.a:!,~."{lw~lil'.t.: l'It PrtI'Gr.

iFlierl'ed. vertical ;lxi·c.o; which (.'tlnn~rs cill'th '~mlski' 'and "receives" ·tltu·iifll. Thus the p'yr;:J.mkl un i.fies thcpri.moooj.31' nnOl.llltilin of E~;y"thll'i. myt'b:oiogy,. 'IlI1tth the ra'di,ant S~tl..gpd. R~ri ittid n::P[es(iIlIt~, the ki:~g 'aiS .hi$:SiO!1.'A~ the ~:~:ilrl~ time):l~e pyra.mltl.!fthroQJgh· ~,heir' 1(j,~~ltIOIl be£·weC'n oa~l.$ :;[119, deserr- (life and de".th)~ ~~iSLl~d~ ilc~~ie ~p<\tr;)!l, S{[~tcthre A.i~:tfle, ~~lm'tr)'~ '!-. I,png.ltudiml.] (ernl!] \'a.ll:~~' ~~.epf\l'~:tJ in(EnttC~ ex'pllrlS:tlS of barren Im~d~ -. ~iere hu ildiug~ are. used .110 dd~.i'it: :!I,' f)·igni flcant b:Qutlii'm:y- (' ~dge;"').· Fi ili~lll}':w'e' ll1ft)1 nl:1m~i:d!~ ,that ~~yPti;i:l1~ "I::iuiltt' t~.le ~y, deccu;-abns ~lLi.mgs, .of tPjrl'hsj tcmp;lcs and house ... wit h stili'S 011 .:1 bluC3 grn:umL U)I rnH:~,niS .ot Visualiz::uion. "Ilid l>~tn-

. bo;l~:t;,a;'don ~he anclem; E.gYJlt:iilHlJ thus concreri ... ed t hei I: known woj-~d. .

\Y/.e ga.'!I'c·. al r.eadyme'rI (toned rile' Gel1U! iliS !Itfiotllc[ m:"Cl:u~tJ'l~<l1 mmmtJ element, [11 IH.~g"l.~idlIC ~~~hhec.tur~ m'ti_fi~i:j~. C'aye~, dtJbn'im, 'were b'l1l11: .1:0, VI~~!:ihze 'tIllB :!]1'ip~tQ'f ~he t:ard' .• Bei~,g siinllln1rn~.:eusIY ,'inEe,iiorsp:I'tes 'and f'einlnil1~ symbols,

tl~e,,;,!.!,l~,fici~!. C'!,1'1~ VI e:(C'"~:nde,~;~~ood as. [,:pr~s~n'~<l !QI\1> of the w9J·J d '3.$ a wl~o\ie~, ~3il i1l f¢'i~:({~t~l(:.i9n whi:eii ;';vnn, cQmpiec~d~"y rfieJnitlEtldu[ct~o~n of ,'c~~i.l:id ·~rfl;ascul.i.~]!=J' dem~'!tsi slId.l :li> a p.illar, or an 'o[tb~)gruj~l syi'i~elJ'i of ~;~n,k,al 'and ~.o.riz'pnt.'ll 'l'11e .ll'~~r ,. 'In}'; ·';~i~f'f.fQ~e, o·f h~~I.veH ~nd :t'~mU' ~ ... ~],ch \'ias ~d1'e; ·po,.!:nt of departure 'for: ~l1,ciCnl; .a_O£D);lI.6g(:illiL?si" was rims. lc;oll'Cred~ed ill. Inlilt Jm~fll. Typit:HI I~x~mpte.~ .:.ri~ Jllrntih-~d by -t:l:tt1 Ilfleg:;llh:hic [e~nplfi's Of -MclJ;Ol;-i~vhe~e d~~e . apses cpmamed ':'1 1.nenlu;r ~~rKl r~o b'.oumiaric!$ ,},I'"(; (mhogonaHY:l(l::iw.l-:l~cd·. In .a:ndEtllit archirecture \·\,C also enoU"unt~r .q~her fc~)"est~milriQl;l:S of mHl.~~r:l.1 elements.' The '1t:mic: temple 'wi tl:1it"~ numerous columns IMS rhus been de'· ~rib~cl .as OJ: "s<lc:r-ed grove", and: the eXRte~StPI!.· ·'Lfor,es.t of. CpllJllnTIS" 18 pf&el~ ij:~tld.' '!c(l .... deSi~gn;l~c the b}'lios,ryk~ .. h~l~ ls ~:}f eurJ~' ci\iil:i'l..tu:iol'ls, .. Un: [,he ~gypti.:.U1 rempies, the ·t;OhmlHs, Me in fact o.Icrivcd

_~[Oril ~hH1J f~O\[~~g~, sud". ~s ~ pal i1];,.~~.prnl~'. and Imu~... The. Egyptli\l1 .. {q[if~S~ of . cO]Il~L'trn;'.'~l'l1l.l~re~elltefl '''thtfl~liId a'nod I:ht!;

.sacred us w'!:i.kn [osi?' out of [he

J~rtiiil soU: to hr.ingpfotecdc:mt per-

nd~!lenbc. and 5!U-5[e'fl~:Ila: W the hlIl~d and i:~t{· 'p&ip!~~". 'lti' i;~n~U';~l ;rn\1:I1·S.· \Illder:Sirii~d:hlg '(if rhe. feirHc ·sui.! is "'is~l~iHzcd t~~Qtl:ib Cl$i"icullllTtl.. .1 n rile. ~ultul[al i '9'idsciitp:e"rfie·· nati.i!pi Fotce~ afC "ilome:s· ·~ic.:ll.tecl'· . ;in.d I:ivi lig re~]it}t is made n"~nifi$t Ii-S ;.lit"! Qi'dt:tt:cl. ~p'Ulcells where man r;a,.tidp~u'its. The ~{} r#en is' he.not'!" a plaoe where ~i1i'i)]g nature :is-:.ooric:retized 'ils an ' qq~;;Jlnic totallry .. MIlI~'~ilJ1<1:ge of I?:ir~~di~ .. ~ 'I.~· a s in f~ct .ii'.lvhlyS<lr! lerl!dds~d gar'd.en.~ In ·the· gri.rd.tn: the knoWn ele.ialel1(S·.of'.Ilatti.r(:l~are .g<Hhc,t'C"cll: [mil: trees, l1o\ve,l."s .~l.iid "taJ;ilciP' waeer, In. Mediaeval pa:lntil).g. . ...it i_I; ·depi.<:te~;)j'l>, . a borflt$, 'c.und1:ds·trs ,"'i'~~h d~e~Tr~t: of Life" and.a fountain 'in the middle, ~urrmlnd.cd by' a "'\~~i'ldertleSs" of mounralns aud forests", E'v:e'J;], W:at:eLffi'ilY dms be "huilt", that 'IS'; ~iVCli .:pfe,.~~.~e dc~initip:1l _as '~~lJ:r ?f :" CLLhund lairdscape, OI" 'i.'1~uoali7.ed ~111 .a Iountala: In the cultural '!m:lds.cape man '''builds'' th~ ca:rth~ .,md makes it,'i pOlen· d.\1! :lIr~]lJir:m(t qifUl~fe1'it 1l~ "·.1 m~.<I:ijillgJuJ .tOIl,~l~~, A :cultilr:I.,1 i;~:nflseap.c js based 91!'l ~'C:l,J.~dv<ldmlP • and (9[1wins. deflnetl pla¢~!L PiHhs~ <lIid.~do~ll.fins -'will ell ccncrerize .!'P~h"s, l;lIla'rilr~trinding· of th_1:! rj,\,tm'ill

~)!I'l ':dIfrn.e:nt. . .

·Otrh~:gon .. 11 sp~H.fe·:' t.riv~~like inrerlor .';):ilc~ 't:wmi::i.tl llm:ds.cape sugg~st generel {DIU'· .p.rcRerJ'$;'j ve. . J:i' ~ ;~Vhl~h to: 5_0J1ic;· C.~~~IH

·s'ads fll'- :n,lie;[ fo.r .ml de,(:stm:adi m~

• .'_,J__. • ~ ~ ."_ 'i. ;;?

I:Ul.rL.lt.:e ,sb:J:l;~m!j~:d _\v;I~·ol.ti, ,compl'~~111,g

~}I'I.ell\'i:ronmeut.ll"le\id5 fmili ·tlie' auif:Jitit t'a th.e re~iQfl~ The gucs,C' (oro:rd~[ ~'E:~e'i'er.. ~lbQv"::l .'~ 11 -'Ii~J;:o:m~t m~111fes~' through th~ -"builclihg'f uf ,Olle '@f ilv; c.os~1ik - orliers . -1~iect1lfrlnb'\[I j n e,olillee.t~tllrJ; \."ith narural place, We: uudersrand ·im.r:' ine~ltll~dy. ihat rhe CI.l"thQg.I;'.lIl.ai ,spa~ pf the E.gyI~.ri::Hl.s. :cq.11lpri:sltlti lb iii a~pet:;f,~ 'Lm.ifyh,& rhe I~~ist-\\!Cs:r ~(iUl~i>!1' of the sun

8'0. "l'e.rJlplr. 11.{ il.lll~J!rJt;M~. nil 1 .. 1".1.':{I;,

8'.L V~ll.,_t!iI!PfJp~ ,tV C:;t~Rhrerr" EJ -C;l~(},

sa

f$,J!.. ,f,'UWI.li' DT('j,~raw<> j"J'l'd!!'t;rqit~~, afd{j ll'fl/ dir;jrt.lwjm;?~}~ fh~fiilckgro~mj,

$3: stro..;iJ H.":& .1!,~~~rpJ<i. ·P~"5tlil"r.

, • _. I - I.; I""

84} "OfJj'7~~ (ii' jUlt,~I1" l.I!rif "fJ1~_dirj "iii JrHJi~1)~. 1I!ij'P"JJic~:!hlf~~l"?( \t!.l '1 '~'ti"J~

8:t i3'if.iMi'r;g lig')r~ 86" B~~fl,~.':jJll,lj~h:t. A'

90, Ulf)!lPl ~~liiUlli~~ RrIV1,(!, Ib111.MrN>tIt. ~J. f.lr,,1,~r((~; ,'t(Ii;u!~'!f1IL1~~(,I1!r~, 'Fp~aa,p,[:;r

·'~~ttifki~]]"j.b~~t the¥. ~'lHiilt9· t~'\:'O' di$. t.i:t:lct· . c~t'C~CI[.kg.·· The. fir.s!:~wo litre ,dir~d~""[iltt~ig~cl mthe tmld,~ that is, ~hey fotmp,1!"r:[ r,i f ~li f:!ClI"th;.ulclJ' . t:.ln'i~()i.[Im~.m:., ~md dtt:it: !\~n~i~m;~' :f~' ~!e:~¢fmi llJ~d: byrhis e,tlVirco~;i~j!e~l't. '1..'1. ~he u'rbml dwemtf:s; '~!1d itf:Je' ~m!;\f.l ·:i.~ ~t<wholc. um;~~ad;~d~e dil'cc[

· treb:tt~;m,_toi)) --;th~,-T:T<Jt!lrai en vt:lXlnmCnt JS: . fC',d-of1Jm~ln~~~ .~(d(B g~tn~'HihiC me_"i'"'":"f,l bd!fgi~~g togclb:br o:F~{)fln~, '~icli~'riitv{'(·~lre:h;'· renes .-il1 od(el'IH~

· ~;j~r6rt.~: ~hi[ij is 'rhe e£sen~j,r.t property of Hle iir~,ul ::sen~~rric,j]1t,Th.(j m:<l!.tn h:i~t lI"9,tk.~~! 'CI~!¢li:: l1rethe~'e:g~)ru' .I.~~l,,~.ty f6;jj.l~d

i n p]~}ce's wJher:e ~\ i)a~ rit u b:r' f1f1t~ul":'.ll _,. •

.d~~'[WC:l.~t 'is raveuled (srueh .. as Ddph~ Q'r ih(l_p;-~(er~aJ::S"

.01 ymp 111 h but: ':'0 filu::\\,hc [1::- .ljt!lllNtttl1 1m eSl the II: . g:r

~~Iil~~~. Thefclw th~y =~~ ........ ""

r!c:lu:n.::;f.!e c~m'i'es For ,~~ W9r1d. . -0

c:ompri's'CN ,:~ Itmh:inL~e Qr nre an i ngs. liy mOVII]g 'the IfI~Hu a'[!l fo[·a'Cs ~n reo l;h C l!~~dcerlll~"iH: j . rh~ . rr.lI'iJ.e~\'i{~re ':':([911U,,"!;'%k;,i .. tJ.;d':~ :It.~td d~e s:hy ,b,er;:a·~.!~ '~l fac[ "\vbiFb il(irpJ:d·l':O.I.~b~l:il.te:~ n:liH1 from the d~:!T~r of t~le·[)"](1:Jt;_1l1_ ·~v:orhl. ~!/Jl:b hs d~l!r'k pow,t\l'S '<\l1d ~.imhrng ,1.,rW$'·)~fl.. 111 a town

· ~u~:b'.l~:.' ". ':fu '1:!1'~ _;;i':lf~' .gn;I~, . ~i.~ ~.r:~l.Ight I , )1:n,c1 lbr;:11ted~ 'l'!iC~I'di:~l:g:. to dltlJr:' paE~tcularI'M'C!i.:l:tl::'c., w1:l,bin I~he' ~!]'bmll(',ll~it;, n";]l:agfo.[m ing dU:lS rite ((YWfI

lneo n niJenl"Jii .. ~ U:ri'~ . . Blli;t:<I'ls(l

the.-~d;~r ... nig~~~ w;%Jf ~

Fiiv.~Hc!®rc~1rcii";.u,lilllC~1 . me,~ll~ ·oJ r:he

,'d~]si;;ic~l~ OrderiS:' SJlld .~1r~£\hm;~'1'f::1Hood to.

th,~)san1'e :'iJ".~~~n~ .. (! ( 11I.ea[ll Ilgsltr;f., ~;~ ;~(les::

\·\I~dl.Oll.r ~aJ'!n.~' "th~u' the g fl1.1l.·-

t;~o,n or the. town 'deter~I ct:/· , .

intt::r.n.ll.r . Stt"[i@ltt.re; a'!:l L(~!iilil'!!_ '~i The .. s,fm,(:i' lu."~ltls 'true. ro!'1l[ d~- bouse.

which A~be!~i called ".,msm{l!Lcit)"!~

i[l~ehd~. it: is inure cdhl:R"eh~lnsi~'e. "The ;pj.~rhl$. .·}Oct Q ~ '~,N"V-I]. thus, '(n~gh!: ~o comprise' rhe spirj~ ofrhe k!Clllil)~ to g(?( <:Irp:!us~',c bur ,it' ~hQ(il.~· aIsQ-. ;g:arht:r ",-Oil" .t!'l:nts v , i:.~f gfHlir(ll~~"t~d~!.;rtf p.pllt~ny;\l!ihr~h !laie diei!' '~'QQts Y~IS~\iV11ere; ~Mld' .\,;rhidl ·h~Wie biotir:i 'IDo.ved by 'me~m:j of S.yit1; bolizati;()il.· Srunc, (II thcst· .cmuCIlitS {:meani'~'igsJ .. ~:r~ ,,'<0' g:Cll.l,d.r~lI:l ll.l~ti: ·t~.,~y. "~p.pJr to <:111 pku.:e§.

.2,:. TbeSJK.u,anre oj'.MarHHade: Pla~e··, Tb~~ l"oCUI1 ·"m.in-lIwde:::- pbco:::" deiw,te:::~ .<t

'2. V.j·r.li.~, .. CB~IIM(I, ,f'tjh'rmv. !\Ill. 1~1,~(.w. 4'J .C'lirtpb • .:'ii'.j!~JIl"

!1~. Sin!,", S. eJmrgl.rar,ffi, TW'{;i;lim • ., .. D/$i.nd. I'I';.ti ei, l~ IS;!;t:D,1,1.

instenee when (I circular pia'J"l.t1 IS surrouaded by a ccncenrric system 'of sue:e'['~" Th¢ p'ropc:;rt.ies of a "field" tlN; ~"u.!l"u:~(! dctecdl.l~~ned ~y the cell ere, <.o:r ~)'~. r~.g'l.aI~r .n!pet~tion of strm:m:ml.pwpf'tr~ij:es. WheTl-: SC'iI!2:I"<iI 'fields inoeracr, a; col'tf1,p~e.;x ,sp~Hi1L~ structure resulrs, of V:;l_r.y:ing: d)~~~rtr.~ t,ensIOliand. l,ljiria.miSl'n!i'.

Cenrre, path ami durnain . arc general and .. · absi:t<tcrs. oolliceprs_;",.which tra nslare ',hfi _Ge.sullt pr.il1dpl~$ into archjeectural l:ii->ill~,. M(lrI! cOIl;c::rele are certain ard~e~fP.'i'lIC:oll·f:igl~n{rtQ!tts.· wl1Ll::h 'are gener.~r.ea .by cl{cse pr-i:nc:iplc,", or' r·f"lther: whlch Jua} f he. c!~l,.~~,(;f~(ld as ~~~(rIi:S; parhs ~oi:' ~qm~in~. In .!In;:hj'[~emrfl·1 history, thil.S, .. we enco'll"it(er'cenn~ilgl:cd forms such as [1", _" !.itlj;,!o~q ::'·'l[I<~__:,tlle - .r.e.~_u:hu: l2:Ql~go:lls., which 'genc;ra!:e t. .1~ree-jmen· ir.fo~ui:JIe!i,_ Le Cnrbt~site~' still considered the sphere, d~e' ~Hbc, the :pyrainiel and the cylhldc:r theelements of ;U:C-l.l~(ei:t~1,r.3i ror:tl,lf>. The basic longitlMdilia·~ fen:m~ ;:-;~(lm 1r:'01n an or-gii\fliZ1l;;iQH' {)f space around ;~ qmle.d 01' str~~i.gbl: iim;!. and ilre 'equaU}' jn'I:H)n.~i.nt in buil&ings and towris, As built domains we mav ~ Hlmlh·" COl] sider iwH k iml:5 of cl l'lsters' 111'1 d @,fOllPS' uf ~p"ICC'S or "U ild-, inss. \l('h~t-C{ls.· [hI:! dt!stc'r is h~lsccl on simp.lcpro:-;:imity of lite elements, nnd showS" rd,:Hi.\le~y indeterminate spm.i:.lf n~lal:ioilShi!ps, the word "g;I'Q~!P'" is mostly u:se~ [(J; denote ~ n~g;lll~tr, .~'liSSI bl), gcometrica I. I t\VQ· ·6. til r.c_t:-di it1iltt'i sion al ;~f.l;1 tJ..,l Or,g.lti'l"~Z'U:j.CIJl. The import .. u'ice of the m:'Cliler~'ra~ (onfigtJ.r<ltlons is (;011- firiti·etl by the- Etct thm: [Q\ .. rns .a.nd vi I btbret~ i n ';;l~l}' f>H1' of il'h.e world ~i~h~: r b'dong w(he eenrralized, the longjrudlnal or the d.ust!::.i'cd t)1pe, ill GCI;man rhe t}lpC$ aru known ;;'1:0; ,RumIii1'lg, Rdlum'tio'rl and Hi1.1'fe,uJ()~F~. Two. spntial patte-rns of pa·r[ii:1Il:1 r interesra n.' the grid and rhe !ctIJ)'I'lmh. Th~gricl ls ~!1 "open" ,. Qnl~og,mmli:l~fra5ilEUemre of 1,~uIH.,\II,~bich !illll}' be. filled in wirh

9'7. ,l.i\rtl'iU ~il/:rl_g •. •• C;!lJ.(',1r(jl.i, 1..~::r>CI,

9'8. Chf;;I.e_, !AiIJu[{.c .lill',II' k.dJ~·rilirl,iJ!" .;Jr,lC.·s. O~Jr.mi •. f'~lglf.-i.

- I

9'.). D~JJjN~·sh~·1l ,~trud~m" . .In d~'r '\\~,N:5 b:;,' Zlml'liam,HIlI. .

I 00. Orj 11f<) :!frmmrl mlfle~' tJ,,· s;~)'. ~l'elJIil!e tl! l'h'''''~'';!/I" f~dli1r".

I' 0 j'. ·'Gj·n~s~~. O""j'l /fIJ'rt! ft~' r .... :nem Nk!'rl~'l)'.

e;..:~e!iS _" CQlnmo:n wm'mon 'W1l (I , Thu:.n l~~OOI'iS allo\",:s lor: ' -r1;r1! .,' jHW or '$.j comprlses :'il

.:g,eneml and pa['[ktj.ht[ tISPtlCt'. In gl:nera~

.ant"~ buiki,· . . 11 G[:iriGtetc~ 'siruc·

~- ~~~!5"t~U

rJs.j1!_d ~'I!.,e:~,t Gt :0:' :' -tm~ . -~li-buHdin:g:..i.n '~hb

'forln of Uri,,'; . ;;]: t1 !LEta [he carEt uiiiFlbc.i whi.c~

itili,l ry :-;trw::m I'C <, ;'imi.e~-·~J 1(. 'ndl:;]1, hoase ,.-

.. . e(),'ck'~, f

~ Hilil--. i

. 'JhDS :Facr j'!l: '.

, . _ b:}; the e~tyri:~,ol(.)g'y·~:tl,d r·~I~",.J

'n~ipnship Dr rhe ·m(ms·~\';~Juch deTilgt,c th~ ., v.ai~o~;s p"~ .• ts'.~lf th,~ s~:n;Id!-lm; J1~~ v.~Q:rd ""r'idgr::" ) . 'thu s ~ IH .g.'e:Il.e!';)~ !ne:~~:n s the ~:;-re~'~

~ f .s,omern ing, ami in p:.tl:l:~qlhlr ~t ehai n

Q[ mtHHtmIJl.s. The wnl~"p(Fndir!g Nor. veghi:tl. w,o.[d~ .. " 1.l:Lt'<:lHfi'''h.m'' and "g.Gd·'

tis, \veH ,a~ th.eri"~~ .of~be bt2l;llW. 'The .'G:.~xrH~flrir~1 hili!) n]~~I1Y .'O:t'U10W.ri.Oll~" ~rm.(mg "",hieb FOi',HiS" particu.I.;ldy interestClm@,as it denotes anenclosed O'If.e·,{ in gCl1Jcial.·Q• OF p[im1Iry~nlM}n~m~oe III the strueture I~. tlr~ PQ:ill'[ w'lrcre,the ho.rizu.li.t.d ai~d verrlealmembers are ,t;tlnr1l1ct"Cd, ,the "g,nhk;'· ... In the Middle t\ge~ ~h~

{i(:;[i;iI.mn . world.' Gi~~be.r me am; . e a"5

W(;i~ :j;';;, tbe; poles. ofche $kyM. we

return 'Ig,>tl n (6 t:herelat~.ciil~:~ ip!Jcrwt'>C:l.l bouse iind CD:5"l:llh: (~I'dt·t. 'which W'f!is d lscussed a bove .'i'i;fhat is - imporranr to stress in dli~ cCJI'l~~;O:~ hf)w~Y~r, is ~h~u l:hr:o: Tll(;!<tuii'lg ·of ;1. bl;li~d~~~S is rci:;lm:;d. to i ~Ss[:r!UCLUI."e. JI,iIC~Jl ingmrt.d ebrlt'jH.~r Crl[ln(H be ~ntcrpr~£c:d' In p~in;iy fo~·!nill or aesthetic rernrs, b~1 t ·;~,re" a~ \ve b ave altC;'id}r p:olll ted. our, in ti:mij cd)' . GOll., De~Jed w~lh making. H~i(.~{;gE':~:rin fll!::-t d:eJine-jjrile. '"'tllcdmd" ,of :'art Ill!) 11"'$' ·lflerk"s(f!t?',"tHIi' {ro ··'·.:-;ct"ill1roa\,;"orl/'f1~" lbi::; i~ tht~· 1. 1l1i,~~1] in:g .. Of'l ~"C;;;:m ralm!k:. cre~lr~o[n 1,:0 Sf]' (I pl/'~.1! lmo '!fh~:t'"k.,. 111

j 02" 1~1.(JJ!'ijjJ!'. GIIiJ{ hmlS<;~ lti ljmi~,

HU. M,rkiI1~. Lrill .~{ KMt'~'. AII."rr~l~d,~/, Nf!rJ'j,~1;r"

~~e -:;cn'Se f.)ftO[li::~tm: building." The ~m~~~I' qJ~vo(1s.. 'QLmxhi~~C!1Ucis

"1 rher'l!:fo.i'i1ir~t OC1'i1J di::tt~n'itJiiJ(l~r1iy th-:-~ k Lltdof CC3l1~trli(ti(';;!i~:iJJ ~c;r:-~,~hr~i11e}' -It ·i~~

·,I' .• ~--""''_ ;.' _~ _.., ...... w·~ ~ ."_' , '" -- ....:..........

skdcnll. Opell. ,,]CI]d I!'1! nS11~l r~:l.l ( (poeen~l7iUy or -~il-' f~i€i:k or '-llt\~iyc 'anllil oCl:1c-l;os1!d. A. m! scpp~diy hr dll~ l11'iki!!g' ,,t~ Sl,i,tl.~: bincluil'I:r.. i!oilJ i U1W~ .~rfic:t{li'" '~fC;

\;-.c~......-':J ~~~ __ L_~.

"1 n~.!!l[!'r:l:r~cus~i;!,,, e;.::pi:~s~ hq.w the mean:~ ing . of [he werk: becomes '11 "ehing", Thus :M I~S \',')[1 dl!J RoIH.1 M'lid.: "AI'~ (~Ilj b(;':CtiLii't' ,~t~ir~~,: \,yhefi you p~Lit two brick~ cacfefuiry t~.'P'iJIl ~;:1Ch (')[h,e'!"'"

M"I.:ul'lg b. ,;,m -:;l:spe'ct M-f 'tlftl~'uhlU(}lnF The oeher 't\SP{;'{:r ·~s ·'fo-rm". ArritLli.'!tiol] .·.(Icwrm il,1.es r)DW a bJ,l! I Idl Ul1g~ ~~a';'U!11Jl

~~~a~'~Ulb' nccj\~e$ r, The woid --"$[«nlf"" .d'enot.~s lrs "r~'li~~;lon.:>hi.p ro the earth, aud "risc"'i[s; rd.Hioltship to the .s~:y, £i:1l[ld~lg is c()ncu!t:i;.:ed 'th[o~l.gh. rhe. treatment off [he f2I.i~e <'!1]:cL.:tbe:....lU4li, Ar.fl<lS~r~e at~d p~i,h~\ps cOn~~.l.vC base 3ml acc~t:ml~'in;:d h2ri~6n~;Jh!i .' "rie" th~ blJildlng 'W rht; ground, \.\inereils '~!nl emp1J.;I§~~ tm i:l~veiii'~bd a~rf.'c;;don seuds to !,llak,e IX "'f~e~", \';e!:'dcal lii1.es, nnd forms exp,>e,s:s: rn1m:dvc:. re"Ji'iri91'i~h.ip~o the s'ky. ami a wlsh .~·ur- rccehiing' I~ght; V(~rti(.';aIJsm '<'IL'ld [dlgio~us a~plr'~lttOI~ ilrilve ~I'i F1tct ah\,ay.s gtil)C togeth.er .Iti the waH, lh~L~>e.a!'th and s~' m~¢~ .. ll[utrhc \\':1 ~I rna n "is' on c:\r~h is loon,CrCtiZ0,d' 'by [he. solusion of this m.e<etln_g. Some hll,.luldi~l:g;s ~ml . "grD~un.(.I"lHlgging"\ o~hect'"s rise f.~~..e.I}') H!tJ.;j 1.1 o~h~r.s: ;~S-;1.·i n we ftmt u meMl[~lIlful ~'1l! Hi brium . St!d1 m"~ e-qlliili:" hrimn is fhl' insmnce I'Ou.nd. .1111. [bot' Do:t~( [emple. \.vn.Ctt rhc det::;'Ii"I:> •. nul dH:.cpru· prjrti![)l~,~ of the c611JlI1lln,;;- ei<:p,e~ th'l~ ~h~y~l'.iind[l,mJ ·.rise. By means .elf su bt'l~ '!"ilrhu:ion~ ln ehe rrearmenr, ehe GI'JL:.I.ekS !;lOlil d express s.[glliJk'anr. illJtm.ceswiithin rile g.~n(~r1'l equiJibd.ll;mjj". .In ~~l~ fir~~ Hlt!ta' i:cjn].;f~!l in P.a~MlUI;;11 t~liCl .~tr'H]g l:J1.~JI{l$i~· (If ~h~ cohan ris a~; well as mheidetails t~'.ilfgs us: ·cloSe w the t,mh, in ,fil<;cQ,rd.ilm;e:with t:h(;o;;h{lra~t(;_[ uf ~ht' gf.l'dcl~s.. J]] th.e- oom.r.J!L'c· (iE .Apc;iolkiiu

JIl'l. M(!iii!1~ •. S.ir.mu lml,klmK .\Ir .,\4m.ril'jJr,tl4:lmJCL 1 ru:, ~~ttlml~'l1g ,mil j.~·sjn)"l: •• ~I/'t,!I!I' /jr ".I.ui.bj'~ 'k,

1 O~ Sf.:mt~i~r8 ,~'!d r'i~fl'~. 1'fmpJ~' ill .'Mrr)wu.·.

lO}'. Ru~f mj()rm,ri Jtrr;r:~jr. (!;~I"·W':'y(IJ' G'tJm~~i~ I}~I Hf/d,dmr,Hi/!. '

WB, ''f~,~prl!h'' J:Nf'."If.')rIf. I'Mts,

1OD. 13rMi <If(,t.rt~~Crf,rt_ ~'ill'I.~toJ' Sfti,;;:~i, r!"ln!jri~,t_

1: W., HulL!' mtf! rju~s~:iiln'" :r:l1rn:1 iJotr.rn ill

IJ'.rroi.lw<'· .. c)Jra, ~',ir.J"JllI'l!j;. .

J J 1. ¢n.Nlil~11If.l'~ .,m!b.r.r.rN:ltl/'¢,· .~'~J'i)~J iJi'.s.fo!U~.

plac.e '1..rh,hirl man-made place, The diffi1l)llllll~ '''! i]sl,aI1:::t nre "known" lil, ac~9'r;a~~lce ,'\vi~h du:it' sttl..lctt~Falp[trp!i:"r~ des, 1m' mosit' ~iitr,le'incnt.~ - i CI fi:!Jcl!: we 'Fiild rhhr dn~. ii.irri"i~g;, 'of the 'U!b:1 tl .~)~\ces. f:[1f1CCt~ tbe exisreuee of dLSt'II1"t manmade, Rla~s; which Inl\11~ .a ..stnn:tur:~tlly d,et~riilined iclel1tit!i'~~. The ril.i1n:'mOld.e g~1iitl$ {a,d pep:ends: 0111 hi)UI th~se plaoe .. :if:titu t~i<m:ht'if spa.c_··and 'character; (hat ~i;i,j' !Il. ~i;ln'l.lS, Qf -m=g,lll izmion -and arck il ~iitihn".

~., 'Tl"i! S,piril\,ql M rl,~r.~M1l'dl!' Pla'(;~'

(;1;1;11' m~cnM,l(l[l of the 'phcnomeua· of L11an.l<l'l1~'d.~ pJa,(.~ has tuu:,aY,ere:ci" s;~ver~] [j~~l.C 'l':.y ~e-.!>' f 1'I"1,~r.i-rniidc f,~lCtio'~. whL!:::R, h,. ]pc:de~tH; lmd¢piit;<lhd.ilig. of I;ii~ sl:mo-

llre :.[)t innn-.m:ade pl~~,oe.· ·IS.' S,\fell 'a~ its l~~' ll:t:i911Shfp ro -n~ltLl.r~I, .1)1.~ce" A fly' 1:0;(1.-:

Ci.'C[~ 'Slttll~tiOlltS ,~.i!;ritig[Ii..!;Ili~d· by a p:iirp~;'I;ilr L~nJ.I:Iil1,ftio.n ~)f th~Jl~' 'f~i::(cir:s whidi ·tiollst'it\lJe the gi/iu'us b)~i as .:lll integr.at'ed tlOmllt_}', There are nl~H'I-ll1;ldc pla~es ('o(her;,{l ~~.he vadcp :al1~, l1_;ly'$~{lf~ Clf ~Jltf n~Wj:~ril.r:J:~~~.s~;[~);:~r~.l.lgl(M.['· tI:1~~e {Ire: pJ,,~):;:s wh~re tlw' nlifm~ resra:¢'I,OlLOf .m :~'bisri:·,\c:t·~~f1er_1.l1 order hils ~le:e:n the main nr,em'l'tlD,;. and rhcre are places where ·(OID;.1t' .mCl p.rd~1' ha~:'e lOi.m~ ,;lcm'n~ p.rlllh~ri5iQle.'cq'LInibril.Hu .• \'('e thus return [Q :tlle' ·~~1iJ::.gories_ .'rif "r()ji'i:HHiit'·~, "cos-

.. ".'" '-'d "I'· -~'- I" \'11 ,L ····1 hes

IlllC" l'I,a. ctassrcur. /It.ntlu;g ~ t .. <:'10(;

aitegoruts ~1.rC· "'lb ... rnlc:tlOn~ "vlucll ~r~ Itaid~y" cfJl"lcre[1~7.cd iil "pure' {'Orm, they eipr~-~sc.(J ncrete l1;!flderlci'es.· ~:] nd ihf,lllefo[oc serve a g,e'~,en11 llnderS:[imd~ng of the spidr of place, Abl)1 r.;(",n\:~res:irL1.adoQn mat itt f~C1: be u I1dciI:'"S'wnt;! ~lj> ,I sy:rn,th~~LS . ef these basic categories. Ur;Sil1,g [h'i::: \!.}{~i'd 'j,iu'ch [U~~(1lH'e'" (0 deilO~cdH! concret ~7:~ .ado·l! o( msn-made phl'!.':3 in g~llcra'l ,\'>'!t may 11Cl1CC talk, abcur "remantlc -arc::hiillctur,r:t, "cosmic nrehirecture", and "classical-a reb itecrure" .

[{r,m-umrl, ard1ll'(f(;lure

A~.: "'fOi:tl~iI'iJLc.:'l wu d.t]"~ig~lare ~iI"i :1[,-,

ell if.cctlJ..r~ dllS[iliigt:ii~ht:d Cy Jl]U I ri pi i£it"y and v..'~.iet}' •. _!t C:;lInw e~a~i]y be 'l.Ind~rstocd Ul log[c~ I, ,r.erm~ , bu ~ s.eeIJ'ts Drt':lr;km~1I :U1d ~'s:'t~b,jecti-:e" {~l"lthoICi,~h~he inherent n1,e~ntjl.gs m~lY be of general v'lluc). Rotnandc\m.rcfiltccutrc is cb~'Itacn;rJ.iGd by .., :m:(Jng "atmosphere". and rl!.1}' ':aj)p ar ·!~pl1.ilnta.$tIc." ,1110([ "'mystel''[(lUS", bill abo "imimare" ~md "i:dyUk". In: .gCJt~nlJ' k' .is· {liSEl.il"l:!,tui shed by u l.i ve and dyrm.!l'i.~c -characrer; and 'iim~ ~H: "'~::\llre'~liion"H, J~ fqnOi':. -seem tu he Ii r~su.l~ ~f ~~g;ro~;vth~~' rilt;h~r r.h<ll"l (lorg@~7;A..ricin. ~Hld, rJ:iieii:~~i~: rhe forms' bf ].iV&l)g

J1l1tLfrci.. • "'.' •

ROrn<l:lJI.tH: 'sr~ce rs wp!l)lng~cal .mth~r:

th·".!~ ·g~O:jl.~e;tr·i·c:~i, ;Ol:{ th~ 'urb::u.n level trh i!i,~ I:lje:~llliS t'i'l ar di.e -oask.,(Ofl figl! mtio'll S :lr,e thc·ldt.n:sc:: "and iride~t:mlinmt:: dus~cr an~~ tlre "free" and vaeied row, The l'(rba~l sp~ce!l, are. ~!{o:tiug~ilshed byir]'~g~II;:tr~'ild6sute, ~ndeQ1U:lh' [urrcrlnns in n £'cllen1.1 wn)~, whholll ',l,im.ing a[ oog(ll.~·r.. dell fled di strib~ltion. "StnHig" E'!}mU;u:'uic. SP;!,~!>i "Hod cenfiguradons d~m~~'L"(I. i1 cOl1'lfb~nollS" but i!,Wflmerric~lly inde[ermh]~i[e bom~d:m·. In relation to the' s'll[roL1ntiiQ&~' the romuntic setdemcnt is··idcrHifi.cd by the proximity of irs elements, 0,1' b}r ,gi?'H~r;11 cuclosurc.

The "annosphere" and e~",pl"~ssi'\lc character ofri)fflam"ic archhccrure is obrnlned by means of formal cOlilJpk~xi.l:" ami contrndictien.. Sil!Hp.I~. illreHigible ~lolumes are ~~votde,d nud tt .. msformed 'j·!l.(O rrnnsparent " skeleral srrucrures, W here rhe liire b~c(Jr,u~:r;,:~ synibol. ,uf furce '1!lld dYI];lll':l.i::-;m, AI~Jl(~ll:gh tlw eoasrmcrion as such m'ay be. I'ogic'al, ir. uSH;dl1' ~1:ppe~lt;S i;i':r~'HtO'J'i,lil due to the mliltipl~C~ltia:It' of members, v~lI·i<ltion in detailing, ~mdintmductiQIl of "free"

o ennment, The Q\Hsidc-ins.klc relanon-

hi:p i lIsu{tily complex, and the romantic bllildii1,g' nnd St:tdC:111C]1~ an,' t;hm:rar[er:)'j"t.cti by a serrare and "\\'ikl;' silhouette .. Ught is ul)ed well.lphasi7.e variety and armosphere mt·hcl' than

GUlnprC'lltus[iJ~~ elements, Usually ir h,tis ;'I $Wf!lg local qU~l1i~>" vflnicb m;])' be Mr.esscd thrOLl,gh [he ~ippliqlt~VIll of par-

tkLl1i~r (.':()lml[:S. ,-

The .Mc:dtae\lal rowu is the ronnnrtic settlemenr IhU' ,11;.tc.e.UeltCe, p,;uticLllatly in Cenrrnl Europe, where t:~~~:!o>iC:'l~ inftuence (naruml .ur hiSlOric~ll.·) i~ less sl"rollgl), fell than for: IliMa-nce ifll Tti1Jly, The Mediaeva! {Own m"kcs· its presence ,,!,i.$.iI11ein rowers und spire!}" .iH'Id its spaces an: ch:;mlw::ri:o::-d by the poi nred Ij!i~lbles or the houses, ii!~ w(!ll <l!'; by rid! ilimtiQllOll derail, /.\.cc().I"(li!Hl. to rhe narlE:ra~ envircnmenr the Ch~"'i .• cter ,'urJes,· h'om she ·'wr:~.c~-i'(nn:li1Jti~·" .Alpine 5~r'dement [:OthfL' ii.dylli.c ~l1~el"i~ic~:io['f of Imildir~gs and ~ur.romi.dll}gs in Nonhcrll Gcnn:my andOeml~;~rk.. In lnnsbruck, f.or ill.sl:;in~l:, 'rile hot~sel> u re IU!,llVY ,ll1J massive down at rhl! ground \.\Iiltt~ low .• md lll)'stctimh <I rcades , bHI: they rise towards .rhe ~k}~ wirh S(cPPCtl arid undulatjng . :g.;1b!·e-!, hi a uorrhern to.\,VI1 like Cellic, ~he gabl,-~~llu,}IU~~!>' .beqJimt'" skeletal and an: [f<.ln~Fo,'med imo· nn :.iun,ospll,tric- p~ay of colours .. In N:G:t\,Vll)', fnmlHy) the NCII:dk eharacter culminarc» in the ~minemly i'Ot1il~'iI'tiG ·:>tfi..lc~lIn:.'S 'Of the stave-church :lild th() Joft and il! the whi [e-pfl i nted b OIJSr:.:; whi>eh 'ccncrenae the luminosity of the Nordic summer JlJ[ght, Tile summer l1"ight in rttct became parr or IlI1i:H1.'~ builr -cn·virO:l!lil1.~l"]twh~n the coluur whire was invented, lkfOl:c, the houses w~r~ ·dnrk; ,l"cneclJl1g the Inys.t~r}r of t.h~ winrer sky> which is, '-Ilso ~Ile lifght of du.: stave-chnreh interier, I:1l l~H~ ,5[:fVe-chlirch :ir. makes !>~ns~ to talk .. brJHC '~dMk ligh[".; it'~' a Dij\'lnclnanifes:r.n !PEl"

I.]] more recent arclutecrure, tilt' rum~m~k C'II<lr~H;:n~'r is ,Fl'ilht present and wonderfully imcrplldt,d i~ tilCl Art N()N~ 1./(#111, taler it .;'1 ppears, i 11 .,~ di fferelu l~'~~I, 1.11 ~hc "forest" .~ rchlrecrure of .t\.I''<i r A:dw, diffe'reiul!l' ~g..;,i.il'i., ill th~ worlcs ~}f HugoHarlng, \'vlw [iim~d .:ll:~ making ,n1

It?_ !6J;;101l/!k (ffl-{4rt-','lurj'. D,r;l.fk!!:I~'bm~L 113. R.:m,rmru,- 'Ii~t;.,iurll • .r,;'. SU<'~1 iIi G!!'i/,'_

1 I·1" Kt)!n\fm,i( l1;cti',lh't:'~Wi!'. ,':);'!.~ ,md f.vb!m/JtJ1 •. f,rM lofrs 'm "I]", m'Wjrit. Num~'tJ.'I1" .hl1l,rJ'lJ:.iIJ"

I 1,5', R{lml.l'J'lli-t. !Jt~Ml,~.:.rit~. "O~r;l~ b~JJm:!!Jj!' Glji',P.r(ljoJ', ,r\1!i~,

,I}J"g/Whli/I' :Ir,chhec ture, th <It i:i:~ btl nd~l1gs 'which ~re ~'org~lrDs" to (h'f! fWM'r.iQi'iS, they serve, 1 i ke the! organ S o f OUIf bod Y • Th!l!'.rehyl-:Ia.t;ing, gave tile romantic '~I~~ proadl rill actual dd'inirion+2.,.In gene_t;,11, file nmJr~.plicjry ~ltl_~Iv.;a,[iety of rcm:uu,it: :l[dl.ite~tllte" 'is lilliJi.ed by ~t b'ilsje Slim'. ,nwil'g, whkil conesilonds Hi 'p~rdcllt:n fQrm~ul'i~ principles, Rcmanric arclrirecrure i therefore eminenely load,

'~, '_.,'5,1'~,' ".t'" .n,'"

._- ) I ,\._ ''''io

-, I ,#: 4I'"._ I -, , 'Wi~

., _,."". - ,'/!!II

,-":-~",,;.~,,,. '"

e' ._' ,,' I

:'."_' - "

qpsmie (J1I;.l1i1l!.{1,~r~ " __

/' ~As "cosmut:,j we designate an 'H'chill,: , - tum, ,di,sl:ingtDit;,11cd by uniformity

~·'~tI)SO~~.roif·' orrde:t. ,ft. Can .be un'let.f.~ODd·-~,~ ;ii,S an irtreg;r;w:d I,ogic;al :!>rSt~~I1i1" s,~{lms ~atiolkal imd"<:1bsm1Ct:~\i!l rite sense of rranscendlng the in.dtvicllllii cenerere situar ion "CO~[l~ ic ~v'~h ir<:ocmn: iSi:listingnished b)' fI, ce'l'r.llfi Ittd:: ,of. ".HJn'o'SlJhe:re", :JI1Id by ~1 very limi'tecl number of basic C\l;H\lcters. It ill neirher '''l} h.~\ni.'~lSticl1' :Ilor "idyllic", word s wh kll denete dil'~ct Iruitltan p:,lrti~ipariolll, hiut reruairss ;iloo(. lss fCll-lllS are st~'idc rather than dyltiiriiCi' ,uuiSC-CI:i'iS' to be the" reveladon of .1 "h[d,dcl"u'" orde:r" r<iil'her rhan th~ resu I t of O;tlncr~re cmnpo$i Cl 0]]. ~I' uims at "neeessiry" rather than ex- I _p ression.

Cosmle space i~~ ,stl"iedy geometf'j,eal ;\r'id is ~lsu~l.liy concrerlzed <1*; a r.egu.i~~r grid, or as a cro .. ,!> of OI,tho,g,on~l.I axes (,r.;ardo·df!("ummms)" h IS lUl1iform- ~~n'd lsorroolc, alrbough itS dir.e:c~iolls nre qll;;,lHrtnivt:ly dl(fcr'eIH. That ls, l'~C ~IU;llitlltl'l'c diHer(:m;;c:; are IlO{ expressed :1!;, such, but are ~b!>orbed bv th(_~ s~;stem. CO~J'ilk' space, h:(,)l;VC'vcr. also knp"vs an "inversion" which "VII; m,i'\' call '4Iahr· ,'j I; t.hi IlC '~I,}~ICe.,·,,, Tht: la boy rfn rf,~ d(x'1i n;,l'r P(~~SI!S;S ;_r~)' dcfilJ eel (l r gt~rd -orl t'lI[e{1 din;ctioll, il rcs.t~ 'ifl i'lSelf withOL.tt brtgi~mill!l. and end4"" B.asic_~!I,I,}' lit IS Therefore "cosmic", <lhho!,.!£ h 11; seems to ~dtmg to all~t~~.r i>,pa~i<ll fmnHy than the ~D'id. "S,,:ot1j." c(fsm k:. spaces d.e:nl~!ld ~ clear \'i:!)lt'laii:zuri,HIl of the, t;y"sre:rll'. 11~

7]

.l1li':. Cr~5mk !1rc!Jitj~lrm;. Dl·'UI,I.r.iIlW~ ul' Gt!lll~'l. i Lf_ CQ'~i!"tf(, .ilrcf)it<lt:!rnr-l!'. Cr)Hrtj .... lr'd (r/ tb«

M i;rhmrh.mos.qm~, J~({jiil.llr{.

I J ~.. lAb).·rilill1{',11! ,!!fOrid. Y;11(.11:<I'I'U Tr{# is/'mll. KIi,frlm,w.

1 r 9" O/.t4!i~ gr'l"lt M tll$.~t:'hj~~~t/~ .r1I11;!'N'J';i,I, Ca,r,iJ{;'Mg<t, I"l;r,~'_

relarien r,o the M.lrrrutinciing!> it may remain "open" ... as irdoes nim:: rake ~he. I ocal microsnucrure :i Il~aoonsi,derm-Lml. i~;~ - ~h;; ra~~~r- . () f cosmic ~il'chi~~Grur.t:" i~ dis:dnguished _by "abst",,-cSLS.m·i'.

, , .. ; -,t)~Ii:;:m$~c~rtu~al presence, ;;W1 ~t;j;]:d!i to d~male,da,~uze vo,~um(!s mild

, Sl!,j:;~c.e!> by menus of "carpet-like" d!l!!c~ 'O,GltiOI). {mos:alc. glazed tiles eJ;;.J_,_n~ the inrrtJutidio'lf" of~imYi:c;re 'ge9metfic~d w~b~. J-loTh~)!:m:ds.- and verdeals .. ~o . 1:~Ot" represent acnve forces, hLH are put Hi. :1, simple juxr;lpos'i:tio.lIt ,a,s m;mifest:n:ions"df the g~nefa,1 order,

,I ~i Is~alill,ic architeeture ¢he cosmic ~lPpreach fi (I cis i es til.3.]OI' rti~u'i:ifcs~atD:m'i.~ The ]slamk ciry, thus, consist'S (If ,,cornbinarien of gri_lmcu·icil,~ and l-nby. r!nIL~hi[lC _"p~lOC'. \'qil(~ rcas the ,11 ,,:i!l pii·blic IJILlildin~",'U'e I:i~lsed Oil ~H1 o~rhogoli~ll grid (Mo;'q~u;, Medrese, erc.), the resldential \ll~3rl'(:L~ are l.aby[~nrh un~ ~ ~t' fu!;r which ,~xptt:;~:~~s dw desert origilLOf Islfui!iic culture -asw:ell :1:; the social structure ot the' A:r:.abic sertlemear", \'i'hich,:1 ft:c:i" an, are two aspects ,C}t tii~ S,Hl]e t:(na~ lty, The: "abstrnet" p"C$le:(Qcc -9f horizonrals' and Ye,rrmc:11& (d\eMil1~uet)j coucretises rheg:C'!1era I orde r ,and gl ves a fi['M !illgge~l ~'ci,t1 orrhc cosmic chnrac .. rer.1 n i lu:erior ,!ipaCiL thi:~ ch aracter becomes '[liclil1<l.llifc$r.>I1;io(l! of an ideal world, a par<l,di$-c of white, -gr.een., title! blue; rhat is" the, eolours ,.of pure ligh~" \'e,g,~nHi<O'n and warer, -which represents d~e ;0;11 of mali's desert vI)),ag,e,

.BUt' cOSJniC'~lrchi['ectr,m~nlay be interpr,et(!d .in ;}[he!·wa>~s. _We 11tw,c.[tlre;@dy. cI,e,s'cribed rbe ~lb5_o1ut(' ,5~-stl!lm~, of :the_ Eil,;yp:ria,r'lS-,_1ind the _Ro,u.ms, The-htce!1i isoT p<1:tricul:a:r~llterc_~t ill OUI" eoneee, ;,t,s it ,was birought along ~i'lJ 'impn:.ui.~t>d. e~w:~}.rwhere regatdless of the klC~d circ,':urist:"",Qe,~.,.. Jn general the RO,manls.-.tberbji 'expres~dll_ rhat every iridi'iviqu'fil.1 place forms P:f1rt Qf ~l cO,lnprehcnsivt; c~snric (and PQliticall) system which it has to obey, III Roman architecture thi.s

72

girder penetrated an levels, d,oViinw rhe J oredor sp~u;,e 0 F .Il:idividmli, liuil,dings., TfI~s rht:lU)maL1conq~!~st of ~~le; world hapr~ened ;;Ji~ the 11lIm;fe~nui.ml of it P r~'~~ bl !~hed 'cos,t~li" Ordceill "in "ilgtC(;'"

mem '\'v'hh the go&~""j . ,

In r.n9,d~'rn dn'l(!§j th~ ,im~.geQf .. C@SIl1!c QYO(lr h~~, degeJ~>eim~ec! i:rmi ,~pad;u~ sy~~em~', \N,~lh;h cou .... rerize I)Q,lttLI?IlL, SQm,l~ l'lr eoonnf1~jc' suuchtrcs,. The. grid';;L[Qrnpbuljj' of.i\,';n(~ric~m clrjes, for in!inu~~,) "do not ~~:pre~s /.~ny tir($Hlo!ogic'a'J oonc~ptj, bur. n~<r~~ .an "Qm~n;'; wg rId , ,of :oppqrr~n'hk:$ nl'~rii f~st. TillS' ~\I'0rJd ,Ii\> ope;~ ,Itori~"g~c ... !l~ a~ \vtilasvenica:tly:. \li'liel';ea:s"tbc tOUJffiil,U,hy ,tlxp*",d~ hQf',i!{taIly> the ~f [h~, :,iifd.1j,1:jqm,,! ,t'S: _ "te:~ by 't df.", ~~ic;&b~I.H9 j,[,lJl, ~~c~~ oii the ,,$;t.a!~,cl.a:ro ~bt. 'Akho~lgh tfi,~ '1g;dd~1!;~lm tlul:ft possesses ,:I "'''lr:t~i:C1 "~fr,eecJ!('ml"" -, [it ~fai:.dlY':~Jk~:\.¥S' fqr" ',~he' q:H:(~ielt:i;~d9il ibf ,3 dJ$lint>t g¢,i~i,~$ tiki. l)P1tti~ I s~"Srelt:is 0,[ ~h~ I;Qs.ll"llc' r;y~j~·;-'flJ~7r.eJdre ~ollghi ni .form pan: 0 f it:Iprc"comr~ex ·tot';alities,

Cli1j~i~{il ~~r{-l*e'Cl'ufe

,A''i·''l:::h1:islcf,\1'' we desig~',,~t!c ;~IlI'1rdritf:;C· ture d~s~fllgn~sh"oo. by l,m,~lg,(l~.biIiW ~md ~rtic~jwre, o,r.dcr. Its Org~n{7_'1t.ioncml be uL"\l:lC:;rSrood 1:rl klgk;-t'ltel'I11S" whereas irs

,I b"" ,I/. f! . . 'I 'I L

su stnnce" ~$~S ror e.mpa!: ~y •.. r .r~ u::r.c-·

[;OI'C' ,,~~pp'e'lrs "~Jbj et;~'l ve", in t'he dou ble senseef rhe word, Ol'lSS:ICll! m:'Ghit~c[~u'c ~s Gh~t.mct~t.i,,;~d, by c:und'e~e pf~seng~>, ,md . ,,:a~h c,Lrm:r;-nli: !;'>~1 ~nl,1;ri'ric~ ":p'~r~tja:i'11icy:". [tt; frJr.ms are uelther $('l~.tit nor d }lmmlic, but pregi'l§lrnr \~rth " ~'nr-g;:anlc:

Iii 1i:1O. 1'h,~ seem tlu~ result of ':-<loon" j)Gi.olU~ . CtJf}1:-:'P9~!d~m 9f individn:tI t:leLl]eTWh':~Uld 'give mnll. !ljim~Jra;H:iinsJ)'·u senseof l'1:elo,t"lgJ:ng.t"lri~;l [1:~est9~m,~ , -

(e,' J~~!~, s,P, a,'e':,i',G,fii·,fkr,".-,":, ,}(). ~n~'6g.·'ic .•.. a.I. i~. ad gQOI]J;~m,<;8:~ '~:Ht~', The· wCh'illiMil)ll,IM,

. ijig-,!i1ir.tr~s¢t~ ;if SU'i~l: ge(i"IVl~rr~i;H~ al'd~:t,' \v~iah: fi1nl'IS dle b,\:sis rOI' .ib.

idCJ.Ilt!ty'·'I'~l,wher:ells, the (]fil!:i"inil;;~ti~r1·()f ~..;scver-al,·~ bti.ildh)gli, i~ tQP{llogi,c,l!i.1. ,A C~(1'[t:ain '<4il'mt)cr<lti:c" . freedom is rrluJn.:lJy

1.20, CidM'jlt(jll'lrdJi!f."Gffltl;. D~;ifli[ Jtt!m~ tbrJ ,rroJ~~¥'ml(l!', A'tJl!l!fi~;

ex pressed. G~a!!sic:ttl .tfcloiITC!C'hll[~ Ls ~hu.~, d.isti:nguisl'ied hy the ,~b\!~nc~ of:a gei.\:~t~ ai, dominm] t ~St:eili > :!Iin;d~[S!;P'lG~ I'H:;Ii~! he deftnc~ i1'(i.'ll] ad.dit<l\"(l :groru,ph\g, "o.f lnduvid.u,al plm::es. '\l~(here;;]}; !the o6101$,:>I(,t! l';lnd~~ape \V<\S l.li\de'r:>~~)Odi!i~ "<! , !//filh!a ~ tJil1)';s:it~~li wmbit'~.cture I,S 'descrfbed ,by means of per$tNlcti!le. III [,~barion w,l+ie

'. , - - - .' 1:. __ ~. _ . - .. ~

s:~u:roulld! ngs the 'da~sit~~]l sr{ttl!OmcrIll'ltl-"·

P~~IL:~ as ,<1 (Hs.ritlc[;r;'hl~,r~tt1er~~dc ~t(i~IJi"

C~ _

Tl~I'S'rTeseHc{i . is i1chi.~¥cd I:.'it means of phls~i"e art~cuI<t~]m,l. ln the. ,~Ihtssiqtl

bu ildir.g ~\U die IMr~s have [h~iT 'i~e

OJ 11' i d lJ <ll Ld~ mi ly., ,tf ~ li~ 'same, titne a~ ~,b~T c(lnde'rJse~ 'eXpblI! and' perhaps r1iHier~mrl~ue, ~h~ g~,ueri!~ dmmcrr.et of fh9 whole, Eadl chilta:c:ter 'f(lnlf1~ part [Jf a. "tamay'" of. ~hllrhcre.rs, 'whid~ are de·, ~ih~,:,~~~I.y idat~~ .~o hllm,al'l qtL<lliiies;, II~ cbssi~<-JJ"l"chlt~l,';~u~·(? the Qi'i;gjf'iilJ fOI.oce-s

ar,:e rhus: '''hUI:H;,ull,;ed;' " and pr~~,(:J,llt themselves ils indh!idtml p,:J:rtitip,:;;intS In

11 c(~mprdu~nsi~ .. ~! me.mtingfu1 \~ofld,

The logic: () f ~on~tlC~lt,tio(J, is il'll"~rp;reted

J s an in(Cl'~c:rlol1, .p,[ aCld'!i'~ ;]]ld pttssiV.c members, and [h~ dmj~;;~c;.d buildJi.rug t;f1en:for~ :lppt'&["s "b~LJ.Hf:, 1n..;'!Jli.ref~ and il.ll;eHigibl;g_w<1Y .. Ught ,. fhi~'I:]~'7,r~lI~e~..1Q g~ve.. e:rtii).h,!~is [0 [hepi.astic pt-tS€:Q,ee '6 ~

(r,Il~ .. p!lrt~, ,.3.I~d d\e,', ~\i'ho,'I~ by Rl'~a~s:,pf .. ;,fL -

g!J;ly (,If ILgh~~\ild shad(.lw wh~cb:.. ':.Lue,·del~~'~hre forI;rrl.

'We, hilve -~J~<1dy-n1~ae S'il'it~r.~d' [crorences to 'Graek ,al'ch[rc:crure, .and ,5nouM or;'ly add that ir, in 'Irs de\l'!e~o,ped 'Cl<H~leal ph_;I$C. 'r:ep:{(:s:ents [he" ~1it;J~e'qrpe 9fd~lS~ ~it:<11':~u:ch:Lletl'ure. "fhrm~gllQ~ll' hi'sr<ny d~c h}m'l,on~()u~ ,;,md.lliI.e~tnll'lgflll, equilibdlJnl oJ l],:reek ,lJll~ldi~W5 and ~!!!ittt·f:lml:l:rHS· !la'S rCln;lined i]:Il ldeal, wh'k1h ~.s:' been ~cvi';;c'd '~ii I~"~i" new wnrr.e'x'rn', ~:n- RQ[:l1:an ~:rC:~i.l~ctnte rhe clas ... i~aI 1c{lmponentw~ls

,s[!;.'{mg'• bu'~ i'~ f~ldC:'!cl ,I\~~ay tow~u~s ~,:;'ItC: . .1\j]E~qulty j '~",h~Ji pbstL~. InC:!senc~wa5 slibsp mte:d .~y> ,(Ic"l,u'areri al i'i.(lJri()ifj ml~ the' :>:y.mbolk "building" of nghti~". J.tl the Hotcntiliic Re:Urlis,j){itiCiei~ hO\VeNe[~ ce.·~~i n

74,

~1~!2. Twfif~r..~ ~j N,il.!~'i Alh.,'J's"

;I, .R:t(r!fliwm~~.,. ~fNd1j!iJ d&gli l1I!.ro(':~~J'ti.

't~'8.ntPl;;l&"sd,j.

~spec~~ of ciasf>ic:iI a 1td:J,i tcct,l,iI,nl.~ t1;l',~tp" ~~4ri:d. ,,(\~~ ita.. \~fiC, fjl~d .. _!l~e \'\r.i:!lh: f~r 'l'YI.r~' th~ i5ili1lctmg~, ma!y~,!~m1.""'I~{,l,SUC .> rr:c:~c !lfCe 1! rid ,a.n~ hro pom 01"~) Hall'S ,r:::ha~}lqe~i:i!.')II::ioll, tn eo.ul,bimlrUtH"I. y!fiJt

'--:;!;,in1iplc~~i fl td~lgibk'-.t;on5~im;'tir(~n,. ":Wf1',~~'i~9 fl,~4 that ~P'I:ti;H1 ut1l.<!,lli.7..{ll.nbil \\KaS underit(1<Qd '~~iir '(II~ ~~ddidoH.of"Ind epCild(;n!~" mi'i~!\. 'Wh1!i( Is d[Fferem, fOt:IH CI~~s:!j;k!:ll 'Grc~k a f'Chill'e.c,liLi'~c,. is. the coordi natien ,or :.iH 'par'~s, Wid"lill a Ci.lJ~lprehell.'iive~

~l()m(),~~n'e(:i~l~ ,sr:~n:,e. ,] (.;[H1:Cept .,\vhfch IHIS i;{l6n~ic 'bn~)lik:atio.i1ts' and reflects a b~J:k:f iu,~ "hlli~nlOn1(nl~I' uni,vtl:rSi!, The :dt:vdopmi?m: of h{}I)(H)!jl::llIeou:o; ~p;lt"ej hu\vt'ltr l,. dl~ !IN PIfe:VC]:l [ mean r 1\£ fL,l ~ .:s~~tiai 'duffer,"~H'hH'i,6,tl,'18,

In OUrOWjll .til'il.t: tl~e cljssic;it ~ll;tiwd.t~ h:,lS P~lH'{!q ;It:l impQtt~r:u: p~n:.Thus Le ... Gd[~,~~e.r. 'w'lm~; "f\,:irchlrc,cmrc ,is Ih"e

Hi'~l~rt;~;~,ly~ c;::ai;l'ec~ IUHI mrt'P,nifii(:cm, plty Q~ .volumt'!> hrought. w%C:lth(lr i~~ l~s,h;~, 'Our eyll:lS; ::!.t"tnaaC:! EO ~~e ~ormS,'ln ~!gbr; ,Iigq~- a,!lf(J'sh~d'e" re-xe~al these ifd.r~ns,; ~~bC'~~., mlle8 ~ :~her:e~, . e)-Under:. :ll1iJ P.S r~unl.dsHln;:~'he--~rc.~'c p£~,~ll~lIIy f{;H-nl;~ •• ~ ;, tile, iinage _,~E rh"cs(i' is di~:tll:j(t... ?In'd

. I ,,' j"' '.<'"I~ ·L ,... L "' "

Wlr, :Ii,91llt ~t}T1.Ulgl1lt~{ J .: '. ¥ < i!.,...Q,r,u~~sH~r e.Y)-

d:~[Itly,w<ir;I'~e,d Ith!S;t~c<, p'~~~,e'ru:;e, tin,d 'in~ Irc'll igi b'i1utr l' 'lnttft (;~!,(i\~B: -"ab:S~~;l9:i,a;t:! ,. is ~Ik.o' ,fell"',. \l\1'hich diffcr:s fru'irn dR~ '~or-

'" , , .~ ,.( r· 'j 'L-

,gmllc app-rp.acn ,0:[ ",.:~t!t:K ~ll";lZlru~~tur;~.

'Th~ rr~~ ff[\~$~n",1l;! ~\'.hidl' b[1ri~$" dl;i~' wo~j d ~cl'9~el'" w~,s' i'n, f~k,[' h~;r.(Ii1Y:,J]i~l~i~ steed by~nr!y Ino(l':l'll~rltl;ihir:f!\'ctur.~.

:ConI fJ:teAi rm:bitet:ttl1'i!'

nX~ITli;HlIrk.,cQMlni,c: hlld' dOl SS[Cil~ n~'i:1Mreo~ ru re a re .!lndl~wpe"$' of' mil:rl"m:-'t<tre pl!,~ge~ As i:'bey are related to the basic C~,tr,go.riC[s ,of mnu r;l,~ undersra ndi~lg, they help 1,l;S;, '1l.O inltil::rptet ithf:! gmIl:1f,:<; lod QJ 'any pa1.'Hcut<'l!: ie'~deIHen[.Being I[yp'es,

L "w,"\,"r.' .1~",0 lrard Iv "I'!""'or' ;\, .... ..:"

H,~ ,'!r ... _, '[I .. j ~"r..,r- - _ii'!J~ . '!J_,J '!!lit,· ~""-T.'L'~' ~~ s - I"" 'i.g~ ~

form" bllr f-:'fl.rt,iiCip1Ire il~ vi_doliS ,ldl'u:Js of '''~'Tl.~rmSijs,. In. th~ his~[y .nf El1Ir,QP~;iIl 'arn:;hutii::w,.~t\\'D !'i'uch :~ymh~\~.i; "!I-t.:: of 'pal'dc'tll~l:r h1~e!rest:: The Gothic:'!.;;,~uhed~'<LJ

1:2·'. G~!!~ili:·.jgr.::li:if,(?~Ut.~i? .. Stm~b.mri C~t:f},~i1'flIJ. 115." rntr()'l~'~ g;mJ~~f'Pfli(~,;;:::. 'V'I.;!;\'-l~~ VF",ilt-'J1,,. l}1 1,11 'Vr!lhJild 1..<; Nr.itrg. .

:an~ t~1:1 'Ban.1Clll1l;: ,g<l.r:dj(;ln-pl'lJace, The

G6tili' "r~1 ,G<~19ugii, to the'; rpm"

~mtk- , . . hQLr_~~r:li~s~('"jl(L'l .. its

,.~~ft;:lil:b,iil'~ll.C' hi ~che' n,'1llJlra] cli;nrotiin~ri:t, Irl tbe itlrCi'i'oi' ,of~ht:. catittlclrilj ,:![11l0S;' plu::r~t; lighit i:fi H~~Il:sln~~9 i'no.'1 Ijr~j ne

'itl~uii i{fn.1lI\Ch:'I'l)e_.ll1TS[dniu.:ltli'lil \~ 'sub-

:. ... _ _ _0:' .".."\_ ~ ~ .. _." 'j. .c."

,,~~vi'd . ~lcm.i"e f~p:re..~ei:lIl"S,\ _ \'_iSIJal~iOil'

~joh' ~oi l~~~~ysde:re<J cp1::rillM ;cl~,~(Crib~d

'~)J;~rnp~asqc.plfl}l·olior,hy'!l.. -.b: '.

'fbe Ci\d1.af.~l dici:!'efoi:e 'LJ n:iff,s.(nm~t~1tit 1tn~ :ctis:tlllS ~~~i' ~.. • :ll_itct ._th.i:a~gl]. ut~~

, t' W.illls· .~Qii<]]l)' :inre!1lr~~-ed

. .1 m~~¥i.[l'lg;.~: ·o·~ 'Gllrlstian'uty were

ctr:anllntitred. (9 the ·ta,vu .~vhQSC ev:el:y&:a.y !]f_f~.w'8I'~~ . d:,1:_fe:b1' 'igOI: ~a· '~&'Y.ii,c eli m[,~~· ~SI9n." lli rl:'i.~'·'~!ti'Cliq}H::' gh>r~l(i.l-pll.I~[;e we ·fitl@! 'a. t1jfffi:[en'~ k~IlH of ~ynl:he~;"5~1 tHere

Jh~ .rn. ... di:mellS:~Qil)J is 'not represented

.By ligl j_ :5y:~i!iQJ of r].].~ ~pi rlt arid by

• • .' c:) . m \¥.~.l:~~h .rises' ~l:t til

ir(icel. . Jli's] _ but <by a. hori.~Q"tlmJjy Gxt-el:i:tl)ed - geo.n~.etrk4~1 netwm:k of paths \.\!h idll (Q:fiGreh7J~S 'th.e ~b~ohjds~ pretcn.· rrm'1~ O:f ,tne: Sqv·treigrri ~oca~~d ',]t the ~cc'm,.[e~ of ,the sys:oom.. Th~c-elUTe' 'i ~ m(j.fcf}V~T used 1'1)' dtvide: 'd~~' ~\~,lQ!:'·ld'· .in hV(l hal 'toes: 11 m m.l"llt.:lde·,ui"hatt c.]'g.~ vWomi'l!ent on one side, :In:d "'i:n:tfilli~:~df' eXfe'n!decl -m'lHln:: on the:, otli.t'r, Close to the (,Cn.tn: 'jl<l'tlJJfC' ·'lPp~'F',y asa c(ll ru ,.\1.1 htilldsQ!'lpe {pll'Y:ti1:rre)..· furrher awa~ti,r becomes more "narural" (bos:cf!t1:!t)., to ~ud ril a "·wll~I¢(iIle:!:s". In dU:l '1~,;II::Qqu~ ·SPH'dlcn.-plll;lbC, dll]s!. tnil1]'[llaili' and

natural p~lIce are 'L!ni~ed I0 fQL'.ui~· tl c(lmplr(!l~lI:!]]si'\'e \"rhQ~e, with, :ro.Ii1'i~t[itk: <and coS'mi~~ml:)~ka~'.i{j:nS:~I~· well .as a bili~1[ 19i:nilor iC.lb$~it;ai ~C:'[]:¥.a~irj.fli!1 (he p'!l~ rice itlicJfl.i! ,

As; tbie u<iJan ,Cll",iI'Ollluellt is' ibnsed 0'11

.. , . / - -.- ,"-- -- '-'-.. ,

f?:bt;o] ::.~1l1grf' !'~.;II:MS~:af"! ~Y\.Q,ffcr.I·~: .m~lr¥ Pfqs. ,51 'I !He!! 0< ~.",-"em;.[ tcancu. . [ .1:\>. hleT~ .QI;~

'eil.'ii?r· ro~fc~~ ~al: .~iomc" ina fOl:dg;nd[y ~hfJ:l,l illl "11 .. torc::igl:'l .. 1.:I:mISc.~l[l~, The'gerlius 1u_·d fI.e fJl:Et il1..rm<l1Ol setrlement hjf..t'ct .['¥p:r:~~l;!n:tj; ..• 1 lui'c·roc.o~mos.,.~nd cities di':ffer'in \l,Ih,~~r,hcy g!l~ht:L, [ri~o~ile > the

~Qrce~ o{ the earth are s'rro:IJlll;iy felr, ill others r!'lt; an:lcri:n~ power 'of the sky; OI:l'iCrS ~tgaiDl h<Jl vc [he presence ,oJ . .h:ULIlill1i.rz;,ed ~,mm~., (J'[ ;1r~ .saturared wi.·tll ~ight. All cities, however, have to pus.*ess, somerhiog uf all rhese cntegories of JI~c:l~nin_g t![]i ml;1,'ke. lnbmt dU;l(dtiug poss~bI!l, Urbllfl.chlliemng C(H'lSlSU'l in rhe ·;issuri~ig t:_xpt:rience ·pf heillg· simulrancOL.lJi:ly IU(:;1Jcd aud upen W [he' wmlltl. l'nat b.: 116C"lt(:d in [ill!: '11;Ln~r;1~ ~('·nhl.~ loci and open ro '~lt world l.hrmly;h I~'~ J;f,iHhedllg of the Jll;UH11~ldC' ?lullius-lt)d~ I.

IV PRAG;_ITE

J.lmage;

I~e\\; plnce~ exert such :I. f~i,..ciml'tioli as Pr.~g.ue •. Other drlcs may be ,gTa'IJder, more (h;ar:mi lig! or mO.re ~'b,~,1trd fu I."". ,P'mgul:i, however. s:eizcs you and fe'mains with j'OU <lS ~lardlr ~ny PEh,er place, "Pl'a.gue does I~Or- lt~~ g,o - 'either (If )'Q~L or .of me. This lictle mOi;her h.~s claws, Tln:.re is nothing fo!' il: bur (0 give itl Or -, \'W(t. ·wQ.u~d IHwe W, set it en fire from two sides, .a l: d~~ ;'1 }/'ient:ad and ;'li the Hr·adcany; . only th~I.~ {''louId 'we free: eurselves'", .

The f~$dn;ldon of Pn)g;u(:,lreside,,. fi~~t of ;~nill a serong sense of Ellyster}'. Here ')'OU 1'1I1.VII:: the fcclin.g·thar Ir is possible re "pelletrate . ever deeper imo things, :Sl::ree~s;.~ue"" cmtrry~mls, staircases lead yio·LJ, 'imp' an ~'n.dle5s·~iIJ5id(!·\ Ove!!' and O~'C:t' "1g~ill ib.i's theme comes out in the literature of Pl'agt!.e'j III K;l.fkn .. it :fQrffis the. ground for his im<iges ~lI'ld dli,j,r,~.lCrers, and in Gt:~S.t~l\,,· Meyl'!n:k"~ novel "The Gokm". [he unfarhomahle spaces of the Old Tp"\'11 hocQmc. rile bearing theme, These. spaces do not nnrlylu,~'c thernsel ves h odzolital~)', bu E "l~ so .' umit!'1" the .ground of e\'el'yd.~lY !.i,fe. Tim sr~nbelie contenr of "The Golem' is rhus {.'c.[lt,(~d on an 1C'lili poty n:Xmil. which bas 11 window bur 1'10 doo.r1 .. 'T n re;\\ch h on e has to gt~ [hrO'll~~h asubterranean ktby.troth Mid find ,111 upcnin,g, ill the [luer, 'Tire' ·.~il~)lc~ i,(loe likivc I:.fl du if we want m ·u~l(!e!rstnn_d t'hu' ge:nhtoS" tac.' of Ptague .. Here '.iHl lipi:1.se:::~ .. h;n .. e deep l"OOtS ill layers ·qf hJs~(}!y a.' ,LiI:nd ftom these rcors I:-b~y -~i~ up", :h .. ~,'i·ng ml1ivi'~lI<l~ 'n:Hi1~Jj which ~,tlgg:e~r'oi 'l~~e~n,d'" [~~, p~t5t. <A~h ~te.d[Ui"a~ Iy the~e~o()ts.~r~.,e .pressed. ,l5y' hea'vy .M~l mil~si~e ,gm.un:' Q.Ql?S;~ .. ~~\~;}u;oadc$ :'lI'1d. ge~pi.y- "ct, op~ ~. 'I"!-liUd ~:g- 'U~"lIp~(1 , I'n qld [lra;~I,iI·e-; ~'rie' 'arW3:Y~'i has -rl~ -lee1i.ng (Jf bei!l.g _}'t!Qwn" _,111 SP~I{'1;;~ th'lt f,ll'e' myseerlous ~tlld. hi~ht~r1iJlJgl but -\'I.lso winrm and ProWL;tiv~~

1'11:1$ d()SC:I]c',~ii to ~hc earth, howl!!\I,ir .. is utlly on~ uspect I firs .s,ulius lud.I.)I';lglIC

.11:7'. Olr! ssree: iii J""~1irM.

1UJ. Tin dwrd'11om rhl% .oM T uilVfi SqltiiJT', 1211. rlu; "!'.r<!'g'l¢' Ifi.'w·' •. 1".~ !l;fl{J,I/ TtJr.pn a ,c·.r:Q'3'S tbe Vllo!Iml'.

iii also known .l:$ the ·'.citv of hundred steeples", and irs :l.t(:hi.~ecti.J.re .is in fuct saturated ';vi~h \~ertiC'al movemenc, The urban sp<1ot;'e~; are fnclllw.ci, on 'towers. a:rtd -spires .. , .;ni.~1 'th,(!'. dorrne .. rs. and gabl,e.>.~.. of the old houses accompany U~ everywhere, ·Si.n~p.le ver~~ca.l·m;:cen~s do no~ seem 'to be ,&,nough h1 [I,~ue.~md the mediaeval steeples of chi[J"i'c~e~ townh:illls and brklg!:-lmv~r~ are su[r()ul1d~cl ;byCili.I:'lr,er,s bf p('J;~l1t('d sp.1res. ln t~e" Baroque churches, the yer~!:c;.il[ move:' meut seems 'tm';~nsfOl:'med IIRO fla.mes which rise [qwnltd. the sky. Thus the mys~'c['i(",'!i '~f the '~~!Fd'l fa ad the"fr ~:i~~u:~·

t:.tl[P<U{tiH. heavenI y :a'SpiJ::ar.lOI1. .

ThestreJ;lgth of Pragu.c', as a pb.c.e c::Iel):el1 ds: first .. of '.~U tln, ~he fC:ihpret;-enl2'A;! of·~lte ttiliib:lJ lfiJd :EhrbughoJ.Qf; r:rat;dqi.1~y ii(v:~t'y 0'[.0", hOl#e' . ·i:5~im.ld(lme;Oil;Sl}': grrQlind-h~ning -, a:n"d aspiring, Iii SOme bllJMings·, h.{i,we\tt:i[~ tIle local characeer i.l!i given p,f'irri.cu!ar empha;sis, <Ind. it: is ;{ely. s'igni:fi~a--'lt: Ith~lt thes.e i)uHdings serve asJoci !;o. i;he diffeteru pair.,> of the city .• hi, the. Old Town, thus, the 1, }'Il ci-t(!:rch w~tb its eh,l;S;Een1!d 'Gmhie seeeplesrises above the low ar-cades of rhe n.mtIil square, whereas dle Small Town on the (}the!;" sid.e ofthe ri'vt:'t is dltH1.~illm,~·e,4 ~y (heB~~mqL~e dome' ~md towel' Q,f Sr. Nicholas, whitb grow out ef a massive and h~avy basemen r, Bu r [hilS .is, n~t all; alsa. ·~tSr \U1 u rban roral itv .Pr'lgtle is, di!;d!lS.ti~sh:cd l~y. the C(HlrmSl" be'rwecn t:fHt.h and '51;1'" TIl.l!S [he steep .!iil:! ,Of the' Hr"dcaI1'r castle tOlbtta~r!O ,,,,1[h. the hOl'~?on'[aUv t.~'it"(lnded cluster: of rhe Old Town, [uid. the .castl'e· i~$e!f g~the-'s' the local characrer ill its- long' horizom .. 1 lines overwh'j,th the Cafhedr~~ of St. Vl,~'\:t" ri:sc.'i- ve[tl~"I:Uy. :rq~\'a[d!; (he ~:kY. Til is. 1.ii~r -, ·u~1{:t<lpos:i't[on i:~' (he c·rqwni.l1(g mo£if.~£ the fall1ol..!s "PI'ague vie" '.': [bevem::'fiC'flih! djlnbinfj Sm.~.ll T()wn" seen ii~er .the,· ~'1 orl·l:Q[iLml~;.::p,~tms:e [) f 'Ille Vlnlv!I: Is dlt:l't!<I;~y other dty in [be W'orlcl,vnl,rC!: the char~"';;,l:cri.5 thus

COllcre!ri7.c,d in one sgnglti u(1dula which comprises :ltl envieomrrentnl J.~\"~.I$ f['\(:IIfl' 'the I:Uldsc']]J1:: dO\:WFi ro [he artlcu la[ ~Ot1. _clthe:tmli,l,I[d!J'l~ blbildh;~?

The t:\vo. rnuin p;~rrs, of Prilgl]l~·" ~he Old T ewn down on the flat land wjtbl~T the eurve oJ tbe fD\',er. a nd th~ Small iO-\~l~ ;i ndl castle n iii 011 d~l! orhe:r side, lire liokc:d b}' the 'Cbades .B.r'id:g.t: .. In P'n1gllc indeed ~'[hc bddg,l" gathers the earth ~\s· landscape mound tlu .• ~tl'!:;jiIm", OL1f it aJ50·g;;l!:hcrs \,Vh'1JL man has ccneributed to the pl <IC;:e~ ~h;- .a rcwuscape of un ique q uali t~j. Landscape and '~mv.n:S"ji1pe are thus bUlir.~d; the ·"Pr01.!j~e view" i~, i:n r,~£:t Sam[~ltt·d v.r~th ~prcleu!i. without redueing however, rhe fi!;lllli'.:ll . character or d~e ~lJ'H1·lm~dt; p ~~I!C-t::. F roen tb ~ bridge the' whole is txpur:iellCcq as .ilr·l enr;iromne'lfl in the hll.1 sense of the. ;;',i{ol'd;,. fbf! bricig,e co nsrlru res rhe vcry centre .of this· world. which evidemIygathers so' m~my meilnill~.

The C~flrl~~ I~ri4ge is a work of art in [t~ m"'ri ri_9ht; ips Dr6ktri end pm~·d}' ell rved :IllO.vef'rH.'.nt .001 ~(;!cts the sueets on e~t'he·r s;i:de~" an(l" lts !;O\,'ile~$ alld snu ues fOlin· ·:Ot· ·c~'un~i-·~Qirirth the horizoimil

series e f I1"l"dii e:s aC[,,0Sl; ~he ri:v(;r,,' .

MC'Il IOlncl \vom.encw~siilgtl;lrk'bridge~~,~, pasr thescarues q.f saints ..

with their faint glihl!11e.r..qf tight,

Clouds dl'ifril:Dg over>grey skies,

In~sr 'ch~rchus· .

with m~Sty towers.,

A :l'n~"n·leimfng ovetdrh~p8Jrapet

and g;;tzin:g i.DUO l-Ot'_river ,It: f!vEJling· J1 is, h <iJ1Ids rusti ng .Q.[I a ncient srone',

The . ir.re!1_grh .of Pnlgue as, :l place therefore also depends on irs :im;lgc"lhul. ity. Irs secrets do npi:: .rnake us get l(Jsr. the unfathomable insides .ill'w,ll}tS fO'rl'1) Piut . of :t me'lll"iln~f~I·1 ~en~ntl serucmre which ties them rogmlkt .• ts the f~lccrs of "l mysrericusly glimme.rin.g gem, Like a l~lI1'm ~ indeed~ PlCa~!l."Ie ehnnges \virh the

r J I ,. r-",1il·I'IL· l'lr W;I~I.:r,

1 J2~ Dir1gr.l"J'm!7!iE m~/J of ikhemi<~. 1.3.3:. Pmgrl!!' J:~J Il,~ l:rmdj,~/~"

we .. ther, d\e a!Jt€ o[ ;the ~:'rY ~Hld dle ~e1]~Qn[)" b'l~·Y _ {utdy j ho.ie:ve'r ~ thesu{l g,ivtis. hs' -~ltUtlJln:Il' . dl'eir;, EuU' pl.,nEti~d~y. M.(rs;~!y . the '~ight I'~ 'mr'('I{fcl ffi.r914gh -C;lol'l-d~~ .. .'rhe JiP\~J!rl"li b(:lqOl:ne. "rlli$ty":~nd [be, ~lt:y is ~~Q(Je,ilL,. A~d FidH. ·tr~fs, ~I()e:&

_I'I{]'~ m~~p: },~ JOss of' -p:t~.~,~~,#:.: In '~~~(je . Ml'ha~ ,I~( In~crcn .St\tll.11r.~' {l¥(iti "FO~(~ .r13·al ~ h~lt \;Vh,lt 'i;'i 'di; [~)(;tI¥" p'el'(C~~~ed. Th~ pr~CL'!.ce of the, . hlV'sibJ~ -l~J..l.lg:eq. :by 1i;:}tf:Ji~. ~l: the. '\(,r;:'ry.. b:~gi~if(B1.·i;g of ·~Tb.e

.rt 3i".]:3' . • '1' , I.~· ...• L

~q"~[ ,1:i~O 'i:.[i,~~:rwl'l~ll r le 1J~~s_t~ 'i1JIi1l~~Spl,il.e,rC'

oJ ·th~ n()~@.L In Pr~u!r:!" dl~S~, \\(C

enGr.l!.~nte, ;.~ R~l;pl~~~trkin.d e' ~~._·~!ll~.:,ft;: ; .. ~ ~t ~ml"~Ll (~.;.~~,h:Q~e< iI'li~I~~l~S~

I~ <ill "dt_D U'tI~[G '~cal{;~

'i:,\"hat 'te"d. ]li thl!!

~Iilrr;_" ~trr:"(:~ ~'" I]l~ke th i,~

.. ; I:lmtlcuhtffy :e:v.:[~krlt. The 111~' :I '~~.:~p.t.,;,celltii.lHQ'll$ ~'lItd .:C'vC'fn; ::;.trOfl.~;Y .1 It at(d diuk 'zqncS {d lJcrria:~:e; .~:in·d l~l~ld~, '1a~ '"renlih~bel' ~lle' time)i \"';hrm ~.s~l'~(!~ 1~L'n p :Ci1e~necla 'r! ~c~;

Thp ~ . .archi~"h([ljre: of [?i::ag,nc is :l':O~lno~ [f,luliftln' w'irhblJ~ micr~mi:Hg irs loc,t~ . na vQlir; R~·~.l,m~ • .,~w~.~ ~tnhit:, R~l]·<\i:~· .saace, ;:BnrGqtte,-. Ingend and "C~Lbf$f'

Oll:i.kU.I~g", I Ive' (Q!l.~,ther as if rh~)J W€tc,. v:ariat:1O!:t~ oll~h~ ,,,;llt1i<: theme", tVIe::clhle~falml'Ct d<Ls~ical.· f~mri; ~'I'E: n: .. I"tSf0n~le(1 '['0 nl',lrkt' ~li\': :mll:~Jeioc~]1 chani!i;or;~r in'~1."!ll;.' f~%t~ Lrtlot"Lf~, Irmn 'th~~ ·SI~~Yic easr, dw -Ge'~m ;h'llc. . north •. ·[h,[_> G ~ll ie W{:st~l!nd the L~ttfn~D~th meet in Pr~~gl;Je ,;lI)"O' bl~jJ:r;I ~m9 a :i'>-I~ilr. *>YnrJleS!s. ·The·· I,;lual'y,~t, W~~k~l llm ~:Ms -pnJ~~~ pOS'li~~hlc \V.~S t.i1t::" glmills l,oc4pwpJ'f, 'whlc~:, '. ':11 ~~v:,~ h;iVl? ill r,i?a~y sl,l_ggf!' ... t~~~) ·c(lns;i.s~ .~ n ~i part"ict.!lM S.C~lS~· bf eltfth il'n:t"! .. sky. ln ~>ri~gL1C df!:sst(~l" ,iit.dtit:e~hn:e- becomes rotill~tru:ic,al~il .to.~l~~ti:i;r.i'~l:rcllili'r{':(:tlt[.C . ab~ sod~~.~I~t';. S'l~~~id( ~Jl~tr/.1n~[~ t.o .en.dow 'rhif t-'n'l~~!i ~vith ~l P.ilrtk'~ ~~'r ~l nd of ·.s~t!,~ctli -llm:n;m:"~.:r~y:. nlJ~l b~~'6mf; e,O·stnie;, ·1~Otj.fl the:·':scns-l.'!' 'of iibsr"fm::t OtdCT,,'"l3Jlll as .5pi.ri'ttl;d ,:l,:?pil:tl.·~.on., .EyMc!l1t~y Pl.1gl,]o[~t$ o~jl1: (:)E~h?gtqltrri·(O~ring.'PI'ilc~s vv.he'l'i! ~I !i1~tI~d~lIde 'Cii f"lneanlllg~ ~ re ,~u:~~re"d,

1 J.1I, flori:~dIM{4t, a!f,rlw~ni~!illi!. Tr?ru l.:lia~1il1,l'l\' ,r_!rAr,"f tb« SJ.J'j~!{ 'l~(lum" ,. . _.

2:. Sp(l"(~

UWt rake [~ Innk .n' the map ofCct:Jrr:1'lJ

E.u~opt:~ tha. ., ~l1b;r ltid6o;I] ~) f p[.a~~ .

ue is' im·!n.~ !'l v id~nt.Not ouly·1s

Pr!lgu~ si~u'1..t~d<1t dlC ceetre of U·ol;ce,. l11ii;!~ bl~[_ nol)l!::'mLa, is al!io in the 'vet)' mi(M~e of th(k"~ cQu.ntrlcs.· trhiclRi 'for' C:~I~t\ilrie"~ "Ih,.ve 'co:l.ts;~i~~ t~d . ~h~ c;;~mpl~x, an.d [url,lLllem ,COI'e of (heWesi'er.~l wo.rld, The c(~l)n~I.~ l"OC:H~.Oll of Bql¥e~:Ii:1 is ~Imphrlc"sll;~bt the ,ihn(Jst C()l1tul1u(n:.!~ rauge ofr:lldl,!!H;i1ir:J~ ,me! hm!! \vitiG..h· su rrou n"(1 (he', area. A .Idlld of basib' is" t lims c:ruat·e.Gl,~tJ~hQ.ugh thle land nl!lS-.-:..c~l.. \('~[}i v'lI:i~c1~ud~~Ge H,I'i~f and narun .. d "ccnteus", The fCe~fn,f; Df '~t bOlLlld:llrrts:· st'!'eHg~hened b)1 the vcger<lt'iQn; [he ferrHc inrerier i.sCltdoscJ:· bv f:orem. which iI;Ctomp::lny lhemmmtaln.s. In ge!'Hir'l'JI3O~n~mb. ;lppdwio ',l5 <I' mUi.n.g: a I,l.d fr:LeH~ Iy ('Otrllti'ysiile., OU[ 1 tceutaias ~ man)" :l>Hr.p.ris(.',l) such as " ... Hd and Stnltlgc rock [O.l\"I!Jl;ltiOIl>l!;. Frml1 the ~ulil~h to the i'ionh the ~'Ol!1T~11' ~s. divhicd 'il]' ~WQ hai\"e~ bv El~C' river Vinnrn ~M'ol:datlJ Iilid its (;~:ulrl;lmrdQ:ll, <tl:l(~ Lahe (Elhh l.ilI rhe r~t5ittt \\~~~~ ,JtffLcuh to c-r~)~~ ~llilt~e. ri~rer5~' l?l:rI~Y oncfbrd bad ,~ con·\I:cnierlt~ 'E""£nv<l~ ~oci'[i'c:m'. Here [he :md:e'ml:m~d f,'mil Uer~lhta.tl'ldli\ol'ilIld 'crCls:s:cdt~'e "Vh'i,1;Vi~ ~~'l1.d com,j'i:IU!3d :~11'tU ·G~r.;m'~~nr. At, t'h,i:t fil<rd, 'ic met [he rO:id \:Ilhid'l Jed (rom AlJSu·i1jin. dl~ :~~1~:!1.. eo Sii;-.::ofl.¥ :l:n{l PtLi$siry. A V(;lY ~.m.p:brin!lr .~'iod(;. 1I;V,'1'~ thus', c:re,,'ted j 'lnd ·"'1I.r~.,]d), ~i:h tlre' ~~i~~[h 'C~lulJry it g,l\i\C rise to' ~\ 8e~ii:e'L~lcl~t \~rhich sb.ou.ld· ~ecor.n.c·~ he df~~:'9tF ~"r~gue".

The gr;"bg,r,nphi~:l.i properties .qt- iB,~jlmn[lD:l m iN;h" tile' 'bf~.un tfY .pn"dcs.tined to 'beco'!ne' a coS:mopoH~i'w,~-:emi~, .k·S:~llli.I.Rr .wle h .. played. by· S\;v.ip!Cr.~al1d. but hera ~h(:. Rhl:t:~l qCllfil]jtiorl!iS I,t\5~, clisriod, . . ~ ?i -[El.r.i.nta:§y rict~.fI~rdiht is bcking. In E:~IJ:'o];e. vi!hh hi;' !n;) flY 'edm i~;group::;= anti dv'LJiztu:io:m:, ameeli,ng placenecess:Jri~y,.rnJ!l::tl.m;: pc{)blc;:m!i.Har:d!y mTy' mh~[ E.lIriOpi:l:!.I1 tu·mltry.~Ul1. J~tct. ];r~l> 'b ~ld. ;1 IUQre; complex ailel. d i (fi'C;~I~ [ h~ ;i"wli"y th',II1'

84-

"8~ll·~rnf.~. It ~:!oi obviously ducro the .de:~r G~.g.r~'pllici!l def:inhio[) th~'t. the _ flrse ~~~r.ii,ltiio[le~t settlers ~ ~blJ C~ec~y>. h<1,,:t .[ken _oble 'tOShl.I"VI¥e., Possessmg t.helr !:lWI! I·i.ln':tc,& world, .rlitt b~l\'e for' -Pc'fl~1lI[i~~ ~~;!.s(j~d rhe preSs.l,l.r~ of the neigh.. \y'hoiiuln n.,,§~d. however, to ocr t_lll: -;.o;()'J]c~. a19il.S [lie bo.rdl"r', _"htcm,g_h9tl~ ·h.i~.torli'. thlIS,~t)hC:,l]l[:;J h~~1l: i>. ~n bqth ;t meedn,g-pbK:e -and <1.11 ethnic "li"J_.UIW· wirh irs O'\'D'i disenctIdeatiey ~Jli~ dq~b.~e Jl"H'lITC' of (be ccimury .is_ ,t m1i]n reason for irs very particular

Il:Il:Hucter. As an edJl'lic i .. hnd it has 'i;jf.'1Y·~Y:(t{J:~.servcd[l's rents iri rhe p.rop,t~r (o,I;~1!Iild as <1 ;m(':[:ting place iJ' has been .eXp<o·:iic-cl to ibc' impact of rhe entit·'C :eI.H·opf~l'i. culture: The lHct that ~he (o:rl:lign: ir'npmt has always- been trans-

J:~ - when ir' carne to Bohem [:J prO'li'eS, Iliirr~i1w'h l)( i.r~ peeple and its ipmij,r s loot

~t: V:r:,Olglle fh~- roiling; Iartdscnpe .of 'cilfll[rui: 'BQhl~mlfi is condensed ro foem .a Ri'l.rtr~I.~~'rh: ~e-4l.tlli:f'll,[ c?nfug~l:rlHirjn. A· IU~1 tlu: J[;~l:'ge, bend ,(~J th~- VII:,WlI nn B~e[}ded f:rl'll[ rises I;\']u(;:h \'1SLHlhles the ;GU!f'!'e (If 'rhe dyer. The' b:m ~tI~d the' .lfiv~r we, Q~po,~d but ·c:oinplell1.e.~tt~lry {U'Ke!,;.

\,hit~ h~ake nature beco'irne- alive wid~ 'C_preSi51'1'e . pg,,;£cr., Within the 'Cl1ItVe, §':?r~~,e: the hill! rhe laID'~ opens,. up . ill .ifOl[~2.0nml expanse bdo[',c Ie stt\.rts to n.se §lhdy ro .. ~ilrds 'rhc:sbuth~lta~t. At 'either' ~J:aJI ;oftlte'rivl!{ .:' .b'tmd two mn'fl::ed! "jOl.u·eil 'biUs·.gi.ve definition 'to-'tilt :<u:{::.', ~he! [WP hnh:es of this ex.rraord:irnarry .~ l?~ ~;"'I'~re Hfi k~d by -[I JQ[d".. littt~ t~~, norEh' o.f d1!~>. pre~ellt. (8h.",i'le:s ~l"iigg1:'. 01.1 [he-left b.'(rlk ~r the hei,gh~[ 0 f d¥~ ro:ro.~ 'th:C-a!~Is a \' ... ~ley which. makeS'll ibl~ [gre~lch the €;nstk~ hilt:lnd the

J ' - tbe W~~t ,. As predestine·a,

u ~~tdemem: W~'S rht:> sin:,

dOl1 ,(in.I~. l:ieca:!.1se, :of its· beau.ty btU

b~u:;'(!' it satisf1C{l. the', three ,b::u.it: .~ii1n~ 0,( -[ltt'~ad1_ ~]d~l~~~~r thi! ifIa:t:,pJ.al,1l rCIl~, t)i 11l"U1k:l},f pilll(!e,. .the 111,1.1 fQI[.

~1 ,,;rmec.ti''1~ ,c<l~de., and tile ford fot Co.lIIIIlUfllc,mon and COIl.1mcrce •

.In thenirirh cenrnry the Czech l)~cl1r')'!i.~ids Lm.[h l'Ilt· first casrle lind ]11 890 rhe [lrsr h!s,t{~[ic<,ll y known . Czech . ·ki ng .Hor-i.vo) .added rhe flrsr "hUToiZb in -11ohernia 'which w~s dedicared to rhe Holy Virgi'n. The Czech word for Gi; s ~l~~ hl'mt, detcrsnined its rl:!l,[ii~, J';~rad&o:iIn7" The oldest report on .Pmgut! ste'rnlS if!X),n 965; ;l n d v vas wrirten h~' a I:l A.m hieJewish it'if!rdl:<mtlbl"ahiu'u [bn.J~t~ub. He tells droIt the town ;;.;'r~1S _built {if ·~tone and Innrti1r, and 'I~h:ui:t-' w'",:-!, rlie: ri-:;he·.sr place in the whole cuurltfy.'~Tlil~ ,PiJoP-"iiatiou ,a.ln.~,uly comj)rLe{1 girvops I.I:F GI!~:'mmll, .I~w'is;h ~]ild burn ~.lrjgjn. )W1:Nl[ 1.200.; R'~Il.l'Ul~ ... q~re Pr~'gut~ ,n tIG?:~' _1:]1111'dle~~; !n .. my n:loi,asttlrics ,1nd ,I {ifiOne .b.i9ge~ Shci,rE]y ::li{t.m0voudfi d1e clJfre~['it s.elrli::mlt'nt~ on, t'he- clgru: .'_o:nJ.1;: were :g,~fthen~d withiil. a ,,,it)' ;\v,dI. ';~:~ 'ill

1-. "" ~ "I . n. 'O'l'~ TI - ,. . t;'!' ~ • Lf;<""(i')

- . "::""''<>9'" ~n~ ., ~i, . 0W'U ,f ~u;e_ L"'J~~"','

W.lS i'l les~tl !'ea]lry .. "Dill! $mall: Town (M:l1:i , 5i:r~ti iiJ on ,EI~e t~* ~fnJ~ ,,\ ~v;. foiu~~led in JlS'fli; !If}..~ ,~i~QJ~ l~OO me s,eu.'.II!:ITlcnt:pn !th,e, "lirad~.~.n;y gor IllIbi!.i1 r.ighr.s .. · -A [uunb' - dt:y .. , ~h'e·Ne\",. Tci,v;tl (-No~e 'M.cs:m) WW'.1, ~dded '!lrQlind '~J,~ ;b]d:T(h~'_11. bYOhi,itle~nr in 1~4'~8_.

~J:rC'~ld'" :~n r'be~'H~ale:Agt:i$', tlru$j [b~ ~?;J)d~ll J,r,ruom:re, tI[. PI1ii:g~.!;e had :b~el:i defii>oo,;, TIi:e· ~ity. .. .had fouud irs fonn ill i1iC'C'Oi't1:l.IH::~ v.;'diL the < i:lltl:m1i] situation, FJJ:st o'f':~:~i:'-h ctin'Si5~s,,_of Ith'I'~~ pa.rts~ the del1~ ,se(th!ineJ'lt dow'" 001 the p,laill, tht: ilominani: ~~i5[le Olil the li,ill '.:l.bove, ;'lnd the I-1'VCr .;IS :1 sepll ra ci n~ ~~l", .c'()i'iIi~.:t~ rig elcll'l.~iu: bctwee.rl them. \'f,lc h~wc ~een rha.t ~hj'~ SlTucmrc- is . .stm alive, ~nd. if b~C{)Hnis immcdifUdy (ivid'em- \.\~hen rhu pi .. cc is, ~;.:peric'i,ced 'hom ITSccn.wl" the brid,ge ... 0 Llri.ng the OOllltS.ft af hilSto!')' d~e b;)si:e ji~xt .. position h~$ hulen irl'te,.rpl·cil'~~ <Iud erl,r.i~.hed by .. ti]("· build.iI':ig~, .Of ~11'-~ ce:ssi ~'e' .. gel1er'l1t:lO'ClS. Th~ · ... el'r,k:.3.li~m of th.e hill!h~t~ 'found un echo in .[hcstc(lpl.~~· ~:"'~ EQ\VerS, 9£ the: to\'{tlij' alli~ lhe.

'It(l11dUl'lot.ru to the/ earrh of rhe ] titter I~ r.~n(lcred in the .horlzoneal t:MP:U1St! :of the' G~lsde~ . Inthi s 'W~t)' l?ra,gu(l li,lS ;become' lilniilt¢:g~~tQcl .[Ot"flr.rl where _·.[he pard': [dar r(:.I.ll:ti;pnsllip :betw~i'n ,liio'ri:z.on"ta ~ ;.and. '1~,t\rtic.~il~. I')CLW~·tl. 'I'.8:,bcw{.;'" ,lLid ~'b~~'(lW;" S'CI'\~~.IS' rJh~ LI[lIf~liilg force, \Vheil we \;Villk :m:n.rnd hi the sneers or ~.lPil~ r~~Jiv:r=['.· lb:~ ~gitfI.J:~I.S,hl~ ~~f!ml:C~p WW'Il.-3rl~ 9!!;de liS e~.p,t!nr.':n~~d ~D ever ~[!:\V. vsriarions: DHrilJg_". History tbis' j!U.Kt a r:osid>Ol~ has '~;~d -h~ p:'-rJiC'u~~H' mear.iirig,. \'I(lliC[~ns the. C"i~s,[,le· ti'i the %1'ei::l:l1i:i?V';1IJ :C~[Ie. .. '-. Me~!lf . p~roLt~crio~ ... n'd~cii.:r.irltY. "ill Pragll~ Tl uft:c.1C1 repre:~ri~~!;1 ,11 ~ilf:e'{u. ·011,' ehe : Flrrude~l[.ly .' Iived ·.thie: rUleni,. '!i~vhQ~ <I!~ ~.C'\!'cf'al crucial oe::'4~t!;i.om.;,. '~'R~j(~ ~~,o~l~,l' 'Iiif:[!i.ll!~g~ ~nd .p~e(e!ii5!f(l another 'faith Irh1'fn, 'tJ1C Iinalhl'j~,{ of the iUlha-bfi::a.t'l[" t!1tt~: Thir't}~ ¥:~~r,ii war ill fact '<Sita;t~t~ :i:l1 'Pragw::' wkh. 3. revolt; WI-iI1!I'i: ihe Il1'turia~etf crowd dire"'.>' l"Ile J luperf ~11'gover'rlor~,> QI,!1I:: 'of tb e \ .... inchJ, v s (~f~h~ !;;m:r.1 e, ,\,::cI.:lHIing. to !'!fI"old Czech

-cusrom". -

-Pr~lgu£>"S~ /growth ~lHO an in~h.l.S:r1~;L~~

:c;tp..t~1 . fro,!)] till! nineteenth cenmry oa; has brought o:llmut';501ll1C' changes 'which wenken die; a~];:H:lr:11 ueban :srrUC:l"Llr'~. The clear delimitation of the Old :II.nd New Towns b~1 means or dtyw.,llls i,g, ._gOlfte. [I1thoug'h [h(' srret~t piIi,titenl !lIm gi''!',t:ii thC'l:t1 l'I. certain .&p .. tial identity, The ltfh~\tl s.pf::lwl around the did cere h",ji, i~l~.p:l.i.Fi:_il ibe fi,3lU:;J~ clHtniH:t~r of I[ile ,cit}'< ~\lthollgh lb,t! .. gttnI.!WLj!;; ~:i<'~e-rl'siorl of c.. .. h,~ de1:i ] V for Gt:ntllr.ieJi ~allo'~';-ed .P._ragLlJt:: to ,gro.w :i ns[Cie itt w~ i lis. C~n:a'ln m:b..U:I d.i:~ark[s It~w;e dis'lPi,.e;lri~, f~r,s;1: of;:.U -the Ghl2!ti;D. whkb w;u; SiUJHt.ed i.n the 1l01l'~h\vest/ern pitrE of . the" ;Okl T~\~~J. [~'\~';iS Ojne :oF die -mo::;i I;:h;-I)'iNt.etlsrl:l: part$ .. of d.lt: ci ~1.~D..It· be'ilH~c of its' . ~hUl.l-1i k,e

.C()Jjdi d9.l1~ ~ f - W.ml torn, dO',\~[J :1 fter :18'93" J;'(fdilt 'the 'Snl~lll Tm.vi'i aild the Hr:!l:di. 6,{f1);" he'~rprmicr;,,'i: the 1il~nt:·r;1;1. _.srr!-lt::till:e ~ h,er·e· the hi'lbimr us ini.H SLlr!O~lnd~d 1)'11

,gn.:~m, 5u.ch ilS tile P~l[il~ .mel Le([i~

rep~<lts. Town

!-.36; Tlil!,~ru.d~"-To~t1f)i" . . 1 l?~ T~lt~ 1'j!f r;.op1ni)"".!~t.

! J!/, Tlrc,,:Ojd louf,rJ S'lil(r:"i:t: •.

i ;1'1. Tjfl~ C,a#ii.; :it1'(ld ,(hltiC1itl~,mJ;(/,uSI1(Jtljimn Hl~'

P~l~rk . .

·:1-48, W;i~wfrom',dj'r; 'Q'I7~d~~

:15:11: Boi),1O\'i~rN~ f:tj'fjd~i:(j'J,w,'

IS5. ' F6pl~~r ,8tl'r""qJu.ho~s<!.s:ji'l Ti/1WI1.

"

I..{6. TJi~S"mf{~OJif,Ii1.rmpS(li{~re .

. t57. _H0",~.itl IiI~S"'If1JI T9LilP.r, Js,. ',f~%~ln ~in' Q/d l'U{{IIJ hy1:.1~ Dlii1it;~;mJN)fl!r;·

1 j~'. "'1)t~,~NirrIis;' iui;::"'pi'iI,ll((:" ,hi liij' 'OM Toum. ,". .... .

j,~D' •. 1601. rJ~ J?:i:}rtiMmfw .bJ.i) •. D.1'~N,r"'J~·:lmf;;.r;.:

~_~2. ~~f.1\{~tmJa.~ :;U !lt~ Q_J'tl ;l''!Wtf l1y f;:;-l • . IJWil/.<llJ~'j.l:!f':[I'~

;,d:1m. aid 1"'''~t. (M.d/; .iti tlk:bfil "1;i}'iWl,: 'i'p:i~rl{jr.

:1f.·, ·'Jjj~~Er.i;l~rl ~flJ~.C qll irlC OIc;J :r()~u,r,'5l1l{m,\!l li,}! ~.l, .. D.!'{!'J!I~mhof~! muJ .A .. tHmg[),