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∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ ÂȯÂÈÚ› ÌÈ· „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ
Î·È ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ªÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ ∂ÓÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ £Âڷ›·˜ (ª∂£).
H ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙË ª∂£ Âȯ›ÚËÛ ӷ ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÓÔÛË-
ÏÂ˘Ù¤˜/ÙÚȘ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë
ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ. ª¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ,
fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô È·ÙÚÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ, Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘
Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ «ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ô‰fiÛˆӻ, ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛË-
Ï¢ÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ (Ë ÌÔÓfiÏ¢ÚË ·fi‰ÔÛË ·ÈÙÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο
ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘) ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚ-
ÁÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÓfiÚÌ·˜ Ù˘ «ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜». ∏ «„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÔÔ›ËÛË» (Ë ·ÈÙÈÔ-
ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ì ٷ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο) ·Ô-
ÎÚ‡ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ú·Á-
Ì·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ª∂£, Î·È Û˘ÁηχÙÂÈ ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ˆÊ¤ÏÂȘ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È
›Ûˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘.
∂π™∞°ø°∏
∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ªÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ ∂ÓÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ £Âڷ›·˜ (ª∂£)
Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂÙ·-
͇ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ, ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Î·È ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ (∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜, 2000Ø Zussman,
1992Ø Latimer, 1997Ø Melia, 2001Ø Lapsey, Melia, 2001). O ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ª∂£
ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ (ÔÈ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÂΛ ÁÈ· Ó·
ıÂڷ¢ÙÔ‡Ó ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹), ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ¤Ó· ȉÈfiÌÔÚ-
ÊÔ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋
ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ-ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ. ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û·
ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ,1 ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù·
ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ, ÂȯÂÈÚ› ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ·
„˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜
Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÓÔÛËÏÂ˘Ù¤˜/ÙÚȘ ÂÎÏÔÁÈÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙË
Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·-
ÙÚÒÓ. OÈ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ª∂£,
ÎÈÓÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ «Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›Ûˆӻ2 ÂÛÙ›·-
˙·Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ Î·Ù·Û΢-
¿˙ÂÈ Î·È ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·. ∏ ÂÈΤÓÙÚˆÛË fï˜
ÛÙȘ ¿ÌÂÛ˜, ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜
Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ë Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ (∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜, 2001).
OÈ ÂÓ‰ÔÁÂÓ›˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› Ù˘ «Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜» Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ
·fiÂÈÚ· Û‡ÓıÂÛ‹˜ Ù˘ Ì ÙË «ÁÂÓ·ÏÔÁÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô» Î·È ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘
«„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘» Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ
¿ÌÂÛˆÓ Î·È ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Ï·›-
ÛÈÔ, ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ∏ «ÁÂÓ·ÏÔÁ›·» Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔ-
ÓÈ΋˜ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·Ó·‰ÂȯıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ È·ÙÚÈ-
Τ˜ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈı·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› Î·È Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹
ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ (∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜, 2001).
°È· ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›·, fï˜, ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÓÔÛËÏÂ˘Ù¤˜/ÙÚȘ
·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ ÂÚÌËÓ‡ԢÓ
ÙȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ¢fi-
ÓÙˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, ı· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· Û‡˙¢ÍË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ «ÁÂÓ·ÏÔ-
Á›·˜» Î·È Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ «·fi‰ÔÛ˘». ªÂ ÙÔÓ
ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi ı· ÌÂÏÂÙËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÒÓ/ ÙÚÈÒÓ,
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ» Î·È Ë
«È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›·» (Moscovici, 1979Ø Farr and Moscovici, 1984Ø Maisonneuve,
2001). ∏ οı ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú¿-
Û¯ÂÈ Û ¤Ó· ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ Ó·
1. °È· ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ‚Ï. Strauss and Corbin, 1998.
2. °È· ÌÈ· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ù˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, ‚Ϥ Spiegelberg,
1972.
H IATPIKH E•OY™IA ™TA OPIA ZøH™ KAI £ANATOY 51
ª∂£O¢O§O°π∞
∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚË
ÙÔ˘ 2006 Î·È ÙÔ˘ ºÏ‚¿ÚË ÙÔ˘ 2007 Û ª∂£ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÓÔÛÔÎÔÌ›Ԣ ÙˆÓ
∞ıËÓÒÓ. ø˜ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓ· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛË-
Ï¢ÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ˘ËÚÂÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·Ú·-
¿Óˆ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· (n=16 ), ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ 11 Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Î·È 5
¿Ó‰Ú˜. O ̤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· 29,8 ¤ÙË (max
45, min 21, stddev 6.20) Î·È o ̤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·Ûȷ΋˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Ù· 4,6
¯ÚfiÓÈ· (max 20, min 1, stddev 5.24). °È· ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋˜
·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ÂıÓÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Ë ÔÔ›·
·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÔ ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂÓË Ú¿ÍË
Î·È ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, .¯.
ÙË ÌÈÌËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ, Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜
ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔ̤ӈÓ.4 ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ê˘ÛÈο Â›Ó·È Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ
ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÒÓ Ì ÙË ıˆڛ·, Î·È Ë ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ·Ï‹˜ ÂÚÈ-
ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Û ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ô˘Û›·˜, Û ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈ-
ÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ (∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜, 2000). O ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÌÂ
ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¤ÁÈÓÂ Ë Û‡˙¢ÍË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ì ٷ ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·Ó‹-
ÎÂÈ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈο ÛÙË ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË ıˆڛ· (grounded theory), Ë ÔÔ›·
‰›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ˘ÛÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÙË
ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘, Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÏϤÍÂÈ ·fi ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È-
΋ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË (McRay, 1999Ø Glaser and Strauss, 1967).
∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ·Ú¯Èο ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó ÌÈ·
Úfi¯ÂÈÚË Î·È Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓË Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÂÂÈÛÔ‰›ˆÓ
Î·È Î·ÙfiÈÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÛÂ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ˘·Îfi ËÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ
(blog).5 ™Â ¤Ó· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô Î·È ·ÊÔ‡ ›¯·Ó ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı› ÔÈ Î·Ù·-
Áڷʤ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈ-
ο Ì ٷ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÔÈ ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ˆ˜ ·ÊÔṲ́˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙȘ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘
·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó Ì ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Ù˘ ª∂£. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙÚ¿-
ÊËΠÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÔÈ ÓÔÛËÏÂ˘Ù¤˜/ÙÚȘ ıÂÒÚËÛ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ-
Τ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ (ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜
ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡˜). ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ËÌÈ-‰ÔÌË̤Ó˜ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂȘ ÌÂ
ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ ÓÔÛËÏÂ˘Ù¤˜/ÙÚȘ ˆ˜ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ
6. ∂›Û˘ ÁÈ· ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘
M. Foucault ÛÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋, ‚Ϥ ∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜ (2000). ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÂÈ Ù· ‚·ÛÈ-
ο ıˆÚËÙÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ù· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı›
Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ (∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜, 2000) Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ
‰ÂÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÂȷ΋ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜. ™ÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜
›ӷÈ, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ηÈ, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, Ó· Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÂÈ
ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ì ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô, ‰È¢ڢ-
̤ÓÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ª∂£.
54 A§E•IA™ °EøP°IO™, M¶§ET™O™ KøN™TANTINO™
7. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› ˆ˜ Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ËıÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ÊÚÔ-
ÓÙ›‰· ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ ÛÙȘ ª∂£ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛË ‹ ÙË ‰È·ÎÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ıÂÚ·ÂÈÒÓ,
Î·È ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤Ú· ·fi Ù· ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó
ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ËıÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. ∏ ·fiÊ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛË ‹ ÌË Ù˘ ıÂڷ›·˜ ›ӷÈ
Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÔÌÔʈӛ·˜ (consensus) ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, Û˘ÁÁÂÓÒÓ Î·È ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ (Swenson,
1992Ø Lapsey and Melia, 2001Ø Jeffery, 1979Ø Kelly and May, 1982Ø Latimer, 1997).
H IATPIKH E•OY™IA ™TA OPIA ZøH™ KAI £ANATOY 55
Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤-
ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·˘Ùfi ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ¤Ù˘¯Â Ó·
ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ Ì¤Û· ÛÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈ΋, ̤۷ ÛÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›· ÙËÓ ÂÓ·-
Û¯fiÏËÛË Ù˘ ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÈ΋˜ (∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜, 2001). ∏ ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÈ΋ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ȉÈ-
·›ÙÂÚË Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÛıÂÓ‹, Î·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘¯Ó¿
ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÚÔ˜
ÙÔÓ ·ÛıÂÓ‹, Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ˘Ú‹Ó· Ù˘ ÓÔÛË-
Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛ‹ Ù˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡˜ (∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜,
2000). ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÙÔȯ›Ô, ÙÔ˘ Èo ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ú·Á-
Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÛıÂÓ‹, ¿ÓÙ· Û ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË
Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ù¯ÓÔÎÚ¿Ù˜ ÛÙ˘ÁÓÔ‡˜ ·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡˜, Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘,
fiˆ˜ ı· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ, ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ
ηıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙË ª∂£ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ fiÛÔ
Î·È Û ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ (∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜, 2000).
¶¤Ú· ·fi ·˘Ùfi, ‚¤‚·È·, ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Â·Á-
ÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ÎÚ›-
ÛÂȘ, Ô˘ ı· ·Ó¤ÌÂÓ ηÓ›˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÔÈ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ› ÔÓÔ-
Ì¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÈ΋ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË.8 ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹-
ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙfiÛÔ Ë È·ÙÚÈ΋ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋
(Jeffery, 1979Ø Dingwall and Murray, 1983Ø Kelly and May, 1982Ø Sudnow,
1967) ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù˘ÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ fiˆ˜: «Î·Ïfi˜» Î·È «Î·Îfi˜» ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜
‹ «Î·ÓÔÓÈÎfi ÛÎÔ˘›‰È» (Jeffery, 1979). ™ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ Jeffery (1979) ÙÔ
ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛÔÎÔÌ›ˆÓ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ› ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Í›·. °È· ÙÔÓ Jeffery, ÔÈ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ «Î·ÓÔÓÈ-
ÎÒÓ ÛÎÔ˘È‰ÈÒÓ» ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÛıÂÓÔ‡˜,
fiˆ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹ ·fi ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi. O Jeffery ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ
ηٿ fiÛÔ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜ «‰ÂÓ ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·» ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ
·fi ÙÔ Ò˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi: ˆ˜ ÌË ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfi˜
Î·È ·˘ÙÔηٷÛÙÚÔÊÈÎfi˜ ‹ ˆ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·ÚÂÎÎϛӈÓ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÔÈ Î·ÙËÁÔ-
ÚÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó a priori ‰˘Ó·ÌÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜.
°È· ÙÔÓ T. Parsons (1983) Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˘ Ì ٷ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ
ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ˘ÏÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ηÙËÁÔÚÈΤ˜ ‰È¢ıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ ‰ڿ˙ÔÓÙ·È ¿Óˆ ÛÙȘ
‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˜ ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜: ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔηٷϋ-
„ÂȘ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô-
9. µÏ¤Â Ross, 1958Ø ∫elly, 1957Ø Heider, 1956Ø Weiner, 1986 ÛÙÔ Bordens and Horowitz,
2001.
10. ∆Ô Ó· ·Ô‰›‰ÂȘ ·›ÙÈ· ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ú·-
ÎÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË ·ÊÔ‡ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·Ô‰›‰ÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË (Bordens and
Horowitz, 2001).
11. °È· ÌÈ· ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ‚Ϥ ∏arvey and Weary, 1984.
58 A§E•IA™ °EøP°IO™, M¶§ET™O™ KøN™TANTINO™
12. °È· ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ¶··ÛÙ¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È ªÈÔ‡ÓÈ, 2001Ø ¶··ÛÙ¿ÌÔ˘,
1989.
13. °È· ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘, Ë ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó
ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi Ì·˜ ‹ ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ Î·È Â›Û˘ ·Ó Ë Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Â›Ó·È ıÂÙÈο Ë ·ÚÓË-
ÙÈο ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁË̤ÓË. ¢ËÏ·‰‹ ıÂÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË Î·È Â·˘Ùfi˜ (ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·fi‰ÔÛË), ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋
Ú¿ÍË Î·È Â·˘Ùfi˜ (Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·fi‰ÔÛË), ıÂÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˜ (Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·fi‰ÔÛË),
·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˜ (ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·fi‰ÔÛË). ™ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙË ‰È·ÛÙÚ¤-
‚ψÛË Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛ˘ (¶··ÛÙ¿ÌÔ˘, 1989).
60 A§E•IA™ °EøP°IO™, M¶§ET™O™ KøN™TANTINO™
14. ∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜
‰ÔÌÂ›Ù·È Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, ÛÙËÚ›¯ıËÎÂ, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÂÈ-
ÛÎfiËÛË Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ (∞ÏÂÍÈ¿˜, 2000Ø Zussman, 1992Ø Melia, 2001Ø
Lapsey and Melia, 2001Ø Latimer, 1997Ø Jeffery, 1997) ηÈ, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ÛÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋ ·Ú·-
Ù‹ÚËÛË Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ.
H IATPIKH E•OY™IA ™TA OPIA ZøH™ KAI £ANATOY 61
15. ∆· test Â›Ó·È ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Â¤Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÎÂÊ·ÏÈÎÔ‡ ı·Ó¿ÙÔ˘
Û ·ÛıÂÓ›˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û Έ̷ÙÒ‰Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË. ™˘¯Ó¿, fï˜, Ô ÂÁÎÂÊ·ÏÈÎfi˜ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ˜
‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì›ÙÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ·‡ÛË Ù˘ ηډȷ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ÔfiÙÂ Ë ·ÔÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÛıÂÓÔ‡˜
·fi ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ìʈӛ· (consensus) ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÁÁÂÓÒÓ
ÙÔ˘ ·ÛıÂÓÔ‡˜.
H IATPIKH E•OY™IA ™TA OPIA ZøH™ KAI £ANATOY 63
ÙÔÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ fiÓÔ». ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ
ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ› («ÁÈ· Ó· Ù· ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó»), ÙËÓ ›‰È·
fï˜ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ/˜ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ı· Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Û·Ó Ì ÙËÓ
·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ù˘ ·ÌÔÈ‚‹˜ ÙˆÓ È‰›ˆÓ. OÈ ÓÔÛËÏÂ˘Ù¤˜/ÙÚȘ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó
fiÙÈ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÂ
ÙËÓ ·ÌÔÈ‚‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ, ·ÚfiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó Èı·Ófi, ‰ÂÓ ı· ‰È·ÊˆÓÔ‡-
Û·Ó Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıȤڈÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÛÙÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ Û‡Ì-
ʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ÎÔÛÙÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ. ¡ÔÛËχÙÚÈ·:
«∫Ú›ÓÔ˘Ì ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ
ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ, ıˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ·Ì¤ÌÙÔ˘ ËıÈ΋˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·,
fï˜, Ë ËıÈ΋ Ì·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓ·¯¿ ·Î¤Ú·È· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·‰ÔΛ̷ÛÙË, ·ÊÔ‡
Û·Ó›ˆ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Û ÂÌ¿˜ ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· Ó· ÚԂԇ̠۠ÌÈ· οÔÈ·
ËıÈ΋ ¤ÎÙˆÛË, Ì ÙÔ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ ¿ÓÙÔÙ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ‹ ¿ÏÏÔ fiÊÂÏÔ˜».
O ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ô «ÂÏ¿Ù˘» (Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ·ÁÔÚ·›·
ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·) Î·È ÙfiÙ «∂Ì›˜ ›̷ÛÙ ÔÈ fiÚÓ˜», ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÓÔÛËχÙÚÈ·,
·ÏÏ¿ Ô ÚÔ·ÁˆÁfi˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÈÔ˜ ¿Ú·ÁÂ; «O ÁÈ·ÙÚfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÂ-
Ù·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÙÔ˘ ·ÛıÂÓÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜ Ìfi¯ıÔ». ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ (‰›Î·È·
‹ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋) ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÂχıÂÚ˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜
Î·È ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ˘Á›·˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È, ·ÏÏ¿, Ê˘ÛÈο, ‰ÂÓ
ÂÓÔ¯ÔÔÈ›ٷÈ. ∏ ÓfiÚÌ· Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Â‰Ò ·ÛΛ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘.
OÈ ·Ô‰fiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈˆÓ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ «‰ÈÂÊı·Ṳ́ÓÔ˘˜»,
«¤ÌÔÚÔ˘˜», «Â›ÔÚÎÔ˘˜» Î·È fi,ÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È È‰ÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·ÛÈ·Îfi
Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ. ∆Ô ·Ó¿ıÂÌ· ÌÈ·˜ ·Ó›Û¯˘Ú˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-
΋˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÙˆÓ ·ÛıÂÓÒÓ, Î·È ÌÈ·˜ «ÚÈÁ̤Ó˘ ÛÙË ÌÔÈÚ·ÛÈ¿», ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛË-
Ï¢ÙÒÓ, ¤ÊÙÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ËıÈο ‰È·‚ÏËÙÔ‡˜ È·ÙÚÔ‡˜.
O Chambliss (1996) ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘
ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·ÔηÏ› «Ë ÎÔÈ-
ÓˆÓÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ËıÈ΋˜». ∫·Ù’ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë, Ë «ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÈ΋
ËıÈ΋» ›ӷÈ, Û˘¯Ó¿, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÈ· ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛ·ıÂÈÒÓ Ù˘
ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ ÓÔÛËÏ¢ÙÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Û ۯ¤ÛË ÌÂ
·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ, ÁÈ· ·fiÎÙËÛË ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ ÚÔÛʇÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ËıÈÎfi
Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ Â›Ù¢Í˘ οÔÈÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ› ˆ˜
«·Ô‰ÈÔÔÌ·›ÔÈ ÙÚ¿ÁÔÈ» ˆ̛˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·ı’ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚ›·Ó (Î·È fi¯È ηْ
·Ó·ÏÔÁ›·) ÙÔ Ù›ÌËÌ·, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ıˆÚ›ٷÈ
·ıÒÔ. ªÂ ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ È·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙ· ηı’ ¤ÍË ¯·Ú·-
ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ, ÔÈ ÓÔÛËÏÂ˘Ù¤˜/ÙÚȘ ·ÓıÚˆÔ-ÌÔÚÊÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÌÈ·
·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· Î·È Û˘ÁηχÙÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆ-
ÓÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÓ˘¿Ú-
¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·Îfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ∞ÎfiÌË ÎÈ fiÙ·Ó Ë ·Ú‹˜ Û˘ÌÂ-
68 A§E•IA™ °EøP°IO™, M¶§ET™O™ KøN™TANTINO™
™À∑∏∆∏™∏
™Â ¤Ó· ¯ÒÚÔ fiÔ˘ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‰È·Î˘‚‡ÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È fi¯È Ë ıÂڷ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Ë
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ÙÌËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ «OÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ Î·È OÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·»,
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