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PERNAPASAN
1. Pertukaran gas antara atmosfer dan darah.
2. Regulasi homeostasis pH tubuh.
3. Proteksi dari patogen & iritan yang terhirup.
4. Membantu proses vokalisasi
5. Ekskresi air dan panas tubuh.
6. Membantu meningkatkan aliran balik vena
(sebagai pompa).
7. Mengeluarkan, memodifikasi, aktivasi/inaktivasi
bahan/materi yang melalui peredaran darah
paru.
faal resp/ikun/2005 2
PROSES PERNAPASAN
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faal resp/ikun/2005 4
SISTEM PERNAPASAN
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faal resp/ikun/2005
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THORAKS
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faal resp/ikun/2005
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PEREDARAN DARAH
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DALAM PARU
Sirkulasi pulmonal
⇒ membawa gas hasil pertukaran antara
darah kapiler dan udara alveol
(ventrikel kanan→a.pulmonalis→kapiler→
v.pulmonal→ventrikel kiri)
Sirkulasi bronkial (bag dr sirkulasi sistemik)
⇒ menyediakan nutrien bagi jaringan paru
(aorta→a.interkostalis →a.bronkialis →kapiler
→v.bronkialis →v.azygos→atrium kanan)
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SIRKULASI PULMONAL
faal resp/ikun/2005
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PERSARAFAN PARU
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MEKANIKA PERNAPASAN
faal resp/ikun/2005
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ELASTISITAS
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JARINGAN PARU
Compliance→ kemudahan jaringan paru untuk
diregangkan (‘kembang’)
Daya elastic recoil→ kemampuan jaringan paru untuk
kembali ke bentuk semula setelah diregangkan
(‘kempis’); bergantung pada:
1) elastisitas jaringan paru
2) tegangan permukaan alveol→daya kohesi molekul air
Surfaktan→fosfolipid yang disekresi oleh sel alveolar tipe
II → menurunkan tegangan permukaan alveol →
mencegah alveol kolaps
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VOLUME & KAPASITAS PARU
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faal resp/ikun/2005
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SIKLUS PERNAPASAN
faal resp/ikun/2005
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PERTUKARAN & TRANSPORT GAS
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TRANSPORT O2
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faal resp/ikun/2005
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FAKTOR2 YANG BERPERAN
DALAM KADAR O2 ARTERI
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TRANSPORT CO2
faal resp/ikun/2005
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PUSAT PERNAPASAN
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PUSAT PERNAPASAN
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2) Pons
* Pusat pneumotaksis
→ mengirim impuls ke n.I-DRG untuk menghentikan
neuron2 inspirasi → membatasi lama inspirasi
* Pusat apneustik → mencegah neuron2 inspirasi
berhenti
Pd check-&-balance system →pusat pneumotaksis lebih
dominan dari pusat apnestik
PERNAPASAN
Pusat pernapasan di batang otak dipengaruhi oleh
rangsang kimia & non-kimia.
1. Rangsang Kimia
Kemoreseptor perifer: glomus karotikum & glomus
aortikum → peka terhadap peningkatan PCO2 &
penurunan PO2/pH darah
Kemoreseptor sentral: di bgn ventral med. Oblongata
dekat pusat respirasi → peka terhadap peningkatan
kadar ion H (penurunan pH) dalam cairan otak
faal resp/ikun/2005 32
PENGATURAN PUSAT
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PERNAPASAN
2. Rangsang non-kimia
a. Korteks serebri: menahan napas/ hiperventilasi
b. Sistem limbik & hipotalamus: rangsang nyeri & emosi
c. Proprioseptor di otot, tendo & sendi: gerakan sendi
d. Baroresptor di sinus karotikus, arkus aorta, & atrium:
TD ↑→↓ frek.denyut jantung,↓ ventilasi, vasodilatasi
e. Suhu: ↑ suhu →↑ ventilasi
f. Hormon epinefrin↑/ rangsang simpatis→↑ventilasi
g. Iritasi mukosa sal pernapasan: refleks bersin, pola
napas berubah
h. Peregangan jaringan paru: refleks Hering-Breuer
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REFLEKS PENGONTROLAN
faal resp/ikun/2005
VENTILASI
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RESPONS KEMORESEPTOR
TERHADAP PENINGKATAN
faal resp/ikun/2005
PCO2
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faal resp/ikun/2005