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Ca= 40
Mg=24
Fe=56
Al=26
Hardness Estimation by EDTA- Numerical Problems
3. By using EDTA Strength (N or M), Find out hardness producing salts strength
in unknown hard water
4. Using strength of hardness producing salt, find out the quantity of salts in
mg per liter (ppm)
Hardness producing salt strength X 50 (for N) or 100 for M)X1000 mg /L or ppm
50 ml of sample hard water (CaCO3 :1mg per ml) requires 100 ml of EDTA for
titration. 200 ml of hard water requires 80 ml of EDTA with same strength. Total
hardness will be
3. By using EDTA Strength (N or M), Find out hardness producing salts strength
in unknown hard water
Use N1V1=N2V2 Formulae
200 ml Hard water requires 80 ml of 0.005M EDTA (0.0025N)
hardness producing salts strength = 80X0.005/200= 0.002M
= 80X0.01/200 = 0.004N
4. Using strength of hardness producing salt, find out the quantity of salts in
mg per liter (ppm)
Hardness producing salt strength X 50 (for N) or 100 for M)X1000 mg /L or ppm
X= 2-10, Y= 2-6
O O
OH O- H+
Cation exchange resin
Cation exchange resin: Cation can be exchanged
Since anion is attached with solid by covalent bond
O O
S O - H + + C a 2+ C l2 S O - C a 2+ + H C l
O O 2
O O
2+
O - H + + Ca Cl 2 O - C a 2+ + H C l
2
O O
- 2+ + 2HCl
O Ca O- H+ + CaCl2
2
Anion exchange resin
R
-
Resin N R OH
R
Anion exchange resin
Anion exchange resin: Anion can be exchanged
Since cation is attached with solid (Resin)
R R
N R OH- + Cl- N R Cl- + OH-
R R
R
R
+ - N R OH- + Na+Cl-
N R Cl- + Na OH
R
R
Ion exchange or de-ionization or
de-mineralization process
Mixed Bed De-ionizer
Municipal Water Treatment
Silent electric discharge
3O2 2O3